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Claudio Monteverdi Il ritorno d’Ulisse 1567-1643 in patria Monteverdi

CD 1 74:46 Act 1 CD 2 71:28 Act 2 Il ritorno d’Ulisse CD 3 38:56 Act 3 in patria Ulisse Furio Zanasi Penelope Lucile Richardot Telemaco Krystian Adam Gardiner Minerva/Fortuna Hana Blažíková Tempo/Nettuno/Antinoo Gianluca Buratto Pisandro Michał Czerniawski Anfinomo Gareth Treseder Eurimaco Zachary Wilder Melanto Anna Dennis John Taylor Ward Giove Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria Gardiner Giunone Francesca Boncompagni Iro Robert Burt Eumete Francisco Fernández-Rueda Umana Fragilità Carlo Vistoli Amore Silvia Frigato Ericlea Francesca Biliotti

Monteverdi Choir English Baroque Soloists John Eliot Gardiner

SDG730 P 2018 Monteverdi Productions Ltd C 2018 Monteverdi Productions Ltd www.solideogloria.co.uk 1 Edition by Bärenreiter Soli Deo Gloria Manufactured in Italy LC13772 8 4 3 1 8 3 0 7 3 0 2 3 SDG730 SDG730 Claudio Monteverdi Il ritorno d’Ulisse 1567-1643 in patria

Ulisse Furio Zanasi Penelope Lucile Richardot Telemaco Krystian Adam Minerva/Fortuna Hana Blažíková Tempo/Nettuno/Antinoo Gianluca Buratto Pisandro Michał Czerniawski Anfinomo Gareth Treseder Eurimaco Zachary Wilder Melanto Anna Dennis Giove John Taylor Ward Giunone Francesca Boncompagni Iro Robert Burt Eumete Francisco Fernández-Rueda umana Fragilità Carlo Vistoli Amore Silvia Frigato Ericlea Francesca Biliotti

Monteverdi Choir English Baroque Soloists John Eliot Gardiner

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1 Claudio Monteverdi Il ritorno d’Ulisse CD2 71:28 Act 2 1567-1643 in patria 1 0:30 Sinfonia 2 2:01 Scene I Lieto cammino: Telemaco, Minerva 3 5:43 Scene II O gran figlio d’Ulisse: Eumete, Ulisse, Telemaco 4 7:21 Scene III Che veggio, oimé, che miro?: Telemaco, Ulisse 5 2:32 Scene IV Eurimaco, la donna: Melanto, Eurimaco 6 7:01 Scene V Sono l’altre Regine: Antinoo, Anfinomo, Pisandro, Penelope 7 5:13 Scene VI All’allegrezze dunque: Pisandro, Anfinomo, Antinoo, Coro 8 1:12 Scene VII Apportator d’alte novelle vengo: Eumete, Penelope 9 6:31 Scene VIII Compagni, udiste?: Antinoo, Anfinomo, Pisandro, Eurimaco 10 3:05 Scene IX Perir non può chi tien per scorta il Cielo: Ulisse, Minerva 11 2:02 Scene X Io vidi, o pelegrin, de’ Proci amanti: Eumete, Ulisse 12 4:55 Scene XI Del mio lungo vïaggio i torti errori: Telemaco, Penelope 13 23:19 Scene XII-XIII Sempre, villano Eumete: Antinoo, Eumete, Iro, Ulisse, Telemaco, Penelope, Pisandro, Anfinomo VolumeCD1 74:46 Act 1 CD3 38:56 Act 3 1 9:01 Prologue Mortal cosa son io: Humana Fragilità, Tempo, Fortuna, Amore 2 10:57 Scene I Di misera Regina: Penelope, Ericlea 1 7:07 Scene I O dolor, o martir che l’alma attrista: Iro 3 10:54 Scene II Duri, e penosi: Melanto, Eurimaco 2 2:11 Scene IV Forza d’occulto affetto: Eumete, Penelope 4 7:23 Scene IV-V Superbo è l’huom: Nettuno, Giove 3 2:28 Scene V È saggio Eumete, è saggio: Telemaco, Penelope 5 3:13 Scene VI In questo basso mondo: Coro di Feaci, Nettuno 4 3:28 Scene VI Fiamma è l’ira, o gran Dea: Minerva, Giunone 6 3:52 Scene VII Dormo ancora, o son desto?: Ulisse 5 9:30 Scene VII Gran Giove: Giunone, Giove, Nettuno, Minerva, 7 12:23 Scene VIII Cara e lieta gioventù: Minerva, Ulisse, Coro di ninfe Coro in cielo, Coro marittimo 8 1:57 Scene IX Tu d’Aretusa al fonte intanto vanne: Minerva, Ulisse 6 3:25 Scene VIII Ericlea, che vuoi far?: Ericlea 9 8:23 Scene X Donate un giorno, o dèi: Penelope, Melanto 7 0:52 Scene IX Ogni vostra ragion sen porta ’l vento: 10 1:50 Scene XI Come mal si salva un regio ammanto: Eumete Penelope, Telemaco, Eumete 11 1:52 Scene XII Pastor d’armenti può: Iro, Eumete 8 9:54 Scene X O delle mie fatiche: Ulisse, Penelope, Ericlea 12 3:00 Scene XIII Ulisse generoso: Eumete, Ulisse 3

2 3 Claudio Monteverdi Il ritorno d’Ulisse VolumeCD2 71:28 Act 2 1567-1643 in patria 1 0:30 Sinfonia 2 2:01 Scene I Lieto cammino: Telemaco, Minerva 3 5:43 Scene II O gran figlio d’Ulisse: Eumete, Ulisse, Telemaco 4 7:21 Scene III Che veggio, oimé, che miro?: Telemaco, Ulisse 5 2:32 Scene IV Eurimaco, la donna: Melanto, Eurimaco 6 7:01 Scene V Sono l’altre Regine: Antinoo, Anfinomo, Pisandro, Penelope 7 5:13 Scene VI All’allegrezze dunque: Pisandro, Anfinomo, Antinoo, Coro 8 1:12 Scene VII Apportator d’alte novelle vengo: Eumete, Penelope 9 6:31 Scene VIII Compagni, udiste?: Antinoo, Anfinomo, Pisandro, Eurimaco 10 3:05 Scene IX Perir non può chi tien per scorta il Cielo: Ulisse, Minerva 11 2:02 Scene X Io vidi, o pelegrin, de’ Proci amanti: Eumete, Ulisse 12 4:55 Scene XI Del mio lungo vïaggio i torti errori: Telemaco, Penelope 13 23:19 Scene XII-XIII Sempre, villano Eumete: Antinoo, Eumete, Iro, Ulisse, Telemaco, Penelope, Pisandro, Anfinomo CD1 74:46 Act 1 VolumeCD3 38:56 Act 3 1 9:01 Prologue Mortal cosa son io: Humana Fragilità, Tempo, Fortuna, Amore 2 10:57 Scene I Di misera Regina: Penelope, Ericlea 1 7:07 Scene I O dolor, o martir che l’alma attrista: Iro 3 10:54 Scene II Duri, e penosi: Melanto, Eurimaco 2 2:11 Scene IV Forza d’occulto affetto: Eumete, Penelope 4 7:23 Scene IV-V Superbo è l’huom: Nettuno, Giove 3 2:28 Scene V È saggio Eumete, è saggio: Telemaco, Penelope 5 3:13 Scene VI In questo basso mondo: Coro di Feaci, Nettuno 4 3:28 Scene VI Fiamma è l’ira, o gran Dea: Minerva, Giunone 6 3:52 Scene VII Dormo ancora, o son desto?: Ulisse 5 9:30 Scene VII Gran Giove: Giunone, Giove, Nettuno, Minerva, 7 12:23 Scene VIII Cara e lieta gioventù: Minerva, Ulisse, Coro di ninfe Coro in cielo, Coro marittimo 8 1:57 Scene IX Tu d’Aretusa al fonte intanto vanne: Minerva, Ulisse 6 3:25 Scene VIII Ericlea, che vuoi far?: Ericlea 9 8:23 Scene X Donate un giorno, o dèi: Penelope, Melanto 7 0:52 Scene IX Ogni vostra ragion sen porta ’l vento: 10 1:50 Scene XI Come mal si salva un regio ammanto: Eumete Penelope, Telemaco, Eumete 11 1:52 Scene XII Pastor d’armenti può: Iro, Eumete 8 9:54 Scene X O delle mie fatiche: Ulisse, Penelope, Ericlea 12 3:00 Scene XIII Ulisse generoso: Eumete, Ulisse 4

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5 The Return of Ulysses This recording of Il ritorno d’Ulisse was made in ventures as well. Was it the opportunity to preach both then and now lies in the fluidity of Monteverdi’s Wrocław in September 2017 at the culmination of his aesthetic creed to a wider, paying audience that musical discourse, his skill in adjusting to the rapidly to his Homeland a seven-month exploration of Monteverdi’s three he could not resist? Monteverdi believed that music changing moods and inflections of Badoaro’s libretto John Eliot Gardiner surviving operas. To mark the 450th anniversary achieves maximum impact when delivered on the and gliding almost imperceptibly from declamation of his birth we assembled a tight-knit band of stage, and that when defined by time and space it to more lyrical song-like passages. At the same singers and players for 33 performances in eight is best equipped to “move the human passions”, as time he generates bold contrasts and a dynamic European countries, ending our cycle in Chicago he himself put it. This is where Giacomo Badoaro interaction between the characters – gods, heroes, and New York. No doubt Monteverdi would have enters the story. The librettist of Ulisse was a leading as well as lowlife characters (some virtuous, others been dumbfounded if he had been told that such member of the Venetian Accademia degli Incogniti seedy). Within an overarching musical structure he would be the lasting fame of his operas 374 years who were said to be less than impressed by the creates gut-wrenching suspense – how long can after his death they would reach an estimated quality of the operas produced since the theatres the inconsolable Penelope hold out against the 70,000 listeners (and that is before counting any first opened in 1637. Badoaro took it upon himself to three suitors and the whispered arguments of her of the other celebratory performances given in write a flattering letter to Monteverdi “to incite your maid Melanto? Monteverdi makes us see that the different parts of the world in 2017!). But whereas Lordship’s virtues to make known to the people of carapace of denial that Penelope has formed in self- only 50 years ago his music lay on the margins Venice that where strong emotions are concerned, protection prevents her from accepting that the only of audiences’ awareness, today staged versions there is a vast difference between a painted image person able to string Ulysses’ bow and to dispatch of his operas are relatively frequent, though only of the sun and the sun itself”. Was that enough to the suitors is the man standing right in front of her – L’incoronazione di Poppea has so far broken into tempt him, or was it the Homeric story of Ulysses’ her own returning husband. the canon of mainstream operas. Ironically we can’t homecoming to Ithaca, with its timeless themes of No autograph manuscript score of Ulisse even be sure that in these three survivors we have fidelity, remorse and passion, that attracted him? survives. A single copy made a decade after the the best of what he actually composed, so many Il ritorno d’Ulisse had been at the top of my composer’s death was discovered in 1881 in Vienna works having been lost over the centuries. From wish list of works to conduct since I was 21. It and has been available in facsimile only since what people said at the time the most grievous epitomised for me all that was most exotic and 2006. This score, which has missing instrumental losses were his Arianna (1608) and Le nozze d’Enea alluring about Italian music of the early seventeenth lines and a few musical blanks, also departs in a con Lavinia (1641). Yet the ones which have survived century. Performing Ulisse for the first time in 2017 number of significant respects from the nine extant are all dramatically gripping, humanly truthful and of confirmed to me its stature as the worthy equal manuscript librettos only one of which appears to dazzling musical beauty. of the more celebrated L’Orfeo and Poppea, but I have been prepared with direct reference to the What was it then that persuaded Monteverdi believe that all of us involved in the full Monteverdi score. From this we can trace the places where to come out of operatic retirement in his 74th year trilogy found it to be the most compelling and Monteverdi chose to cut and rearrange Badoaro’s and, in a last great burst of creativity, to make such moving of the three. At its première in 1640 Ulisse text to make it more dramatically coherent. Baodaro seminal contributions to the new genre? After all, was a rousing success: it received at least ten later tactfully admitted that “having seen the opera he had recently taken holy orders, and as the busy performances in Venice to packed houses before performed ten times, I can positively affirm that my maestro di cappella of St Mark’s Basilica there being taken on tour to Bologna and then revived Ulysses is more obligated to your Lordship than the was not a lot of spare time to take on commercial in Venice the following year. The key to its success real Ulysses was to the ever-charming Minerva”.

6 7 6 The Return of Ulysses This recording of Il ritorno d’Ulisse was made in ventures as well. Was it the opportunity to preach both then and now lies in the fluidity of Monteverdi’s Wrocław in September 2017 at the culmination of his aesthetic creed to a wider, paying audience that musical discourse, his skill in adjusting to the rapidly to his Homeland a seven-month exploration of Monteverdi’s three he could not resist? Monteverdi believed that music changing moods and inflections of Badoaro’s libretto John Eliot Gardiner surviving operas. To mark the 450th anniversary achieves maximum impact when delivered on the and gliding almost imperceptibly from declamation of his birth we assembled a tight-knit band of stage, and that when defined by time and space it to more lyrical song-like passages. At the same singers and players for 33 performances in eight is best equipped to “move the human passions”, as time he generates bold contrasts and a dynamic European countries, ending our cycle in Chicago he himself put it. This is where Giacomo Badoaro interaction between the characters – gods, heroes, and New York. No doubt Monteverdi would have enters the story. The librettist of Ulisse was a leading as well as lowlife characters (some virtuous, others been dumbfounded if he had been told that such member of the Venetian Accademia degli Incogniti seedy). Within an overarching musical structure he would be the lasting fame of his operas 374 years who were said to be less than impressed by the creates gut-wrenching suspense – how long can after his death they would reach an estimated quality of the operas produced since the theatres the inconsolable Penelope hold out against the 70,000 listeners (and that is before counting any first opened in 1637. Badoaro took it upon himself to three suitors and the whispered arguments of her of the other celebratory performances given in write a flattering letter to Monteverdi “to incite your maid Melanto? Monteverdi makes us see that the different parts of the world in 2017!). But whereas Lordship’s virtues to make known to the people of carapace of denial that Penelope has formed in self- only 50 years ago his music lay on the margins Venice that where strong emotions are concerned, protection prevents her from accepting that the only of audiences’ awareness, today staged versions there is a vast difference between a painted image person able to string Ulysses’ bow and to dispatch of his operas are relatively frequent, though only of the sun and the sun itself”. Was that enough to the suitors is the man standing right in front of her – L’incoronazione di Poppea has so far broken into tempt him, or was it the Homeric story of Ulysses’ her own returning husband. the canon of mainstream operas. Ironically we can’t homecoming to Ithaca, with its timeless themes of No autograph manuscript score of Ulisse even be sure that in these three survivors we have fidelity, remorse and passion, that attracted him? survives. A single copy made a decade after the the best of what he actually composed, so many Il ritorno d’Ulisse had been at the top of my composer’s death was discovered in 1881 in Vienna works having been lost over the centuries. From wish list of works to conduct since I was 21. It and has been available in facsimile only since what people said at the time the most grievous epitomised for me all that was most exotic and 2006. This score, which has missing instrumental losses were his Arianna (1608) and Le nozze d’Enea alluring about Italian music of the early seventeenth lines and a few musical blanks, also departs in a con Lavinia (1641). Yet the ones which have survived century. Performing Ulisse for the first time in 2017 number of significant respects from the nine extant are all dramatically gripping, humanly truthful and of confirmed to me its stature as the worthy equal manuscript librettos only one of which appears to dazzling musical beauty. of the more celebrated L’Orfeo and Poppea, but I have been prepared with direct reference to the What was it then that persuaded Monteverdi believe that all of us involved in the full Monteverdi score. From this we can trace the places where to come out of operatic retirement in his 74th year trilogy found it to be the most compelling and Monteverdi chose to cut and rearrange Badoaro’s and, in a last great burst of creativity, to make such moving of the three. At its première in 1640 Ulisse text to make it more dramatically coherent. Baodaro seminal contributions to the new genre? After all, was a rousing success: it received at least ten later tactfully admitted that “having seen the opera he had recently taken holy orders, and as the busy performances in Venice to packed houses before performed ten times, I can positively affirm that my maestro di cappella of St Mark’s Basilica there being taken on tour to Bologna and then revived Ulysses is more obligated to your Lordship than the was not a lot of spare time to take on commercial in Venice the following year. The key to its success real Ulysses was to the ever-charming Minerva”.

6 7 7 With no ‘final’ or ‘authentic’ version of Ulisse to rely the Ulisse première) for the dumbshow of the suitors’ and instrumentalists fully engaged with the text. expressive dissonances at key moments when he on, the first priority for any performer is to reconcile failed attempts to string Ulysses’ bow in Act 2 scene Following the precepts of his contemporary Marco contrives that these two complementary lines should these surviving sources and to correct the obvious XII, and a capricious fragment to announce Ericlea’s da Gagliano, himself a composer of operas, we collide and clash. discrepancies and copyist’s errors*. Monteverdi’s entry in Act 3 scene VIII. were seeking “to chisel out the syllables so as Imagine my delight, then, when I discovered last two operas did not simply crystallise into Decisions regarding all the remaining editorial to make the words well understood” through that the late stage director Sir Peter Hall pointed unchanging ‘works’ with a fixed text, but as living and performance practice issues flowed from a delivery not simply accurate in linguistic to something strikingly similar in the technique organisms they were constantly subject to layers of the initial premise – to perform the trilogy, not in pronunciation and inflection, but given with a used by Shakespeare in his great tragedies and additions, cuts, transpositions, and revisions. Each proscenium theatres equipped with lavish stage sensual relish. Our language coach, Matteo late plays which were written at exactly the same attempt to revive them in our day will perforce come machinery, decor and props, but in concert halls Dalle Fratte, went to great lengths to point out to time as Monteverdi was setting out as a composer up with a different solution. (the exception being the Teatro La Fenice in Venice the cast the mesmerising beauty of sung Italian of operas. Hall refers to “a freedom in verse which When it came to plugging those gaps where where we performed two complete cycles on a when consonants are projected percussively and is perfectly miraculous. [In The Winter’s Tale] no music survives in the Vienna score it seemed thrust forestage). Our target was to reach beyond expressively in counterpoint to the smooth legato Leontes’ twisted passion and paranoia is accurately preferable to draw on Monteverdi’s own music, the demographic of opera-going aficionados and flow of the vowels. This applies not just to double expressed by his clotted, irregular rhythms and albeit from an earlier period, rather than to scan for to connect with a wider and younger audience for consonants but to comma punctuation, agogic mis-accents. But these irregularities only make other contemporary music by his pupils or peers. Monteverdi. By presenting his trilogy in vivid but accents, word repetitions and exclamations. Only emotional sense and can only affect an audience if For despite the marked differences of form and pared-down stagings we aimed to communicate once the technique has been fully mastered by the actor knows the underlying regularity beneath idiom and the 33 years that separate Ulisse from the radical and explosive force of these great the singer-actors (as opposed to the dreaded them. He must revel in the cross-rhythms, ride the his first opera L’Orfeo, there are clear fingerprints music dramas, the emotional depths they plumb, ‘singerese’ – the disease of so many opera singers), irregularities and use the bumps in the smoothness of Monteverdi’s consistent approach to word- and their strikingly modern feel, without losing the can this produce a frisson in the way words will be for emotional purposes.” So far so uncannily setting in both works – evidence of his commitment intrinsic intimacy of form and dialectic. We know received by the listener; but it also enhances the parallel. Hall compared playing the mature verse of to the ideals of what he called ‘imitation’ and (this time from another of his librettists, Michelangelo expressive vocabulary of Monteverdi’s word-setting Shakespeare to the challenges facing a great jazz ‘representation’. So for the chorus of Naiads in Act Torcigliani) that Monteverdi was always on the look and his cunning way of imitating the accents of player – though this applies equally well, I feel, to a 1 scene VI ,as they rescue Ulysses’ belongings and out for libretti with shifting moods – “because they speech. The slight anticipation of the incoming singer or continuo player interpreting Monteverdi’s treasures from the shore, we found a neat fit with offer him the opportunity of showing the marvels consonant and a minuscule delay before the vowel opera scores: “the beat must be kept, the rhythm his three-part balletto ‘De la bellezza le dovute lodi’ of his art with a full range of pathos, adapting his mirrors the thought processes of the narration. always sensed. But it is the tension between that from his Scherzi musicali (1607). For the ballo greco notes to the words and the passions in such a way To me this is analogous to the ways Monteverdi regularity and the irregularity of the speech [or in in Act 2 scene VI where the suitors intensify their that the singer laughs, cries, becomes enraged, uses both rhythm and counterpoint. In his operas Monteverdi’s case, the vocal line set against the wooing of Penelope we have gone back to three compassionate, and does everything else they ask Monteverdi habitually uses an alternation of duple basso continuo] which expresses the emotional sections of Monteverdi’s choral ballet Tirsi e Clori of of him; meanwhile the listener is drawn by the same and triple metre against an implied tactus (a regular turmoil. The nearer the verse gets to collapsing, 1615 (probably his first semi-theatrical work to be impetus into experiencing the variety and force of unvarying beat). That is where the rhythmic frisson the more tortured and emotional the expression. composed in Venice and published four years later those same passions”. originates. Added to this is the harmonic tension he But it must never collapse, any more than the in his Seventh Book of Madrigals). Finally, we found A large portion of our rehearsals was devoted sets up between his vocal lines and the supporting jazz musician can ever miss the beat or be ‘out’. room for brief, anguished entrate from his Ballo delle to exploring Monteverdi’s brilliant fusion of music basso continuo. The latter normally proceeds with a The actor must risk rhythmical disintegration, but ingrate (1608, but published only two years before and words and to making sure that both singers regular harmonic rhythm or pulse, but burgeons into never surrender to it. What the audience receives

8 9 8 With no ‘final’ or ‘authentic’ version of Ulisse to rely the Ulisse première) for the dumbshow of the suitors’ and instrumentalists fully engaged with the text. expressive dissonances at key moments when he on, the first priority for any performer is to reconcile failed attempts to string Ulysses’ bow in Act 2 scene Following the precepts of his contemporary Marco contrives that these two complementary lines should these surviving sources and to correct the obvious XII, and a capricious fragment to announce Ericlea’s da Gagliano, himself a composer of operas, we collide and clash. discrepancies and copyist’s errors*. Monteverdi’s entry in Act 3 scene VIII. were seeking “to chisel out the syllables so as Imagine my delight, then, when I discovered last two operas did not simply crystallise into Decisions regarding all the remaining editorial to make the words well understood” through that the late stage director Sir Peter Hall pointed unchanging ‘works’ with a fixed text, but as living and performance practice issues flowed from a delivery not simply accurate in linguistic to something strikingly similar in the technique organisms they were constantly subject to layers of the initial premise – to perform the trilogy, not in pronunciation and inflection, but given with a used by Shakespeare in his great tragedies and additions, cuts, transpositions, and revisions. Each proscenium theatres equipped with lavish stage sensual relish. Our language coach, Matteo late plays which were written at exactly the same attempt to revive them in our day will perforce come machinery, decor and props, but in concert halls Dalle Fratte, went to great lengths to point out to time as Monteverdi was setting out as a composer up with a different solution. (the exception being the Teatro La Fenice in Venice the cast the mesmerising beauty of sung Italian of operas. Hall refers to “a freedom in verse which When it came to plugging those gaps where where we performed two complete cycles on a when consonants are projected percussively and is perfectly miraculous. [In The Winter’s Tale] no music survives in the Vienna score it seemed thrust forestage). Our target was to reach beyond expressively in counterpoint to the smooth legato Leontes’ twisted passion and paranoia is accurately preferable to draw on Monteverdi’s own music, the demographic of opera-going aficionados and flow of the vowels. This applies not just to double expressed by his clotted, irregular rhythms and albeit from an earlier period, rather than to scan for to connect with a wider and younger audience for consonants but to comma punctuation, agogic mis-accents. But these irregularities only make other contemporary music by his pupils or peers. Monteverdi. By presenting his trilogy in vivid but accents, word repetitions and exclamations. Only emotional sense and can only affect an audience if For despite the marked differences of form and pared-down stagings we aimed to communicate once the technique has been fully mastered by the actor knows the underlying regularity beneath idiom and the 33 years that separate Ulisse from the radical and explosive force of these great the singer-actors (as opposed to the dreaded them. He must revel in the cross-rhythms, ride the his first opera L’Orfeo, there are clear fingerprints music dramas, the emotional depths they plumb, ‘singerese’ – the disease of so many opera singers), irregularities and use the bumps in the smoothness of Monteverdi’s consistent approach to word- and their strikingly modern feel, without losing the can this produce a frisson in the way words will be for emotional purposes.” So far so uncannily setting in both works – evidence of his commitment intrinsic intimacy of form and dialectic. We know received by the listener; but it also enhances the parallel. Hall compared playing the mature verse of to the ideals of what he called ‘imitation’ and (this time from another of his librettists, Michelangelo expressive vocabulary of Monteverdi’s word-setting Shakespeare to the challenges facing a great jazz ‘representation’. So for the chorus of Naiads in Act Torcigliani) that Monteverdi was always on the look and his cunning way of imitating the accents of player – though this applies equally well, I feel, to a 1 scene VI ,as they rescue Ulysses’ belongings and out for libretti with shifting moods – “because they speech. The slight anticipation of the incoming singer or continuo player interpreting Monteverdi’s treasures from the shore, we found a neat fit with offer him the opportunity of showing the marvels consonant and a minuscule delay before the vowel opera scores: “the beat must be kept, the rhythm his three-part balletto ‘De la bellezza le dovute lodi’ of his art with a full range of pathos, adapting his mirrors the thought processes of the narration. always sensed. But it is the tension between that from his Scherzi musicali (1607). For the ballo greco notes to the words and the passions in such a way To me this is analogous to the ways Monteverdi regularity and the irregularity of the speech [or in in Act 2 scene VI where the suitors intensify their that the singer laughs, cries, becomes enraged, uses both rhythm and counterpoint. In his operas Monteverdi’s case, the vocal line set against the wooing of Penelope we have gone back to three compassionate, and does everything else they ask Monteverdi habitually uses an alternation of duple basso continuo] which expresses the emotional sections of Monteverdi’s choral ballet Tirsi e Clori of of him; meanwhile the listener is drawn by the same and triple metre against an implied tactus (a regular turmoil. The nearer the verse gets to collapsing, 1615 (probably his first semi-theatrical work to be impetus into experiencing the variety and force of unvarying beat). That is where the rhythmic frisson the more tortured and emotional the expression. composed in Venice and published four years later those same passions”. originates. Added to this is the harmonic tension he But it must never collapse, any more than the in his Seventh Book of Madrigals). Finally, we found A large portion of our rehearsals was devoted sets up between his vocal lines and the supporting jazz musician can ever miss the beat or be ‘out’. room for brief, anguished entrate from his Ballo delle to exploring Monteverdi’s brilliant fusion of music basso continuo. The latter normally proceeds with a The actor must risk rhythmical disintegration, but ingrate (1608, but published only two years before and words and to making sure that both singers regular harmonic rhythm or pulse, but burgeons into never surrender to it. What the audience receives

8 9 9 is therefore unexpected, dangerous, and always instrumentalists to a pit we decided to follow natural goodness and life in harmony with the very first time? They have not spoken in twenty unpredictable” [Exposed by the Mask]. John Berger Marco da Gagliano’s injunction: “Be advised that Nature, while the court, peopled by sycophants years. He returns after being reported missing. She expresses something similar: “The way singers play the instruments which must accompany the solo and pretenders, symbolises all that is tainted has remained steadfast and unbending, breaking with or defy the linearity of time has something in voices should be situated in a position to look and treacherous. Might we therefore consider into song only when she has irrefutable proof that he common with what acrobats and jugglers do with the actors in the face, so that hearing each other Monteverdi’s Ulisse to be a kind of Shakespearean is her man. But they now share the language of love the force of gravity... The tempo, the beat, the loops, better they can proceed together”. This had two anti-comedy? After all, it culminates in a return to with touching, life-affirming unanimity. the repetitions of a song construct a shelter from the additional advantages: it allowed the audience to the marriage bed following a tale of unravelling and flow of linear time: a shelter in which future, present have ‘the engine room’ of the drama in full view, with mistaken identity before the natural order is finally *I am grateful to James Halliday and Paolo Zanzu and past can console, provoke, ironise and inspire the instrumentalists deployed in two symmetrical restored. No other plot of the period has this kind of for their help in this regard, one another” [Confabulations]. half-moons, and to witness the interaction of players trajectory apart from Shakespearean tragicomedy. In Ulisse we can hear how Monteverdi’s skilful and singers at every twist and turn. And since we But the parallels with the Bard extend well beyond **I am grateful to the following colleagues for their transitions from conversational ‘sung speech’ were playing in medium-to-large concert halls and this. In his portrayal of Ulysses, and still more of valuable improvised contributions – Paolo Zanzu, (recitative) to pure song (aria) and a combination of not constrained by the economically austere and Penelope, Monteverdi shows his deep concern, Antonio Greco, Kati Debretzeni, Rachel Beckett, the two (arioso) serve to intensify the expression of spatially restricted instrumentarium of the Venetian as Shakespeare does in Hamlet and King Lear, for Jamie Savan and James Halliday. the characters’ temperament and states of mind. commercial theatres of the 1640s, we opted to an interior world – both playwright and composer In practice each performer needs to be constantly augment the continuo group to include a lirone, a exploring complex thoughts and feelings that extend aware of the direction of the discourse – of harp and pairs of recorders and cornetti, without beyond words and actions. Il ritorno d’Ulisse, Monteverdi’s crucial distinction between narration compromising the intimacy of dialogue or the Monteverdi’s antepenultimate opera, marks another (diegesis) and representation (mimesis) – and how projection of the words. Similarly we underpinned step in a life spent transforming music – from an this impacts on the forward motion of the action with vigorous string articulation the passages act of skilled artifice reflecting the harmony of the as well as the emotional content and ‘tone’ of where Monteverdi resorts to a warlike trope in his spheres into a dramatised form of expression rooted each monologue or exchange. This distinction was concitato (agitated) style to convey contempt, ire in human truths and emotions. This amounted to something new in the evolution of music-theatre or bellicosity. This is analogous to his practice in a fundamental switch – from a musical language at the time, and it developed in parallel with the his Madrigali guerrieri, et amorosi (1638) and to that spoke primarily in metaphysical affirmatives techniques Shakespeare was then exploring in what he prescribes for Ulisse’s wrestling match to one capable of mirroring a world full of squalor, his late plays. When Hamlet says in Act 2 scene II with Iro and the sinfonia da guerra which concludes depravity but also of redemptive love. It happens to “Now I am alone. Oh, what a rogue and peasant Act 2. Elsewhere from time to time we introduced coincide exactly with one of those turbulent periods slave am I!” – quite obviously he is not alone, but improvised lines to emphasise the distinction in the history of painting, when artists such as in fact addressing a noisy audience at The Globe between the gods and the humans, and between Velázquez, Rembrandt, or Artemesia Gentileschi, all theatre. The critical thing is how to create the illusion the benign pastoral realm and the suffocating world at the height of their powers, were unleashing their of intimacy: how to reveal raw and highly personal of Penelope’s court.** energy and taking equivalent liberties with hallowed emotion with overwhelming intensity, but without This juxtaposition of two opposed worlds is conventions. anyone having to force their voices. strikingly similar to those one finds in Shakespeare’s Is there any other opera that culminates in a In our performances rather than consign the As You Like It, where the forest stands for freedom, duet in which the two protagonists sing together for

10 11 10 is therefore unexpected, dangerous, and always instrumentalists to a pit we decided to follow natural goodness and life in harmony with the very first time? They have not spoken in twenty unpredictable” [Exposed by the Mask]. John Berger Marco da Gagliano’s injunction: “Be advised that Nature, while the court, peopled by sycophants years. He returns after being reported missing. She expresses something similar: “The way singers play the instruments which must accompany the solo and pretenders, symbolises all that is tainted has remained steadfast and unbending, breaking with or defy the linearity of time has something in voices should be situated in a position to look and treacherous. Might we therefore consider into song only when she has irrefutable proof that he common with what acrobats and jugglers do with the actors in the face, so that hearing each other Monteverdi’s Ulisse to be a kind of Shakespearean is her man. But they now share the language of love the force of gravity... The tempo, the beat, the loops, better they can proceed together”. This had two anti-comedy? After all, it culminates in a return to with touching, life-affirming unanimity. the repetitions of a song construct a shelter from the additional advantages: it allowed the audience to the marriage bed following a tale of unravelling and flow of linear time: a shelter in which future, present have ‘the engine room’ of the drama in full view, with mistaken identity before the natural order is finally *I am grateful to James Halliday and Paolo Zanzu and past can console, provoke, ironise and inspire the instrumentalists deployed in two symmetrical restored. No other plot of the period has this kind of for their help in this regard, one another” [Confabulations]. half-moons, and to witness the interaction of players trajectory apart from Shakespearean tragicomedy. In Ulisse we can hear how Monteverdi’s skilful and singers at every twist and turn. And since we But the parallels with the Bard extend well beyond **I am grateful to the following colleagues for their transitions from conversational ‘sung speech’ were playing in medium-to-large concert halls and this. In his portrayal of Ulysses, and still more of valuable improvised contributions – Paolo Zanzu, (recitative) to pure song (aria) and a combination of not constrained by the economically austere and Penelope, Monteverdi shows his deep concern, Antonio Greco, Kati Debretzeni, Rachel Beckett, the two (arioso) serve to intensify the expression of spatially restricted instrumentarium of the Venetian as Shakespeare does in Hamlet and King Lear, for Jamie Savan and James Halliday. the characters’ temperament and states of mind. commercial theatres of the 1640s, we opted to an interior world – both playwright and composer In practice each performer needs to be constantly augment the continuo group to include a lirone, a exploring complex thoughts and feelings that extend aware of the direction of the discourse – of harp and pairs of recorders and cornetti, without beyond words and actions. Il ritorno d’Ulisse, Monteverdi’s crucial distinction between narration compromising the intimacy of dialogue or the Monteverdi’s antepenultimate opera, marks another (diegesis) and representation (mimesis) – and how projection of the words. Similarly we underpinned step in a life spent transforming music – from an this impacts on the forward motion of the action with vigorous string articulation the passages act of skilled artifice reflecting the harmony of the as well as the emotional content and ‘tone’ of where Monteverdi resorts to a warlike trope in his spheres into a dramatised form of expression rooted each monologue or exchange. This distinction was concitato (agitated) style to convey contempt, ire in human truths and emotions. This amounted to something new in the evolution of music-theatre or bellicosity. This is analogous to his practice in a fundamental switch – from a musical language at the time, and it developed in parallel with the his Madrigali guerrieri, et amorosi (1638) and to that spoke primarily in metaphysical affirmatives techniques Shakespeare was then exploring in what he prescribes for Ulisse’s wrestling match to one capable of mirroring a world full of squalor, his late plays. When Hamlet says in Act 2 scene II with Iro and the sinfonia da guerra which concludes depravity but also of redemptive love. It happens to “Now I am alone. Oh, what a rogue and peasant Act 2. Elsewhere from time to time we introduced coincide exactly with one of those turbulent periods slave am I!” – quite obviously he is not alone, but improvised lines to emphasise the distinction in the history of painting, when artists such as in fact addressing a noisy audience at The Globe between the gods and the humans, and between Velázquez, Rembrandt, or Artemesia Gentileschi, all theatre. The critical thing is how to create the illusion the benign pastoral realm and the suffocating world at the height of their powers, were unleashing their of intimacy: how to reveal raw and highly personal of Penelope’s court.** energy and taking equivalent liberties with hallowed emotion with overwhelming intensity, but without This juxtaposition of two opposed worlds is conventions. anyone having to force their voices. strikingly similar to those one finds in Shakespeare’s Is there any other opera that culminates in a In our performances rather than consign the As You Like It, where the forest stands for freedom, duet in which the two protagonists sing together for

10 11 11 ‘A mortal thing am I’ Claudio Monteverdi may have felt some resonance Opera in Venice heard there in churches, on the streets and by with the opening line of the prologue to Il ritorno way of the delicate hands and warbling throats Tim Carter d’Ulisse in patria (1640), delivered by the allegorical During the first third of the 17th century, opera had of seductive courtesans. The fact that the opera character, L’humana fragilità (Human Frailty). At the only a sporadic history in the north Italian courts season essentially ran through Carnival (officially, age of 73 he was taking the extraordinary step of and in Rome. Operas were essentially occasional from the day after Christmas to the start of Lent) returning to the operatic stage. His long history of pieces designed for single performances to tended to accentuate its libidinous pleasures writing music for the theatre had begun while he celebrate special events. Nor were they always derived from its subject matter and also from its was employed as a musician at the court of Duke popular, given that courtly audiences did not have performers. Vincenzo Gonzaga of Mantua. There he had been a great desire to sit for long periods passively The resulting opera industry in Venice involved in all the major theatrical genres of the observing the playing out of a musical drama on depended on complex interactions between late Renaissance, including plays with intermedi, the stage. The number of operas produced was theatre owners, impresarios and independent sung and danced balli and a new Florentine small – and the number that were repeated was entrepreneurs: poets, composers, singers, invention: the favola in musica – or what we now smaller still – so it is hard to speak of a continuous instrumentalists, dancing-masters, stage designers, call opera. For the last, his L’Orfeo (1607) is a tradition. costume manufacturers – and so on and so forth wholly remarkable work and the earliest example In 1637 the Teatro San Cassiano in Venice down the line. Presumably there was money to be of the genre that has a place in the repertory. opened its doors as an opera house for a paying made in the venture, even if success depended He followed it with Arianna (1608), which attracted public. The initiative seems to have come from two on a gamble that could be won or lost. We do not huge attention at its time, but the music is now musician-poets, Benedetto Ferrari and Francesco know whether Monteverdi saw any profit in the lost apart from its famous lament for Arianna. Manelli, who formed a troupe on the model of enterprise. But as the most distinguished musician Monteverdi’s move to Venice in 1613 the players of the commedia dell’arte who were a in Venice at the time, he was clearly enlisted to necessarily forced him to focus more on music regular fixture in Venetian theatres and elsewhere. serve the cause. for the church and for civic ceremonial in his For some reason, the idea took off: five new operas capacity as choirmaster of St Mark’s Basilica. But appeared in the next three seasons and three other Monteverdi (re)takes the stage he continued to write secular and even theatrical opera houses had opened up in the city by 1641. music in response to commissions from Mantua By the end of the 1646/47 season, some 33 new Monteverdi moved cautiously, staying in the wings and other north Italian courts (including Parma), as works and six revivals had been staged there. in the first three seasons of public opera in Venice. well as from Venetian noblemen closer to home, The new public opera was clearly a commercial For Carnival 1640–41 he also in effect played two and in the 1630s he forged connections with the success. Venice had a ready-made market not theatres against each other, reviving his Arianna at Habsburgs in Vienna. No-one can have expected just from its citizens but also from the tourists the Teatro San Moisè and producing a new opera, him to return to writing full-length operas so late who then (as now) travelled to the city to enjoy Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria, probably at the Teatro in his career, however. Why he did so, and how its architectural and artistic delights – and also Santi Giovanni e Paolo. It is hard to imagine what he managed to accommodate himself to new and its sensual pleasures. When the English visitor Venetian audiences might have made of Arianna, rapidly changing musical styles, are questions that Thomas Coryate visited Venice in 1608 he drew by now over 30 years old (we do not know whether demand some exploration. particular attention to the music that could be Monteverdi revised any of its music, though the text

12 13 12 ‘A mortal thing am I’ Claudio Monteverdi may have felt some resonance Opera in Venice heard there in churches, on the streets and by with the opening line of the prologue to Il ritorno way of the delicate hands and warbling throats Tim Carter d’Ulisse in patria (1640), delivered by the allegorical During the first third of the 17th century, opera had of seductive courtesans. The fact that the opera character, L’humana fragilità (Human Frailty). At the only a sporadic history in the north Italian courts season essentially ran through Carnival (officially, age of 73 he was taking the extraordinary step of and in Rome. Operas were essentially occasional from the day after Christmas to the start of Lent) returning to the operatic stage. His long history of pieces designed for single performances to tended to accentuate its libidinous pleasures writing music for the theatre had begun while he celebrate special events. Nor were they always derived from its subject matter and also from its was employed as a musician at the court of Duke popular, given that courtly audiences did not have performers. Vincenzo Gonzaga of Mantua. There he had been a great desire to sit for long periods passively The resulting opera industry in Venice involved in all the major theatrical genres of the observing the playing out of a musical drama on depended on complex interactions between late Renaissance, including plays with intermedi, the stage. The number of operas produced was theatre owners, impresarios and independent sung and danced balli and a new Florentine small – and the number that were repeated was entrepreneurs: poets, composers, singers, invention: the favola in musica – or what we now smaller still – so it is hard to speak of a continuous instrumentalists, dancing-masters, stage designers, call opera. For the last, his L’Orfeo (1607) is a tradition. costume manufacturers – and so on and so forth wholly remarkable work and the earliest example In 1637 the Teatro San Cassiano in Venice down the line. Presumably there was money to be of the genre that has a place in the repertory. opened its doors as an opera house for a paying made in the venture, even if success depended He followed it with Arianna (1608), which attracted public. The initiative seems to have come from two on a gamble that could be won or lost. We do not huge attention at its time, but the music is now musician-poets, Benedetto Ferrari and Francesco know whether Monteverdi saw any profit in the lost apart from its famous lament for Arianna. Manelli, who formed a troupe on the model of enterprise. But as the most distinguished musician Monteverdi’s move to Venice in 1613 the players of the commedia dell’arte who were a in Venice at the time, he was clearly enlisted to necessarily forced him to focus more on music regular fixture in Venetian theatres and elsewhere. serve the cause. for the church and for civic ceremonial in his For some reason, the idea took off: five new operas capacity as choirmaster of St Mark’s Basilica. But appeared in the next three seasons and three other Monteverdi (re)takes the stage he continued to write secular and even theatrical opera houses had opened up in the city by 1641. music in response to commissions from Mantua By the end of the 1646/47 season, some 33 new Monteverdi moved cautiously, staying in the wings and other north Italian courts (including Parma), as works and six revivals had been staged there. in the first three seasons of public opera in Venice. well as from Venetian noblemen closer to home, The new public opera was clearly a commercial For Carnival 1640–41 he also in effect played two and in the 1630s he forged connections with the success. Venice had a ready-made market not theatres against each other, reviving his Arianna at Habsburgs in Vienna. No-one can have expected just from its citizens but also from the tourists the Teatro San Moisè and producing a new opera, him to return to writing full-length operas so late who then (as now) travelled to the city to enjoy Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria, probably at the Teatro in his career, however. Why he did so, and how its architectural and artistic delights – and also Santi Giovanni e Paolo. It is hard to imagine what he managed to accommodate himself to new and its sensual pleasures. When the English visitor Venetian audiences might have made of Arianna, rapidly changing musical styles, are questions that Thomas Coryate visited Venice in 1608 he drew by now over 30 years old (we do not know whether demand some exploration. particular attention to the music that could be Monteverdi revised any of its music, though the text

12 13 13 did not change much). As for Il ritorno d’Ulisse in Odyssey (XIII–XXIII), Le nozze d’Enea con Lavinia that music penetrates dramatic situations and the deities, including the highly virtuoso writing patria, the impetus appears to have come from its on Virgil’s Aeneid, and L’incoronazione di Poppea emotional and psychological depths unavailable for Minerva and Giunone. Befitting his station, librettist, the Venetian nobleman Giacomo Badoaro, mostly on the Roman historian Tacitus. These to mere speech. Its detractors – if they do not Ulisse tends to adopt a more restrained musical who claimed in an open letter to the composer sources somewhat stand apart from other Venetian simply dismiss opera on the grounds of its lack of language – even at his joyful reunion with his son that he wanted to tempt him out of retirement so operas of the period that draw on classical myth, verisimilitude – claim that this defence is pure tosh: Telemaco – though he is not averse to singing when that Venetian audiences could understand how Renaissance epic (Ariosto and Tasso) or pastoral. opera is frivolous and hinges solely on a vapid the moment seems right. As for the suitors and the real emotions might be represented on the musical But while myth, epic and pastoral are always open display of vocal virtuosity. parasite Iro, their penchant for song, rather than stage, rather than the faded imitations produced by to symbolic and allegorical interpretation – which is Early court opera had established principles sung speech, tends to identify them as somewhat other contemporary composers. their point – Monteverdi and his librettists seem to whereby characters would deliver their lines in a less than noble in terms of character and actions. Monteverdi rose to the challenge, and with play closer to home. declamatory style (which we now call recitative), significant success, it seems: Il ritorno d’Ulisse The issue appears to hinge on the involvement responsive more to the demands of the text than Envoicing Penelope in patria was performed at least ten times during of the Venetian Accademia degli Incogniti, a to music per se. This declamatory style could then its first season, then taken on tour to Bologna by libertine group of Venetian noblemen who were shift into more lyrical, songlike moments at specific Penelope, however, is clearly problematic. On Ferrari and Manelli, then revived in Venice the next also fiercely republican in their political orientation points in the action, either where an actual song the one hand, Venetian audiences prized female year. For the 1641/42 season Monteverdi also (as was Venice itself). As we find in other Incogniti- might be justified on stage (such as Orpheus’ singers and their seductive voices. On the other, composed Le nozze d’Enea con Lavinia (the music derived operas from the period, the representation singing to the powers of Hades) or where one could a noble female character who ‘sings’ too readily, is now lost), and for 1642/43 the wholly astonishing on stage of good Greeks, good or bad (depending be inserted by virtue of convention (for example and too tunefully, will necessarily enter dangerous L’incoronazione di Poppea. on your point of view) Trojans and bad Romans an end-of-act chorus). The distinction was clear terrain: can we trust her virtue or does it come too As is typical for Venetian opera, the surviving clearly had strong political resonances, not least in musical terms, and also in poetic ones: texts easy? We first encounter Penelope right at the sources for Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria are given modern Venice’s own deeply problematic for ‘songs’ – we might start to call them ‘arias’ – beginning of Act 1, bemoaning Ulysses’ absence somewhat problematic. Some librettos divide the relationship with Rome and the Papacy. In the would be in regular stanzas, metre and rhyme. in ways typical of a lamenting woman, with clear opera into five acts rather than three, and a version case of Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria the descent Public opera forced a shift in priorities – who echoes of the Lamento d’Arianna, the only music to survives with a different prologue (for which we of Penelope’s ‘court’ into the depravities of wants to pay to hear an opera containing just sung survive from Monteverdi’s 1608 opera (revived, as have no music). The single musical score that we unwelcome suitors and their parasites carries a speech? – and therefore brought to the surface we have seen, in Venice). While her recitative plaint have was copied probably in the 1650s, and it strong message: our hero, Ulysses, requires opera’s fundamental dilemma: why should people is musically eloquent, she has little to sing about. somehow reached Vienna (where it now survives) only a modicum of divine intervention in order sing? Of course, singing is not inappropriate for As the opera progresses, Penelope’s servants, a couple of decades later. Some music is missing to restore order to so corrupt a political world. certain types of character – gods, shepherds, and then her suitors, in effect besiege her with (for example a ballo in Act 2 as the suitors woo serving maids – or situations (seduction, song, surrounding her with the seductive triple-time Penelope) and might plausibly be borrowed from Musical morals incantation, sleep scenes and so on), and any arias that were becoming so prevalent in Venetian other sources. sensible opera libretto would introduce such opera. She sternly resists at every turn; indeed, Opera was almost by definition, and in almost excuses for song at every available opportunity. her musical language becomes increasingly arid Greece, Rome… Venice any period, likely to be morally suspect – not just The pattern is clear in Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria, as she descends into emotional paralysis. Only because of its subject matter but also because not least in the handling of the shepherd Eumete, towards the end of Act 3, as she starts to believe Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria is based on Homer’s of its use of music. The genre’s supporters claim the lower-class lovers Melanto and Eurimaco and that the stranger in front of her is indeed her long-

14 15 14 did not change much). As for Il ritorno d’Ulisse in Odyssey (XIII–XXIII), Le nozze d’Enea con Lavinia that music penetrates dramatic situations and the deities, including the highly virtuoso writing patria, the impetus appears to have come from its on Virgil’s Aeneid, and L’incoronazione di Poppea emotional and psychological depths unavailable for Minerva and Giunone. Befitting his station, librettist, the Venetian nobleman Giacomo Badoaro, mostly on the Roman historian Tacitus. These to mere speech. Its detractors – if they do not Ulisse tends to adopt a more restrained musical who claimed in an open letter to the composer sources somewhat stand apart from other Venetian simply dismiss opera on the grounds of its lack of language – even at his joyful reunion with his son that he wanted to tempt him out of retirement so operas of the period that draw on classical myth, verisimilitude – claim that this defence is pure tosh: Telemaco – though he is not averse to singing when that Venetian audiences could understand how Renaissance epic (Ariosto and Tasso) or pastoral. opera is frivolous and hinges solely on a vapid the moment seems right. As for the suitors and the real emotions might be represented on the musical But while myth, epic and pastoral are always open display of vocal virtuosity. parasite Iro, their penchant for song, rather than stage, rather than the faded imitations produced by to symbolic and allegorical interpretation – which is Early court opera had established principles sung speech, tends to identify them as somewhat other contemporary composers. their point – Monteverdi and his librettists seem to whereby characters would deliver their lines in a less than noble in terms of character and actions. Monteverdi rose to the challenge, and with play closer to home. declamatory style (which we now call recitative), significant success, it seems: Il ritorno d’Ulisse The issue appears to hinge on the involvement responsive more to the demands of the text than Envoicing Penelope in patria was performed at least ten times during of the Venetian Accademia degli Incogniti, a to music per se. This declamatory style could then its first season, then taken on tour to Bologna by libertine group of Venetian noblemen who were shift into more lyrical, songlike moments at specific Penelope, however, is clearly problematic. On Ferrari and Manelli, then revived in Venice the next also fiercely republican in their political orientation points in the action, either where an actual song the one hand, Venetian audiences prized female year. For the 1641/42 season Monteverdi also (as was Venice itself). As we find in other Incogniti- might be justified on stage (such as Orpheus’ singers and their seductive voices. On the other, composed Le nozze d’Enea con Lavinia (the music derived operas from the period, the representation singing to the powers of Hades) or where one could a noble female character who ‘sings’ too readily, is now lost), and for 1642/43 the wholly astonishing on stage of good Greeks, good or bad (depending be inserted by virtue of convention (for example and too tunefully, will necessarily enter dangerous L’incoronazione di Poppea. on your point of view) Trojans and bad Romans an end-of-act chorus). The distinction was clear terrain: can we trust her virtue or does it come too As is typical for Venetian opera, the surviving clearly had strong political resonances, not least in musical terms, and also in poetic ones: texts easy? We first encounter Penelope right at the sources for Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria are given modern Venice’s own deeply problematic for ‘songs’ – we might start to call them ‘arias’ – beginning of Act 1, bemoaning Ulysses’ absence somewhat problematic. Some librettos divide the relationship with Rome and the Papacy. In the would be in regular stanzas, metre and rhyme. in ways typical of a lamenting woman, with clear opera into five acts rather than three, and a version case of Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria the descent Public opera forced a shift in priorities – who echoes of the Lamento d’Arianna, the only music to survives with a different prologue (for which we of Penelope’s ‘court’ into the depravities of wants to pay to hear an opera containing just sung survive from Monteverdi’s 1608 opera (revived, as have no music). The single musical score that we unwelcome suitors and their parasites carries a speech? – and therefore brought to the surface we have seen, in Venice). While her recitative plaint have was copied probably in the 1650s, and it strong message: our hero, Ulysses, requires opera’s fundamental dilemma: why should people is musically eloquent, she has little to sing about. somehow reached Vienna (where it now survives) only a modicum of divine intervention in order sing? Of course, singing is not inappropriate for As the opera progresses, Penelope’s servants, a couple of decades later. Some music is missing to restore order to so corrupt a political world. certain types of character – gods, shepherds, and then her suitors, in effect besiege her with (for example a ballo in Act 2 as the suitors woo serving maids – or situations (seduction, song, surrounding her with the seductive triple-time Penelope) and might plausibly be borrowed from Musical morals incantation, sleep scenes and so on), and any arias that were becoming so prevalent in Venetian other sources. sensible opera libretto would introduce such opera. She sternly resists at every turn; indeed, Opera was almost by definition, and in almost excuses for song at every available opportunity. her musical language becomes increasingly arid Greece, Rome… Venice any period, likely to be morally suspect – not just The pattern is clear in Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria, as she descends into emotional paralysis. Only because of its subject matter but also because not least in the handling of the shepherd Eumete, towards the end of Act 3, as she starts to believe Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria is based on Homer’s of its use of music. The genre’s supporters claim the lower-class lovers Melanto and Eurimaco and that the stranger in front of her is indeed her long-

14 15 15 lost husband, does she start to regain her voice and then allow it to bloom in a glorious moment of release that is all the more powerful precisely because Penelope has ‘sung’ so little up to this point. She can love – and therefore sing – again, and few will condemn her for it.

Tim Carter is David G. Frey Distinguished Professor of Music at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and has worked extensively on music in late Renaissance and early Baroque Italy; he is the author of Monteverdi’s Musical Theatre and Understanding Italian Opera and has also published books on Mozart’s Le nozze di Figaro and on Rodgers and Hammerstein’s Oklahoma!

16 17 16 lost husband, does she start to regain her voice and then allow it to bloom in a glorious moment of release that is all the more powerful precisely because Penelope has ‘sung’ so little up to this point. She can love – and therefore sing – again, and few will condemn her for it.

Tim Carter is David G. Frey Distinguished Professor of Music at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and has worked extensively on music in late Renaissance and early Baroque Italy; he is the author of Monteverdi’s Musical Theatre and Understanding Italian Opera and has also published books on Mozart’s Le nozze di Figaro and on Rodgers and Hammerstein’s Oklahoma!

16 17 17 Die Heimkehr des Odysseus Diese Einspielung von Il ritorno d’Ulisse entstand Immerhin hatte er gerade die Priesterweihe den berühmteren Orfeo und Poppea steht, doch ich im September 2017 in Breslau als Höhepunkt empfangen; als vielbeschäftigtem Maestro di glaube, dass er uns alle, die wir an der gesamten John Eliot Gardiner einer siebenmonatigen Entdeckungsfahrt Cappella di San Marco blieb ihm wenig Freiraum Monteverdi-Trilogie mitwirkten, am stärksten durch Monteverdis drei noch erhaltene Opern. zum einträglichen Nebenerwerb. Konnte er vielleicht überzeugte und bewegte. Die Uraufführung des Anlässlich seines 450. Geburtstags stellten wir für nicht widerstehen, als sich die Möglichkeit bot, sein Ulisse war 1640 ein durchschlagender Erfolg: 33 Aufführungen in acht europäischen Ländern künstlerisches Glaubensbekenntnis einem breiteren Nach mindestens zehn Aufführungen vor vollem eine gut eingespielte Truppe aus Sängern und – und zudem zahlenden – Publikum zu verkünden? Haus in Venedig folgten Gastspiele in Bologna und Instrumentalisten zusammen und beschlossen Monteverdi war der Ansicht, dass Musik erst auf der die Wiederaufnahme in Venedig im Folgejahr. Der den Zyklus in Chicago und New York. Monteverdi Bühne ihre größtmögliche Wirkung entfalten und vor Schlüssel zum damaligen wie heutigen Erfolg liegt wäre wohl ganz schön erstaunt gewesen, allem durch den zeitlichen und räumlichen Rahmen darin, wie gewandt und geschmeidig Monteverdi die hätte er erfahren, dass es seinen mittlerweile die „Gefühle bewegen“ könne, wie er es selbst Dinge musikalisch angeht und erörtert, wie geschickt berühmten Opern gelingt, 374 Jahre nach seinem ausdrückte [„muovere gli affetti“]. Und hier kommt er den plötzlichen Stimmungsumschwüngen Tod schätzungsweise siebzigtausend Zuhörer Giacomo Badoaro ins Spiel. Der Librettist des und Wendungen in Badoaros Textvorlage folgt anzulocken (und darin sind noch keine der anderen Ulisse war führendes Mitglied der venezianischen und nahezu unmerklich gleitend zwischen Aufführungen im Rest der Welt im Jubiläumsjahr Accademia degli Incogniti, welche bekanntermaßen deklamierenden und eher liedhaft-lyrischen 2017 mitgezählt!). Wurde seine Musik noch vor gar nicht begeistert war von der Qualität der Opern, Abschnitten wechselt. Im gleichen Atemzug fünfzig Jahren kaum eines Blickes gewürdigt, die seit Eröffnung der Theater 1637 entstanden schafft er starke Kontraste und ein dynamisches werden seine Opern heute relativ häufig inszeniert, waren. Badoaro nahm sich in einem schmeichelnden Wechselspiel zwischen den Figuren – zwischen auch wenn lediglich L’incoronazione di Poppea Brief an Monteverdi selbst der Sache an „um Göttern und Helden ebenso wie den Vertretern es in den Mainstream-Opernkanon geschafft hat. die Tugend Eurer Ehren anzustacheln und dieser der niederen Ständen, seien sie nun rechtschaffen Paradoxerweise können wir nicht mal bei den drei Stadt [Venedig] klarzumachen, dass, wenn es um oder zwielichtig. Innerhalb der übergreifenden erhaltenen Stücken davon ausgehen, hier den Gefühlshitze geht, Ihr den großen Unterschied musikalischen Anlage erzeugt er herzzerreißende Gipfel seines Schaffens vor uns zu haben, da über zwischen einer echten und einer gemalten Sonne Spannung: Wie lang kann die untröstliche Penelope die Jahrhunderte so viel verloren ging. Wenn man ausmacht.“ Genügte das schon, Monteverdi in den drei Freiern und den geflüsterten Einwänden Zeitzeugen glaubt, müssen wohl seine Arianna Versuchung zu führen? Oder lag dies an Homers ihrer Zofe Melantho widerstehen? Monteverdi (1608) und Le nozze d’Enea con Lavinia (1641) als Erzählung von Odysseus’ Heimkehr nach Ithaka mit zeigt uns, dass die harte Schale des Leugnens, die schmerzlichste Verluste gelten. Nichtsdestotrotz sind ihren zeitlosen Themen von Treue, Reue und Lust? sich Penelope zum Selbstschutz zugelegt hat, ihr aber auch jene Werke, die überdauert haben, von Seit ich 21 Jahre alt war, stand Il ritorno d’Ulisse den Blick darauf versperrt, dass der einzige, der fesselnder Dramatik, wahrhaftiger Menschlichkeit ganz oben auf meinem Wunschzettel jener Werke, Odysseus’ Bogen spannen und ihr damit die Freier und umwerfend schöner Musik geprägt. die ich einmal dirigieren wollte. Das Werk verkörperte vom Hals schaffen kann, jener Mann ist, der vor ihr Was veranlasste Monteverdi wohl, in seinem 74. für mich all den exotischen Reiz der italienischen steht: ihr zurückgekehrter Gatte. Lebensjahr aus dem Opern-Ruhestand zu treten und Musik des frühen siebzehnten Jahrhunderts. Bei der Aus Monteverdis eigener Hand ist keine Partitur – in einem letzten, großen Kreativitätsschub – das erstmaligen Aufführung des Ulisse 2017 bestätigte des Ulisse erhalten. Lediglich eine Abschrift, die neue Genre noch einmal so fruchtbar zu bereichern? sich mir dann auch, wie sehr er auf Augenhöhe mit ein Jahrzehnt nach dem Tod des Komponisten

18 19 18 Die Heimkehr des Odysseus Diese Einspielung von Il ritorno d’Ulisse entstand Immerhin hatte er gerade die Priesterweihe den berühmteren Orfeo und Poppea steht, doch ich im September 2017 in Breslau als Höhepunkt empfangen; als vielbeschäftigtem Maestro di glaube, dass er uns alle, die wir an der gesamten John Eliot Gardiner einer siebenmonatigen Entdeckungsfahrt Cappella di San Marco blieb ihm wenig Freiraum Monteverdi-Trilogie mitwirkten, am stärksten durch Monteverdis drei noch erhaltene Opern. zum einträglichen Nebenerwerb. Konnte er vielleicht überzeugte und bewegte. Die Uraufführung des Anlässlich seines 450. Geburtstags stellten wir für nicht widerstehen, als sich die Möglichkeit bot, sein Ulisse war 1640 ein durchschlagender Erfolg: 33 Aufführungen in acht europäischen Ländern künstlerisches Glaubensbekenntnis einem breiteren Nach mindestens zehn Aufführungen vor vollem eine gut eingespielte Truppe aus Sängern und – und zudem zahlenden – Publikum zu verkünden? Haus in Venedig folgten Gastspiele in Bologna und Instrumentalisten zusammen und beschlossen Monteverdi war der Ansicht, dass Musik erst auf der die Wiederaufnahme in Venedig im Folgejahr. Der den Zyklus in Chicago und New York. Monteverdi Bühne ihre größtmögliche Wirkung entfalten und vor Schlüssel zum damaligen wie heutigen Erfolg liegt wäre wohl ganz schön erstaunt gewesen, allem durch den zeitlichen und räumlichen Rahmen darin, wie gewandt und geschmeidig Monteverdi die hätte er erfahren, dass es seinen mittlerweile die „Gefühle bewegen“ könne, wie er es selbst Dinge musikalisch angeht und erörtert, wie geschickt berühmten Opern gelingt, 374 Jahre nach seinem ausdrückte [„muovere gli affetti“]. Und hier kommt er den plötzlichen Stimmungsumschwüngen Tod schätzungsweise siebzigtausend Zuhörer Giacomo Badoaro ins Spiel. Der Librettist des und Wendungen in Badoaros Textvorlage folgt anzulocken (und darin sind noch keine der anderen Ulisse war führendes Mitglied der venezianischen und nahezu unmerklich gleitend zwischen Aufführungen im Rest der Welt im Jubiläumsjahr Accademia degli Incogniti, welche bekanntermaßen deklamierenden und eher liedhaft-lyrischen 2017 mitgezählt!). Wurde seine Musik noch vor gar nicht begeistert war von der Qualität der Opern, Abschnitten wechselt. Im gleichen Atemzug fünfzig Jahren kaum eines Blickes gewürdigt, die seit Eröffnung der Theater 1637 entstanden schafft er starke Kontraste und ein dynamisches werden seine Opern heute relativ häufig inszeniert, waren. Badoaro nahm sich in einem schmeichelnden Wechselspiel zwischen den Figuren – zwischen auch wenn lediglich L’incoronazione di Poppea Brief an Monteverdi selbst der Sache an „um Göttern und Helden ebenso wie den Vertretern es in den Mainstream-Opernkanon geschafft hat. die Tugend Eurer Ehren anzustacheln und dieser der niederen Ständen, seien sie nun rechtschaffen Paradoxerweise können wir nicht mal bei den drei Stadt [Venedig] klarzumachen, dass, wenn es um oder zwielichtig. Innerhalb der übergreifenden erhaltenen Stücken davon ausgehen, hier den Gefühlshitze geht, Ihr den großen Unterschied musikalischen Anlage erzeugt er herzzerreißende Gipfel seines Schaffens vor uns zu haben, da über zwischen einer echten und einer gemalten Sonne Spannung: Wie lang kann die untröstliche Penelope die Jahrhunderte so viel verloren ging. Wenn man ausmacht.“ Genügte das schon, Monteverdi in den drei Freiern und den geflüsterten Einwänden Zeitzeugen glaubt, müssen wohl seine Arianna Versuchung zu führen? Oder lag dies an Homers ihrer Zofe Melantho widerstehen? Monteverdi (1608) und Le nozze d’Enea con Lavinia (1641) als Erzählung von Odysseus’ Heimkehr nach Ithaka mit zeigt uns, dass die harte Schale des Leugnens, die schmerzlichste Verluste gelten. Nichtsdestotrotz sind ihren zeitlosen Themen von Treue, Reue und Lust? sich Penelope zum Selbstschutz zugelegt hat, ihr aber auch jene Werke, die überdauert haben, von Seit ich 21 Jahre alt war, stand Il ritorno d’Ulisse den Blick darauf versperrt, dass der einzige, der fesselnder Dramatik, wahrhaftiger Menschlichkeit ganz oben auf meinem Wunschzettel jener Werke, Odysseus’ Bogen spannen und ihr damit die Freier und umwerfend schöner Musik geprägt. die ich einmal dirigieren wollte. Das Werk verkörperte vom Hals schaffen kann, jener Mann ist, der vor ihr Was veranlasste Monteverdi wohl, in seinem 74. für mich all den exotischen Reiz der italienischen steht: ihr zurückgekehrter Gatte. Lebensjahr aus dem Opern-Ruhestand zu treten und Musik des frühen siebzehnten Jahrhunderts. Bei der Aus Monteverdis eigener Hand ist keine Partitur – in einem letzten, großen Kreativitätsschub – das erstmaligen Aufführung des Ulisse 2017 bestätigte des Ulisse erhalten. Lediglich eine Abschrift, die neue Genre noch einmal so fruchtbar zu bereichern? sich mir dann auch, wie sehr er auf Augenhöhe mit ein Jahrzehnt nach dem Tod des Komponisten

18 19 19 entstand, wurde 1881 in Wien entdeckt und steht klaren Unterschiede in Form und Tonsprache und Zyklen aufführten). Wir wollten nicht nur die gesungenen Italienisch nahezubringen – mit seinen seit 2006 im Faksimile zur Verfügung. Dieser trotz der 33 Jahre, die zwischen Ulisse und seiner Opernfans erreichen, sondern zielten weiter auf perkussiv und ausdrucksstark herausgeschleuderten Partiturabschrift fehlen die Instrumentalstimmen ersten Oper L’Orfeo liegen, ist die Spurenlage ein breiteres und jüngeres Monteverdi-Publikum. Konsonanten als Kontrapunkt zum sanft sowie einige Stellen in der Musik; zudem weicht sie eindeutig; Monteverdi hält in beiden Stücken an Indem wir seine Trilogie abgespeckt, dafür aber fließenden Legato der Vokale. Und da denke in einer Reihe wesentlicher Punkte von den neun seinen Idealen der Textvertonung fest: Nachahmen umso lebendiger inszenierten, wollten wir die man nicht nur an Doppelkonsonanten, sondern erhaltenen Librettoabschriften ab, von denen nur („imitare“) und Vertreten („rappresentare“). So tiefgreifende und explosive Kraft dieser großartigen auch an Kommasetzung, agogische Betonungen, eine in Zusammenhang mit der Partitur entstanden konnten wir auch für den Chor der Najaden (1. Akt, Musikdramen vermitteln, die emotionale Tiefe, Wortwiederholungen und Ausrufe! Erst wenn die zu sein scheint. Aus diesen können wir aber 6. Szene), als sie Odysseus’ Hab und Gut vom Ufer die sie ausloten, und zeigen, warum sie sich Sängerdarsteller diese Technik wirklich aus dem rückschließen, wo Monteverdi Badoaros Textvorlage retten, ein dreistimmiges balletto finden, das wie so verblüffend modern „anfühlen“, ohne dabei Effeff beherrschen (und nicht, wie das die Krankheit beschnitt und umstellte, damit sich eine schlüssigere angegossen passt: ‚De la bellezza le dovute lodi‘ jedoch jene Innigkeit zu opfern, die hier Form und vieler Opernsänger ist, ins grässliche „singerese“ Dramaturgie ergibt. Baodaro räumte später aus seinen Scherzi musicali (1607). Für den ballo Gedankenführung innewohnt. Wir wissen (diesmal verfallen – so nennen wir es im Englischen, wenn taktvollerweise ein: „Nachdem ich die Oper nun greco im zweiten Akt (6. Szene) – hier steigern die durch Michelangelo Torcigliani, einen weiteren seiner jemand seine heimischen Aussprachemuster der zehnmal gesehen habe, kann ich … mit Nachdruck Freier ihr Werbebemühen um Penelope noch einmal Librettisten), dass Monteverdi stets nach Libretti gesungene Sprache überstülpt), nur dann also bestätigen, dass mein Odysseus Euer Ehren mehr – bedienten wir uns an drei Stellen in Monteverdis mit Stimmungswechseln Ausschau hielt, „denn können sie jenen Gänsehauteffekt beim Zuhörer verdankt als der echte Odysseus der unsterblich Chorballett Tirsi e Clori von 1615 (vermutlich sein diese ermöglichen ihm, mit der ganzen Bandbreite erzeugen, wenn dieser die Worte vernimmt. Und reizenden Minerva.“ Ohne möglichen Bezug auf eine erstes Stück mit theatralischen Elementen, das des Pathos zu zeigen, was in seiner Kunst steckt, außerdem kommt dies der Ausdrucksvielfalt in „letzte“ oder „originale“ Fassung des Ulisse sollte in Venedig entstand; vier Jahre später wurde es indem er die Noten so an den Worten und Gefühlen Monteverdis Textvertonung zugute sowie seiner jeder Aufführende zuallererst die erhaltenen Quellen in seinem 7. Madrigalbuch veröffentlicht). Und ausrichtet, das der Sänger lacht, weint, wütend und geschickten Art, Sprachbetonungen nachzuahmen. sichten, um offensichtliche Unstimmigkeiten und schließlich konnten wir auch noch kurze, gequält mitfühlend wird und überhaupt alles tut, um was Indem man einen nahenden Konsonanten leicht Kopistenfehler zu beseitigen.* Monteverdis letzte nagende entrate aus seinem Ballo delle ingrate man ihn bittet, während der Zuhörer derweil mit vorwegnimmt und den folgenden Vokal um beide Opern kristallisierten nicht als unveränderliche (entstanden 1608, aber erst zwei Jahre vor gleicher Wucht die Fülle und Kraft dieser Regungen eine Winzigkeit verzögert, spiegelt man den „Werke“ mit einem festen Text aus, sondern Uraufführung des Ulisse veröffentlicht) unterbringen: erfährt.“ Gedankengang der Erzählung. Das ist für mich waren als stoffwechselnde Lebewesen ständigen während die Freier im stummen Spiel beim Spannen Einen Großteil der Probenzeit nutzten wir, vergleichbar mit der Art und Weise, wie Monteverdi Erweiterungen, Kürzungen, Transpositionen und von Odysseus’ Bogen scheitern (2. Akt, 12. Szene) Monteverdis geistreiche Verschmelzung von Text Rhythmus und Stimmführung behandelt. In seinen Umarbeitungen unterworfen. Jeder Versuch, sie und als launisches Fragment zur Ankündigung von und Musik zu erkunden und sicherzustellen, dass Opern lässt Monteverdi das Metrum ständig in der heutigen Zeit wiederzubeleben, muss sich Eurykleias Auftritt im dritten Akt (8. Szene). alle, Sänger wie Instrumentalisten, völlig mit dem zwischen geraden und ungeraden Takten über unweigerlich eine neue Lösung einfallen lassen. Alle übrigen Entscheidungen bezüglich Text vertraut sind. Den Geboten von Marco da einem zugrundeliegenden tactus (einem regelmäßig Als es darum ging, die Lücken in der Wiener Aufführungsmaterial und -praxis erwuchsen aus Gagliano, ebenfalls Opernkomponist, folgend, durchgehenden Schlag) wechseln. Hier entsteht Partiturabschrift zu schließen, an denen keine unserem ursprünglichen Vorsatz, die Trilogie bemühten wir uns, „die Silben wie ein Steinmetz zu der rhythmische Nervenkitzel. Hinzu kommt Musik überliefert ist, schien auf der Hand zu nicht in Proszeniumstheatern mit aufwändiger modellieren, damit die Worte gut zu verstehen sind“ die harmonische Spannung, die er zwischen liegen, sich eher bei Monteverdis eigenen Stücken Bühnentechnik, Bühnenbild und Requisiten und – bei linguistisch einwandfreier Aussprache den Gesangslinien und der Generalbassstütze aus früheren Schaffensperioden zu bedienen aufzuführen, sondern in Konzertsälen (außer und Tonfall – sie sinnlich auszukosten. Unser aufbaut. Letztere schreitet üblicherweise in als in zeitlich näherer Musik seiner Schüler oder im Teatro La Fenice in Venedig, auf dessen Sprachcoach Matteo Dalle Fratte strengte sich sehr einem regelmäßigen harmonischen Rhythmus Komponistenkollegen zu suchen. Denn trotz der vorgeschobener Bühnenrampe wir zwei volle an, der Besetzung die faszinierende Schönheit des oder Puls voran, lässt jedoch an Schlüsselstellen

20 21 20 entstand, wurde 1881 in Wien entdeckt und steht klaren Unterschiede in Form und Tonsprache und Zyklen aufführten). Wir wollten nicht nur die gesungenen Italienisch nahezubringen – mit seinen seit 2006 im Faksimile zur Verfügung. Dieser trotz der 33 Jahre, die zwischen Ulisse und seiner Opernfans erreichen, sondern zielten weiter auf perkussiv und ausdrucksstark herausgeschleuderten Partiturabschrift fehlen die Instrumentalstimmen ersten Oper L’Orfeo liegen, ist die Spurenlage ein breiteres und jüngeres Monteverdi-Publikum. Konsonanten als Kontrapunkt zum sanft sowie einige Stellen in der Musik; zudem weicht sie eindeutig; Monteverdi hält in beiden Stücken an Indem wir seine Trilogie abgespeckt, dafür aber fließenden Legato der Vokale. Und da denke in einer Reihe wesentlicher Punkte von den neun seinen Idealen der Textvertonung fest: Nachahmen umso lebendiger inszenierten, wollten wir die man nicht nur an Doppelkonsonanten, sondern erhaltenen Librettoabschriften ab, von denen nur („imitare“) und Vertreten („rappresentare“). So tiefgreifende und explosive Kraft dieser großartigen auch an Kommasetzung, agogische Betonungen, eine in Zusammenhang mit der Partitur entstanden konnten wir auch für den Chor der Najaden (1. Akt, Musikdramen vermitteln, die emotionale Tiefe, Wortwiederholungen und Ausrufe! Erst wenn die zu sein scheint. Aus diesen können wir aber 6. Szene), als sie Odysseus’ Hab und Gut vom Ufer die sie ausloten, und zeigen, warum sie sich Sängerdarsteller diese Technik wirklich aus dem rückschließen, wo Monteverdi Badoaros Textvorlage retten, ein dreistimmiges balletto finden, das wie so verblüffend modern „anfühlen“, ohne dabei Effeff beherrschen (und nicht, wie das die Krankheit beschnitt und umstellte, damit sich eine schlüssigere angegossen passt: ‚De la bellezza le dovute lodi‘ jedoch jene Innigkeit zu opfern, die hier Form und vieler Opernsänger ist, ins grässliche „singerese“ Dramaturgie ergibt. Baodaro räumte später aus seinen Scherzi musicali (1607). Für den ballo Gedankenführung innewohnt. Wir wissen (diesmal verfallen – so nennen wir es im Englischen, wenn taktvollerweise ein: „Nachdem ich die Oper nun greco im zweiten Akt (6. Szene) – hier steigern die durch Michelangelo Torcigliani, einen weiteren seiner jemand seine heimischen Aussprachemuster der zehnmal gesehen habe, kann ich … mit Nachdruck Freier ihr Werbebemühen um Penelope noch einmal Librettisten), dass Monteverdi stets nach Libretti gesungene Sprache überstülpt), nur dann also bestätigen, dass mein Odysseus Euer Ehren mehr – bedienten wir uns an drei Stellen in Monteverdis mit Stimmungswechseln Ausschau hielt, „denn können sie jenen Gänsehauteffekt beim Zuhörer verdankt als der echte Odysseus der unsterblich Chorballett Tirsi e Clori von 1615 (vermutlich sein diese ermöglichen ihm, mit der ganzen Bandbreite erzeugen, wenn dieser die Worte vernimmt. Und reizenden Minerva.“ Ohne möglichen Bezug auf eine erstes Stück mit theatralischen Elementen, das des Pathos zu zeigen, was in seiner Kunst steckt, außerdem kommt dies der Ausdrucksvielfalt in „letzte“ oder „originale“ Fassung des Ulisse sollte in Venedig entstand; vier Jahre später wurde es indem er die Noten so an den Worten und Gefühlen Monteverdis Textvertonung zugute sowie seiner jeder Aufführende zuallererst die erhaltenen Quellen in seinem 7. Madrigalbuch veröffentlicht). Und ausrichtet, das der Sänger lacht, weint, wütend und geschickten Art, Sprachbetonungen nachzuahmen. sichten, um offensichtliche Unstimmigkeiten und schließlich konnten wir auch noch kurze, gequält mitfühlend wird und überhaupt alles tut, um was Indem man einen nahenden Konsonanten leicht Kopistenfehler zu beseitigen.* Monteverdis letzte nagende entrate aus seinem Ballo delle ingrate man ihn bittet, während der Zuhörer derweil mit vorwegnimmt und den folgenden Vokal um beide Opern kristallisierten nicht als unveränderliche (entstanden 1608, aber erst zwei Jahre vor gleicher Wucht die Fülle und Kraft dieser Regungen eine Winzigkeit verzögert, spiegelt man den „Werke“ mit einem festen Text aus, sondern Uraufführung des Ulisse veröffentlicht) unterbringen: erfährt.“ Gedankengang der Erzählung. Das ist für mich waren als stoffwechselnde Lebewesen ständigen während die Freier im stummen Spiel beim Spannen Einen Großteil der Probenzeit nutzten wir, vergleichbar mit der Art und Weise, wie Monteverdi Erweiterungen, Kürzungen, Transpositionen und von Odysseus’ Bogen scheitern (2. Akt, 12. Szene) Monteverdis geistreiche Verschmelzung von Text Rhythmus und Stimmführung behandelt. In seinen Umarbeitungen unterworfen. Jeder Versuch, sie und als launisches Fragment zur Ankündigung von und Musik zu erkunden und sicherzustellen, dass Opern lässt Monteverdi das Metrum ständig in der heutigen Zeit wiederzubeleben, muss sich Eurykleias Auftritt im dritten Akt (8. Szene). alle, Sänger wie Instrumentalisten, völlig mit dem zwischen geraden und ungeraden Takten über unweigerlich eine neue Lösung einfallen lassen. Alle übrigen Entscheidungen bezüglich Text vertraut sind. Den Geboten von Marco da einem zugrundeliegenden tactus (einem regelmäßig Als es darum ging, die Lücken in der Wiener Aufführungsmaterial und -praxis erwuchsen aus Gagliano, ebenfalls Opernkomponist, folgend, durchgehenden Schlag) wechseln. Hier entsteht Partiturabschrift zu schließen, an denen keine unserem ursprünglichen Vorsatz, die Trilogie bemühten wir uns, „die Silben wie ein Steinmetz zu der rhythmische Nervenkitzel. Hinzu kommt Musik überliefert ist, schien auf der Hand zu nicht in Proszeniumstheatern mit aufwändiger modellieren, damit die Worte gut zu verstehen sind“ die harmonische Spannung, die er zwischen liegen, sich eher bei Monteverdis eigenen Stücken Bühnentechnik, Bühnenbild und Requisiten und – bei linguistisch einwandfreier Aussprache den Gesangslinien und der Generalbassstütze aus früheren Schaffensperioden zu bedienen aufzuführen, sondern in Konzertsälen (außer und Tonfall – sie sinnlich auszukosten. Unser aufbaut. Letztere schreitet üblicherweise in als in zeitlich näherer Musik seiner Schüler oder im Teatro La Fenice in Venedig, auf dessen Sprachcoach Matteo Dalle Fratte strengte sich sehr einem regelmäßigen harmonischen Rhythmus Komponistenkollegen zu suchen. Denn trotz der vorgeschobener Bühnenrampe wir zwei volle an, der Besetzung die faszinierende Schönheit des oder Puls voran, lässt jedoch an Schlüsselstellen

20 21 21 ausdrucksstarke Dissonanzen sprießen, wenn bei Monteverdi zwischen Gesangslinie und zu unterscheiden, war völlig neu für die damalige zu beeinträchtigen. Ebenso unterfütterten wir jene Monteverdi meint, dass beim Zusammenprall der Generalbass], welche den Gefühlsaufruhr ausdrückt. Entwicklung des Musiktheaters und entwickelte Stellen, an denen Monteverdi in seinem „erregten beiden sich ergänzenden Stimmen die Funken Je stärker die Verse drohen zusammenzubrechen, sich parallel zu jenen Methoden, die Shakespeare Stil“ (stile concitato) in diesen typisch kriegerischen fliegen sollen. desto gequälter und gefühlsbetonter wird der in seinem Spätwerk erprobte. Als Hamlet in der Ton verfällt, mit kräftigen Streicherstößen, um so Stellen Sie sich vor, wie ich mich damals Ausdruck. Wirklich einstürzen dürfen sie jedoch nie, zweiten Szene des zweiten Aktes sagt „Jetzt bin Verachtung, Zorn oder Kampfeslust zu vermitteln. freute, als ich herausfand, dass Sir Peter Hall, wie auch der Jazzmusiker keinen Schlag verpassen ich allein. O welch ein Schurk’ und niedrer Sklav’ Entsprechend verfährt er auch in seinen Madrigali der mittlerweile verstorbene Bühnenregisseur, oder ‚rausfliegen‘ darf. Der Darsteller muss das bin ich!“, ist er ja ganz offensichtlich nicht allein. Er guerrieri, et amorosi (1638) und schreibt es vor für auf eine erstaunlich ähnliche Technik hinwies, Risiko des rhythmischen Zerfalls eingehen, sich wendet sich vielmehr an das lärmende Publikum Odysseus’ Ringkampf mit Iro oder die sinfonia da die Shakespeare in seinen großen Tragödien und ihm aber nicht hingeben. Was beim Publikum im Globe Theatre. Entscheidend ist hier, wie nun guerra, die den zweiten Akt beschließt. An anderen späten Stücken einsetzte, welche genau zu jener ankommt, ist so immer unerwartet, gewagt und der Anschein von Innigkeit erzeugt werden kann, Stellen fügten wir immer mal wieder improvisierte Zeit entstanden, als Monteverdi sich anschickte, unvorhersehbar“ [Exposed by the Mask]. John wie man dieses rohe, höchstpersönliche Gefühl Stimmen ein, um den Unterschied zwischen Göttern Opernkomponist zu werden. Hall meint jene Berger drückt es ähnlich aus: „Die Art, wie Sänger mit überwältigender Kraft offenlegt, aber ohne zu und Menschen herauszustellen oder zwischen „absolut wunderbare Freiheit der Versdichtung. mit der Linearität der Zeit spielen und ihr trotzen, forcieren. der harmlosen Hirtenwelt und der beklemmenden [In Das Wintermärchen/The Winter’s Tale] drücken hat etwas davon, wie Akrobaten und Jongleure mit Für unsere Aufführungen entschieden wir uns, Hofgesellschaft um Penelope.** sich Leontes’ verworrene Gefühle und sein der Schwerkraft umgehen ... Das Tempo, der Takt, wieder Marco da Gaglianos Anweisungen zu folgen Diese Gegenüberstellung zweier gegensätzlicher Verfolgungswahn treffsicher in seinen klumpig- die Wiederholungen, die Loops eines Liedes bilden statt die Instrumentalisten in den Orchestergraben Welten ähnelt auf verblüffende Weise jener in regelwidrigen Rhythmen und Fehlbetonungen einen Schutz vor der linear verlaufenden Zeit: eine zu verbannen: „Es sei zuallererst empfohlen, dass Shakespeares Wie es euch gefällt; dort steht der aus. Doch diese Abweichungen von der Regel Zuflucht, wo Zukunft, Vergangenheit und Gegenwart die Instrumente, die die Solosänger begleiten Wald für die Freiheit, ungekünstelte Güte und ein können erst dann emotionalen Sinn ergeben und sich trösten, provozieren, begeistern oder in eine müssen, so aufgestellt werden, dass sie den Leben im Einklang mit der Natur, während der das Publikum berühren, wenn dem Schauspieler ironische Distanz zueinander rücken können.“ (Ein Darstellern ins Gesicht sehen, damit sie durch das Hof mit all seinen Schmeichlern und Heuchlern klar ist, welche Regelhaftigkeit ihnen eigentlich Geschenk für Rosa, übers. von Hans Jürgen Balmes) bessere gegenseitige Wahrnehmen gemeinsam für alles Verdorbene und Trügerische steht. unterliegt. Er muss in Kreuzrhythmen schwelgen, auf Im Ulisse können wir hören, wie Monteverdis fortschreiten“. Das bietet zwei weitere Vorteile: Können wir Monteverdis Ulisse also eine Art Regelwidrigkeiten herumreiten und die Unebenheiten gekonnte Übergänge zwischen normaler Das Publikum hat so den „Maschinenraum“ des Shakespear’scher „Anti-Komödie“ betrachten? in der glatten Oberfläche für seine Gemütszwecke „gesungener Sprache“ (Rezitativ), reinem Gesang Geschehens voll im Blick; mit den Instrumentalisten Schließlich gipfelt das Stück nach Irren und nutzen.“ So weit, so eigentümlich vertraut. Hall (Arie) und einer Mischung aus beiden (Arioso) dazu symmetrisch auf zwei Halbkreise verteilt kann es Wirren, nach Verwechseln und Enträtseln in der verglich das Darbieten der reifen Shakespeare’schen dienen, Wesen und Gemütszustand der Figuren das Zusammenspiel aller Beteiligten an jeder Stelle Heimkehr ins Ehebett, wo nun zu guter Letzt die Dichtung mit den Herausforderungen, die sich einem klarer herauszuarbeiten. In der Praxis muss sich verfolgen. Und da wir in mittelgroßen bis großen natürliche Ordnung der Dinge wiederhergestellt guten Jazzspieler stellen – auch wenn das, wie ich jeder Aufführende ständig des Gedankengangs und Konzertsälen auftraten und so nicht durch das karge ist. Keine andere Handlung jener Zeit nimmt finde, genauso für Sänger oder Continuospieler dessen Entwicklungsrichtung bewusst sein und – und enge instrumentarium der gewinnorientierten einen solchen Verlauf – außer Shakespeares gilt, die den Notentext von Monteverdis Opern angesichts von Monteverdis wichtiger Abgrenzung venezianischen Theater der 1640er Jahre beschränkt Tragikomödien. Doch die Gemeinsamkeiten mit zu Musik machen: „Man muss im Takt bleiben, zwischen Vermitteln (Diegesis) und Nachahmen waren, entschlossen wir uns, die Continuogruppe dem großen „Barden“ reichen noch wesentlich den Rhythmus immer spüren. Es ist jedoch (Mimesis) – des Einflusses, den dies auf den Gang um eine Lira da Gamba, eine Harfe sowie je zwei weiter. Bei seiner Darstellung des Odysseus (und die Spannung zwischen dieser Regelhaftigkeit der Handlung sowie die emotionale Botschaft und Blockflöten und Zinken zu verstärken, ohne dadurch mehr noch der Penelope) sorgt sich Monteverdi und Unregelmäßigkeiten in der Sprache [oder den „Ton“ jedes Monologs oder Gesprächs hat. Hier die Intimität der Dialoge oder die Wortwiedergabe sehr um die Innenwelt, ganz wie Shakespeare in

22 23 22 ausdrucksstarke Dissonanzen sprießen, wenn bei Monteverdi zwischen Gesangslinie und zu unterscheiden, war völlig neu für die damalige zu beeinträchtigen. Ebenso unterfütterten wir jene Monteverdi meint, dass beim Zusammenprall der Generalbass], welche den Gefühlsaufruhr ausdrückt. Entwicklung des Musiktheaters und entwickelte Stellen, an denen Monteverdi in seinem „erregten beiden sich ergänzenden Stimmen die Funken Je stärker die Verse drohen zusammenzubrechen, sich parallel zu jenen Methoden, die Shakespeare Stil“ (stile concitato) in diesen typisch kriegerischen fliegen sollen. desto gequälter und gefühlsbetonter wird der in seinem Spätwerk erprobte. Als Hamlet in der Ton verfällt, mit kräftigen Streicherstößen, um so Stellen Sie sich vor, wie ich mich damals Ausdruck. Wirklich einstürzen dürfen sie jedoch nie, zweiten Szene des zweiten Aktes sagt „Jetzt bin Verachtung, Zorn oder Kampfeslust zu vermitteln. freute, als ich herausfand, dass Sir Peter Hall, wie auch der Jazzmusiker keinen Schlag verpassen ich allein. O welch ein Schurk’ und niedrer Sklav’ Entsprechend verfährt er auch in seinen Madrigali der mittlerweile verstorbene Bühnenregisseur, oder ‚rausfliegen‘ darf. Der Darsteller muss das bin ich!“, ist er ja ganz offensichtlich nicht allein. Er guerrieri, et amorosi (1638) und schreibt es vor für auf eine erstaunlich ähnliche Technik hinwies, Risiko des rhythmischen Zerfalls eingehen, sich wendet sich vielmehr an das lärmende Publikum Odysseus’ Ringkampf mit Iro oder die sinfonia da die Shakespeare in seinen großen Tragödien und ihm aber nicht hingeben. Was beim Publikum im Globe Theatre. Entscheidend ist hier, wie nun guerra, die den zweiten Akt beschließt. An anderen späten Stücken einsetzte, welche genau zu jener ankommt, ist so immer unerwartet, gewagt und der Anschein von Innigkeit erzeugt werden kann, Stellen fügten wir immer mal wieder improvisierte Zeit entstanden, als Monteverdi sich anschickte, unvorhersehbar“ [Exposed by the Mask]. John wie man dieses rohe, höchstpersönliche Gefühl Stimmen ein, um den Unterschied zwischen Göttern Opernkomponist zu werden. Hall meint jene Berger drückt es ähnlich aus: „Die Art, wie Sänger mit überwältigender Kraft offenlegt, aber ohne zu und Menschen herauszustellen oder zwischen „absolut wunderbare Freiheit der Versdichtung. mit der Linearität der Zeit spielen und ihr trotzen, forcieren. der harmlosen Hirtenwelt und der beklemmenden [In Das Wintermärchen/The Winter’s Tale] drücken hat etwas davon, wie Akrobaten und Jongleure mit Für unsere Aufführungen entschieden wir uns, Hofgesellschaft um Penelope.** sich Leontes’ verworrene Gefühle und sein der Schwerkraft umgehen ... Das Tempo, der Takt, wieder Marco da Gaglianos Anweisungen zu folgen Diese Gegenüberstellung zweier gegensätzlicher Verfolgungswahn treffsicher in seinen klumpig- die Wiederholungen, die Loops eines Liedes bilden statt die Instrumentalisten in den Orchestergraben Welten ähnelt auf verblüffende Weise jener in regelwidrigen Rhythmen und Fehlbetonungen einen Schutz vor der linear verlaufenden Zeit: eine zu verbannen: „Es sei zuallererst empfohlen, dass Shakespeares Wie es euch gefällt; dort steht der aus. Doch diese Abweichungen von der Regel Zuflucht, wo Zukunft, Vergangenheit und Gegenwart die Instrumente, die die Solosänger begleiten Wald für die Freiheit, ungekünstelte Güte und ein können erst dann emotionalen Sinn ergeben und sich trösten, provozieren, begeistern oder in eine müssen, so aufgestellt werden, dass sie den Leben im Einklang mit der Natur, während der das Publikum berühren, wenn dem Schauspieler ironische Distanz zueinander rücken können.“ (Ein Darstellern ins Gesicht sehen, damit sie durch das Hof mit all seinen Schmeichlern und Heuchlern klar ist, welche Regelhaftigkeit ihnen eigentlich Geschenk für Rosa, übers. von Hans Jürgen Balmes) bessere gegenseitige Wahrnehmen gemeinsam für alles Verdorbene und Trügerische steht. unterliegt. Er muss in Kreuzrhythmen schwelgen, auf Im Ulisse können wir hören, wie Monteverdis fortschreiten“. Das bietet zwei weitere Vorteile: Können wir Monteverdis Ulisse also eine Art Regelwidrigkeiten herumreiten und die Unebenheiten gekonnte Übergänge zwischen normaler Das Publikum hat so den „Maschinenraum“ des Shakespear’scher „Anti-Komödie“ betrachten? in der glatten Oberfläche für seine Gemütszwecke „gesungener Sprache“ (Rezitativ), reinem Gesang Geschehens voll im Blick; mit den Instrumentalisten Schließlich gipfelt das Stück nach Irren und nutzen.“ So weit, so eigentümlich vertraut. Hall (Arie) und einer Mischung aus beiden (Arioso) dazu symmetrisch auf zwei Halbkreise verteilt kann es Wirren, nach Verwechseln und Enträtseln in der verglich das Darbieten der reifen Shakespeare’schen dienen, Wesen und Gemütszustand der Figuren das Zusammenspiel aller Beteiligten an jeder Stelle Heimkehr ins Ehebett, wo nun zu guter Letzt die Dichtung mit den Herausforderungen, die sich einem klarer herauszuarbeiten. In der Praxis muss sich verfolgen. Und da wir in mittelgroßen bis großen natürliche Ordnung der Dinge wiederhergestellt guten Jazzspieler stellen – auch wenn das, wie ich jeder Aufführende ständig des Gedankengangs und Konzertsälen auftraten und so nicht durch das karge ist. Keine andere Handlung jener Zeit nimmt finde, genauso für Sänger oder Continuospieler dessen Entwicklungsrichtung bewusst sein und – und enge instrumentarium der gewinnorientierten einen solchen Verlauf – außer Shakespeares gilt, die den Notentext von Monteverdis Opern angesichts von Monteverdis wichtiger Abgrenzung venezianischen Theater der 1640er Jahre beschränkt Tragikomödien. Doch die Gemeinsamkeiten mit zu Musik machen: „Man muss im Takt bleiben, zwischen Vermitteln (Diegesis) und Nachahmen waren, entschlossen wir uns, die Continuogruppe dem großen „Barden“ reichen noch wesentlich den Rhythmus immer spüren. Es ist jedoch (Mimesis) – des Einflusses, den dies auf den Gang um eine Lira da Gamba, eine Harfe sowie je zwei weiter. Bei seiner Darstellung des Odysseus (und die Spannung zwischen dieser Regelhaftigkeit der Handlung sowie die emotionale Botschaft und Blockflöten und Zinken zu verstärken, ohne dadurch mehr noch der Penelope) sorgt sich Monteverdi und Unregelmäßigkeiten in der Sprache [oder den „Ton“ jedes Monologs oder Gesprächs hat. Hier die Intimität der Dialoge oder die Wortwiedergabe sehr um die Innenwelt, ganz wie Shakespeare in

22 23 23 Hamlet und King Lear. Dramatiker und Komponist: * In diesem Zusammenhang danke ich James ‚Sterblich bin ich‘ Claudio Monteverdi empfand vielleicht eine gewisse Beide untersuchen sie vielschichtiges Denken und Halliday und Paolo Zanzu für ihre Hilfe. Resonanzerfahrung mit diesem Eröffnungsvers Fühlen, das über Worte und Taten hinausreicht. Tim Carter des Prologs zu Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria (1640), Il ritorno d’Ulisse, Monteverdis vorvorletzte ** Für ihre wertvolle Stegreifunterstützung danke dort vorgetragen von der allegorischen Figur der Oper, ist ein weiterer Schritt in einem Leben, das ich Paolo Zanzu, Antonio Greco, Kati Debretzeni, menschlichen Gebrechlichkeit (L’humana fragilità). Musik veränderte: vom geschickten Kunstgriff, Rachel Beckett, Jamie Savan und James Halliday. Mit 73 Jahren unternahm er den bemerkenswerten die Sphärenharmonie nachzuzeichnen, zu einer Schritt zurück auf die Opernbühne. Sein langes dramatisierten Ausdrucksform, die in menschlichen Schaffen des Komponierens für die Bühne hatte Wahrheiten und Gefühlen wurzelt. Dies lief auf einen einst begonnen, als er noch als Musiker am grundsätzlichen Richtungswechsel hinaus: von einer Hof des Herzogs Vincenzo Gonzaga in Mantua Musiksprache, die sich vorrangig in metaphysischen angestellt war. Dort war er an allen großen Bekräftigungen äußerte, hin zu einer, die eine ganze Bühnengattungen der Spätrenaissance beteiligt, Welt des Elends, der Verdorbenheit, doch auch darunter Stücke mit eingebauten intermedi, der erlösenden Liebe widerspiegeln kann. Und es gesungenen und getanzten balli und einer neuen fällt genau zusammen mit einer jener wilden Zeiten Florentiner Erfindung: der favola in musica – heute in der Geschichte der Malerei, als Künstler wie nennen wir es Oper. Für letztere ist sein L’Orfeo Velázquez, Rembrandt oder Artemesia Gentileschi von 1607, ein rundum bemerkenswertes Werk, auf der Höhe ihrer Kraft ihrer Kunst freien Lauf ließen das früheste Beispiel der Gattung, das einen Platz und sich ähnlich ungebunden über heilige Bräuche im Repertoire fand. Ihm ließ er 1608 seine Arianna hinwegsetzten. folgen, welche seinerzeit großes Aufsehen erregte, Gibt es auch nur eine andere Oper, die ihren deren Musik jedoch verloren ging – mit Ausnahme Höhepunkt in einem Duett der beiden Hauptfiguren des berühmten Lamento der Arianna. findet, die hier erstmals gemeinsam singen? Sie Monteverdis Umzug nach Venedig zwang haben sich seit zwanzig Jahren nicht gesprochen. Er ihn 1613 notwendigerweise, in seiner Rolle als war als vermisst gemeldet und kehrt nun heim. Sie Kapellmeister des Markusdoms sein Augenmerk blieb derweil unerschütterlich treu, und es bricht erst verstärkt auf Kirchenmusik und bürgerliche dann mit Gesang aus ihr heraus, als zwingend klar Festmusiken zu richten. Er schrieb aber weiterhin wird, dass dies ihr Gatte ist. Doch jetzt teilen sie die auch weltliche Werke, sogar für die Bühne, und Sprache der Liebe in bewegender, lebensbejahender zwar als Reaktion auf Aufträge aus Mantua und Eintracht. von anderen norditalienischen Höfen (u. a. Parma) sowie aus unmittelbarer Nähe von venezianischen Adligen; und in den 1630er Jahren knüpfte er Verbindungen mit den Habsburgern in Wien. Niemand hätte jedoch damit gerechnet, dass er so

24 25 24 Hamlet und King Lear. Dramatiker und Komponist: * In diesem Zusammenhang danke ich James ‚Sterblich bin ich‘ Claudio Monteverdi empfand vielleicht eine gewisse Beide untersuchen sie vielschichtiges Denken und Halliday und Paolo Zanzu für ihre Hilfe. Resonanzerfahrung mit diesem Eröffnungsvers Fühlen, das über Worte und Taten hinausreicht. Tim Carter des Prologs zu Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria (1640), Il ritorno d’Ulisse, Monteverdis vorvorletzte ** Für ihre wertvolle Stegreifunterstützung danke dort vorgetragen von der allegorischen Figur der Oper, ist ein weiterer Schritt in einem Leben, das ich Paolo Zanzu, Antonio Greco, Kati Debretzeni, menschlichen Gebrechlichkeit (L’humana fragilità). Musik veränderte: vom geschickten Kunstgriff, Rachel Beckett, Jamie Savan und James Halliday. Mit 73 Jahren unternahm er den bemerkenswerten die Sphärenharmonie nachzuzeichnen, zu einer Schritt zurück auf die Opernbühne. Sein langes dramatisierten Ausdrucksform, die in menschlichen Schaffen des Komponierens für die Bühne hatte Wahrheiten und Gefühlen wurzelt. Dies lief auf einen einst begonnen, als er noch als Musiker am grundsätzlichen Richtungswechsel hinaus: von einer Hof des Herzogs Vincenzo Gonzaga in Mantua Musiksprache, die sich vorrangig in metaphysischen angestellt war. Dort war er an allen großen Bekräftigungen äußerte, hin zu einer, die eine ganze Bühnengattungen der Spätrenaissance beteiligt, Welt des Elends, der Verdorbenheit, doch auch darunter Stücke mit eingebauten intermedi, der erlösenden Liebe widerspiegeln kann. Und es gesungenen und getanzten balli und einer neuen fällt genau zusammen mit einer jener wilden Zeiten Florentiner Erfindung: der favola in musica – heute in der Geschichte der Malerei, als Künstler wie nennen wir es Oper. Für letztere ist sein L’Orfeo Velázquez, Rembrandt oder Artemesia Gentileschi von 1607, ein rundum bemerkenswertes Werk, auf der Höhe ihrer Kraft ihrer Kunst freien Lauf ließen das früheste Beispiel der Gattung, das einen Platz und sich ähnlich ungebunden über heilige Bräuche im Repertoire fand. Ihm ließ er 1608 seine Arianna hinwegsetzten. folgen, welche seinerzeit großes Aufsehen erregte, Gibt es auch nur eine andere Oper, die ihren deren Musik jedoch verloren ging – mit Ausnahme Höhepunkt in einem Duett der beiden Hauptfiguren des berühmten Lamento der Arianna. findet, die hier erstmals gemeinsam singen? Sie Monteverdis Umzug nach Venedig zwang haben sich seit zwanzig Jahren nicht gesprochen. Er ihn 1613 notwendigerweise, in seiner Rolle als war als vermisst gemeldet und kehrt nun heim. Sie Kapellmeister des Markusdoms sein Augenmerk blieb derweil unerschütterlich treu, und es bricht erst verstärkt auf Kirchenmusik und bürgerliche dann mit Gesang aus ihr heraus, als zwingend klar Festmusiken zu richten. Er schrieb aber weiterhin wird, dass dies ihr Gatte ist. Doch jetzt teilen sie die auch weltliche Werke, sogar für die Bühne, und Sprache der Liebe in bewegender, lebensbejahender zwar als Reaktion auf Aufträge aus Mantua und Eintracht. von anderen norditalienischen Höfen (u. a. Parma) sowie aus unmittelbarer Nähe von venezianischen Adligen; und in den 1630er Jahren knüpfte er Verbindungen mit den Habsburgern in Wien. Niemand hätte jedoch damit gerechnet, dass er so

24 25 25 spät in seiner Karriere noch einmal zum Schreiben Spielzeit 1646/47 kamen 33 neue Werke und sechs Monteverdi steht (wieder) im Bühnenmittelpunkt erstaunliche L’incoronazione di Poppea. abendfüllender Opern zurückfindet. Warum er es Wiederaufnahmen auf die dortigen Bühnen. Wie es für venezianische Oper typisch ist, tat und wie es ihm dabei gelang, sich neuen und Die neue öffentliche Oper war ganz klar ein Monteverdi ging vorsichtig vor, wartete in den stellen uns die überlieferten Quellen von Il ritorno rasch wandelnden Musikstilen anzupassen, sind kommerzieller Erfolg. Venedig war ein gemachtes ersten drei Spielzeiten der öffentlichen Oper d’Ulisse in patria vor gewisse Probleme. Manche Fragen, die einiger Erörterung bedürfen. Feld, nicht nur durch das Publikum seiner eigenen in Venedig noch auf seine Chance. Für die Libretti unterteilen die Oper statt in drei in fünf Bürger, sondern auch durch die Touristen, die Karnevalszeit 1640–41 spielte er sogar zwei Akte, und es ist eine Fassung mit abweichendem Oper in Venedig damals wie heute die Stadt aufsuchten, um ihre Theater gegeneinander aus, indem er am Teatro Prolog erhalten, zu dem keine Musik überliefert künstlerischen und architektonische Freuden zu San Moisè seine Arianna wiederaufnahm und ist. Der einzige erhaltene Notentext ist eine Im ersten Drittel des siebzehnten Jahrhunderts genießen – sowie ihre sinnlichen. Als der Engländer eine neue Oper, Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria, Partiturabschrift, wohl aus den 1650er Jahren, die blickt die Oper nur auf eine vereinzelte Thomas Coryate 1608 Venedig besuchte, lenkte wahrscheinlich am Teatro Santi Giovanni e Paolo es einige Jahrzehnte später irgendwie nach Wien Entwicklungsgeschichte an den norditalienischen er seine Aufmerksamkeit vor allem auf die Musik, aufführte. Man kann sich nur schwer vorstellen, schaffte (wo sie bis jetzt überlebt hat). An manchen Höfen und in Rom zurück. Opern waren im Grunde die man dort in den Kirchen und Straßen sowie wie Arianna, nun mehr als dreißig Jahre alt, auf Stellen fehlt die Musik (zum Beispiel ein ballo im Gelegenheitswerke für einzelne Aufführungen oder aus feinfühligen Händen und trillernden Kehlen das venezianische Publikum wirkte. (Es ist nicht zweiten Akt, als die Freier Penelope umwerben); es besondere Festivitäten. Sie waren auch nicht immer verführerischer Freudenmädchen hören konnte. bekannt, ob Monteverdi die Musik irgendwie ist durchaus vorstellbar, dass sie hier aus anderen sonderlich populär, da das Hofpublikum keinen Da sich eine Opernspielzeit praktisch mit der überarbeitet hat; der Text hat sich jedenfalls kaum Quellen entlehnt wurde. großen Wert darauf legte, für lange Strecken untätig Karnevalszeit deckte (offiziell vom Tag nach geändert.) Was Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria betrifft, sitzen zu bleiben und zuzuschauen, wie sich ein Weihnachten bis zum Beginn der Fastenzeit), neigte so scheint der Anstoß von seinem Librettisten, Griechenland, Rom … Venedig Musikdrama auf der Bühne entfaltet. Es entstand man dazu, die lustbetonten Freuden zu betonen, dem venezianischen Adligen Giacomo Badoaro, nur eine geringe Anzahl an Opern – und die Anzahl welche man auf ihre Thematik und auch ihre gekommen zu sein, welcher in einem offenen Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria basiert auf Homers der Wiederaufnahmen war noch geringer –; man Darsteller zurückführte. Brief an den Komponisten gestand, dass er Odyssee (13. bis 23. Gesang), Le nozze d’Enea kann also kaum von einer ungebrochenen Tradition Das so entstandene Operngewerbe in Venedig diesen aus dem Ruhestand locken wollte, damit con Lavinia auf Vergils Aeneis, and L’incoronazione sprechen. beruhte auf einem komplexen Wechselspiel Venedigs Publikum verstünde, wie wahre Gefühle di Poppea weitestgehend auf der römischen 1637 öffnete das Teatro San Cassiano dem zwischen Theaterbesitzern, Impresarios sowie musikalisch auf der Bühne dargestellt werden – im Geschichtsschreibung von Tacitus. Diese Quellen zahlenden Publikum in Venedig seine Türen. „selbstständigen“ Dichtern, Komponisten, Sängern, Gegensatz zu den blassen Nachahmereien seitens stehen etwas im Abseits anderer venezianischer Diese Initiative scheint auf zwei dichtende Instrumentalisten, Tanzmeistern, Bühnen- und zeitgenössischer Komponisten. Opern jener Zeit, die sich eher bei klassischen Musiker zurückzugehen, Benedetto Ferrari and Kostümbildnern und so weiter und so fort. Man Monteverdi stellte sich der Herausforderung – Mythen, Renaissance-Epen (Ariost oder Tasso) Francesco Manelli, die eine Truppe nach dem konnte wohl hoffen, Geld in diesem Unternehmen wohl mit bedeutendem Erfolg: Il ritorno d’Ulisse in oder Hirtendichtung bedienen. Weil jedoch Mythos, Vorbild der Darsteller in der Commedia dell’arte zu machen, auch wenn der Erfolg auf einem patria wurde in seiner ersten Spielzeit mindestens Epos und Pastorales immer für symbolische und bildeten, welche zum regelmäßigen Inventar der Glücksspiel beruhte, das man gewinnen oder zehnmal aufgeführt, anschließend unter Ferrari allegorische Deutung offen sind – genau darum Theater in Venedig und andernorts gehörte. Aus verlieren konnte. Man weiß nicht, ob Monteverdi und Manelli zum Gastspiel nach Bologna gebracht geht es ihnen ja –, scheinen Monteverdi und seine irgendeinem Grund zündete die Idee: Fünf neue glaubte, aus diesem Vorhaben Profit schlagen und im Folgejahr in Venedig wiederaufgenommen. Librettisten in der eigenen Spielhälfte bleiben zu Opern erschienen in den folgenden drei Spielzeiten, zu können. Aber als angesehenster Musiker Für die Spielzeit 1641/42 schrieb Monteverdi auch wollen. und bis 1641 wurden drei weitere Opernhäuser in Venedigs zu der Zeit konnte er sich der Sache Le nozze d’Enea con Lavinia (deren Musik nicht Das hängt wohl auch mit der Einflussnahme von der Stadt in Betrieb genommen. Bis zum Ende der nicht entziehen. erhalten ist) und für 1642/43 die ganz und gar Venedigs Accademia degli Incogniti zusammen,

26 27 26 spät in seiner Karriere noch einmal zum Schreiben Spielzeit 1646/47 kamen 33 neue Werke und sechs Monteverdi steht (wieder) im Bühnenmittelpunkt erstaunliche L’incoronazione di Poppea. abendfüllender Opern zurückfindet. Warum er es Wiederaufnahmen auf die dortigen Bühnen. Wie es für venezianische Oper typisch ist, tat und wie es ihm dabei gelang, sich neuen und Die neue öffentliche Oper war ganz klar ein Monteverdi ging vorsichtig vor, wartete in den stellen uns die überlieferten Quellen von Il ritorno rasch wandelnden Musikstilen anzupassen, sind kommerzieller Erfolg. Venedig war ein gemachtes ersten drei Spielzeiten der öffentlichen Oper d’Ulisse in patria vor gewisse Probleme. Manche Fragen, die einiger Erörterung bedürfen. Feld, nicht nur durch das Publikum seiner eigenen in Venedig noch auf seine Chance. Für die Libretti unterteilen die Oper statt in drei in fünf Bürger, sondern auch durch die Touristen, die Karnevalszeit 1640–41 spielte er sogar zwei Akte, und es ist eine Fassung mit abweichendem Oper in Venedig damals wie heute die Stadt aufsuchten, um ihre Theater gegeneinander aus, indem er am Teatro Prolog erhalten, zu dem keine Musik überliefert künstlerischen und architektonische Freuden zu San Moisè seine Arianna wiederaufnahm und ist. Der einzige erhaltene Notentext ist eine Im ersten Drittel des siebzehnten Jahrhunderts genießen – sowie ihre sinnlichen. Als der Engländer eine neue Oper, Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria, Partiturabschrift, wohl aus den 1650er Jahren, die blickt die Oper nur auf eine vereinzelte Thomas Coryate 1608 Venedig besuchte, lenkte wahrscheinlich am Teatro Santi Giovanni e Paolo es einige Jahrzehnte später irgendwie nach Wien Entwicklungsgeschichte an den norditalienischen er seine Aufmerksamkeit vor allem auf die Musik, aufführte. Man kann sich nur schwer vorstellen, schaffte (wo sie bis jetzt überlebt hat). An manchen Höfen und in Rom zurück. Opern waren im Grunde die man dort in den Kirchen und Straßen sowie wie Arianna, nun mehr als dreißig Jahre alt, auf Stellen fehlt die Musik (zum Beispiel ein ballo im Gelegenheitswerke für einzelne Aufführungen oder aus feinfühligen Händen und trillernden Kehlen das venezianische Publikum wirkte. (Es ist nicht zweiten Akt, als die Freier Penelope umwerben); es besondere Festivitäten. Sie waren auch nicht immer verführerischer Freudenmädchen hören konnte. bekannt, ob Monteverdi die Musik irgendwie ist durchaus vorstellbar, dass sie hier aus anderen sonderlich populär, da das Hofpublikum keinen Da sich eine Opernspielzeit praktisch mit der überarbeitet hat; der Text hat sich jedenfalls kaum Quellen entlehnt wurde. großen Wert darauf legte, für lange Strecken untätig Karnevalszeit deckte (offiziell vom Tag nach geändert.) Was Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria betrifft, sitzen zu bleiben und zuzuschauen, wie sich ein Weihnachten bis zum Beginn der Fastenzeit), neigte so scheint der Anstoß von seinem Librettisten, Griechenland, Rom … Venedig Musikdrama auf der Bühne entfaltet. Es entstand man dazu, die lustbetonten Freuden zu betonen, dem venezianischen Adligen Giacomo Badoaro, nur eine geringe Anzahl an Opern – und die Anzahl welche man auf ihre Thematik und auch ihre gekommen zu sein, welcher in einem offenen Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria basiert auf Homers der Wiederaufnahmen war noch geringer –; man Darsteller zurückführte. Brief an den Komponisten gestand, dass er Odyssee (13. bis 23. Gesang), Le nozze d’Enea kann also kaum von einer ungebrochenen Tradition Das so entstandene Operngewerbe in Venedig diesen aus dem Ruhestand locken wollte, damit con Lavinia auf Vergils Aeneis, and L’incoronazione sprechen. beruhte auf einem komplexen Wechselspiel Venedigs Publikum verstünde, wie wahre Gefühle di Poppea weitestgehend auf der römischen 1637 öffnete das Teatro San Cassiano dem zwischen Theaterbesitzern, Impresarios sowie musikalisch auf der Bühne dargestellt werden – im Geschichtsschreibung von Tacitus. Diese Quellen zahlenden Publikum in Venedig seine Türen. „selbstständigen“ Dichtern, Komponisten, Sängern, Gegensatz zu den blassen Nachahmereien seitens stehen etwas im Abseits anderer venezianischer Diese Initiative scheint auf zwei dichtende Instrumentalisten, Tanzmeistern, Bühnen- und zeitgenössischer Komponisten. Opern jener Zeit, die sich eher bei klassischen Musiker zurückzugehen, Benedetto Ferrari and Kostümbildnern und so weiter und so fort. Man Monteverdi stellte sich der Herausforderung – Mythen, Renaissance-Epen (Ariost oder Tasso) Francesco Manelli, die eine Truppe nach dem konnte wohl hoffen, Geld in diesem Unternehmen wohl mit bedeutendem Erfolg: Il ritorno d’Ulisse in oder Hirtendichtung bedienen. Weil jedoch Mythos, Vorbild der Darsteller in der Commedia dell’arte zu machen, auch wenn der Erfolg auf einem patria wurde in seiner ersten Spielzeit mindestens Epos und Pastorales immer für symbolische und bildeten, welche zum regelmäßigen Inventar der Glücksspiel beruhte, das man gewinnen oder zehnmal aufgeführt, anschließend unter Ferrari allegorische Deutung offen sind – genau darum Theater in Venedig und andernorts gehörte. Aus verlieren konnte. Man weiß nicht, ob Monteverdi und Manelli zum Gastspiel nach Bologna gebracht geht es ihnen ja –, scheinen Monteverdi und seine irgendeinem Grund zündete die Idee: Fünf neue glaubte, aus diesem Vorhaben Profit schlagen und im Folgejahr in Venedig wiederaufgenommen. Librettisten in der eigenen Spielhälfte bleiben zu Opern erschienen in den folgenden drei Spielzeiten, zu können. Aber als angesehenster Musiker Für die Spielzeit 1641/42 schrieb Monteverdi auch wollen. und bis 1641 wurden drei weitere Opernhäuser in Venedigs zu der Zeit konnte er sich der Sache Le nozze d’Enea con Lavinia (deren Musik nicht Das hängt wohl auch mit der Einflussnahme von der Stadt in Betrieb genommen. Bis zum Ende der nicht entziehen. erhalten ist) und für 1642/43 die ganz und gar Venedigs Accademia degli Incogniti zusammen,

26 27 27 einer freigeistigen Gruppe venezianischer Adliger, Die frühe Hofoper hatte Grundregeln formuliert, Stellen für Minerva und Juno (Giunone). Passend venezianischen Oper vorherrschten. Sie widersetzt die in ihrer politischen Ausrichtung für das nach denen die Rollen ihre Verse in einem zu seinem Stand neigt Odysseus eher zu einer sich jedes Mal schroff. Ihre Musiksprache wird in Republikanische brannten (wie ja auch Venedig deklamatorischen Stil vortragen (heute nennen verhalteneren Tonsprache – sogar beim freudigen der Tat immerdürrer, je weiter sie in Gefühlsstarre selbst). Wie wir es ebenfalls in anderen der von wir dies Rezitativ), der eher den Anforderungen Wiedersehen mit seinem Sohn Telemach verfällt. Erst gegen Ende des dritten Akts, als sie den Incogniti beeinflussten Opern jener Zeit sehen, des Textes als der Musik an sich folgt. Dieser (Telemaco) –, wenn er auch dem Singen gegenüber allmählich glaubt, der Fremde vor ihr sei wirklich ihr klang in der Darstellung guter Griechen, (je nach deklamatorische Stil konnte sodann an bestimmten nicht abgeneigt ist, sobald der rechte Moment lange verlorener Gatte, erlangt sie so langsam ihre persönlichem Standpunkt) guter oder böser Troer Momenten der Handlung ins Lyrische, Liedhafte gekommen scheint. Was die Freier und den Stimme wieder und lässt sie in einem wunderbaren und böser Römer auf der Bühne klar Politisches an, wechseln, wenn entweder ein echtes Lied auf Schmarotzer Iro betrifft, so tendiert ihr Faible für Moment der Befreiung aufblühen, was umso nicht zuletzt aufgrund der zutiefst problematischen der Bühne gerechtfertigt schien (wie Orpheus’ Gesang (im Gegensatz zu gesungener Sprache) stärker wirkt, gerade weil Penelope bis hierher so Beziehungen zwischen dem modernen Venedig Gesang vor den Mächten der Unterwelt) oder dazu, sie in bezug auf Wesenszüge und Handeln wenig „gesungen“ hat. Sie kann wieder lieben – und Rom mit seinem Papsttum. Im Fall von etwas Vergleichbares kraft Tradition eingefügt als weniger edel auszuzeichnen. und daher singen. Wer kann es ihr verdenken? Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria ist die Botschaft vom werden konnte (beispielsweise ein Schlusschor am verderblichen Niedergang von Penelopes „Hof“ Aktende). In musikalischem und dichterischem Sinn Penelope eine Stimme geben Tim Carter ist „David G. Frey Distinguished mit seinen unliebsamen Verehrern und deren war der Unterschied klar: Der Text von „Gesängen“ Professor of Music“ an der University of North Nutznießern klar: Unserem Helden Odysseus – langsam können wir sie „Arien“ nennen – hätte Penelope hingegen ist eindeutig ein Problemfall. Carolina in Chapel Hill und hat sich ausgiebig reicht ein Mindestmaß göttlicher Einmischung, regelmäßigen Strophenbau, Metrik und Reim. Einerseits schätzte Venedigs Publikum Sängerinnen mit der italienischen Musik der Spätrenaissance um die Ordnung in dieser so verdorbenen Die öffentliche Oper erzwang einen mit ihren verführerischen Stimmen. Andererseits und des Frühbarock beschäftigt; er ist Autor politischen Welt wiederherzustellen. Prioritätenwechsel – wer will schon viel Geld für wird eine edle weibliche Figur, die zu bereitwillig von Monteverdi’s Musical Theatre sowie von eine Oper ausgeben, in der man nur gesungene und klangvoll „singt“, notwendigerweise Understanding Italian Opera und veröffentlichte Moral in der Musik Sprache hört? – und brachte so das grundlegende gefährliches Terrain betreten: Können wir darauf Bücher zu Mozarts Le nozze di Figaro und zu Dilemma der Oper ans Tageslicht: Warum sollte vertrauen, dass dies ehrlichen Können entspringt? Oklahoma! von Rodgers und Hammerstein. Oper schien nahezu per definitionem und fast überhaupt irgendjemand singen? Bei bestimmten Oder fällt es ihr zu leicht? Zuerst begegnet uns zu jeder Zeit moralisch fragwürdig, nicht nur Figuren – Göttern, Hirten, Dienstmägden – ist Penelope gleich zu Beginn des ersten Akts, als wegen ihrer Themen, sondern auch wegen liedartiger Gesang natürlich nicht unangebracht, sie Odysseus’ Fernbleiben ganz nach Art einer ihres Musikgebrauchs. Fürsprecher der Gattung ebenso zu bestimmten Situationen (Verführungs-, klagenden Frau betrauert, worin deutlich das behaupten, Musik könne dramatische Momente Verzauberungs- oder Schlafszenen etc.), und Lamento d’Arianna nachklingt, das einzige Stück sowie emotionale und psychologische Tiefen jedes gescheite Opernlibretto würde solche Musik, das aus der Oper von 1608 erhalten blieb ausloten, die der bloßen Sprache unzugänglich Ausreden zum Gesang bei jeder sich bietenden (und wie gesagt in Venedig überarbeitet wurde). bleiben. Ihre Gegner – wenn sie die Oper nicht Gelegenheit einbauen. In Il ritorno d’Ulisse in Ist ihr Klagerezitativ auch musikalisch beredt, bereits aufgrund ihrer fehlenden Wirklichkeitsnähe patria wird dieses Muster deutlich, nicht zuletzt so hat sie doch wenig, worüber sie singen kann. abtun – behaupten, diese Begründung sei reiner beim Umgang mit dem Hirten Eumaios (Eumete), Im Verlauf der Oper belagern Penelope Blödsinn: Oper sei albern und basiere einzig und dem „kleinbürgerlichen“ Liebespärchen Melantho tatsächlich zuerst ihre Diener, dann ihre Verehrer allein auf dem nichtssagenden Zurschaustellen (Melanto) und Eurymachos (Eurimaco) sowie mit Gesang und umschmeicheln sie mit stimmlicher Virtuosität. den Gottheiten, einschließlich der hochvirtuosen verlockenden Arien im Dreiertakt, wie sie in der

28 29 28 einer freigeistigen Gruppe venezianischer Adliger, Die frühe Hofoper hatte Grundregeln formuliert, Stellen für Minerva und Juno (Giunone). Passend venezianischen Oper vorherrschten. Sie widersetzt die in ihrer politischen Ausrichtung für das nach denen die Rollen ihre Verse in einem zu seinem Stand neigt Odysseus eher zu einer sich jedes Mal schroff. Ihre Musiksprache wird in Republikanische brannten (wie ja auch Venedig deklamatorischen Stil vortragen (heute nennen verhalteneren Tonsprache – sogar beim freudigen der Tat immerdürrer, je weiter sie in Gefühlsstarre selbst). Wie wir es ebenfalls in anderen der von wir dies Rezitativ), der eher den Anforderungen Wiedersehen mit seinem Sohn Telemach verfällt. Erst gegen Ende des dritten Akts, als sie den Incogniti beeinflussten Opern jener Zeit sehen, des Textes als der Musik an sich folgt. Dieser (Telemaco) –, wenn er auch dem Singen gegenüber allmählich glaubt, der Fremde vor ihr sei wirklich ihr klang in der Darstellung guter Griechen, (je nach deklamatorische Stil konnte sodann an bestimmten nicht abgeneigt ist, sobald der rechte Moment lange verlorener Gatte, erlangt sie so langsam ihre persönlichem Standpunkt) guter oder böser Troer Momenten der Handlung ins Lyrische, Liedhafte gekommen scheint. Was die Freier und den Stimme wieder und lässt sie in einem wunderbaren und böser Römer auf der Bühne klar Politisches an, wechseln, wenn entweder ein echtes Lied auf Schmarotzer Iro betrifft, so tendiert ihr Faible für Moment der Befreiung aufblühen, was umso nicht zuletzt aufgrund der zutiefst problematischen der Bühne gerechtfertigt schien (wie Orpheus’ Gesang (im Gegensatz zu gesungener Sprache) stärker wirkt, gerade weil Penelope bis hierher so Beziehungen zwischen dem modernen Venedig Gesang vor den Mächten der Unterwelt) oder dazu, sie in bezug auf Wesenszüge und Handeln wenig „gesungen“ hat. Sie kann wieder lieben – und Rom mit seinem Papsttum. Im Fall von etwas Vergleichbares kraft Tradition eingefügt als weniger edel auszuzeichnen. und daher singen. Wer kann es ihr verdenken? Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria ist die Botschaft vom werden konnte (beispielsweise ein Schlusschor am verderblichen Niedergang von Penelopes „Hof“ Aktende). In musikalischem und dichterischem Sinn Penelope eine Stimme geben Tim Carter ist „David G. Frey Distinguished mit seinen unliebsamen Verehrern und deren war der Unterschied klar: Der Text von „Gesängen“ Professor of Music“ an der University of North Nutznießern klar: Unserem Helden Odysseus – langsam können wir sie „Arien“ nennen – hätte Penelope hingegen ist eindeutig ein Problemfall. Carolina in Chapel Hill und hat sich ausgiebig reicht ein Mindestmaß göttlicher Einmischung, regelmäßigen Strophenbau, Metrik und Reim. Einerseits schätzte Venedigs Publikum Sängerinnen mit der italienischen Musik der Spätrenaissance um die Ordnung in dieser so verdorbenen Die öffentliche Oper erzwang einen mit ihren verführerischen Stimmen. Andererseits und des Frühbarock beschäftigt; er ist Autor politischen Welt wiederherzustellen. Prioritätenwechsel – wer will schon viel Geld für wird eine edle weibliche Figur, die zu bereitwillig von Monteverdi’s Musical Theatre sowie von eine Oper ausgeben, in der man nur gesungene und klangvoll „singt“, notwendigerweise Understanding Italian Opera und veröffentlichte Moral in der Musik Sprache hört? – und brachte so das grundlegende gefährliches Terrain betreten: Können wir darauf Bücher zu Mozarts Le nozze di Figaro und zu Dilemma der Oper ans Tageslicht: Warum sollte vertrauen, dass dies ehrlichen Können entspringt? Oklahoma! von Rodgers und Hammerstein. Oper schien nahezu per definitionem und fast überhaupt irgendjemand singen? Bei bestimmten Oder fällt es ihr zu leicht? Zuerst begegnet uns zu jeder Zeit moralisch fragwürdig, nicht nur Figuren – Göttern, Hirten, Dienstmägden – ist Penelope gleich zu Beginn des ersten Akts, als wegen ihrer Themen, sondern auch wegen liedartiger Gesang natürlich nicht unangebracht, sie Odysseus’ Fernbleiben ganz nach Art einer ihres Musikgebrauchs. Fürsprecher der Gattung ebenso zu bestimmten Situationen (Verführungs-, klagenden Frau betrauert, worin deutlich das behaupten, Musik könne dramatische Momente Verzauberungs- oder Schlafszenen etc.), und Lamento d’Arianna nachklingt, das einzige Stück sowie emotionale und psychologische Tiefen jedes gescheite Opernlibretto würde solche Musik, das aus der Oper von 1608 erhalten blieb ausloten, die der bloßen Sprache unzugänglich Ausreden zum Gesang bei jeder sich bietenden (und wie gesagt in Venedig überarbeitet wurde). bleiben. Ihre Gegner – wenn sie die Oper nicht Gelegenheit einbauen. In Il ritorno d’Ulisse in Ist ihr Klagerezitativ auch musikalisch beredt, bereits aufgrund ihrer fehlenden Wirklichkeitsnähe patria wird dieses Muster deutlich, nicht zuletzt so hat sie doch wenig, worüber sie singen kann. abtun – behaupten, diese Begründung sei reiner beim Umgang mit dem Hirten Eumaios (Eumete), Im Verlauf der Oper belagern Penelope Blödsinn: Oper sei albern und basiere einzig und dem „kleinbürgerlichen“ Liebespärchen Melantho tatsächlich zuerst ihre Diener, dann ihre Verehrer allein auf dem nichtssagenden Zurschaustellen (Melanto) und Eurymachos (Eurimaco) sowie mit Gesang und umschmeicheln sie mit stimmlicher Virtuosität. den Gottheiten, einschließlich der hochvirtuosen verlockenden Arien im Dreiertakt, wie sie in der

28 29 29 Le d’Ulysse dans sa patrie Cet enregistrement d’Il ritorno d’Ulisse a été réalisé à Wrocław en septembre 2017, à l’apogée de sept John Eliot Gardiner mois d’exploration des trois opéras de Monteverdi qui ont survécu. Pour marquer le 450e anniversaire de sa naissance, nous avons réuni un ensemble très soudé de chanteurs et d’instrumentistes et donné 33 représentations dans huit pays européens, avant de terminer notre cycle à Chicago et à New York. Monteverdi aurait certainement été abasourdi d’apprendre que la renommée dont jouissent encore ses opéras 374 ans après sa mort serait telle qu’ils toucheraient 70 000 auditeurs, selon les estimations (et cela avant de compter aucune des autres représentations commémoratives données dans différentes régions du monde en 2017 !). Mais alors qu’il y a cinquante ans seulement le public connaissait à peine sa musique, aujourd’hui les versions scéniques de ses opéras sont relativement fréquentes, bien que seul L’incoronazione di Poppea se soit jusqu’à présent imposé au répertoire des opéras canoniques. Paradoxalement, on ne peut même pas être sûr qu’avec ces trois survivants nous ayons ce qu’il composa de meilleur, tant d’œuvres s’étant perdues au fil des siècles. D’après ce que l’on disait à l’époque, les pertes les plus douloureuses seraient son Arianna (1608) et Le nozze d’Enea con Lavinia (1641). Pourtant, celles qui ont survécu sont toutes dramatiquement captivantes, humainement véridiques et d’une beauté musicale éblouissante. Qu’est-ce qui persuada donc Monteverdi de sortir de sa retraite de compositeur d’opéras dans sa soixante-quatorzième année pour faire des

30 31 30 d’Ulysse dans sa patrie Cet enregistrement d’Il ritorno d’Ulisse a été réalisé à Wrocław en septembre 2017, à l’apogée de sept John Eliot Gardiner mois d’exploration des trois opéras de Monteverdi qui ont survécu. Pour marquer le 450e anniversaire de sa naissance, nous avons réuni un ensemble très soudé de chanteurs et d’instrumentistes et donné 33 représentations dans huit pays européens, avant de terminer notre cycle à Chicago et à New York. Monteverdi aurait certainement été abasourdi d’apprendre que la renommée dont jouissent encore ses opéras 374 ans après sa mort serait telle qu’ils toucheraient 70 000 auditeurs, selon les estimations (et cela avant de compter aucune des autres représentations commémoratives données dans différentes régions du monde en 2017 !). Mais alors qu’il y a cinquante ans seulement le public connaissait à peine sa musique, aujourd’hui les versions scéniques de ses opéras sont relativement fréquentes, bien que seul L’incoronazione di Poppea se soit jusqu’à présent imposé au répertoire des opéras canoniques. Paradoxalement, on ne peut même pas être sûr qu’avec ces trois survivants nous ayons ce qu’il composa de meilleur, tant d’œuvres s’étant perdues au fil des siècles. D’après ce que l’on disait à l’époque, les pertes les plus douloureuses seraient son Arianna (1608) et Le nozze d’Enea con Lavinia (1641). Pourtant, celles qui ont survécu sont toutes dramatiquement captivantes, humainement véridiques et d’une beauté musicale éblouissante. Qu’est-ce qui persuada donc Monteverdi de sortir de sa retraite de compositeur d’opéras dans sa soixante-quatorzième année pour faire des

30 31 31 contributions aussi décisives au genre nouveau, italienne du début du XVIIe siècle. Le fait de diriger mort du compositeur a été découverte en 1881 à et les trente-trois ans qui séparent Ulisse de son dans une dernière grande explosion créatrice ? Ulisse pour la première fois en 2017 a confirmé Vienne et n’est disponible en fac-similé que depuis premier opéra, L’Orfeo, les deux opéras révèlent une Après tout, il venait de recevoir les saints ordres, pour moi sa stature et en faisait le digne pendant 2006. Cette partition, qui a des lignes instrumentales évidente cohérence dans la mise en musique du et, très occupé comme maestro di cappella de la des deux opéras plus célèbres, Orfeo et Poppea ; manquantes et quelques blancs dans la musique, texte – qui témoigne de son attachement aux idéaux basilique Saint-Marc, il n’avait que peu de temps mais je crois que nous tous qui avons été mêlés à se distingue aussi à un certain nombre d’égards de ce qu’il appelait « imitation » et « représentation ». libre pour se lancer aussi dans des entreprises la trilogie complète de Monteverdi l’avons trouvé significatifs des neuf livrets manuscrits qu’on Ainsi, pour le chœur des naïades à l’acte 1 scène commerciales. Ne pouvait-il laisser passer le plus convaincant et le plus émouvant des trois. connaît, dont un seul semble avoir été préparé en 6, lorsqu’elles sauvent ses biens et ses trésors l’occasion de prêcher son crédo esthétique à un Lors de sa création en 1640, Ulisse fut un succès référence directe à la partition. Cela nous permet de sur le rivage, nous avons trouvé que le balletto à public payant et plus large ? Monteverdi croyait que retentissant : il fut donné au moins dix fois à Venise voir les endroits où Monteverdi a choisi de couper trois voix de ses Scherzi musicali (1607), « De la la musique produit son plus grand effet quand elle devant des salles combles avant d’être emmené et de réarranger le texte de Badoaro pour lui donner bellezza le dovute lodi », convenait très bien. Pour le est représentée sur scène, et que, lorsqu’elle est en tournée à Bologne, puis repris à Venise l’année une plus grande cohérence dramatique. Baodaro ballo greco de l’acte 2 scène 6, où les prétendants définie dans le temps et l’espace, elle est le plus suivante. La clef de son succès aussi bien hier reconnut par la suite avec beaucoup de tact que intensifient leur cour à Pénélope, nous sommes à même de « mouvoir les passions humaines », qu’aujourd’hui tient à la fluidité du discours musical « ayant vu l’opéra représenté dix fois, je peux retournés à trois sections de son ballet choral Tirsi comme il disait lui-même. C’est ici que Giacomo de Monteverdi, à son habileté à s’ajuster aux catégoriquement affirmer que mon Ulysse est plus e Clori (1615) (sans doute sa première œuvre semi- Badoaro entre en scène. Le librettiste d’Ulisse inflexions et aux climats très changeants du livret obligé par Votre Seigneurie que le vrai Ulysse ne l’est théâtrale composée à Venise, et publiée quatre ans était un membre important de l’Accademia degli de Badoaro, et à glisser presque imperceptiblement par la toujours charmante Minerve ». Sans version plus tard dans son septième livre de madrigaux). Incogniti vénitienne, dont on disait qu’elle n’était de la déclamation à des passages chantants « définitive » ou « authentique » d’Ulisse à laquelle Enfin, nous avons trouvé la place pour une entrate guère impressionnée par la qualité des opéras qu’on plus lyriques. En même temps, il produit de forts se fier, la première priorité pour tout interprète est de brève et angoissée de son Ballo delle ingrate (1608, donnait depuis que les premiers théâtres avaient contrastes et une interaction dynamique entre les réconcilier les sources qui subsistent et de corriger mais publié deux ans seulement avant la création ouvert leurs portes en 1637. Badoaro prit sur lui personnages – dieux, héros et simples mortels les évidentes divergences et erreurs du copiste *. d’Ulisse) pour la pantomime des prétendants qui d’adresser une lettre flatteuse à Monteverdi, « pour (certains vertueux, d’autres vils). Au sein d’une Les deux derniers opéras de Monteverdi ne se sont tentent vainement de bander l’arc d’Ulysse à l’acte 2 inciter les vertus de Votre Seigneurie à faire savoir structure musicale en arche, il crée un suspense qui pas cristallisés en « œuvres » immuables avec un scène 12, et un fragment fantasque pour annoncer au peuple de Venise que, s’agissant des émotions prend au tripes – combien de temps l’inconsolable texte figé, mais, en tant qu’organismes vivants, ont l’entrée d’Euryclée à l’acte 3 scène 8. fortes, il y a une grande différence entre une image Pénélope tiendra-t-elle face aux trois prétendants et été constamment soumis à des ajouts, coupures, Les décisions relatives à toutes les autres peinte du soleil et le soleil lui-même ». Fut-ce aux arguments murmurés par sa suivante Mélanto ? transpositions et révisions. Toute tentative pour les questions d’édition et d’interprétation découlaient assez pour le tenter, ou est-ce l’histoire homérique Monteverdi nous fait voir que la carapace de ressusciter de nos jours proposera nécessairement de la prémisse initiale – jouer la trilogie non pas dans du retour d’Ulysse à Ithaque, avec ses thème déni que Pénélope s’est formée pour se protéger une solution différente. des théâtres à l’italienne généreusement équipés intemporels de la fidélité, du remords et de l’empêche d’admettre que la seule personne Lorsqu’il a fallu combler les lacunes musicales de machinerie, décors et accessoires, mais dans la passion, qui l’attira ? capable de bander l’arc d’Ulysse et d’éloigner les dans la partition de Vienne, il a semblé préférable de des salles de concert (l’exception étant le Teatro Il ritorno d’Ulisse était en tête de la liste d’œuvres prétendants est l’homme debout devant elle – son puiser à la musique de Monteverdi lui-même plutôt la Fenice de Venise, où nous avons donné deux que je souhaitais diriger depuis l’âge de vingt et propre époux de retour. que de chercher de la musique contemporaine cycles complets sur une avant-scène ouverte). un ans. L’œuvre incarnait pour moi tout ce qu’il y Il ne subsiste pas de manuscrit autographe de ses disciples ou de ses pairs. Car malgré les Notre but était de faire toucher à Monteverdi, avait de plus exotique et séduisant dans la musique d’Ulisse. Une unique copie faite dix ans après la différences marquées de forme et de langage, au-delà des amateurs d’opéra, un public plus

32 33 32 contributions aussi décisives au genre nouveau, italienne du début du XVIIe siècle. Le fait de diriger mort du compositeur a été découverte en 1881 à et les trente-trois ans qui séparent Ulisse de son dans une dernière grande explosion créatrice ? Ulisse pour la première fois en 2017 a confirmé Vienne et n’est disponible en fac-similé que depuis premier opéra, L’Orfeo, les deux opéras révèlent une Après tout, il venait de recevoir les saints ordres, pour moi sa stature et en faisait le digne pendant 2006. Cette partition, qui a des lignes instrumentales évidente cohérence dans la mise en musique du et, très occupé comme maestro di cappella de la des deux opéras plus célèbres, Orfeo et Poppea ; manquantes et quelques blancs dans la musique, texte – qui témoigne de son attachement aux idéaux basilique Saint-Marc, il n’avait que peu de temps mais je crois que nous tous qui avons été mêlés à se distingue aussi à un certain nombre d’égards de ce qu’il appelait « imitation » et « représentation ». libre pour se lancer aussi dans des entreprises la trilogie complète de Monteverdi l’avons trouvé significatifs des neuf livrets manuscrits qu’on Ainsi, pour le chœur des naïades à l’acte 1 scène commerciales. Ne pouvait-il laisser passer le plus convaincant et le plus émouvant des trois. connaît, dont un seul semble avoir été préparé en 6, lorsqu’elles sauvent ses biens et ses trésors l’occasion de prêcher son crédo esthétique à un Lors de sa création en 1640, Ulisse fut un succès référence directe à la partition. Cela nous permet de sur le rivage, nous avons trouvé que le balletto à public payant et plus large ? Monteverdi croyait que retentissant : il fut donné au moins dix fois à Venise voir les endroits où Monteverdi a choisi de couper trois voix de ses Scherzi musicali (1607), « De la la musique produit son plus grand effet quand elle devant des salles combles avant d’être emmené et de réarranger le texte de Badoaro pour lui donner bellezza le dovute lodi », convenait très bien. Pour le est représentée sur scène, et que, lorsqu’elle est en tournée à Bologne, puis repris à Venise l’année une plus grande cohérence dramatique. Baodaro ballo greco de l’acte 2 scène 6, où les prétendants définie dans le temps et l’espace, elle est le plus suivante. La clef de son succès aussi bien hier reconnut par la suite avec beaucoup de tact que intensifient leur cour à Pénélope, nous sommes à même de « mouvoir les passions humaines », qu’aujourd’hui tient à la fluidité du discours musical « ayant vu l’opéra représenté dix fois, je peux retournés à trois sections de son ballet choral Tirsi comme il disait lui-même. C’est ici que Giacomo de Monteverdi, à son habileté à s’ajuster aux catégoriquement affirmer que mon Ulysse est plus e Clori (1615) (sans doute sa première œuvre semi- Badoaro entre en scène. Le librettiste d’Ulisse inflexions et aux climats très changeants du livret obligé par Votre Seigneurie que le vrai Ulysse ne l’est théâtrale composée à Venise, et publiée quatre ans était un membre important de l’Accademia degli de Badoaro, et à glisser presque imperceptiblement par la toujours charmante Minerve ». Sans version plus tard dans son septième livre de madrigaux). Incogniti vénitienne, dont on disait qu’elle n’était de la déclamation à des passages chantants « définitive » ou « authentique » d’Ulisse à laquelle Enfin, nous avons trouvé la place pour une entrate guère impressionnée par la qualité des opéras qu’on plus lyriques. En même temps, il produit de forts se fier, la première priorité pour tout interprète est de brève et angoissée de son Ballo delle ingrate (1608, donnait depuis que les premiers théâtres avaient contrastes et une interaction dynamique entre les réconcilier les sources qui subsistent et de corriger mais publié deux ans seulement avant la création ouvert leurs portes en 1637. Badoaro prit sur lui personnages – dieux, héros et simples mortels les évidentes divergences et erreurs du copiste *. d’Ulisse) pour la pantomime des prétendants qui d’adresser une lettre flatteuse à Monteverdi, « pour (certains vertueux, d’autres vils). Au sein d’une Les deux derniers opéras de Monteverdi ne se sont tentent vainement de bander l’arc d’Ulysse à l’acte 2 inciter les vertus de Votre Seigneurie à faire savoir structure musicale en arche, il crée un suspense qui pas cristallisés en « œuvres » immuables avec un scène 12, et un fragment fantasque pour annoncer au peuple de Venise que, s’agissant des émotions prend au tripes – combien de temps l’inconsolable texte figé, mais, en tant qu’organismes vivants, ont l’entrée d’Euryclée à l’acte 3 scène 8. fortes, il y a une grande différence entre une image Pénélope tiendra-t-elle face aux trois prétendants et été constamment soumis à des ajouts, coupures, Les décisions relatives à toutes les autres peinte du soleil et le soleil lui-même ». Fut-ce aux arguments murmurés par sa suivante Mélanto ? transpositions et révisions. Toute tentative pour les questions d’édition et d’interprétation découlaient assez pour le tenter, ou est-ce l’histoire homérique Monteverdi nous fait voir que la carapace de ressusciter de nos jours proposera nécessairement de la prémisse initiale – jouer la trilogie non pas dans du retour d’Ulysse à Ithaque, avec ses thème déni que Pénélope s’est formée pour se protéger une solution différente. des théâtres à l’italienne généreusement équipés intemporels de la fidélité, du remords et de l’empêche d’admettre que la seule personne Lorsqu’il a fallu combler les lacunes musicales de machinerie, décors et accessoires, mais dans la passion, qui l’attira ? capable de bander l’arc d’Ulysse et d’éloigner les dans la partition de Vienne, il a semblé préférable de des salles de concert (l’exception étant le Teatro Il ritorno d’Ulisse était en tête de la liste d’œuvres prétendants est l’homme debout devant elle – son puiser à la musique de Monteverdi lui-même plutôt la Fenice de Venise, où nous avons donné deux que je souhaitais diriger depuis l’âge de vingt et propre époux de retour. que de chercher de la musique contemporaine cycles complets sur une avant-scène ouverte). un ans. L’œuvre incarnait pour moi tout ce qu’il y Il ne subsiste pas de manuscrit autographe de ses disciples ou de ses pairs. Car malgré les Notre but était de faire toucher à Monteverdi, avait de plus exotique et séduisant dans la musique d’Ulisse. Une unique copie faite dix ans après la différences marquées de forme et de langage, au-delà des amateurs d’opéra, un public plus

32 33 33 vaste et plus jeune. En présentant sa trilogie dans percutante et expressive en contrepoint avec le dans la technique utilisée par Shakespeare pour exprime quelque chose de similaire : « La façon dont des mises en scène vivantes mais dépouillées, lisse flot legato des voyelles. Cela s’applique non ses grandes tragédies et pièces tardives, écrites les chanteurs jouent avec la linéarité du temps ou nous visions à communiquer la force radicale seulement aux consonnes doubles, mais aussi aux exactement au même moment où Monteverdi la défient a quelque chose en commun avec ce que et explosive de ces grands drames musicaux, virgules de la ponctuation, aux accents agogiques, débutait comme compositeur d’opéras. Hall font les acrobates et les jongleurs avec la force de les profondeurs émotionnelles qu’ils sondent, et aux répétitions de mots et aux exclamations. fait référence à « une liberté dans le vers qui est gravitation [...]. Le tempo, la battue, les boucles, les leur climat étonnamment moderne, sans perdre C’est seulement une fois que la technique a été parfaitement miraculeuse. [Dans Le Conte d’hiver], la répétitions d’un chant construisent un abri contre l’intimité intrinsèque de forme et de dialectique. pleinement maîtrisée par les chanteurs-acteurs (à passion tortueuse et la paranoïa de Léonte sont très l’écoulement du temps linéaire : un abri dans lequel Nous savons (cette fois grâce à un autre de ses l’opposé des redoutables habitudes dont souffrent justement exprimées par ses rythmes irréguliers et futur, présent et passé peuvent consoler, provoquer, librettistes, Michelangelo Torcigliani) que Monteverdi beaucoup de chanteurs d’opéra) que la perception figés, et ses mauvais accents. Mais ces irrégularités ironiser et s’inspirer l’un l’autre » (Confabulations). était toujours à l’affût de livrets avec des climats des mots par l’auditeur peut produire un véritable n’ont de sens, sur le plan des émotions, et ne Dans Ulisse, on entend comment les habiles changeants – « parce qu’ils lui donnent la possibilité frisson ; mais cela souligne aussi le vocabulaire peuvent affecter le public que si l’acteur connaît transitions de Monteverdi entre la conversation en de montrer les merveilles de son art avec tout un expressif de Monteverdi dans sa mise en musique la régularité sous-jacente qui est en dessous. Il « parole chantée » (récitatif) et le chant pur (aria) registre d’émotions, adaptant ses notes aux mots du texte et sa manière habile d’imiter les accents doit savourer les décalages rythmiques, être porté ou une combinaison des deux (arioso) servent à et aux passions de telle manière que le chanteur rie, parlés. La légère anticipation de la consonne initiale par les irrégularités et utiliser les bosses dans la intensifier l’expression du tempérament et de l’état pleure, enrage, compatisse, et fasse tout ce qu’on et un minuscule retard avant la voyelle reflètent le fluidité à des fins émotionnelles. » Jusque-là, le d’esprit des personnages. En pratique, chaque lui demande ; entre-temps l’auditeur est amené par processus mental de la narration. Pour moi, c’est parallèle est frappant. Hall compare l’interprétation interprète a besoin d’avoir constamment conscience le même élan à percevoir la diversité et la force de analogue aux manières dont Monteverdi utilise de la poésie du Shakespeare de la maturité aux de la direction du discours – de la distinction ces mêmes passions ». à la fois le rythme et le contrepoint. Dans ses défis qu’affronte un grand musicien de jazz – bien cruciale chez Monteverdi entre narration (diégèse) Une grande partie de nos répétitions a été opéras, il emploie habituellement une alternance que cela s’applique tout aussi bien, à mon sens, à et représentation (mimesis) – et comment cela passée à explorer la brillante fusion de la musique de mètres binaires et ternaires avec un tactus un chanteur ou à un continuiste qui interprète les affecte le mouvement vers l’avant de l’action, ainsi et du texte chez Monteverdi, et à nous assurer implicite (une battue régulière et invariable). C’est opéras de Monteverdi : « Il faut garder la battue, que le contenu émotionnel et le « ton » de chaque que chanteurs et instrumentistes soient les uns ici que naît l’intérêt rythmique. À quoi s’ajoute la et toujours sentir le rythme. Mais c’est la tension monologue ou échange. Cette distinction, qui était et les autres pleinement investis dans le texte. tension harmonique qu’il instaure entre ses lignes entre cette régularité et l’irrégularité du discours quelque chose de nouveau dans l’évolution du Suivant les préceptes de son contemporain Marco vocales et la basse continue qui les soutient. [ou, dans le cas de Monteverdi, la ligne vocale théâtre musical de l’époque, s’est développée en da Galliano, lui-même compositeur d’opéras, Celle-ci procède normalement avec une pulsation opposée à la basse continue] qui exprime le trouble parallèle avec les techniques que Shakespeare nous cherchions « à ciseler les syllabes pour faire ou un rythme harmonique régulier, mais s’épanouit émotionnel. Plus la poésie est près de s’effondrer, explorait dans ses pièces tardives. Quand Hamlet bien comprendre les mots », non seulement par en dissonances expressives à des moments- plus l’expression est torturée et chargée d’émotion. dit à l’acte 2 scène 2 : « Maintenant je suis seul. une diction exacte dans sa prononciation et ses clefs, lorsqu’il imagine que ces deux lignes Mais elle ne doit jamais s’effondrer, pas plus que le – Ô misérable rustre, maroufle que je suis ! » – il inflexions linguistiques, mais avec un plaisir sensuel. complémentaires doivent entrer en collision et musicien de jazz ne peut jamais manquer le temps n’est manifestement pas seul, mais s’adresse à un Notre coach linguistique, Matteo Dalle Fratte, s’est en conflit. ou être out. L’acteur doit risquer la désintégration auditoire bruyant au Théâtre du Globe. Comment donné beaucoup de mal pour faire comprendre à la On imagine donc mon plaisir en découvrant rythmique, mais ne jamais y céder. Ce que le public créer l’illusion d’intimité ? Voilà la question critique. distribution la beauté envoûtante de l’italien chanté que le regretté metteur en scène Sir Peter Hall a reçoit est donc inattendu, dangereux, et toujours Comment révéler une émotion crue et extrêmement lorsque les consonnes sont projetées de manière relevé quelque chose d’étonnamment similaire imprévisible » (Exposed by the Mask). John Berger personnelle avec une intensité irrésistible, mais sans

34 35 34 vaste et plus jeune. En présentant sa trilogie dans percutante et expressive en contrepoint avec le dans la technique utilisée par Shakespeare pour exprime quelque chose de similaire : « La façon dont des mises en scène vivantes mais dépouillées, lisse flot legato des voyelles. Cela s’applique non ses grandes tragédies et pièces tardives, écrites les chanteurs jouent avec la linéarité du temps ou nous visions à communiquer la force radicale seulement aux consonnes doubles, mais aussi aux exactement au même moment où Monteverdi la défient a quelque chose en commun avec ce que et explosive de ces grands drames musicaux, virgules de la ponctuation, aux accents agogiques, débutait comme compositeur d’opéras. Hall font les acrobates et les jongleurs avec la force de les profondeurs émotionnelles qu’ils sondent, et aux répétitions de mots et aux exclamations. fait référence à « une liberté dans le vers qui est gravitation [...]. Le tempo, la battue, les boucles, les leur climat étonnamment moderne, sans perdre C’est seulement une fois que la technique a été parfaitement miraculeuse. [Dans Le Conte d’hiver], la répétitions d’un chant construisent un abri contre l’intimité intrinsèque de forme et de dialectique. pleinement maîtrisée par les chanteurs-acteurs (à passion tortueuse et la paranoïa de Léonte sont très l’écoulement du temps linéaire : un abri dans lequel Nous savons (cette fois grâce à un autre de ses l’opposé des redoutables habitudes dont souffrent justement exprimées par ses rythmes irréguliers et futur, présent et passé peuvent consoler, provoquer, librettistes, Michelangelo Torcigliani) que Monteverdi beaucoup de chanteurs d’opéra) que la perception figés, et ses mauvais accents. Mais ces irrégularités ironiser et s’inspirer l’un l’autre » (Confabulations). était toujours à l’affût de livrets avec des climats des mots par l’auditeur peut produire un véritable n’ont de sens, sur le plan des émotions, et ne Dans Ulisse, on entend comment les habiles changeants – « parce qu’ils lui donnent la possibilité frisson ; mais cela souligne aussi le vocabulaire peuvent affecter le public que si l’acteur connaît transitions de Monteverdi entre la conversation en de montrer les merveilles de son art avec tout un expressif de Monteverdi dans sa mise en musique la régularité sous-jacente qui est en dessous. Il « parole chantée » (récitatif) et le chant pur (aria) registre d’émotions, adaptant ses notes aux mots du texte et sa manière habile d’imiter les accents doit savourer les décalages rythmiques, être porté ou une combinaison des deux (arioso) servent à et aux passions de telle manière que le chanteur rie, parlés. La légère anticipation de la consonne initiale par les irrégularités et utiliser les bosses dans la intensifier l’expression du tempérament et de l’état pleure, enrage, compatisse, et fasse tout ce qu’on et un minuscule retard avant la voyelle reflètent le fluidité à des fins émotionnelles. » Jusque-là, le d’esprit des personnages. En pratique, chaque lui demande ; entre-temps l’auditeur est amené par processus mental de la narration. Pour moi, c’est parallèle est frappant. Hall compare l’interprétation interprète a besoin d’avoir constamment conscience le même élan à percevoir la diversité et la force de analogue aux manières dont Monteverdi utilise de la poésie du Shakespeare de la maturité aux de la direction du discours – de la distinction ces mêmes passions ». à la fois le rythme et le contrepoint. Dans ses défis qu’affronte un grand musicien de jazz – bien cruciale chez Monteverdi entre narration (diégèse) Une grande partie de nos répétitions a été opéras, il emploie habituellement une alternance que cela s’applique tout aussi bien, à mon sens, à et représentation (mimesis) – et comment cela passée à explorer la brillante fusion de la musique de mètres binaires et ternaires avec un tactus un chanteur ou à un continuiste qui interprète les affecte le mouvement vers l’avant de l’action, ainsi et du texte chez Monteverdi, et à nous assurer implicite (une battue régulière et invariable). C’est opéras de Monteverdi : « Il faut garder la battue, que le contenu émotionnel et le « ton » de chaque que chanteurs et instrumentistes soient les uns ici que naît l’intérêt rythmique. À quoi s’ajoute la et toujours sentir le rythme. Mais c’est la tension monologue ou échange. Cette distinction, qui était et les autres pleinement investis dans le texte. tension harmonique qu’il instaure entre ses lignes entre cette régularité et l’irrégularité du discours quelque chose de nouveau dans l’évolution du Suivant les préceptes de son contemporain Marco vocales et la basse continue qui les soutient. [ou, dans le cas de Monteverdi, la ligne vocale théâtre musical de l’époque, s’est développée en da Galliano, lui-même compositeur d’opéras, Celle-ci procède normalement avec une pulsation opposée à la basse continue] qui exprime le trouble parallèle avec les techniques que Shakespeare nous cherchions « à ciseler les syllabes pour faire ou un rythme harmonique régulier, mais s’épanouit émotionnel. Plus la poésie est près de s’effondrer, explorait dans ses pièces tardives. Quand Hamlet bien comprendre les mots », non seulement par en dissonances expressives à des moments- plus l’expression est torturée et chargée d’émotion. dit à l’acte 2 scène 2 : « Maintenant je suis seul. une diction exacte dans sa prononciation et ses clefs, lorsqu’il imagine que ces deux lignes Mais elle ne doit jamais s’effondrer, pas plus que le – Ô misérable rustre, maroufle que je suis ! » – il inflexions linguistiques, mais avec un plaisir sensuel. complémentaires doivent entrer en collision et musicien de jazz ne peut jamais manquer le temps n’est manifestement pas seul, mais s’adresse à un Notre coach linguistique, Matteo Dalle Fratte, s’est en conflit. ou être out. L’acteur doit risquer la désintégration auditoire bruyant au Théâtre du Globe. Comment donné beaucoup de mal pour faire comprendre à la On imagine donc mon plaisir en découvrant rythmique, mais ne jamais y céder. Ce que le public créer l’illusion d’intimité ? Voilà la question critique. distribution la beauté envoûtante de l’italien chanté que le regretté metteur en scène Sir Peter Hall a reçoit est donc inattendu, dangereux, et toujours Comment révéler une émotion crue et extrêmement lorsque les consonnes sont projetées de manière relevé quelque chose d’étonnamment similaire imprévisible » (Exposed by the Mask). John Berger personnelle avec une intensité irrésistible, mais sans

34 35 35 que personne ait à forcer sa voix ? monde pastoral bienveillant et le monde suffocant rédempteur. Il se trouve qu’il coïncide exactement Pour nos représentations, plutôt que de confiner de la cour de Pénélope **. avec l’une des périodes turbulentes de l’histoire les instrumentistes dans une fosse, nous avons Cette juxtaposition de deux mondes opposés de la peinture, où des artistes comme Vélasquez, décidé de suivre les conseils de Marco da Gagliano : est étonnamment proche de ce qu’on trouve Rembrandt ou Artemisia Gentileschi, tous au faîte de « Soyez avisés que les instruments qui doivent dans Comme il vous plaira de Shakespeare, où leurs facultés, libéraient leur énergie et prenaient des accompagner les voix solistes doivent être placés la forêt représente la liberté, la bonté naturelle et libertés équivalentes avec les conventions vénérées. de manière à regarder les acteurs en face, de sorte la vie en harmonie avec la Nature, tandis que la Y a-t-il aucun autre opéra qui culmine dans un que, s’entendant mieux l’un l’autre, ils peuvent cour, peuplée de sycophantes et de prétendants, duo où les deux protagonistes chantent ensemble avancer ensemble. » Il y avait deux avantages symbolise tout ce qui est gâté et traître. Pourrait-on pour la toute première fois ? Ils ne se sont pas parlé supplémentaires : cela permettait au public de donc considérer l’Ulisse de Monteverdi comme une pendant vingt ans. Il revient après avoir été porté voir complètement la « salle des machines » du espèce d’anticomédie shakespearienne ? Après disparu. Elle est restée dévouée et inflexible, ne drame, avec les instrumentistes déployés en deux tout, l’opéra culmine dans un retour au lit conjugal laissant éclater son chant que lorsqu’elle a la preuve demi-lunes symétriques, et d’assister à l’interaction après une histoire d’erreur d’identité démêlée, avant irréfutable qu’il est son homme. Mais maintenant ils entre musiciens et chanteurs à chaque tournant. que l’ordre naturel ne soit finalement rétabli. Aucune partagent le langage de l’amour avec une touchante Et comme nous jouions dans des salles de concert autre intrigue de l’époque n’a ce genre de trajectoire unanimité qui est une proclamation de vie. moyennes à grandes, et n’étions pas contraints mis à part la tragicomédie de Shakespeare. Mais les par l’instrumentarium économiquement austère et parallèles s’étendent bien au-delà. Dans son portrait * Je remercie James Halliday et Paolo Zanzu pour spatialement restreint des théâtres publics vénitiens d’Ulysse, et plus encore de Pénélope, Monteverdi leur aide à cet égard. des années 1640, nous avons choisi d’augmenter révèle son profond intérêt pour un monde intérieur, ** Je remercie les collègues suivants pour leur le groupe de continuo pour y inclure un lirone, comme fait Shakespeare dans Hamlet et Le Roi précieuses contributions improvisées : Paolo Zanzu, une harpe et des paires de flûtes à bec et de Lear : le dramaturge et le compositeur explorent Antonio Greco, Kati Debretzeni, Rachel Beckett, cornets, sans compromettre l’intimité du dialogue tous deux des pensées et sentiments complexes Jamie Savan et James Halliday. ni la projection des mots. De même, nous avons qui vont au-delà des mots et des actions. Il Ritorno sous-tendu avec une vigoureuse articulation des d’Ulisse, l’avant-dernier opéra de Monteverdi, cordes les passages où Monteverdi recourt à un marque une autre étape dans une vie passée à trope guerrier dans son style concitato (agité) pour transformer la musique – d’un acte d’habile artifice exprimer le mépris, la colère ou le bellicisme. C’est reflétant l’harmonie des sphères en une forme analogue à sa pratique dans ses Madrigali guerrieri d’expression enracinée dans les vérités et émotions e amorosi (1638) et à ce qu’il prescrit pour la lutte humaines. Cela correspondait à un changement d’Ulysse avec Iro et la sinfonia da guerra qui conclut fondamental – d’un langage musical qui parlait l’acte 2. Ailleurs, de temps à autre, nous avons essentiellement en affirmations métaphysiques introduit des lignes improvisées pour souligner la en un langage capable de refléter un monde plein distinction entre les dieux et les humains, et entre le de misère, de dépravation, mais aussi d’amour

36 36 37 que personne ait à forcer sa voix ? monde pastoral bienveillant et le monde suffocant rédempteur. Il se trouve qu’il coïncide exactement Pour nos représentations, plutôt que de confiner de la cour de Pénélope **. avec l’une des périodes turbulentes de l’histoire les instrumentistes dans une fosse, nous avons Cette juxtaposition de deux mondes opposés de la peinture, où des artistes comme Vélasquez, décidé de suivre les conseils de Marco da Gagliano : est étonnamment proche de ce qu’on trouve Rembrandt ou Artemisia Gentileschi, tous au faîte de « Soyez avisés que les instruments qui doivent dans Comme il vous plaira de Shakespeare, où leurs facultés, libéraient leur énergie et prenaient des accompagner les voix solistes doivent être placés la forêt représente la liberté, la bonté naturelle et libertés équivalentes avec les conventions vénérées. de manière à regarder les acteurs en face, de sorte la vie en harmonie avec la Nature, tandis que la Y a-t-il aucun autre opéra qui culmine dans un que, s’entendant mieux l’un l’autre, ils peuvent cour, peuplée de sycophantes et de prétendants, duo où les deux protagonistes chantent ensemble avancer ensemble. » Il y avait deux avantages symbolise tout ce qui est gâté et traître. Pourrait-on pour la toute première fois ? Ils ne se sont pas parlé supplémentaires : cela permettait au public de donc considérer l’Ulisse de Monteverdi comme une pendant vingt ans. Il revient après avoir été porté voir complètement la « salle des machines » du espèce d’anticomédie shakespearienne ? Après disparu. Elle est restée dévouée et inflexible, ne drame, avec les instrumentistes déployés en deux tout, l’opéra culmine dans un retour au lit conjugal laissant éclater son chant que lorsqu’elle a la preuve demi-lunes symétriques, et d’assister à l’interaction après une histoire d’erreur d’identité démêlée, avant irréfutable qu’il est son homme. Mais maintenant ils entre musiciens et chanteurs à chaque tournant. que l’ordre naturel ne soit finalement rétabli. Aucune partagent le langage de l’amour avec une touchante Et comme nous jouions dans des salles de concert autre intrigue de l’époque n’a ce genre de trajectoire unanimité qui est une proclamation de vie. moyennes à grandes, et n’étions pas contraints mis à part la tragicomédie de Shakespeare. Mais les par l’instrumentarium économiquement austère et parallèles s’étendent bien au-delà. Dans son portrait * Je remercie James Halliday et Paolo Zanzu pour spatialement restreint des théâtres publics vénitiens d’Ulysse, et plus encore de Pénélope, Monteverdi leur aide à cet égard. des années 1640, nous avons choisi d’augmenter révèle son profond intérêt pour un monde intérieur, ** Je remercie les collègues suivants pour leur le groupe de continuo pour y inclure un lirone, comme fait Shakespeare dans Hamlet et Le Roi précieuses contributions improvisées : Paolo Zanzu, une harpe et des paires de flûtes à bec et de Lear : le dramaturge et le compositeur explorent Antonio Greco, Kati Debretzeni, Rachel Beckett, cornets, sans compromettre l’intimité du dialogue tous deux des pensées et sentiments complexes Jamie Savan et James Halliday. ni la projection des mots. De même, nous avons qui vont au-delà des mots et des actions. Il Ritorno sous-tendu avec une vigoureuse articulation des d’Ulisse, l’avant-dernier opéra de Monteverdi, cordes les passages où Monteverdi recourt à un marque une autre étape dans une vie passée à trope guerrier dans son style concitato (agité) pour transformer la musique – d’un acte d’habile artifice exprimer le mépris, la colère ou le bellicisme. C’est reflétant l’harmonie des sphères en une forme analogue à sa pratique dans ses Madrigali guerrieri d’expression enracinée dans les vérités et émotions e amorosi (1638) et à ce qu’il prescrit pour la lutte humaines. Cela correspondait à un changement d’Ulysse avec Iro et la sinfonia da guerra qui conclut fondamental – d’un langage musical qui parlait l’acte 2. Ailleurs, de temps à autre, nous avons essentiellement en affirmations métaphysiques introduit des lignes improvisées pour souligner la en un langage capable de refléter un monde plein distinction entre les dieux et les humains, et entre le de misère, de dépravation, mais aussi d’amour

36 37 37 Je suis une chose mortelle La première ligne du prologue d’Il ritorno d’Ulisse tard dans sa carrière. Pourquoi le fit-il, et comment Le nouvel opéra public fut manifestement in patria (1640), prononcée par le personnage réussit-il à s’adapter aux nouveaux styles musicaux, un succès commercial. Venise avait un marché Tim Carter allégorique de L’humana fragilità (La Fragilité en rapide évolution ? Ce sont des questions qui tout prêt, avec non seulement ses citoyens, humaine), pourrait avoir eu une certaine résonance demandent à être explorées. mais aussi les touristes qui faisaient (et font pour Claudio Monteverdi. À soixante-treize ans, il encore) le voyage pour admirer les merveilles accomplissait un geste extraordinaire en retournant L’opéra à Venise architecturales et artistiques de la ville – ainsi que à la scène lyrique. Sa longue histoire de compositeur ses plaisirs sensuels. Lorsque le voyageur anglais pour le théâtre avait débuté alors qu’il était Dans le premier tiers du XVIIe siècle, l’opéra n’avait Thomas Coryate visita Venise en 1608, il attira employé comme musicien à la cour du duc Vincent qu’une histoire sporadique dans les cours d’Italie du particulièrement l’attention sur la musique qu’on Gonzague de Mantoue. Là, il fut toujours mêlé à Nord et à Rome. Les opéras étaient essentiellement pouvait entendre dans les églises ou les rues, et tous les principaux genres théâtraux de la fin de la des œuvres de circonstance destinées à une grâce aux doigts et aux gosiers gazouillants de Renaissance, dont les pièces avec intermedi, les représentation unique pour célébrer un événement séduisantes courtisanes. Le fait que la saison balli chantés et dansés, et une nouvelle invention spécial. Ils n’étaient pas non plus toujours très d’opéra se déroulait essentiellement pendant le florentine : la favola in musica – autrement dit, ce appréciés, car les spectateurs de la cour n’avaient carnaval (officiellement, du lendemain de Noël au que nous appelons désormais opéra. Dans ce pas grand désir de rester assis pendant de longs commencement du Carême) tendait à accentuer dernier genre, L’Orfeo (1607) est une œuvre tout à moments à observer passivement un drame musical les plaisirs lascifs tirés de son sujet, mais aussi de fait remarquable, et le plus ancien exemple qui ait sur scène. Le nombre d’opéras produit était restreint ses interprètes. trouvé sa place au répertoire. Monteverdi composa – et le nombre de ceux qui étaient repris plus limité L’industrie de l’opéra qui en résulta à Venise ensuite Arianna (1608), qui attira énormément encore –, si bien qu’il est difficile de parler d’une reposait sur de complexes interactions entre les d’attention à l’époque, mais dont la musique est tradition continue. propriétaires de théâtres, les impresarios et les maintenant perdue, mis à part la célèbre lamentation En 1637, le Teatro San Cassiano à Venise ouvrit entrepreneurs indépendants : poètes, compositeurs, d’Ariane. ses portes en tant que théâtre d’opéra pour un chanteurs, instrumentistes, maîtres de ballet, En s’installant à Venise en 1613, Monteverdi, public payant. L’initiative semble être venue de deux décorateurs, fabricants de costumes – et ainsi de en sa qualité de maître de chapelle de la basilique musiciens poètes, Benedetto Ferrari et Francesco suite. Sans doute y avait-il de l’argent à gagner dans Saint-Marc, se voyait nécessairement contraint Manelli, qui formèrent une troupe sur le modèle cette entreprise, même si le succès dépendait d’un de se focaliser davantage sur la musique pour de la commedia dell’arte, régulièrement présente pari qui pouvait être gagné ou perdu. On ne sait l’église et les cérémonies officielles. Mais il continua dans les théâtres vénitiens et ailleurs. Toujours pas si Monteverdi y voyait un éventuel profit. Mais d’écrire de la musique profane et même théâtrale en est-il que l’idée prit : cinq opéras nouveaux virent en tant que plus éminent musicien dans la Venise réponse à des commandes émanant de Mantoue et le jour au cours des trois saisons suivantes, et trois de l’époque, il fut manifestement sollicité pour servir d’autres cours d’Italie du Nord (dont Parme), ainsi autres théâtres d’opéra avaient ouvert dans la ville la cause. que pour des nobles vénitiens plus près de chez lui ; dès 1641. À la fin de la saison 1646-1647, trente- et dans les années 1630 il noua des liens avec les trois œuvres nouvelles et six reprises y avaient été Habsbourg à Vienne. Personne, toutefois, ne pouvait montées. s’attendre à ce qu’il revienne à de grands opéras si

38 39 38 Je suis une chose mortelle La première ligne du prologue d’Il ritorno d’Ulisse tard dans sa carrière. Pourquoi le fit-il, et comment Le nouvel opéra public fut manifestement in patria (1640), prononcée par le personnage réussit-il à s’adapter aux nouveaux styles musicaux, un succès commercial. Venise avait un marché Tim Carter allégorique de L’humana fragilità (La Fragilité en rapide évolution ? Ce sont des questions qui tout prêt, avec non seulement ses citoyens, humaine), pourrait avoir eu une certaine résonance demandent à être explorées. mais aussi les touristes qui faisaient (et font pour Claudio Monteverdi. À soixante-treize ans, il encore) le voyage pour admirer les merveilles accomplissait un geste extraordinaire en retournant L’opéra à Venise architecturales et artistiques de la ville – ainsi que à la scène lyrique. Sa longue histoire de compositeur ses plaisirs sensuels. Lorsque le voyageur anglais pour le théâtre avait débuté alors qu’il était Dans le premier tiers du XVIIe siècle, l’opéra n’avait Thomas Coryate visita Venise en 1608, il attira employé comme musicien à la cour du duc Vincent qu’une histoire sporadique dans les cours d’Italie du particulièrement l’attention sur la musique qu’on Gonzague de Mantoue. Là, il fut toujours mêlé à Nord et à Rome. Les opéras étaient essentiellement pouvait entendre dans les églises ou les rues, et tous les principaux genres théâtraux de la fin de la des œuvres de circonstance destinées à une grâce aux doigts et aux gosiers gazouillants de Renaissance, dont les pièces avec intermedi, les représentation unique pour célébrer un événement séduisantes courtisanes. Le fait que la saison balli chantés et dansés, et une nouvelle invention spécial. Ils n’étaient pas non plus toujours très d’opéra se déroulait essentiellement pendant le florentine : la favola in musica – autrement dit, ce appréciés, car les spectateurs de la cour n’avaient carnaval (officiellement, du lendemain de Noël au que nous appelons désormais opéra. Dans ce pas grand désir de rester assis pendant de longs commencement du Carême) tendait à accentuer dernier genre, L’Orfeo (1607) est une œuvre tout à moments à observer passivement un drame musical les plaisirs lascifs tirés de son sujet, mais aussi de fait remarquable, et le plus ancien exemple qui ait sur scène. Le nombre d’opéras produit était restreint ses interprètes. trouvé sa place au répertoire. Monteverdi composa – et le nombre de ceux qui étaient repris plus limité L’industrie de l’opéra qui en résulta à Venise ensuite Arianna (1608), qui attira énormément encore –, si bien qu’il est difficile de parler d’une reposait sur de complexes interactions entre les d’attention à l’époque, mais dont la musique est tradition continue. propriétaires de théâtres, les impresarios et les maintenant perdue, mis à part la célèbre lamentation En 1637, le Teatro San Cassiano à Venise ouvrit entrepreneurs indépendants : poètes, compositeurs, d’Ariane. ses portes en tant que théâtre d’opéra pour un chanteurs, instrumentistes, maîtres de ballet, En s’installant à Venise en 1613, Monteverdi, public payant. L’initiative semble être venue de deux décorateurs, fabricants de costumes – et ainsi de en sa qualité de maître de chapelle de la basilique musiciens poètes, Benedetto Ferrari et Francesco suite. Sans doute y avait-il de l’argent à gagner dans Saint-Marc, se voyait nécessairement contraint Manelli, qui formèrent une troupe sur le modèle cette entreprise, même si le succès dépendait d’un de se focaliser davantage sur la musique pour de la commedia dell’arte, régulièrement présente pari qui pouvait être gagné ou perdu. On ne sait l’église et les cérémonies officielles. Mais il continua dans les théâtres vénitiens et ailleurs. Toujours pas si Monteverdi y voyait un éventuel profit. Mais d’écrire de la musique profane et même théâtrale en est-il que l’idée prit : cinq opéras nouveaux virent en tant que plus éminent musicien dans la Venise réponse à des commandes émanant de Mantoue et le jour au cours des trois saisons suivantes, et trois de l’époque, il fut manifestement sollicité pour servir d’autres cours d’Italie du Nord (dont Parme), ainsi autres théâtres d’opéra avaient ouvert dans la ville la cause. que pour des nobles vénitiens plus près de chez lui ; dès 1641. À la fin de la saison 1646-1647, trente- et dans les années 1630 il noua des liens avec les trois œuvres nouvelles et six reprises y avaient été Habsbourg à Vienne. Personne, toutefois, ne pouvait montées. s’attendre à ce qu’il revienne à de grands opéras si

38 39 39 Monteverdi (re)prend la scène livrets divisent l’opéra en cinq actes au lieu de Grecs, de bons ou mauvais Troyens (selon le point de l’action, lorsqu’un chant véritable pouvait se trois, et il subsiste une version avec un prologue de vue), et de mauvais Romains avait manifestement justifier sur scène (comme au moment où Orphée Monteverdi procéda prudemment, restant en différent (pour lequel nous n’avons pas de musique). de fortes connotations politiques, étant donné chante pour les puissances d’Hadès), ou lorsqu’on coulisses pendant les trois premières saisons L’unique partition que nous ayons fut probablement notamment la relation profondément problématique pouvait en insérer un par convention (par exemple d’opéra public à Venise. Pour le carnaval de 1640- copiée dans les années 1650, avant de parvenir à de Venise elle-même avec Rome et la papauté. Dans un chœur de fin d’acte). La distinction était claire sur 1641, il mit aussi deux théâtres en concurrence, Vienne (où elle est désormais conservée) quelques le cas d’Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria, la descente de le plan musical, mais aussi poétique : les textes des reprenant son Arianna au Teatro San Moisè et décennies plus tard. Il manque une partie de la « cour » de Pénélope dans les dépravations de « chants » – on pourrait commencer à les appeler produisant un nouvel opéra, Il ritorno d’Ulisse in la musique (par exemple un ballo à l’acte 2, au prétendants importuns et de leurs parasites porte un « airs » – étaient en strophes régulières du point de patria, probablement au Teatro Santi Giovanni e moment où les prétendants courtisent Pénélope), message fort : notre héros, Ulysse, n’a besoin que vue du mètre et de la rime. Paolo. Il est difficile d’imaginer ce que le public qui peut être empruntée de manière plausible d’une intervention divine minime pour rétablir l’ordre L’opéra public imposa un changement dans les vénitien a pu penser d’Arianna, qui avait alors plus à d’autres sources. dans un monde politique si corrompu. priorités – qui a envie de payer pour entendre un de trente ans (on ne sait pas si Monteverdi en révisa opéra contenant uniquement de la parole chantée ? la musique, mais le texte n’avait pas beaucoup Grèce, Rome… Venise Musique et morale – et fit donc émerger le dilemme fondamental de changé). Quant à Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria, l’opéra : pourquoi devrait-on y chanter ? Bien sûr, l’impulsion semble être venue de son librettiste, Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria est fondé sur l’Odyssée Par définition ou presque, et à pratiquement le chant n’est pas inapproprié pour certains types le noble Vénitien Giacomo Badoaro, qui affirmait d’Homère (XIII-XXIII), Le nozze d’Enea con Lavinia toute époque, l’opéra est en général moralement de personnages – dieux, bergers, servantes – dans une lettre ouverte au compositeur qu’il voulait sur l’Énéide de Virgile et L’incoronazione di Poppea suspect – non seulement à cause de son sujet, mais ou situations (séduction, incantation, scènes de le tenter de sortir de sa retraite pour que le public essentiellement sur l’historien romain Tacite. aussi en raison de son emploi de musique. Les sommeil, et ainsi de suite), et tout livret d’opéra vénitien puisse comprendre comment les émotions Ces sources se distinguent quelque peu de celles partisans du genre affirment que la musique explore sensé introduisait de tels prétextes pour le chant à véritables pouvaient être représentées sur la des autres opéras vénitiens de l’époque en ce des situations dramatiques et des profondeurs chaque occasion qui s’offrait. La formule est claire scène musicale, loin des fades imitations d’autres qu’elles puisent au mythe classique, à l’épopée émotionnelles et psychologiques auxquelles la dans Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria, notamment dans le compositeurs contemporains. de la Renaissance (L’Arioste et Le Tasse) ou à la simple parole n’a pas accès. Ses détracteurs – s’ils traitement du berger Eumée, des amants de classe Monteverdi releva le défi, et avec un succès pastorale. Mais si le mythe, l’épopée et la pastorale ne rejettent pas simplement l’opéra en raison de inférieure Mélantho et Eurymaque, et des divinités, significatif, semble-t-il : Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria sont toujours ouverts à l’interprétation symbolique et son absence de vraisemblance – soutiennent que avec en particulier une écriture extrêmement fut donné au moins dix fois au cours de la première allégorique – c’est leur propos –, Monteverdi et ses cette défense est inepte : l’opéra est frivole et virtuose pour Minerve et Junon. Conformément saison, puis emmené en tournée à Bologne par librettistes paraissent leur donner des résonances repose uniquement sur de vaines démonstrations à son statut, Ulysse tend à adopter un langage Ferrari et Manelli, et ensuite repris à Venise l’année plus proches de chez eux. de virtuosité vocale. musical plus retenu – même lors de ses joyeuses suivante. Pour la saison 1641-1642, Monteverdi La question semble s’articuler autour du rôle L’opéra de cour à ses débuts avait établi des retrouvailles avec son fils Télémaque –, bien qu’il ne composa aussi Le nozze d’Enea con Lavinia (dont la de l’Accademia degli Incogniti vénitienne, groupe principes selon lesquels les personnages chantaient soit pas opposé au chant quand le moment semble musique est perdue), et pour 1642-1643 une œuvre libertin de nobles vénitiens qui étaient aussi leur rôle dans un style déclamatoire (qu’on appelle opportun. Quant aux prétendants et au parasite tout à fait étonnante, L’incoronazione di Poppea. d’ardents républicains dans leur orientation politique maintenant récitatif), plus sensible aux exigences du Irus, leur penchant pour le chant, plutôt que pour Comme souvent pour l’opéra vénitien, les (comme l’était Venise elle-même). Ainsi qu’on le texte qu’à la musique en soi. Ce style déclamatoire la parole chantée, tend à les identifier comme des sources qui subsistent pour Il ritorno d’Ulisse in voit dans d’autres opéras de l’époque émanant pouvait ensuite se transformer en moments plus personnages peu nobles sur le plan du caractère patria sont quelque peu problématiques. Certains des Incogniti, la représentation sur scène de bons lyriques et plus chantants à des endroits spécifiques et des actions.

40 41 40 Monteverdi (re)prend la scène livrets divisent l’opéra en cinq actes au lieu de Grecs, de bons ou mauvais Troyens (selon le point de l’action, lorsqu’un chant véritable pouvait se trois, et il subsiste une version avec un prologue de vue), et de mauvais Romains avait manifestement justifier sur scène (comme au moment où Orphée Monteverdi procéda prudemment, restant en différent (pour lequel nous n’avons pas de musique). de fortes connotations politiques, étant donné chante pour les puissances d’Hadès), ou lorsqu’on coulisses pendant les trois premières saisons L’unique partition que nous ayons fut probablement notamment la relation profondément problématique pouvait en insérer un par convention (par exemple d’opéra public à Venise. Pour le carnaval de 1640- copiée dans les années 1650, avant de parvenir à de Venise elle-même avec Rome et la papauté. Dans un chœur de fin d’acte). La distinction était claire sur 1641, il mit aussi deux théâtres en concurrence, Vienne (où elle est désormais conservée) quelques le cas d’Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria, la descente de le plan musical, mais aussi poétique : les textes des reprenant son Arianna au Teatro San Moisè et décennies plus tard. Il manque une partie de la « cour » de Pénélope dans les dépravations de « chants » – on pourrait commencer à les appeler produisant un nouvel opéra, Il ritorno d’Ulisse in la musique (par exemple un ballo à l’acte 2, au prétendants importuns et de leurs parasites porte un « airs » – étaient en strophes régulières du point de patria, probablement au Teatro Santi Giovanni e moment où les prétendants courtisent Pénélope), message fort : notre héros, Ulysse, n’a besoin que vue du mètre et de la rime. Paolo. Il est difficile d’imaginer ce que le public qui peut être empruntée de manière plausible d’une intervention divine minime pour rétablir l’ordre L’opéra public imposa un changement dans les vénitien a pu penser d’Arianna, qui avait alors plus à d’autres sources. dans un monde politique si corrompu. priorités – qui a envie de payer pour entendre un de trente ans (on ne sait pas si Monteverdi en révisa opéra contenant uniquement de la parole chantée ? la musique, mais le texte n’avait pas beaucoup Grèce, Rome… Venise Musique et morale – et fit donc émerger le dilemme fondamental de changé). Quant à Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria, l’opéra : pourquoi devrait-on y chanter ? Bien sûr, l’impulsion semble être venue de son librettiste, Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria est fondé sur l’Odyssée Par définition ou presque, et à pratiquement le chant n’est pas inapproprié pour certains types le noble Vénitien Giacomo Badoaro, qui affirmait d’Homère (XIII-XXIII), Le nozze d’Enea con Lavinia toute époque, l’opéra est en général moralement de personnages – dieux, bergers, servantes – dans une lettre ouverte au compositeur qu’il voulait sur l’Énéide de Virgile et L’incoronazione di Poppea suspect – non seulement à cause de son sujet, mais ou situations (séduction, incantation, scènes de le tenter de sortir de sa retraite pour que le public essentiellement sur l’historien romain Tacite. aussi en raison de son emploi de musique. Les sommeil, et ainsi de suite), et tout livret d’opéra vénitien puisse comprendre comment les émotions Ces sources se distinguent quelque peu de celles partisans du genre affirment que la musique explore sensé introduisait de tels prétextes pour le chant à véritables pouvaient être représentées sur la des autres opéras vénitiens de l’époque en ce des situations dramatiques et des profondeurs chaque occasion qui s’offrait. La formule est claire scène musicale, loin des fades imitations d’autres qu’elles puisent au mythe classique, à l’épopée émotionnelles et psychologiques auxquelles la dans Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria, notamment dans le compositeurs contemporains. de la Renaissance (L’Arioste et Le Tasse) ou à la simple parole n’a pas accès. Ses détracteurs – s’ils traitement du berger Eumée, des amants de classe Monteverdi releva le défi, et avec un succès pastorale. Mais si le mythe, l’épopée et la pastorale ne rejettent pas simplement l’opéra en raison de inférieure Mélantho et Eurymaque, et des divinités, significatif, semble-t-il : Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria sont toujours ouverts à l’interprétation symbolique et son absence de vraisemblance – soutiennent que avec en particulier une écriture extrêmement fut donné au moins dix fois au cours de la première allégorique – c’est leur propos –, Monteverdi et ses cette défense est inepte : l’opéra est frivole et virtuose pour Minerve et Junon. Conformément saison, puis emmené en tournée à Bologne par librettistes paraissent leur donner des résonances repose uniquement sur de vaines démonstrations à son statut, Ulysse tend à adopter un langage Ferrari et Manelli, et ensuite repris à Venise l’année plus proches de chez eux. de virtuosité vocale. musical plus retenu – même lors de ses joyeuses suivante. Pour la saison 1641-1642, Monteverdi La question semble s’articuler autour du rôle L’opéra de cour à ses débuts avait établi des retrouvailles avec son fils Télémaque –, bien qu’il ne composa aussi Le nozze d’Enea con Lavinia (dont la de l’Accademia degli Incogniti vénitienne, groupe principes selon lesquels les personnages chantaient soit pas opposé au chant quand le moment semble musique est perdue), et pour 1642-1643 une œuvre libertin de nobles vénitiens qui étaient aussi leur rôle dans un style déclamatoire (qu’on appelle opportun. Quant aux prétendants et au parasite tout à fait étonnante, L’incoronazione di Poppea. d’ardents républicains dans leur orientation politique maintenant récitatif), plus sensible aux exigences du Irus, leur penchant pour le chant, plutôt que pour Comme souvent pour l’opéra vénitien, les (comme l’était Venise elle-même). Ainsi qu’on le texte qu’à la musique en soi. Ce style déclamatoire la parole chantée, tend à les identifier comme des sources qui subsistent pour Il ritorno d’Ulisse in voit dans d’autres opéras de l’époque émanant pouvait ensuite se transformer en moments plus personnages peu nobles sur le plan du caractère patria sont quelque peu problématiques. Certains des Incogniti, la représentation sur scène de bons lyriques et plus chantants à des endroits spécifiques et des actions.

40 41 41 La voix de Pénélope Tim Carter, professeur distingué de musique David G. Frey à l’Université de Caroline du Nord à Chapel Pénélope est manifestement problématique, Hill, a beaucoup travaillé sur la musique italienne de toutefois. D’un côté, le public vénitien aimait les la fin de la Renaissance et des débuts du baroque ; cantatrices et leurs voix séductrices. De l’autre, il est l’auteur de Monteverdi’s Musical Theatre et un noble personnage féminin qui « chante » trop de Understanding Italian Opera, et a également volontiers, et trop mélodieusement, entre forcément publié des livres sur Le nozze di Figaro de Mozart en terrain dangereux : peut-on se fier à sa vertu, et Oklahoma ! de Rodgers et Hammerstein. ou est-elle fragile ? On rencontre Pénélope pour la première fois tout au début de l’acte I, où elle déplore l’absence d’Ulysse de manière typique d’une femme qui se lamente, avec de francs échos du Lamento d’Arianna, seule musique à subsister de l’opéra de Monteverdi de 1608 (repris, nous l’avons vu, à Venise). Si sa plainte en récitatif est éloquente, musicalement, elle a peu de chose à y dire. À mesure que l’opéra progresse, les servantes de Pénélope, puis ses prétendants, l’assiègent de chant, l’entourant des airs séducteurs de mesure ternaire qui se répandaient dans l’opéra vénitien. Elle résiste chaque fois farouchement ; son langage musical devient même de plus en plus aride à mesure qu’elle sombre dans la paralysie émotionnelle. Ce n’est que vers la fin de l’acte III, lorsqu’elle commence à croire que l’étranger devant elle est effectivement son mari depuis longtemps perdu, qu’elle se met à retrouver sa voix et à lui permettre de s’épanouir dans un superbe moment de libération d’autant plus puissant que Pénélope a précisément si peu « chanté » jusque-là. Elle peut aimer – et donc chanter – de nouveau, et rares sont ceux qui la condamneront pour cela.

42 43 42 La voix de Pénélope Tim Carter, professeur distingué de musique David G. Frey à l’Université de Caroline du Nord à Chapel Pénélope est manifestement problématique, Hill, a beaucoup travaillé sur la musique italienne de toutefois. D’un côté, le public vénitien aimait les la fin de la Renaissance et des débuts du baroque ; cantatrices et leurs voix séductrices. De l’autre, il est l’auteur de Monteverdi’s Musical Theatre et un noble personnage féminin qui « chante » trop de Understanding Italian Opera, et a également volontiers, et trop mélodieusement, entre forcément publié des livres sur Le nozze di Figaro de Mozart en terrain dangereux : peut-on se fier à sa vertu, et Oklahoma ! de Rodgers et Hammerstein. ou est-elle fragile ? On rencontre Pénélope pour la première fois tout au début de l’acte I, où elle déplore l’absence d’Ulysse de manière typique d’une femme qui se lamente, avec de francs échos du Lamento d’Arianna, seule musique à subsister de l’opéra de Monteverdi de 1608 (repris, nous l’avons vu, à Venise). Si sa plainte en récitatif est éloquente, musicalement, elle a peu de chose à y dire. À mesure que l’opéra progresse, les servantes de Pénélope, puis ses prétendants, l’assiègent de chant, l’entourant des airs séducteurs de mesure ternaire qui se répandaient dans l’opéra vénitien. Elle résiste chaque fois farouchement ; son langage musical devient même de plus en plus aride à mesure qu’elle sombre dans la paralysie émotionnelle. Ce n’est que vers la fin de l’acte III, lorsqu’elle commence à croire que l’étranger devant elle est effectivement son mari depuis longtemps perdu, qu’elle se met à retrouver sa voix et à lui permettre de s’épanouir dans un superbe moment de libération d’autant plus puissant que Pénélope a précisément si peu « chanté » jusque-là. Elle peut aimer – et donc chanter – de nouveau, et rares sont ceux qui la condamneront pour cela.

42 43 43 1 Prologo Prologue Humana Fragilità, Tempo, Fortuna, Amore Human Frailty, Time, Fortune, Cupid

Humana Fragilità Human Frailty Mortal cosa son io, fattura humana. A mortal thing am I, in human form: Tutto mi turba, un soffio sol m’abbatte. everything distresses me, a puff of wind can fell me; Il Tempo che mi crea, quel mi combatte. Time who created me also fights against me.

Tempo Time Salvo è niente Nothing is safe dal mio dente. from my bite. Ei rode, It gnaws ei gode. and delights in it. Non fuggite, o mortali, Flee not, mortals, ché, se ben zoppo, ho l’ali. for though I limp, I have wings.

Act 1 Humana Fragilità Human Frailty Mortal cosa son io, fattura humana. A mortal thing am I, in human form: Senza periglio invan ricerco loco, in vain do I seek a place safe from dangers, ché frale vita è di Fortuna un gioco. for frail life is a plaything of Fortune.

Fortuna Fortune Mia vita son voglie, Desires, joys le gioie, le doglie. and sorrows are my life. Son cieca, son sorda, I’m blind, I’m deaf, non vedo, non odo. I see not, I hear not; Ricchezze, grandezze riches and greatness dispenso a mio modo. I distribute according to my fancy.

Humana Fragilità Human Frailty Mortal cosa son io, fattura humana. A mortal thing am I, in human form: Al Tiranno d’Amor serva sen giace my green and fleeting youth la mia fiorita età, verde e fugace. is enslaved to tyrannical Cupid. 44

44 45 1 Prologo Prologue Humana Fragilità, Tempo, Fortuna, Amore Human Frailty, Time, Fortune, Cupid

Humana Fragilità Human Frailty Mortal cosa son io, fattura humana. A mortal thing am I, in human form: Tutto mi turba, un soffio sol m’abbatte. everything distresses me, a puff of wind can fell me; Il Tempo che mi crea, quel mi combatte. Time who created me also fights against me.

Tempo Time Salvo è niente Nothing is safe dal mio dente. from my bite. Ei rode, It gnaws ei gode. and delights in it. Non fuggite, o mortali, Flee not, mortals, ché, se ben zoppo, ho l’ali. for though I limp, I have wings.

Act 1 Humana Fragilità Human Frailty Mortal cosa son io, fattura humana. A mortal thing am I, in human form: Senza periglio invan ricerco loco, in vain do I seek a place safe from dangers, ché frale vita è di Fortuna un gioco. for frail life is a plaything of Fortune.

Fortuna Fortune Mia vita son voglie, Desires, joys le gioie, le doglie. and sorrows are my life. Son cieca, son sorda, I’m blind, I’m deaf, non vedo, non odo. I see not, I hear not; Ricchezze, grandezze riches and greatness dispenso a mio modo. I distribute according to my fancy.

Humana Fragilità Human Frailty Mortal cosa son io, fattura humana. A mortal thing am I, in human form: Al Tiranno d’Amor serva sen giace my green and fleeting youth la mia fiorita età, verde e fugace. is enslaved to tyrannical Cupid.

44 45 45 Amore Cupid ATTO 1 ACT 1 Dio de’ Dei feritor, mi dice il mondo Amor. The world calls me, Cupid, the god who pierces gods. Cieco saettator, alato, ignudo, A blind, winged, nude marksman, 2 Scena I Scene I contro il mio stral non val difesa, o scudo. no defence or shield is of any avail against my arrow. Reggia The palace Humana Fragilità Human Frailty Penelope, Ericlea Penelope, Eurycleia Misera son ben io, fattura humana. Wretched I am indeed, in human form: Creder a ciechi e zoppi è cosa vana. to believe the blind and the lame is a vain thing. Penelope Penelope Di misera Regina Sorrow and trouble never end for this Tempo Time, non terminati mai dolenti affanni. miserable queen! Per me fragile, Through me frail, L’aspettato non giunge, The awaited one does not return e pur fuggono gli anni. and the years rush by; Fortuna Fortune La serie del penar è lunga, ahi troppo. my torments have lasted, alas, too long; Per me misero, Through me wretched, A chi vive in angoscie il Tempo è zoppo. time is lame for whoever lives in anguish. Fallacissima speme, Misguided hope, Amore Cupid speranze non più verdi, ma canute, hope no longer green but hoary, Per me torbido, Through me distressed, all’invecchiato male you no longer promise peace non promette più pace o salute. nor healing to my persistent pain. Tempo, Fortuna, Amore Time, Fortune, Cupid Scorsero quattro lustri Two decades have passed quest’huom sarà. This man will be. dal memorabil giorno since the unforgettable day when, in cui con sue rapine through an abduction, Tempo Time, il superbo Troiano the proud Trojan Il Tempo ch’affretta, Time that rushes, chiamò l’alta sua Patria alle ruine. plunged his illustrious homeland into ruin. A ragion arse Troia, Troy burned justly, Fortuna Fortune poiché l’Amor impuro, for impure love, Fortuna ch’alletta, Fortune that entices, ch’è un delitto di foco, which is a crime of fire, si purga con le fiamme. must be purged by fire. Amore Cupid Ma ben contro ragione, per l’altrui fallo But most unjustly, Amor che saetta, Cupid, who fires his arrows, condannata innocente, while innocent, de l’altrui colpe io sono I am condemned to suffer Tempo, Fortuna, Amore Time, Fortune, Cupid l’afflitta penitente. because of others’ misdeeds. pietate non ha. Have no pity. Ulisse accorto e saggio, Shrewd, wise Ulysses, Fragile, misero, torbido, quest’huom sarà. Frail, wretched, distressed will this man be. tu che punir gl’adùlteri ti vanti, who boasts of punishing adulterers,

46 46 47 Amore Cupid ATTO 1 ACT 1 Dio de’ Dei feritor, mi dice il mondo Amor. The world calls me, Cupid, the god who pierces gods. Cieco saettator, alato, ignudo, A blind, winged, nude marksman, 2 Scena I Scene I contro il mio stral non val difesa, o scudo. no defence or shield is of any avail against my arrow. Reggia The palace Humana Fragilità Human Frailty Penelope, Ericlea Penelope, Eurycleia Misera son ben io, fattura humana. Wretched I am indeed, in human form: Creder a ciechi e zoppi è cosa vana. to believe the blind and the lame is a vain thing. Penelope Penelope Di misera Regina Sorrow and trouble never end for this Tempo Time, non terminati mai dolenti affanni. miserable queen! Per me fragile, Through me frail, L’aspettato non giunge, The awaited one does not return e pur fuggono gli anni. and the years rush by; Fortuna Fortune La serie del penar è lunga, ahi troppo. my torments have lasted, alas, too long; Per me misero, Through me wretched, A chi vive in angoscie il Tempo è zoppo. time is lame for whoever lives in anguish. Fallacissima speme, Misguided hope, Amore Cupid speranze non più verdi, ma canute, hope no longer green but hoary, Per me torbido, Through me distressed, all’invecchiato male you no longer promise peace non promette più pace o salute. nor healing to my persistent pain. Tempo, Fortuna, Amore Time, Fortune, Cupid Scorsero quattro lustri Two decades have passed quest’huom sarà. This man will be. dal memorabil giorno since the unforgettable day when, in cui con sue rapine through an abduction, Tempo Time, il superbo Troiano the proud Trojan Il Tempo ch’affretta, Time that rushes, chiamò l’alta sua Patria alle ruine. plunged his illustrious homeland into ruin. A ragion arse Troia, Troy burned justly, Fortuna Fortune poiché l’Amor impuro, for impure love, Fortuna ch’alletta, Fortune that entices, ch’è un delitto di foco, which is a crime of fire, si purga con le fiamme. must be purged by fire. Amore Cupid Ma ben contro ragione, per l’altrui fallo But most unjustly, Amor che saetta, Cupid, who fires his arrows, condannata innocente, while innocent, de l’altrui colpe io sono I am condemned to suffer Tempo, Fortuna, Amore Time, Fortune, Cupid l’afflitta penitente. because of others’ misdeeds. pietate non ha. Have no pity. Ulisse accorto e saggio, Shrewd, wise Ulysses, Fragile, misero, torbido, quest’huom sarà. Frail, wretched, distressed will this man be. tu che punir gl’adùlteri ti vanti, who boasts of punishing adulterers,

46 47 47 aguzzi l’armi e susciti le fiamme you sharpen your weapons and fan the flames di crudeltà macchiato, I hold Fate responsible for my misfortune. per vendicar gl’errori to avenge the misdeeds ma fabbro de’ miei danni incolpo il Fato. Thus in your defence d’una profuga greca, e ’n tanto lasci of a faithless Greek woman, Così per tua difesa, I take issue and argue la tua casta consorte while you leave your chaste wife col destino, col Cielo with Fate, with Heaven. fra nemici rivali among hostile rivals, fomento guerre, e stabilisco risse. Return, oh return, Ulysses! in dubbio de l’honore, in forse a morte. her honour, perhaps her life, at stake. Torna, deh torna, Ulisse. Ogni partenza attende Every departure longingly desïato ritorno, awaits a return, Ericlea Eurycleia tu sol del tuo tornar perdesti il giorno. you alone have lost your day of returning. Partir senza ritorno A departure without return non può stella influir. cannot be the will of the stars; Ericlea Eurycleia Non è partir, non è, this is not a departure, Infelice Ericlea, Unhappy Eurycleia, ahi, che non è partir. alas, this is not a departure. nutrice sconsolata, inconsolable nurse, compiangi il duol de la Regina amata. share the grief of your beloved queen. Penelope Penelope Torna il tranquillo al mare, Calm returns to the sea, Penelope Penelope torna il Zeffiro al prato, Zephyr returns to the meadow, Non è dunque per me varia la sorte? Is there then no change in my fate? l’Aurora, mentre al Sol fa dolce invito, the dawn meanwhile sweetly invites the sun Cangiò forse Fortuna Has Fortune perhaps stopped è un ritorno del dì, che è pria partito. to a return of the day which had departed. la volubile ruota in stabil seggio? her ever-turning wheel? Tornan le brine in terra, The waters return to the earth, E la sua pronta vela, And her quick sail tornano al centro i sassi, the stones return to the centre, ch’ogn’human caso porta that carries every human destiny e con lubrici passi and with sensual motion fra l’incostanza a volo, through changes torna all’oceano il rivo. the river returns to the ocean. sol per me non raccoglie un fiato solo? gathers no breath of wind for me? L’huomo qua giù, ch’è vivo, Man, who lives down here, Cangian per altri pur aspetto in Cielo The stars change their pattern in the sky lunge da’ suoi principi away from his origins, le stelle erranti e fisse. only for others. porta un’alma celeste e un corpo frale. has a celestial soul and a frail body. Torna, deh torna, Ulisse. Return, oh return, Ulysses! Tosto more il mortale, Soon the mortal dies Penelope t’aspetta, Penelope awaits you, e torna l’alma in Cielo, and the soul returns to heaven l’innocente sospira, the innocent one sighs, e torna il corpo in polve and the body returns to dust piange l’offesa, e contro the offended one weeps, and yet harbours dopo breve soggiorno. after a brief sojourn; il tenace offensor neppur s’adira. no anger against the offender. Tu sol del tuo tornar perdesti il giorno. you alone have lost the day of your return. All’anima affannata I make excuses for you Torna, ché mentre porti empie dimore Return, for while porto le tue discolpe, to my distressed soul al mio fiero dolore, my grief has no abode acciò non resti and instead of thinking you cruel veggio del mio morir l’hore prefisse. I can see the preordained hour of my death. Torna, deh torna, Ulisse. Return, oh return, Ulysses!

48 48 49 aguzzi l’armi e susciti le fiamme you sharpen your weapons and fan the flames di crudeltà macchiato, I hold Fate responsible for my misfortune. per vendicar gl’errori to avenge the misdeeds ma fabbro de’ miei danni incolpo il Fato. Thus in your defence d’una profuga greca, e ’n tanto lasci of a faithless Greek woman, Così per tua difesa, I take issue and argue la tua casta consorte while you leave your chaste wife col destino, col Cielo with Fate, with Heaven. fra nemici rivali among hostile rivals, fomento guerre, e stabilisco risse. Return, oh return, Ulysses! in dubbio de l’honore, in forse a morte. her honour, perhaps her life, at stake. Torna, deh torna, Ulisse. Ogni partenza attende Every departure longingly desïato ritorno, awaits a return, Ericlea Eurycleia tu sol del tuo tornar perdesti il giorno. you alone have lost your day of returning. Partir senza ritorno A departure without return non può stella influir. cannot be the will of the stars; Ericlea Eurycleia Non è partir, non è, this is not a departure, Infelice Ericlea, Unhappy Eurycleia, ahi, che non è partir. alas, this is not a departure. nutrice sconsolata, inconsolable nurse, compiangi il duol de la Regina amata. share the grief of your beloved queen. Penelope Penelope Torna il tranquillo al mare, Calm returns to the sea, Penelope Penelope torna il Zeffiro al prato, Zephyr returns to the meadow, Non è dunque per me varia la sorte? Is there then no change in my fate? l’Aurora, mentre al Sol fa dolce invito, the dawn meanwhile sweetly invites the sun Cangiò forse Fortuna Has Fortune perhaps stopped è un ritorno del dì, che è pria partito. to a return of the day which had departed. la volubile ruota in stabil seggio? her ever-turning wheel? Tornan le brine in terra, The waters return to the earth, E la sua pronta vela, And her quick sail tornano al centro i sassi, the stones return to the centre, ch’ogn’human caso porta that carries every human destiny e con lubrici passi and with sensual motion fra l’incostanza a volo, through changes torna all’oceano il rivo. the river returns to the ocean. sol per me non raccoglie un fiato solo? gathers no breath of wind for me? L’huomo qua giù, ch’è vivo, Man, who lives down here, Cangian per altri pur aspetto in Cielo The stars change their pattern in the sky lunge da’ suoi principi away from his origins, le stelle erranti e fisse. only for others. porta un’alma celeste e un corpo frale. has a celestial soul and a frail body. Torna, deh torna, Ulisse. Return, oh return, Ulysses! Tosto more il mortale, Soon the mortal dies Penelope t’aspetta, Penelope awaits you, e torna l’alma in Cielo, and the soul returns to heaven l’innocente sospira, the innocent one sighs, e torna il corpo in polve and the body returns to dust piange l’offesa, e contro the offended one weeps, and yet harbours dopo breve soggiorno. after a brief sojourn; il tenace offensor neppur s’adira. no anger against the offender. Tu sol del tuo tornar perdesti il giorno. you alone have lost the day of your return. All’anima affannata I make excuses for you Torna, ché mentre porti empie dimore Return, for while porto le tue discolpe, to my distressed soul al mio fiero dolore, my grief has no abode acciò non resti and instead of thinking you cruel veggio del mio morir l’hore prefisse. I can see the preordained hour of my death. Torna, deh torna, Ulisse. Return, oh return, Ulysses! 48 49 49 3 Scena II Scene II è tutto laccio in te ciò ch’altri ammaga, Everything about you that enchants others Melanto, Eurimaco Melantho, Eurymachus ciò che laccio non è, fa tutto piaga. is captivating and what is not captivating is wounding Melanto Melantho Duri, e penosi Bitter are the torments Melanto Melantho son gl’amorosi that the lover suffers Vezzoso garruletto, Loquacious flatterer, fieri desir. in his desire; o, come ben tu sai oh how well you know Ma al fin son cari, but at last, the harsh sufferings, ingemmar le bellezze, how to sing of beauty, se prima amari though bitter at first, indorar a tuo pro d’un volto i rai. to describe to your own advantage gl’aspri martir. are cherished. Lieto vezzeggia pur. Son glorie mie the radiance of a face. Flatter away. Ché s’arde un core, If a heart is burning le tue dolci bugie. Your sweet lies are my adornments. d’allegrezza è il foco, it is a fire of joy, né mai perde in amor and he never loses Eurimaco Eurymachus chi compie il gioco. who plays the game of love. Bugia sarebbe s’io It would be lies lodando non t’amassi, if I, in praising, did not love you, Chi pria s’accende Whoever is first inflamed ch’il negar d’adorar for refusing to adore procelle attende by a white bosom confessata deità an acknowledged deity da un bianco sen. can expect storms, è bugia d’impietà. is blasphemy. Ma corseggiando but riding them out trova in amando he finds in loving Melanto, Eurimaco Melantho, Eurymachus porto seren. a serene harbour. De’ nostri amor concordi May the flame of our mutual love sia pur la fiamma accesa, be lit; Si piange pria, First, there is weeping, ch’amato il non amar arreca offesa. for it is an offence not to return love. ma al fin la gioia ha loco, but at last joy takes its place, né mai perde in amor he never loses Eurimaco Eurymachus chi compie il gioco. who plays the game of love. Né con ragion s’offende And it is not right to hurt colui che per offese amor ti rende. whomever reciprocates offence with love. Eurimaco Eurymachus Bella Melanto mia, My beautiful Melantho, Melanto Melantho grazïosa Melanto, delightful Melantho, S’io non t’amo, cor mio, che sia di gelo If I do not love you, my heart, may my soul il tuo canto è un incanto, your song is enchantment, l’alma ch’ho in seno a tuoi begli occhi avante. turn to ice before your eyes. il tuo volto è magia. your face is magic. Bella Melanto mia, My beautiful Melantho!

50 51 50 3 Scena II Scene II è tutto laccio in te ciò ch’altri ammaga, Everything about you that enchants others Melanto, Eurimaco Melantho, Eurymachus ciò che laccio non è, fa tutto piaga. is captivating and what is not captivating is wounding Melanto Melantho Duri, e penosi Bitter are the torments Melanto Melantho son gl’amorosi that the lover suffers Vezzoso garruletto, Loquacious flatterer, fieri desir. in his desire; o, come ben tu sai oh how well you know Ma al fin son cari, but at last, the harsh sufferings, ingemmar le bellezze, how to sing of beauty, se prima amari though bitter at first, indorar a tuo pro d’un volto i rai. to describe to your own advantage gl’aspri martir. are cherished. Lieto vezzeggia pur. Son glorie mie the radiance of a face. Flatter away. Ché s’arde un core, If a heart is burning le tue dolci bugie. Your sweet lies are my adornments. d’allegrezza è il foco, it is a fire of joy, né mai perde in amor and he never loses Eurimaco Eurymachus chi compie il gioco. who plays the game of love. Bugia sarebbe s’io It would be lies lodando non t’amassi, if I, in praising, did not love you, Chi pria s’accende Whoever is first inflamed ch’il negar d’adorar for refusing to adore procelle attende by a white bosom confessata deità an acknowledged deity da un bianco sen. can expect storms, è bugia d’impietà. is blasphemy. Ma corseggiando but riding them out trova in amando he finds in loving Melanto, Eurimaco Melantho, Eurymachus porto seren. a serene harbour. De’ nostri amor concordi May the flame of our mutual love sia pur la fiamma accesa, be lit; Si piange pria, First, there is weeping, ch’amato il non amar arreca offesa. for it is an offence not to return love. ma al fin la gioia ha loco, but at last joy takes its place, né mai perde in amor he never loses Eurimaco Eurymachus chi compie il gioco. who plays the game of love. Né con ragion s’offende And it is not right to hurt colui che per offese amor ti rende. whomever reciprocates offence with love. Eurimaco Eurymachus Bella Melanto mia, My beautiful Melantho, Melanto Melantho grazïosa Melanto, delightful Melantho, S’io non t’amo, cor mio, che sia di gelo If I do not love you, my heart, may my soul il tuo canto è un incanto, your song is enchantment, l’alma ch’ho in seno a tuoi begli occhi avante. turn to ice before your eyes. il tuo volto è magia. your face is magic. Bella Melanto mia, My beautiful Melantho!

50 51 51 Eurimaco Eurymachus Melanto Melantho S’in adorarti il cor non ho costante, If my heart is not constant in its devotion, Ritenterò quell’alma I will try again non mi sia stanza il mondo o tetto il cielo. the world shall no longer be abode pertinace, ostinata, that obstinate soul, nor the sky a roof for me. ritoccherò quel core touch again that heart ch’indïamanta l’honore. which is a temple of chastity. Melanto, Eurimaco Melantho, Eurymachus Dolce mia vita sei, My sweet life, Melanto, Eurimaco Melantho, Eurymachus lieto mio ben sarai, you shall be my beloved, Dolce mia vita sei, My sweet life, nodo sì bel non si disciolga mai. may such a beautiful knot never be dissolved. lieto mio ben sarai, you shall be my beloved, nodo sì bel non si disciolga mai. may such a beautiful knot never be dissolved. Melanto Melantho Come il desio m’invoglia, Oh, how desire inspires me, 4 Scena IV – Scena V Scene IV – Scene V Eurimaco, mia vita, Eurymachus, my life, Nettuno sorge dal mare, poi Giove in Cielo Neptune rises from the sea, then Jupiter in Heaven senza fren, senza morso to fulfil without any regret or restraint dar nel tuo sen alle mie gioie il corso. my dream of love with you! Nettuno Neptune Superbo è l’huom, et è del suo peccato Man is arrogant, and is the cause of his own sinning, Eurimaco Eurymachus cagion, benché lontano, il Ciel cortese, though remote, kind heaven Come volentieri cangierei Oh how gladly I would exchange facile, ahi troppo, in perdonar l’offese. is only too willing to pardon offences. questa reggia in un deserto this palace for a desert, Fa guerra col destin, pugna col Fato, Human freedom wages war against Destiny, ove occhio curioso where curious eyes tutt’osa, tutt’ardisce l’humana libertate. fights with fate, dares all, risks all, a veder non giungesse i nostri errori, could not pursue us. Indomita si rende, makes itself indomitable, e l’arbitrio de l’huom and the will of man Melanto, Eurimaco Melantho, Eurymachus col Ciel contende. struggles against heaven. ch’ad un focoso petto For an ardent bosom Ma se Giove benigno But if benign Jupiter il rispetto è dispetto. despises every obstacle. i trascorsi de l’huom troppo perdona, pardons too readily the transgressions of man, tenga egli a voglia sua nella gran destra he holds at his will the lightning idle Eurimaco Eurymachus il fulmine otioso, in his mighty right hand. Tu dunque t’affatica, So try harder tengalo invendicato. He may not exact revenge, suscita in lei le fiamme. to kindle love in her! Ma non soffra Nettuno but Neptune should not accept col proprio dishonor l’human peccato. his honour to be stained by human transgression.

52 53 52 Eurimaco Eurymachus Melanto Melantho S’in adorarti il cor non ho costante, If my heart is not constant in its devotion, Ritenterò quell’alma I will try again non mi sia stanza il mondo o tetto il cielo. the world shall no longer be abode pertinace, ostinata, that obstinate soul, nor the sky a roof for me. ritoccherò quel core touch again that heart ch’indïamanta l’honore. which is a temple of chastity. Melanto, Eurimaco Melantho, Eurymachus Dolce mia vita sei, My sweet life, Melanto, Eurimaco Melantho, Eurymachus lieto mio ben sarai, you shall be my beloved, Dolce mia vita sei, My sweet life, nodo sì bel non si disciolga mai. may such a beautiful knot never be dissolved. lieto mio ben sarai, you shall be my beloved, nodo sì bel non si disciolga mai. may such a beautiful knot never be dissolved. Melanto Melantho Come il desio m’invoglia, Oh, how desire inspires me, 4 Scena IV – Scena V Scene IV – Scene V Eurimaco, mia vita, Eurymachus, my life, Nettuno sorge dal mare, poi Giove in Cielo Neptune rises from the sea, then Jupiter in Heaven senza fren, senza morso to fulfil without any regret or restraint dar nel tuo sen alle mie gioie il corso. my dream of love with you! Nettuno Neptune Superbo è l’huom, et è del suo peccato Man is arrogant, and is the cause of his own sinning, Eurimaco Eurymachus cagion, benché lontano, il Ciel cortese, though remote, kind heaven Come volentieri cangierei Oh how gladly I would exchange facile, ahi troppo, in perdonar l’offese. is only too willing to pardon offences. questa reggia in un deserto this palace for a desert, Fa guerra col destin, pugna col Fato, Human freedom wages war against Destiny, ove occhio curioso where curious eyes tutt’osa, tutt’ardisce l’humana libertate. fights with fate, dares all, risks all, a veder non giungesse i nostri errori, could not pursue us. Indomita si rende, makes itself indomitable, e l’arbitrio de l’huom and the will of man Melanto, Eurimaco Melantho, Eurymachus col Ciel contende. struggles against heaven. ch’ad un focoso petto For an ardent bosom Ma se Giove benigno But if benign Jupiter il rispetto è dispetto. despises every obstacle. i trascorsi de l’huom troppo perdona, pardons too readily the transgressions of man, tenga egli a voglia sua nella gran destra he holds at his will the lightning idle Eurimaco Eurymachus il fulmine otioso, in his mighty right hand. Tu dunque t’affatica, So try harder tengalo invendicato. He may not exact revenge, suscita in lei le fiamme. to kindle love in her! Ma non soffra Nettuno but Neptune should not accept col proprio dishonor l’human peccato. his honour to be stained by human transgression.

52 53 53 Ulisse (fra sé parla, e dice) Ulysses (aside) Ulisse Ulysses Sempre l’human bisogno il Ciel soccorre. Heaven always succours human need. Io greco sono et hor di Creta io vengo I am a Greek and have come from Crete Quel giovinetto, tenero negli anni, That young boy, per fuggir il castigo to flee punishment mal pratico d’inganni, inexperienced in deceit, d’homicidio eseguito. of a murder I committed. forse che’l mio pensier farà contento, can perhaps put my mind at rest: M’accolsero i Feaci e m’han promesso The Phaeacians received me and promised che non ha frode in seno for he can have no dishonesty in his heart in Elide condurmi. to take me to Elis, chi non ha pelo al mento. who has no hair on his chin. Ma dal cruccioso mar, dal vento infido but we were shipwrecked on this shore fummo a forza cacciati in questo lido. by the angry sea and a treacherous wind. Minerva Minerva Sin qui, pastor, hebbi nemico il caso. Fate, shepherd, has been hostile to me until now. Giovinezza è un bel tesor Youth is a lovely treasure Ma sbarcato al riposo But when I disembarked to rest, che fa ricco in gioia un sen. that brings joy to the heart. per veder quieto il mar, secondi i venti, and noticing the calm sea and the favourable winds Per lei zoppo il Tempo vien, Time only limps in youth, colà m’addormentai sì dolcemente, I fell asleep so sweetly per lei vola alato Amor. winged Cupid flies in its honour. ch’io non udii, non vidi that I neither saw nor heard Giovinezza è un bel tesor. Youth is a lovely treasure. de’ Feaci crudeli la furtiva partenza, the furtive departure ond’io rimasi of the cruel Phaeacians, Ulisse Ulysses con le mie spoglie in su l’arena ignudo, and I was left ashore with my possessions Vezzoso pastorello, Gentle shepherd boy, isconosciuto e solo. naked, unknown and alone, deh, sovvieni un perduto oh help one who is lost E ’l sonno che partì lasciommi il duolo. and when sleep left me, it left me only grief. di consiglio e d’aiuto, e dimmi pria with advice and with aid, di questa spiaggia, and tell me first of all Minerva Minerva e questo porto il nome. the name of this land and this harbour. Ben lungamente addormentato fosti, You have indeed slept long ch’ancor ombre racconti e sogni narri. that you still speak of shadows and narrate dreams. Minerva Minerva È ben accorto Ulisse, Shrewd indeed is Ulysses, Itaca è questa, in sen di questo mare, This is Ithaca, in the bosom of this sea, ma più saggia è Minerva. but Minerva is wiser. porto famoso e spiaggia a renowned harbour and Tu dunque, Ulisse, i miei precetti osserva. Therefore, Ulysses, follow my instructions! felice, avventurata. a happy and propitious land. Faccia gioconda, e grata Your face lights up at such a fair name. a sì bel nome fai. But how did you come here Ma tu come venisti, e dove vai? and where are you going?

58 54 59 Ulisse (fra sé parla, e dice) Ulysses (aside) Ulisse Ulysses Sempre l’human bisogno il Ciel soccorre. Heaven always succours human need. Io greco sono et hor di Creta io vengo I am a Greek and have come from Crete Quel giovinetto, tenero negli anni, That young boy, per fuggir il castigo to flee punishment mal pratico d’inganni, inexperienced in deceit, d’homicidio eseguito. of a murder I committed. forse che’l mio pensier farà contento, can perhaps put my mind at rest: M’accolsero i Feaci e m’han promesso The Phaeacians received me and promised che non ha frode in seno for he can have no dishonesty in his heart in Elide condurmi. to take me to Elis, chi non ha pelo al mento. who has no hair on his chin. Ma dal cruccioso mar, dal vento infido but we were shipwrecked on this shore fummo a forza cacciati in questo lido. by the angry sea and a treacherous wind. Minerva Minerva Sin qui, pastor, hebbi nemico il caso. Fate, shepherd, has been hostile to me until now. Giovinezza è un bel tesor Youth is a lovely treasure Ma sbarcato al riposo But when I disembarked to rest, che fa ricco in gioia un sen. that brings joy to the heart. per veder quieto il mar, secondi i venti, and noticing the calm sea and the favourable winds Per lei zoppo il Tempo vien, Time only limps in youth, colà m’addormentai sì dolcemente, I fell asleep so sweetly per lei vola alato Amor. winged Cupid flies in its honour. ch’io non udii, non vidi that I neither saw nor heard Giovinezza è un bel tesor. Youth is a lovely treasure. de’ Feaci crudeli la furtiva partenza, the furtive departure ond’io rimasi of the cruel Phaeacians, Ulisse Ulysses con le mie spoglie in su l’arena ignudo, and I was left ashore with my possessions Vezzoso pastorello, Gentle shepherd boy, isconosciuto e solo. naked, unknown and alone, deh, sovvieni un perduto oh help one who is lost E ’l sonno che partì lasciommi il duolo. and when sleep left me, it left me only grief. di consiglio e d’aiuto, e dimmi pria with advice and with aid, di questa spiaggia, and tell me first of all Minerva Minerva e questo porto il nome. the name of this land and this harbour. Ben lungamente addormentato fosti, You have indeed slept long ch’ancor ombre racconti e sogni narri. that you still speak of shadows and narrate dreams. Minerva Minerva È ben accorto Ulisse, Shrewd indeed is Ulysses, Itaca è questa, in sen di questo mare, This is Ithaca, in the bosom of this sea, ma più saggia è Minerva. but Minerva is wiser. porto famoso e spiaggia a renowned harbour and Tu dunque, Ulisse, i miei precetti osserva. Therefore, Ulysses, follow my instructions! felice, avventurata. a happy and propitious land. Faccia gioconda, e grata Your face lights up at such a fair name. a sì bel nome fai. But how did you come here Ma tu come venisti, e dove vai? and where are you going?

58 55 59 Ulisse Ulysses Ulisse Ulysses Chi crederebbe mai Whoever would have believed it! Ad obbedirti vado, indi ritorno. I shall obey you, and then return. le Deità vestite in human velo? A deity clothed in human garb? Si fanno queste mascherate in Cielo? Do such masquerades happen in heaven? Minerva Minerva Grazie ti rendo, o protettrice Dea. I give you thanks, O protecting goddess: Io vidi per vendetta I saw Troy burning in vengeance; Ben so che per tuo amore I know well that because of your love incenerirsi Troia, hora mi resta all that remains for me to do is to lead Ulysses furon senza periglio . I have been free from danger. Ulisse ricondur in Patria, in Regno. back to his homeland, to his kingdom; Hor consolato seguo Now, comforted, D’un’oltraggiata Dea questo è lo sdegno. such is the anger of an offended goddess. i tuoi saggi consigli. I follow your wise counsel. Quinci imparate voi, stolti mortali, Learn from this, you foolish mortals, al litigio divin non poner bocca. not to interfere in divine disputes: Minerva Minerva Il giudizio del Ciel a voi non tocca, it is not fitting for you to judge Heaven, Incognito sarai, You will be disguised, ché son di terra i vostri tribunali. for your tribunals are for Earth alone. non conosciuto andrai, sin che tu vegga will travel unrecognised, dei Proci tuoi rivali until you see the shameless arrogance Ulisse (trasformato in un vecchio) Ulysses (transformed into an old man) la sfacciata baldanza, of your rivals, the suitors. Eccomi, saggia Dea. Here I am, wise goddess. Questi peli che guardi The hair that you see Ulisse Ulysses sono di mia vecchiaia is deceitful witness O fortunato Ulisse. Oh fortunate Ulysses! testimoni bugiardi. to my old age.

Minerva Minerva Minerva Minerva di Penelope casta The immutable faithfulness Hor poniamo in sicuro Now we shall hide l’immutabil costanza. of chaste Penelope. queste tue spoglie amate your precious possessions entro quell’antro oscuro within that dark cave Ulisse Ulysses delle Naiadi Ninfe al Ciel sacrate. belonging to the Nereids, the blessed nymphs. O fortunato Ulisse. Oh fortunate Ulysses! Minerva, Ulisse Minerva, Ulysses Minerva Minerva Ninfe, serbate Nymphs, guard Or t’adacqua la fronte Now wet your brow le gemme e gl’ori, the gems and the gold, nella vicina fonte, at the nearby spring, spoglie e tesori, spoils and treasure, ch’anderai sconosciuto, so that you will be unrecognizable tutto serbate, guard all, in sembiante canuto. in the hoary guise of an old man. Ninfe sacrate. blessed Nymphs.

60 56 61 Ulisse Ulysses Ulisse Ulysses Chi crederebbe mai Whoever would have believed it! Ad obbedirti vado, indi ritorno. I shall obey you, and then return. le Deità vestite in human velo? A deity clothed in human garb? Si fanno queste mascherate in Cielo? Do such masquerades happen in heaven? Minerva Minerva Grazie ti rendo, o protettrice Dea. I give you thanks, O protecting goddess: Io vidi per vendetta I saw Troy burning in vengeance; Ben so che per tuo amore I know well that because of your love incenerirsi Troia, hora mi resta all that remains for me to do is to lead Ulysses furon senza periglio i miei pensieri. I have been free from danger. Ulisse ricondur in Patria, in Regno. back to his homeland, to his kingdom; Hor consolato seguo Now, comforted, D’un’oltraggiata Dea questo è lo sdegno. such is the anger of an offended goddess. i tuoi saggi consigli. I follow your wise counsel. Quinci imparate voi, stolti mortali, Learn from this, you foolish mortals, al litigio divin non poner bocca. not to interfere in divine disputes: Minerva Minerva Il giudizio del Ciel a voi non tocca, it is not fitting for you to judge Heaven, Incognito sarai, You will be disguised, ché son di terra i vostri tribunali. for your tribunals are for Earth alone. non conosciuto andrai, sin che tu vegga will travel unrecognised, dei Proci tuoi rivali until you see the shameless arrogance Ulisse (trasformato in un vecchio) Ulysses (transformed into an old man) la sfacciata baldanza, of your rivals, the suitors. Eccomi, saggia Dea. Here I am, wise goddess. Questi peli che guardi The hair that you see Ulisse Ulysses sono di mia vecchiaia is deceitful witness O fortunato Ulisse. Oh fortunate Ulysses! testimoni bugiardi. to my old age.

Minerva Minerva Minerva Minerva di Penelope casta The immutable faithfulness Hor poniamo in sicuro Now we shall hide l’immutabil costanza. of chaste Penelope. queste tue spoglie amate your precious possessions entro quell’antro oscuro within that dark cave Ulisse Ulysses delle Naiadi Ninfe al Ciel sacrate. belonging to the Nereids, the blessed nymphs. O fortunato Ulisse. Oh fortunate Ulysses! Minerva, Ulisse Minerva, Ulysses Minerva Minerva Ninfe, serbate Nymphs, guard Or t’adacqua la fronte Now wet your brow le gemme e gl’ori, the gems and the gold, nella vicina fonte, at the nearby spring, spoglie e tesori, spoils and treasure, ch’anderai sconosciuto, so that you will be unrecognizable tutto serbate, guard all, in sembiante canuto. in the hoary guise of an old man. Ninfe sacrate. blessed Nymphs.

60 57 61 Coro di ninfe Chorus of Nymphs 9 Scena X Scene X Bella diva, eccoci pronte Beautiful goddess, we are Reggia The Palace al tuo cenno, al tuo voler; at your service. Penelope, Melanto Penelope, Melantho e quest’antro, e quella fonte This cavern and this spring spruzza e s’apre a tuo piacer. open and spout at your will. Penelope Penelope Itaca lieta si mostra, sì, Ithaca will rejoice Donate un giorno, o dèi O gods, grant my wishes al bel ritorno d’Ulisse un dì! at Ulysses’ return! contento a’ desir miei. one day.

8 Scena IX Scene IX Melanto Melantho Minerva e Ulisse mentre l’altre Ninfe portano Minerva, Ulysses, while the Nymphs take his Cara amata regina, Dear beloved queen, all’antro il bagaglio possessions to the cavern avveduta e prudente your caution and wariness per tuo sol danno sei: are damaging you alone: Minerva Minerva men saggia io ti vorrei. I would like you to be less judicious. Tu d’Aretusa al fonte intanto vanne, Go you meanwhile to Arethusa’s spring A che sprezzi gli ardori Why do you disdain the ardour ove il Pastor Eumete, where the shepherd Eumaeus, dei viventi amatori of living lovers tuo fido antico servo, your faithful old servant, per attender conforti while expecting solace custodisce la greggia. Ivi m’attendi watches over his flocks. Wait for me there dal cenere de’ morti? from the ashes of the dead? in sin che pria di Sparta io ti conduca while I first bring back from Sparta Non fa torto chi gode a chi è sepolto. You are not wronging the dead if you enjoy yourself. Telemaco, tuo figlio. your son, Telemachus; L’ossa del tuo marito The bones of your husband Poi d’eseguir t’appresta il mio consiglio. then, prepare to carry out my instructions. estinto, incenerito, who is dead, turned to ashes, del tuo dolor non san poco né molto; have no knowledge of your grief; and whoever Ulisse Ulysses e chi attende pietà da morti è stolto. expects compassion from the dead is foolish. O fortunato Ulisse, O fortunate Ulysses! La fede e la costanza Faithfulness and steadiness fuggi del tuo dolor Abandon the pain of your son preclare virtù; le stima amante are sublime virtues; l’antico error, old misdeeds. vivo, e non l’apprezza a living lover esteems them lascia il pianto, Weep no more perché de’ sensi privo but, because he has no feelings, dolce canto and let a gentle song un uom che fu. D’una memoria grata a dead man cannot appreciate them. dal tuo cor lieto disserra. flow from your glad heart. s’appagano i defunti, The dead are honoured by remembrance, Non si disperi più mortale in terra. No more shall mortals despair on earth! stanno i vivi coi vivi in un congiunti. but the living should stay with the living. O fortunato Ulisse, O fortunate Ulysses, Un bel viso fa guerra, A beautiful woman causes trouble, cara vicenda. O happy fate. il guerriero costume al morto spiace, but the dead don’t want to fight Si può soffrir I can endure delight, suffering, ché non cercan gli estinti altro che pace. for they seek only peace. hor diletto, hor martir, hor pace, hor guerra. peace or war. Langue sotto i rigori Your best years Non si disperi più mortale in terra. No mortal on earth shall ever despair. de’ tuoi sciapiti amori are being wasted

62 63 58 Coro di ninfe Chorus of Nymphs 9 Scena X Scene X Bella diva, eccoci pronte Beautiful goddess, we are Reggia The Palace al tuo cenno, al tuo voler; at your service. Penelope, Melanto Penelope, Melantho e quest’antro, e quella fonte This cavern and this spring spruzza e s’apre a tuo piacer. open and spout at your will. Penelope Penelope Itaca lieta si mostra, sì, Ithaca will rejoice Donate un giorno, o dèi O gods, grant my wishes al bel ritorno d’Ulisse un dì! at Ulysses’ return! contento a’ desir miei. one day.

8 Scena IX Scene IX Melanto Melantho Minerva e Ulisse mentre l’altre Ninfe portano Minerva, Ulysses, while the Nymphs take his Cara amata regina, Dear beloved queen, all’antro il bagaglio possessions to the cavern avveduta e prudente your caution and wariness per tuo sol danno sei: are damaging you alone: Minerva Minerva men saggia io ti vorrei. I would like you to be less judicious. Tu d’Aretusa al fonte intanto vanne, Go you meanwhile to Arethusa’s spring A che sprezzi gli ardori Why do you disdain the ardour ove il Pastor Eumete, where the shepherd Eumaeus, dei viventi amatori of living lovers tuo fido antico servo, your faithful old servant, per attender conforti while expecting solace custodisce la greggia. Ivi m’attendi watches over his flocks. Wait for me there dal cenere de’ morti? from the ashes of the dead? in sin che pria di Sparta io ti conduca while I first bring back from Sparta Non fa torto chi gode a chi è sepolto. You are not wronging the dead if you enjoy yourself. Telemaco, tuo figlio. your son, Telemachus; L’ossa del tuo marito The bones of your husband Poi d’eseguir t’appresta il mio consiglio. then, prepare to carry out my instructions. estinto, incenerito, who is dead, turned to ashes, del tuo dolor non san poco né molto; have no knowledge of your grief; and whoever Ulisse Ulysses e chi attende pietà da morti è stolto. expects compassion from the dead is foolish. O fortunato Ulisse, O fortunate Ulysses! La fede e la costanza Faithfulness and steadiness fuggi del tuo dolor Abandon the pain of your son preclare virtù; le stima amante are sublime virtues; l’antico error, old misdeeds. vivo, e non l’apprezza a living lover esteems them lascia il pianto, Weep no more perché de’ sensi privo but, because he has no feelings, dolce canto and let a gentle song un uom che fu. D’una memoria grata a dead man cannot appreciate them. dal tuo cor lieto disserra. flow from your glad heart. s’appagano i defunti, The dead are honoured by remembrance, Non si disperi più mortale in terra. No more shall mortals despair on earth! stanno i vivi coi vivi in un congiunti. but the living should stay with the living. O fortunato Ulisse, O fortunate Ulysses, Un bel viso fa guerra, A beautiful woman causes trouble, cara vicenda. O happy fate. il guerriero costume al morto spiace, but the dead don’t want to fight Si può soffrir I can endure delight, suffering, ché non cercan gli estinti altro che pace. for they seek only peace. hor diletto, hor martir, hor pace, hor guerra. peace or war. Langue sotto i rigori Your best years Non si disperi più mortale in terra. No mortal on earth shall ever despair. de’ tuoi sciapiti amori are being wasted

62 59 63 la più fiorita età, in mourning, Dal piacere il tuo dolore Your grief will be pierced tua vedova beltà di te si duole, your widowed beauty bemoans that, saettato caderà. by pleasure’s arrows. ché dentro ai lunghi pianti through continual weeping, mostri sempre in acquario un sì bel sole. you always hide your beauty behind a veil of tears. Penelope Penelope Ama dunque, ché d’amore So love; for beauty Non dée di nuovo amar Never again should anyone love dolce amica è la beltà. is love’s sweet companion. chi misera penò: who has suffered so bitterly: Dal piacere il tuo dolore Your grief will be pierced torna stolta a penar it is foolish to saettato caderà. by pleasure’s arrows. chi prima errò. repeat one’s mistakes.

Penelope Penelope 10 Scena XI Scene XI Amor è un idol vano, Cupid is a useless idol, Eumete Eumaeus è un vagabondo nume, a gadabout god, all’incostanze sue non mancan piume; whose fickleness is well known; Eumete Eumaeus del suo dolce sereno his sweet calm Come mal si salva un regio ammanto A king’s mantle cannot protect è misura il baleno. Un giorno solo is fleeting. Joy can turn da sventure e da mali. from misadventure and evil! cangia il piacer in duolo. to grief in one day. Meglio scettri regali Tears bedew royal scepters more often Sono i casi amorosi Romances like those che dardi de’ pastor imperla il pianto. than shepherds’ staffs. di’ Tesei e di Giasoni ohimè son pieni of Theseus and Jason are full Seta vestono ed ori The greatest sufferings d’incostanza e rigore, of fickleness and strictness, i travagli maggiori. are clad in silk and gold. pene e morte e dolore, torment and death and grief. È vita più sicura And more secure dell’amoroso ciel splendori fissi The stars of an amorous heaven della ricca ed illustre than the rich and illustrious life san cangiar in Giason anche gli Ulissi. could make even Ulysses behave like Jason. la povera ed oscura. is the poor and obscure one. Colli, campagne e boschi, Hills, fields and woods, Melanto Melantho se stato human felicità contiene, if the human state contains happiness, Benché Aquilone infido Just because treacherous storms in voi s’annida il sospirato bene. it is in you that it nests. turbi una volta il mar disturb the sea at times, Herbosi prati, in voi Grassy meadows, in you distaccarsi dal lido should the bold mariner nasce il fior del diletto, the flower of delight is born, animoso nocchier non dée lasciar? never leave harbour? frutto di libertade in voi si coglie, the fruit of liberty is gathered from you, Sempre non guarda in ciel The stars will not always son delizie dell’huom le vostre foglie. your leaves are man’s delight. torva una stella, be contrary; ha calma ogni procella. calm follows every storm. Ama dunque, ché d’amore So love; for beauty dolce amica è la beltà. is love’s sweet companion.

64 60 65 la più fiorita età, in mourning, Dal piacere il tuo dolore Your grief will be pierced tua vedova beltà di te si duole, your widowed beauty bemoans that, saettato caderà. by pleasure’s arrows. ché dentro ai lunghi pianti through continual weeping, mostri sempre in acquario un sì bel sole. you always hide your beauty behind a veil of tears. Penelope Penelope Ama dunque, ché d’amore So love; for beauty Non dée di nuovo amar Never again should anyone love dolce amica è la beltà. is love’s sweet companion. chi misera penò: who has suffered so bitterly: Dal piacere il tuo dolore Your grief will be pierced torna stolta a penar it is foolish to saettato caderà. by pleasure’s arrows. chi prima errò. repeat one’s mistakes.

Penelope Penelope 10 Scena XI Scene XI Amor è un idol vano, Cupid is a useless idol, Eumete Eumaeus è un vagabondo nume, a gadabout god, all’incostanze sue non mancan piume; whose fickleness is well known; Eumete Eumaeus del suo dolce sereno his sweet calm Come mal si salva un regio ammanto A king’s mantle cannot protect è misura il baleno. Un giorno solo is fleeting. Joy can turn da sventure e da mali. from misadventure and evil! cangia il piacer in duolo. to grief in one day. Meglio scettri regali Tears bedew royal scepters more often Sono i casi amorosi Romances like those che dardi de’ pastor imperla il pianto. than shepherds’ staffs. di’ Tesei e di Giasoni ohimè son pieni of Theseus and Jason are full Seta vestono ed ori The greatest sufferings d’incostanza e rigore, of fickleness and strictness, i travagli maggiori. are clad in silk and gold. pene e morte e dolore, torment and death and grief. È vita più sicura And more secure dell’amoroso ciel splendori fissi The stars of an amorous heaven della ricca ed illustre than the rich and illustrious life san cangiar in Giason anche gli Ulissi. could make even Ulysses behave like Jason. la povera ed oscura. is the poor and obscure one. Colli, campagne e boschi, Hills, fields and woods, Melanto Melantho se stato human felicità contiene, if the human state contains happiness, Benché Aquilone infido Just because treacherous storms in voi s’annida il sospirato bene. it is in you that it nests. turbi una volta il mar disturb the sea at times, Herbosi prati, in voi Grassy meadows, in you distaccarsi dal lido should the bold mariner nasce il fior del diletto, the flower of delight is born, animoso nocchier non dée lasciar? never leave harbour? frutto di libertade in voi si coglie, the fruit of liberty is gathered from you, Sempre non guarda in ciel The stars will not always son delizie dell’huom le vostre foglie. your leaves are man’s delight. torva una stella, be contrary; ha calma ogni procella. calm follows every storm. Ama dunque, ché d’amore So love; for beauty dolce amica è la beltà. is love’s sweet companion.

64 61 65 11 Scena XII Scene XII volle la vita tua demanded your life Iro, Eumete Irus, Eumaeus per vittima al suo sdegno. as a sacrifice to its anger.

Iro Irus Ulisse Ulysses Pastor d’armenti può A keeper of sheep Se del nomato Ulisse tu vegga in questo giorno If today you wish prati e boschi lodar, can well praise meadows and woods, desïato il ritorno, the return of the said Ulysses, avvezzo nelle mandre a conversar. for he is used to talking to the flock. accogli questo vecchio take in this poor old man Quest’herbe che tu nomini These herbs you have mentioned povero, ch’a perduto who has lost sono cibo di bestie e non degli huomini. are fodder for cattle, and not for man. ogni mortal aiuto everything Colà tra Regi io sto, I live there among kings, nella cadente età, nell’aspra sorte. in his dotage, down on his luck. tu fra gl’armenti qui. you here among the cattle. Gli sia la tua pietà scorta alla morte. May your compassion sustain him until his death. Tu godi e tu conversi tutto ’l dì You spend your days enjoying amicizie selvatiche, and cultivating rustic friendships, Eumete Eumaeus io mangio i tuoi compagni, I eat your friends, Hospite mio sarai, You will be my guest, pastor, e le tue pratiche. shepherd, and your work! cortese albergo avrai. you will be welcome. Sono i mendici The beggars are Eumete Eumaeus favoriti del Ciel, di Giove amici. favoured by Heaven, friends of Jupiter. Iro, gran mangiatore, Irus, you big eater, Iro, divoratore, Irus, you glutton, Ulisse Ulysses Iro, loquace, Irus, you windbag! Ulisse, Ulisse è vivo. Ulysses is alive! mia pace non perturbar. do not disturb my peace. La patria lo vedrà, His homeland will see him, Corri, corri a mangiar, Run away to eat! Penelope l’avrà. Penelope will embrace him; corri, corri a crepar. Run away and die! Ch’il fato non fu mai d’affetto privo. for fate was never insensitive. Maturano il destin le sue dimore, Time can change much; 12 Scena XIII Scene XIII credilo a me, pastore. believe me, shepherd! Eumete, poi Ulisse in sembianza di vecchio Eumaeus, then Ulysses disguised as an old man Eumete Eumaeus Eumete Eumaeus Come lieto t’accoglio, How happily I welcome you, Ulisse generoso. Generous Ulysses! mendica deità. blessed beggar! Fu nobile intrapresa Ransacking and incinerating cities Il mio lungo cordoglio My long sorrow lo spopolar, l’incenerir cittadi. were noble deeds. da te vinto cadrà. will be assuaged by you. Ma forse il Ciel irato, But perhaps heaven, Seguimi, amico, pur. Now follow me, friend; nella caduta del Troiano regno, enraged at the demise of the Trojan kingdom, Riposo avrai sicur. you will rest in safety.

66 67 62 11 Scena XII Scene XII volle la vita tua demanded your life Iro, Eumete Irus, Eumaeus per vittima al suo sdegno. as a sacrifice to its anger.

Iro Irus Ulisse Ulysses Pastor d’armenti può A keeper of sheep Se del nomato Ulisse tu vegga in questo giorno If today you wish prati e boschi lodar, can well praise meadows and woods, desïato il ritorno, the return of the said Ulysses, avvezzo nelle mandre a conversar. for he is used to talking to the flock. accogli questo vecchio take in this poor old man Quest’herbe che tu nomini These herbs you have mentioned povero, ch’a perduto who has lost sono cibo di bestie e non degli huomini. are fodder for cattle, and not for man. ogni mortal aiuto everything Colà tra Regi io sto, I live there among kings, nella cadente età, nell’aspra sorte. in his dotage, down on his luck. tu fra gl’armenti qui. you here among the cattle. Gli sia la tua pietà scorta alla morte. May your compassion sustain him until his death. Tu godi e tu conversi tutto ’l dì You spend your days enjoying amicizie selvatiche, and cultivating rustic friendships, Eumete Eumaeus io mangio i tuoi compagni, I eat your friends, Hospite mio sarai, You will be my guest, pastor, e le tue pratiche. shepherd, and your work! cortese albergo avrai. you will be welcome. Sono i mendici The beggars are Eumete Eumaeus favoriti del Ciel, di Giove amici. favoured by Heaven, friends of Jupiter. Iro, gran mangiatore, Irus, you big eater, Iro, divoratore, Irus, you glutton, Ulisse Ulysses Iro, loquace, Irus, you windbag! Ulisse, Ulisse è vivo. Ulysses is alive! mia pace non perturbar. do not disturb my peace. La patria lo vedrà, His homeland will see him, Corri, corri a mangiar, Run away to eat! Penelope l’avrà. Penelope will embrace him; corri, corri a crepar. Run away and die! Ch’il fato non fu mai d’affetto privo. for fate was never insensitive. Maturano il destin le sue dimore, Time can change much; 12 Scena XIII Scene XIII credilo a me, pastore. believe me, shepherd! Eumete, poi Ulisse in sembianza di vecchio Eumaeus, then Ulysses disguised as an old man Eumete Eumaeus Eumete Eumaeus Come lieto t’accoglio, How happily I welcome you, Ulisse generoso. Generous Ulysses! mendica deità. blessed beggar! Fu nobile intrapresa Ransacking and incinerating cities Il mio lungo cordoglio My long sorrow lo spopolar, l’incenerir cittadi. were noble deeds. da te vinto cadrà. will be assuaged by you. Ma forse il Ciel irato, But perhaps heaven, Seguimi, amico, pur. Now follow me, friend; nella caduta del Troiano regno, enraged at the demise of the Trojan kingdom, Riposo avrai sicur. you will rest in safety.

66 67 63 ATTO 2 ACT 2

1 Sinfonia Sinfonia

2 Scena I Scene I Telemaco e Minerva sul carro Telemachus and Minerva travelling by chariot

Telemaco Telemachus Lieto cammino, Delightful travels, dolce vïaggio. sweet journey, Passa il carro divino the divine chariot rushes come che fosse un raggio. as if it were a ray of light.

Minerva, Telemaco (a due) Minerva, Telemachus Gli Dei possenti The mighty gods navigan l’aure, sail on the breezes, Act 2 solcano i venti. plough the winds. Minerva Minerva Eccoti giunto alle paterne ville, You have arrived in your father’s domains, Telemaco prudente. wise Telemachus. Non ti scordar giammai de’ miei consigli, Never forget my advice, ché se dal buon sentier devia la mente, for if your thoughts stray from the right path incontrerai perigli. you will meet with dangers.

Telemaco Telemachus Periglio invan mi sgrida Danger will try in vain to rebuke me se tua bontà m’affida. if you grant me your benevolence.

64

68 69 ATTO 2 ACT 2

1 Sinfonia Sinfonia

2 Scena I Scene I Telemaco e Minerva sul carro Telemachus and Minerva travelling by chariot

Telemaco Telemachus Lieto cammino, Delightful travels, dolce vïaggio. sweet journey, Passa il carro divino the divine chariot rushes come che fosse un raggio. as if it were a ray of light.

Minerva, Telemaco (a due) Minerva, Telemachus Gli Dei possenti The mighty gods navigan l’aure, sail on the breezes, Act 2 solcano i venti. plough the winds. Minerva Minerva Eccoti giunto alle paterne ville, You have arrived in your father’s domains, Telemaco prudente. wise Telemachus. Non ti scordar giammai de’ miei consigli, Never forget my advice, ché se dal buon sentier devia la mente, for if your thoughts stray from the right path incontrerai perigli. you will meet with dangers.

Telemaco Telemachus Periglio invan mi sgrida Danger will try in vain to rebuke me se tua bontà m’affida. if you grant me your benevolence.

68 69 65 3 Scena II Scene II Ulisse Ulysses Eumete, Ulisse, Telemaco Eumaeus, Ulysses, Telemachus Pastor, se nol fia ver, ch’al tardo passo Shepherd, should this not be the truth, let the first si trasformi in sepolcro il primo sasso, stone my weary foot meets turn into a grave, Eumete Eumaeus e la morte, che meco amoreggia d’intorno, and let death, who is courting me, O gran figlio d’Ulisse. O great son of Ulysses, hora porti a miei dì l’ultimo giorno. bring my llife to an end. È pur ver che tu torni it is true you return a serenar della tua madre i giorni. to bring cheer to your mother’s life. Eumete, Ulisse Eumaeus, Ulysses E pur sei giunto al fine And also you have finally returned Dolce speme i cor lusinga, Sweet hope lures the heart, di tua casa cadente to repair the huge ravages lieto annunzio ogn’alma alletta, happy news charms every soul, a riparar l’altissime ruine. of your crumbling home. s’esser paga non puote alma ch’aspetta. yet a soul that is waiting cannot be satisfied. Fugga il cordoglio, Let sorrow flee fugga, e cessi il pianto. and lamenting come to an end. Telemaco Telemachus Facciam, o peregrino, Let us, o wanderer, Vanne pur tu veloce, Go quickly, all’allegrezze nostre honor col canto. honour our happiness with our singing. vanne, Eumete, alla reggia, e del mio arrivo go, Eumaeus, to the palace, fa’ ch’avvisata sia and see that my mother is informed Eumete, Ulisse Eumaeus, Ulysses la genitrice mia. of my arrival. Verdi piagge, al lieto giorno Herbs and flowers adorn this land rabbellite herbette, e fiori, on this propitious day. 4 Scena III Scene III scherzin l’aure con gli amori, The breezes shall play with the cupids, Telemaco, Ulisse Telemachus, Ulysses ride il ciel al bel ritorno. heaven smiles at the joyous return. Scende dal Cielo un raggio di foco, onde s’apre A thunderbolt strikes from the Heavens, the earth la terra e Ulisse si sprofonda. opens and swallows Ulysses Telemaco Telemachus Vostri cortesi auspici a me son grati. I am thankful for your friendly wishes. Telemaco Telemachus Manchevole piacer però m’alletta, But it is an incomplete pleasure that charms me, Che veggio, oimé, che miro? What do I witness, alas, what do I behold? ch’esser paga non puote alma ch’aspetta. for a soul that is waiting cannot be satisfied. Questa terra vorace i vivi inghiotte, This voracious earth devours the living, apre bocche e caverne it opens mouths and caverns, Eumete Eumaeus d’humano sangue ingorde, e più non soffre greedy for human blood, and no longer endures Questo che tu qui miri, This man whom you see here, di vïator il passo, the step of a wayfarer, sovra gli homeri stanchi bearing a great weight of years ma la carne dell’huom tranghiotte il sasso. but stone swallows the flesh of man. portar gran peso d’anni, e mal involto on his weary shoulders, Che prodigi son questi? What wonders are these? da ben laceri panni, egli m’accerta and poorly clad in torn garments, Dunque, Patria, apprendesti Did you then learn, O fatherland, che d’Ulisse il ritorno assures me that the return of Ulysses a divorar le genti? how to devour people? fia di poco lontan da questo giorno. is imminent. Rispondono anche ai vivi i monumenti? Do stones dispute with the living?

70 71 66 3 Scena II Scene II Ulisse Ulysses Eumete, Ulisse, Telemaco Eumaeus, Ulysses, Telemachus Pastor, se nol fia ver, ch’al tardo passo Shepherd, should this not be the truth, let the first si trasformi in sepolcro il primo sasso, stone my weary foot meets turn into a grave, Eumete Eumaeus e la morte, che meco amoreggia d’intorno, and let death, who is courting me, O gran figlio d’Ulisse. O great son of Ulysses, hora porti a miei dì l’ultimo giorno. bring my llife to an end. È pur ver che tu torni it is true you return a serenar della tua madre i giorni. to bring cheer to your mother’s life. Eumete, Ulisse Eumaeus, Ulysses E pur sei giunto al fine And also you have finally returned Dolce speme i cor lusinga, Sweet hope lures the heart, di tua casa cadente to repair the huge ravages lieto annunzio ogn’alma alletta, happy news charms every soul, a riparar l’altissime ruine. of your crumbling home. s’esser paga non puote alma ch’aspetta. yet a soul that is waiting cannot be satisfied. Fugga il cordoglio, Let sorrow flee fugga, e cessi il pianto. and lamenting come to an end. Telemaco Telemachus Facciam, o peregrino, Let us, o wanderer, Vanne pur tu veloce, Go quickly, all’allegrezze nostre honor col canto. honour our happiness with our singing. vanne, Eumete, alla reggia, e del mio arrivo go, Eumaeus, to the palace, fa’ ch’avvisata sia and see that my mother is informed Eumete, Ulisse Eumaeus, Ulysses la genitrice mia. of my arrival. Verdi piagge, al lieto giorno Herbs and flowers adorn this land rabbellite herbette, e fiori, on this propitious day. 4 Scena III Scene III scherzin l’aure con gli amori, The breezes shall play with the cupids, Telemaco, Ulisse Telemachus, Ulysses ride il ciel al bel ritorno. heaven smiles at the joyous return. Scende dal Cielo un raggio di foco, onde s’apre A thunderbolt strikes from the Heavens, the earth la terra e Ulisse si sprofonda. opens and swallows Ulysses Telemaco Telemachus Vostri cortesi auspici a me son grati. I am thankful for your friendly wishes. Telemaco Telemachus Manchevole piacer però m’alletta, But it is an incomplete pleasure that charms me, Che veggio, oimé, che miro? What do I witness, alas, what do I behold? ch’esser paga non puote alma ch’aspetta. for a soul that is waiting cannot be satisfied. Questa terra vorace i vivi inghiotte, This voracious earth devours the living, apre bocche e caverne it opens mouths and caverns, Eumete Eumaeus d’humano sangue ingorde, e più non soffre greedy for human blood, and no longer endures Questo che tu qui miri, This man whom you see here, di vïator il passo, the step of a wayfarer, sovra gli homeri stanchi bearing a great weight of years ma la carne dell’huom tranghiotte il sasso. but stone swallows the flesh of man. portar gran peso d’anni, e mal involto on his weary shoulders, Che prodigi son questi? What wonders are these? da ben laceri panni, egli m’accerta and poorly clad in torn garments, Dunque, Patria, apprendesti Did you then learn, O fatherland, che d’Ulisse il ritorno assures me that the return of Ulysses a divorar le genti? how to devour people? fia di poco lontan da questo giorno. is imminent. Rispondono anche ai vivi i monumenti? Do stones dispute with the living?

70 67 71 Così, dunque, Minerva Is this why you return me Telemaco Telemachus alla Patria mi doni? to my homeland, Minerva? Benché Ulisse si vanti Although Ulysses Quest’è Patria comune, This is our joint homeland, di prosapia celeste, descends from divine ancestry, se di questo ragioni. if you remember. trasformarsi non puote huomo mortale. no human is able to transform himself; Ma se presta ho la lingua, But while my tongue is quick, Tanto Ulisse non vale. Ulysses is not so powerful. ho la memoria pigra. my memory is sluggish. O scherzano gli Dei, Either the gods are jesting, Quel pellegrin c’hor hora, This wanderer who just now, o pur mago tu sei. or you are a magician! per dar fede a menzogne to give credibility to his lies, chiamò sepolcri et invitò la morte, invoked tombs and invited death, Ulisse Ulysses dal giusto Ciel punito has been punished by a just heaven Ulisse, Ulisse sono. I am indeed Ulysses! restò qui seppellito. Ah, caro Padre, and lies buried here. Ah, beloved father! Testimonio è Minerva, Minerva is my witness, dunque in modo sì strano Thus, in such a strange manner, quella che te portò per l’aria a volo. she who carried you, flying, through the air. m’avvisa il tuo morire does heaven itself La forma cangia a me come le aggrada, She changes my appearance as she wishes il Ciel di propria mano? inform me of your death? perché sicuro e sconosciuto io vada. so that I may travel safely and go unrecognized. Ahi, che per farmi guerra Ah, in order to wage war on me fa stupori e miracoli la terra. earth performs wonders and miracles! Telemaco, Ulisse Telemachus, Ulysses O padre sospirato, O longed for father! (Qui risorge Ulisse in sua propria forma.) (Here Ulysses rises again in his own guise) O figlio desïato, O desired son! genitor glorïoso, Glorious parent! Ma che nuovi portenti, oimé, rimiro? But what new prodigy, alas, do I behold? pegno dolce amoroso, Sweet embodiment of love! Fa cambio, fa permùta Death is altered, t’inchino, o mio diletto. I bow before you, oh my joy, con la morte la vita? transformed into life! ti stringo. I embrace you. Non sia più chi più chiami No more shall this demise Filïale dolcezza Filial tenderness questa caduta amara, be called harsh, Paterna tenerezza Paternal tenderness se col morir ringiovanir s’impara. if in dying one can be rejuvenated. a lagrimar mi sforza. brings me to tears. il pianto in me rinforza. makes me weep. Ulisse Ulysses Mortal, tutto confida e tutto spera, Oh man, trust and hope, Telemaco, convienti Telemachus, ché quando il Ciel protegge, for when heaven protects you, cangiar le meraviglie in allegrezze, you should change your wonderment into joy, Natura non ha legge. nature has no jurisdiction; ché se perdi il mendico, il padre acquisti. for if you lose the beggar you gain your father. L’impossibile ancor spesso s’avvera. the impossible can often come true.

72 68 73 Così, dunque, Minerva Is this why you return me Telemaco Telemachus alla Patria mi doni? to my homeland, Minerva? Benché Ulisse si vanti Although Ulysses Quest’è Patria comune, This is our joint homeland, di prosapia celeste, descends from divine ancestry, se di questo ragioni. if you remember. trasformarsi non puote huomo mortale. no human is able to transform himself; Ma se presta ho la lingua, But while my tongue is quick, Tanto Ulisse non vale. Ulysses is not so powerful. ho la memoria pigra. my memory is sluggish. O scherzano gli Dei, Either the gods are jesting, Quel pellegrin c’hor hora, This wanderer who just now, o pur mago tu sei. or you are a magician! per dar fede a menzogne to give credibility to his lies, chiamò sepolcri et invitò la morte, invoked tombs and invited death, Ulisse Ulysses dal giusto Ciel punito has been punished by a just heaven Ulisse, Ulisse sono. I am indeed Ulysses! restò qui seppellito. Ah, caro Padre, and lies buried here. Ah, beloved father! Testimonio è Minerva, Minerva is my witness, dunque in modo sì strano Thus, in such a strange manner, quella che te portò per l’aria a volo. she who carried you, flying, through the air. m’avvisa il tuo morire does heaven itself La forma cangia a me come le aggrada, She changes my appearance as she wishes il Ciel di propria mano? inform me of your death? perché sicuro e sconosciuto io vada. so that I may travel safely and go unrecognized. Ahi, che per farmi guerra Ah, in order to wage war on me fa stupori e miracoli la terra. earth performs wonders and miracles! Telemaco, Ulisse Telemachus, Ulysses O padre sospirato, O longed for father! (Qui risorge Ulisse in sua propria forma.) (Here Ulysses rises again in his own guise) O figlio desïato, O desired son! genitor glorïoso, Glorious parent! Ma che nuovi portenti, oimé, rimiro? But what new prodigy, alas, do I behold? pegno dolce amoroso, Sweet embodiment of love! Fa cambio, fa permùta Death is altered, t’inchino, o mio diletto. I bow before you, oh my joy, con la morte la vita? transformed into life! ti stringo. I embrace you. Non sia più chi più chiami No more shall this demise Filïale dolcezza Filial tenderness questa caduta amara, be called harsh, Paterna tenerezza Paternal tenderness se col morir ringiovanir s’impara. if in dying one can be rejuvenated. a lagrimar mi sforza. brings me to tears. il pianto in me rinforza. makes me weep. Ulisse Ulysses Mortal, tutto confida e tutto spera, Oh man, trust and hope, Telemaco, convienti Telemachus, ché quando il Ciel protegge, for when heaven protects you, cangiar le meraviglie in allegrezze, you should change your wonderment into joy, Natura non ha legge. nature has no jurisdiction; ché se perdi il mendico, il padre acquisti. for if you lose the beggar you gain your father. L’impossibile ancor spesso s’avvera. the impossible can often come true.

72 69 73 Ulisse Ulysses Eurimaco Eurymachus Vanne alla madre, va’. Go to your mother, go! Peni chi brama, Those who love will suffer, Porta alla reggia il piè. Make haste to the royal palace! stenti chi vuol, those who desire will find difficulties. Sarò tosto con te, I will soon be with you, goda fra l’ombre Whoever hates the sun ma pria canuto il pel ritornerà. but first I must become an old man again. chi ha in odio il sol. should find pleasure in the shadows.

5 Scena IV Scene IV Melanto Melantho Reggia The palace Penelope trionfa Penelope is majestic Melanto, Eurimaco Melantho, Eurymachus nella doglia e nel pianto. in her grief and weeping. Fra piaceri e contenti Melantho lives happily Melanto Melantho vive lieta Melanto: between pleasures and joy. Eurimaco, la donna, Eurymachus, that woman ella in pene si nutre, io fra diletti She nourishes herself with pain, insomma, ha un cor di sasso. has a heart of stone. amando mi giocondo. I amuse myself in the delights of love. Parola non la muove, Words do not move her; Fra sì varii pensier più bello è il mondo. The world is more beautiful because it is so varied. priego invan la combatte. I implored her in vain; Dentro del mar d’amore she has hardened her soul Eurimaco Eurymachus sempre tenace ha l’alma. in her lovesickness; Godendo, ridendo Enjoying, laughing, O di fede, o d’orgoglio, whether through faithfulness or through pride si lacera il duol. sorrow is destroyed. in ogni modo è scoglio. she is like a rock in every way. Nemica, o pur amante, As an enemy or as a lover Melanto Melantho non ha di cera il cor, ma di diamante. she has a heart not like wax but like diamond. Amiamo, godiamo Let us love, let us take pleasure, e dica chi vuol. whatever others say. Eurimaco Eurymachus E pur udii sovente And yet I have often heard 6 Scena V Scene V la poetica schiera poets singing of Antinoo, Anfinomo, Pisandro, Penelope Antinous, Amphinomus, Peisander, Penelope cantar donna volubile e leggiera. fickle and shallow women. Antinoo Antinous Melanto Melantho Sono l’altre Regine Other queens are Ho speso invan parole, indarno prieghi I have wasted words, begged her in vain coronate de’ servi e tu d’amanti. surrounded by servants and you by lovers. per condur la Regina a nuovi amori. trying to guide the queen to new loves. Tributan questi Regi These kings pay tribute L’impresa è disperata, It is a hopeless endeavour: al mar di tua bellezza un mar di pianti. to the sea of your beauty with a sea of tears. odia, non ché l’amar, l’esser amata. she hates being loved as much as loving.

74 75 70 Ulisse Ulysses Eurimaco Eurymachus Vanne alla madre, va’. Go to your mother, go! Peni chi brama, Those who love will suffer, Porta alla reggia il piè. Make haste to the royal palace! stenti chi vuol, those who desire will find difficulties. Sarò tosto con te, I will soon be with you, goda fra l’ombre Whoever hates the sun ma pria canuto il pel ritornerà. but first I must become an old man again. chi ha in odio il sol. should find pleasure in the shadows.

5 Scena IV Scene IV Melanto Melantho Reggia The palace Penelope trionfa Penelope is majestic Melanto, Eurimaco Melantho, Eurymachus nella doglia e nel pianto. in her grief and weeping. Fra piaceri e contenti Melantho lives happily Melanto Melantho vive lieta Melanto: between pleasures and joy. Eurimaco, la donna, Eurymachus, that woman ella in pene si nutre, io fra diletti She nourishes herself with pain, insomma, ha un cor di sasso. has a heart of stone. amando mi giocondo. I amuse myself in the delights of love. Parola non la muove, Words do not move her; Fra sì varii pensier più bello è il mondo. The world is more beautiful because it is so varied. priego invan la combatte. I implored her in vain; Dentro del mar d’amore she has hardened her soul Eurimaco Eurymachus sempre tenace ha l’alma. in her lovesickness; Godendo, ridendo Enjoying, laughing, O di fede, o d’orgoglio, whether through faithfulness or through pride si lacera il duol. sorrow is destroyed. in ogni modo è scoglio. she is like a rock in every way. Nemica, o pur amante, As an enemy or as a lover Melanto Melantho non ha di cera il cor, ma di diamante. she has a heart not like wax but like diamond. Amiamo, godiamo Let us love, let us take pleasure, e dica chi vuol. whatever others say. Eurimaco Eurymachus E pur udii sovente And yet I have often heard 6 Scena V Scene V la poetica schiera poets singing of Antinoo, Anfinomo, Pisandro, Penelope Antinous, Amphinomus, Peisander, Penelope cantar donna volubile e leggiera. fickle and shallow women. Antinoo Antinous Melanto Melantho Sono l’altre Regine Other queens are Ho speso invan parole, indarno prieghi I have wasted words, begged her in vain coronate de’ servi e tu d’amanti. surrounded by servants and you by lovers. per condur la Regina a nuovi amori. trying to guide the queen to new loves. Tributan questi Regi These kings pay tribute L’impresa è disperata, It is a hopeless endeavour: al mar di tua bellezza un mar di pianti. to the sea of your beauty with a sea of tears. odia, non ché l’amar, l’esser amata. she hates being loved as much as loving.

74 71 75 Antinoo Anfinomo Pisandro Antinous Peisander Ampinomus Pisandro Peisander Ama dunque, sì, sì, Love then, yes, yes, Il bel cedro odoroso The beautiful, fragrant cedar dunque riama un dì. love again one day. vive, se non s’incalma, is, if not grafted, senza frutto, spinoso. barren and thorny; Penelope Penelope Ma se s’innesta poi but when grafted Non voglio amar, no, no, I do not want to love, no, figliano frutti e fior gli spini suoi. its thorns bring forth fruit and flowers. ch’amando penerò. for if I love I will suffer. Antinoo Antinous Antinoo Anfinomo Pisandro (a tre) Antinous Peisander Ampinomus L’edera che verdeggia, The ivy that is green even in winter Ama dunque, sì, sì, Love then, yes, yes, ad onta anco del verno with a beautiful dunque riama un dì. love again one day. d’un bel smeraldo eterno, eternal emerald colour se non s’appoggia perde if not supported, will lose Penelope Penelope tra l’herbose ruine il suo bel verde. its beautiful green amidst the grassy ruins. Cari tanto mi siete You are more charming quanto più ardenti ardete. the more your ardour inflames you; Antinoo Anfinomo Pisandro Antinous Peisander Ampinomus Ma non m’appresso all’amoroso gioco but I will not enter the game of love, Ama dunque, sì, sì, Love then, yes, yes, che lunge è bel più che vicino il foco. for fire is more beautiful when distant than when near. dunque riama un dì. love again one day! Non voglio amar, no, no, I do not want to love, no, ch’amando penerò. for if I love I will suffer. Penelope Penelope Non voglio amar, non voglio. I don’t want to love, no! Anfinomo Ampinomus Come sta in dubbio un ferro Just as a piece of iron La pampinosa vite The leafy vine, se fra due calamite between two magnets, se non s’abbraccia al faggio if it does not embrace the tree, da due parti diverse egli è chiamato, is pulled in two different directions, l’autun non frutta e non fiorisce il maggio. will not bear fruit in autumn or flower in May, così sta in forse il core my heart cannot decide E se sfiorita resta and if it does not flower nel tripartito Amore. among three lovers. ogni mano la coglie, every hand will gather it, Ma non può amar chi non sa, chi non può But nobody can love when they know nothing ogni piè la calpesta. every foot will trample it. che pianger e penar. but tears and suffering. Mestitia e dolor Sadness and grief son crudeli nemici d’Amor. are the worst enemies of love.

76 72 77 Antinoo Anfinomo Pisandro Antinous Peisander Ampinomus Pisandro Peisander Ama dunque, sì, sì, Love then, yes, yes, Il bel cedro odoroso The beautiful, fragrant cedar dunque riama un dì. love again one day. vive, se non s’incalma, is, if not grafted, senza frutto, spinoso. barren and thorny; Penelope Penelope Ma se s’innesta poi but when grafted Non voglio amar, no, no, I do not want to love, no, figliano frutti e fior gli spini suoi. its thorns bring forth fruit and flowers. ch’amando penerò. for if I love I will suffer. Antinoo Antinous Antinoo Anfinomo Pisandro (a tre) Antinous Peisander Ampinomus L’edera che verdeggia, The ivy that is green even in winter Ama dunque, sì, sì, Love then, yes, yes, ad onta anco del verno with a beautiful dunque riama un dì. love again one day. d’un bel smeraldo eterno, eternal emerald colour se non s’appoggia perde if not supported, will lose Penelope Penelope tra l’herbose ruine il suo bel verde. its beautiful green amidst the grassy ruins. Cari tanto mi siete You are more charming quanto più ardenti ardete. the more your ardour inflames you; Antinoo Anfinomo Pisandro Antinous Peisander Ampinomus Ma non m’appresso all’amoroso gioco but I will not enter the game of love, Ama dunque, sì, sì, Love then, yes, yes, che lunge è bel più che vicino il foco. for fire is more beautiful when distant than when near. dunque riama un dì. love again one day! Non voglio amar, no, no, I do not want to love, no, ch’amando penerò. for if I love I will suffer. Penelope Penelope Non voglio amar, non voglio. I don’t want to love, no! Anfinomo Ampinomus Come sta in dubbio un ferro Just as a piece of iron La pampinosa vite The leafy vine, se fra due calamite between two magnets, se non s’abbraccia al faggio if it does not embrace the tree, da due parti diverse egli è chiamato, is pulled in two different directions, l’autun non frutta e non fiorisce il maggio. will not bear fruit in autumn or flower in May, così sta in forse il core my heart cannot decide E se sfiorita resta and if it does not flower nel tripartito Amore. among three lovers. ogni mano la coglie, every hand will gather it, Ma non può amar chi non sa, chi non può But nobody can love when they know nothing ogni piè la calpesta. every foot will trample it. che pianger e penar. but tears and suffering. Mestitia e dolor Sadness and grief son crudeli nemici d’Amor. are the worst enemies of love.

76 73 77 cena I cene I e forse non fia vana and perhaps I am not la speme ch’io t’arreco. raising your hope in vain: Pisandro Anfinomo Antinoo (a tre) Antinous Peisander Ampinomus Ulisse, il nostro Rege, Ulysses our king, All’allegrezze dunque, al ballo, al canto. Then to enjoyments, to the dance, to song! il tuo consorte, è vivo, your husband, is alive, Rallegriam la Regina. Let us cheer the queen. e speriam non lontano and we hope his awaited return Lieto cor ad amar tosto s’inchina. A gay heart falls in love easily. il suo bramato arrivo. is not far off!

Pisandro Anfinomo Antinoo oro Antinous Peisander Ampinomus orus Penelope Penelope Balliamo che l’onde Let’s dance as the waves Per sì dubbie novelle Such uncertain tidings al vento che spira as the blowing wind o s’addoppia il mio male, will either redouble my grief le move e l’aggira drives and turns them o si cangia il tenor delle mie stelle. or change my fate. le spinge e confonde pushes and swirls them si come lor fiede as it stops them cena III cene III se movon il piede when they move Antinoo, Anfinomo, Pisandro, Eurimaco Antinous, Amphinomus, Peisander, Eurymachus e ballan le linfe and the waters dance quai garuli Ninfe. like chattering Nymphs. Antinoo Antinous Balliam che i vezzosi Let’s dance as the beautiful Compagni, udiste? Il nostro Friends, did you hear? bei fior rugiadosi dewy flowers vicin rischio mortale Our impending mortal danger se l’aura li scuote as the breeze stirs vi chiama a grandi e risolute imprese. must spur you to great and resolute deeds! con urti e con ruote they too seem to dance Telemaco ritorna, e forse Ulisse. Telemachus is returning, and perhaps Ulysses. fan vaga sembianza turning and shaking. Questa reggia da voi This palace, violated anch’essi di danza. Let’s dance and spin violata, ed offesa, and disrespected by you, Balliamo e giriamo rush and bound dal suo signor aspetta awaits from its master corriamo e saltiamo dancing teaches us tarda, bensì, ma prossima vendetta. belated but imminent vengeance. qual cosa è più degna what is most worthy. Chi d’oltraggiar fu ardito, He who had the temerity to offend, il ballo c’insegna. neghittoso non resti should not be slow in in compir il delitto. In sin ad hora completing his crime. Up till now cena II cene II fu il peccato dolcezza. transgression was pleasant. Eumete, Penelope Eumaeus, Penelope Hora il vostro peccar fia sicurezza, Now your crime is certainty che lo sperar favori è gran pazzia that it would be great foolishness Eumete Eumaeus da chi s’offese pria. to hope for mercy from one Apportator d’alte novelle vengo. I come bearing important tidings: who was affronted in the past. È giunto, o gran Regina, great queen, Telemachus your son, Telemaco tuo Figlio, has just arrived,

78 79 74 cena I cene I e forse non fia vana and perhaps I am not la speme ch’io t’arreco. raising your hope in vain: Pisandro Anfinomo Antinoo (a tre) Antinous Peisander Ampinomus Ulisse, il nostro Rege, Ulysses our king, All’allegrezze dunque, al ballo, al canto. Then to enjoyments, to the dance, to song! il tuo consorte, è vivo, your husband, is alive, Rallegriam la Regina. Let us cheer the queen. e speriam non lontano and we hope his awaited return Lieto cor ad amar tosto s’inchina. A gay heart falls in love easily. il suo bramato arrivo. is not far off!

Pisandro Anfinomo Antinoo oro Antinous Peisander Ampinomus orus Penelope Penelope Balliamo che l’onde Let’s dance as the waves Per sì dubbie novelle Such uncertain tidings al vento che spira as the blowing wind o s’addoppia il mio male, will either redouble my grief le move e l’aggira drives and turns them o si cangia il tenor delle mie stelle. or change my fate. le spinge e confonde pushes and swirls them si come lor fiede as it stops them cena III cene III se movon il piede when they move Antinoo, Anfinomo, Pisandro, Eurimaco Antinous, Amphinomus, Peisander, Eurymachus e ballan le linfe and the waters dance quai garuli Ninfe. like chattering Nymphs. Antinoo Antinous Balliam che i vezzosi Let’s dance as the beautiful Compagni, udiste? Il nostro Friends, did you hear? bei fior rugiadosi dewy flowers vicin rischio mortale Our impending mortal danger se l’aura li scuote as the breeze stirs vi chiama a grandi e risolute imprese. must spur you to great and resolute deeds! con urti e con ruote they too seem to dance Telemaco ritorna, e forse Ulisse. Telemachus is returning, and perhaps Ulysses. fan vaga sembianza turning and shaking. Questa reggia da voi This palace, violated anch’essi di danza. Let’s dance and spin violata, ed offesa, and disrespected by you, Balliamo e giriamo rush and bound dal suo signor aspetta awaits from its master corriamo e saltiamo dancing teaches us tarda, bensì, ma prossima vendetta. belated but imminent vengeance. qual cosa è più degna what is most worthy. Chi d’oltraggiar fu ardito, He who had the temerity to offend, il ballo c’insegna. neghittoso non resti should not be slow in in compir il delitto. In sin ad hora completing his crime. Up till now cena II cene II fu il peccato dolcezza. transgression was pleasant. Eumete, Penelope Eumaeus, Penelope Hora il vostro peccar fia sicurezza, Now your crime is certainty che lo sperar favori è gran pazzia that it would be great foolishness Eumete Eumaeus da chi s’offese pria. to hope for mercy from one Apportator d’alte novelle vengo. I come bearing important tidings: who was affronted in the past. È giunto, o gran Regina, great queen, Telemachus your son, Telemaco tuo Figlio, has just arrived,

78 75 79 Pisandro Anfinomo Ampinomus Peisander Antinoo Antinous N’han fatto l’opre nostre Our deeds have made us Dunque, prima che giunga Therefore, before her son inimici d’Ulisse. enemies of Ulysses. il filial soccorso, arrives to help her, L’oltraggiar l’inimico unqua disdisse. Offence to the enemy cannot be undone. per abbatter quel core, let us, in order to win this heart, facciam ai doni almen grato ricorso, at least appeal to her with gifts, Antinoo Antinous perch’ha la punta d’or lo stral d’Amore. for Cupid’s arrow has a tip of gold. Dunque l’ardir s’accresca, Then let our courage grow stronger, e pria ch’Ulisse arrivi and before Ulysses arrives Eurimaco Eurmacus Telemaco vicin togliam dai vivi. let us kill Telemachus! L’oro sol, l’oro sia Let gold alone be l’amorosa magia. Love’s enchantment. Pisandro Anfinomo Antinoo Ampinomus Peisander Antinous Ogni cor femminil, se fosse pietra, Every woman’s heart, even of stone, Sì, sì, de’ grand’amori Yes, yes, great loves tocco dall’or si spetra. melts when touched by gold. sono figli i gran sdegni. engender great anger, Quel fere i cori e quest’abbatte i regni. the former wound the heart, the latter destroys Pisandro Anfinomo Antinoo Ampinomus Peisander Antinous kingdoms. Amor è un’armonia, Love is harmony, sighs are melodies, (Qui vola sopra ’l capo dei Proci un’Aquila.) sono canti i sospiri, but one does not sing well (Here an eagle flies over the suitors’ heads.) ma non si canta ben se l’or non suona. if gold does not accompany: Non ama chi non dona. he does not love who does not give presents. Eurimaco Eurmacus Chi dall’alto n’ascolta, He who listens from on high cena I cene I hor ne risponde, amici. now answers, friends! Ulisse, Minerva Ulysses, Minerva Mute lingue del Ciel sono gli auspici. The omens are mute messages of heaven. Mirate, oimé, mirate Behold, alas, behold Ulisse Ulsses del gran Giove l’augello the eagle of great Jupiter, Perir non può chi tien per scorta il Cielo, Whoever has a god as his companion ne predice ruine, it predicts ruin, chi ha per compagno un Dio. and Heaven as his guide cannot perish. ne promette flagello. it promises punishment! A grand’imprese, è ver, volto son io. I am indeed about to carry out great deeds. Muova al delitto il piede, It would be wrong Ma fa peccato grave But a man protected by Heaven chi giusto il Ciel non crede. not to believe that Heaven is just. chi difeso dal Ciel il mondo pave. makes a grave mistake if he fears the world.

Anfinomo Pisandro Antinoo Ampinomus Peisander Antinous Crediam al minacciar del Ciel irato, We believe the threats of irate heaven, ché, chi non teme il Cielo for whoever does not fear heaven raddoppia il suo peccato. doubles his sin.

80 76 81 Pisandro Anfinomo Ampinomus Peisander Antinoo Antinous N’han fatto l’opre nostre Our deeds have made us Dunque, prima che giunga Therefore, before her son inimici d’Ulisse. enemies of Ulysses. il filial soccorso, arrives to help her, L’oltraggiar l’inimico unqua disdisse. Offence to the enemy cannot be undone. per abbatter quel core, let us, in order to win this heart, facciam ai doni almen grato ricorso, at least appeal to her with gifts, Antinoo Antinous perch’ha la punta d’or lo stral d’Amore. for Cupid’s arrow has a tip of gold. Dunque l’ardir s’accresca, Then let our courage grow stronger, e pria ch’Ulisse arrivi and before Ulysses arrives Eurimaco Eurmacus Telemaco vicin togliam dai vivi. let us kill Telemachus! L’oro sol, l’oro sia Let gold alone be l’amorosa magia. Love’s enchantment. Pisandro Anfinomo Antinoo Ampinomus Peisander Antinous Ogni cor femminil, se fosse pietra, Every woman’s heart, even of stone, Sì, sì, de’ grand’amori Yes, yes, great loves tocco dall’or si spetra. melts when touched by gold. sono figli i gran sdegni. engender great anger, Quel fere i cori e quest’abbatte i regni. the former wound the heart, the latter destroys Pisandro Anfinomo Antinoo Ampinomus Peisander Antinous kingdoms. Amor è un’armonia, Love is harmony, sighs are melodies, (Qui vola sopra ’l capo dei Proci un’Aquila.) sono canti i sospiri, but one does not sing well (Here an eagle flies over the suitors’ heads.) ma non si canta ben se l’or non suona. if gold does not accompany: Non ama chi non dona. he does not love who does not give presents. Eurimaco Eurmacus Chi dall’alto n’ascolta, He who listens from on high cena I cene I hor ne risponde, amici. now answers, friends! Ulisse, Minerva Ulysses, Minerva Mute lingue del Ciel sono gli auspici. The omens are mute messages of heaven. Mirate, oimé, mirate Behold, alas, behold Ulisse Ulsses del gran Giove l’augello the eagle of great Jupiter, Perir non può chi tien per scorta il Cielo, Whoever has a god as his companion ne predice ruine, it predicts ruin, chi ha per compagno un Dio. and Heaven as his guide cannot perish. ne promette flagello. it promises punishment! A grand’imprese, è ver, volto son io. I am indeed about to carry out great deeds. Muova al delitto il piede, It would be wrong Ma fa peccato grave But a man protected by Heaven chi giusto il Ciel non crede. not to believe that Heaven is just. chi difeso dal Ciel il mondo pave. makes a grave mistake if he fears the world.

Anfinomo Pisandro Antinoo Ampinomus Peisander Antinous Crediam al minacciar del Ciel irato, We believe the threats of irate heaven, ché, chi non teme il Cielo for whoever does not fear heaven raddoppia il suo peccato. doubles his sin.

80 77 81 Minerva Minerva Ulisse Ulysses O coraggioso Ulisse. O brave Ulysses, Godo anch’io, né so come, I too rejoice, but don’t know how; Io farò che proponga I shall make sure that rido né so perché. I laugh, not knowing why. la tua casta consorte your chaste consort proposes Tutto gioisco, ringiovanisco, I am overjoyed, giuoco che a te fia gloria a contest which will bring you glory ben lieto affé. rejuvenated by such happiness. e sicurezza e vittoria e a Proci morte. and sure victory as well as death to the suitors. Allor che l’arco tuo ti giunge in mano When your bow reaches your hand Eumete Eumaeus e strepitoso tuon fiero t’invita, and resounding thunder summons you, Tosto c’havrem con povera sostanza As soon as we have fortified saetta pur ché la tua destra ardita then shoot, so that your bold right hand i corpi invigoriti, andrem veloci. our bodies with a frugal meal, we shall make haste. tutti conficcherà gli estinti al piano. plunges all the dead to the ground. Vedrai di quei feroci You will see the haughty manner Io starò teco, e con celeste lampo I will remain with you and with celestial lightning fieri i costumi, i gesti and the immodest and corrupt customs atterrerò l’humanità soggetta. will fell the vanquished men: impudichi, inhonesti. of those savages. Cadran vittime tutti alla vendetta, they will all fall victim to your vengeance, ché i flagelli del Ciel non hanno scampo. for Heaven’s wrath cannot be escaped! Ulisse Ulysses Non vive eterna l’arroganza in terra, Arrogance will not be allowed on earth forever; Ulisse Ulysses la superbia mortal tosto s’abbatte, human arrogance is soon cut down, Sempre è cieco il mortale. Man is always blind. ch’il fulmine del Ciel gli Olimpi atterra. for celestial thunderbolts overthrow rulers. Ma allor si dêe più cieco But more blind must he be chi ’l precetto divin devoto osserva. who follows divine orders. 12 Scena XI Scene XI Io ti seguo, Minerva. I follow you, Minerva. Reggia The palace Telemaco, Penelope Telemachus, Penelope 11 Scena X Scene X Eumete, Ulisse Eumaeus, Ulysses Telemaco Telemachus Del mio lungo vïaggio i torti errori I have already narrated to you, O queen, Eumete Eumaeus già vi narrai, Regina. the tortuous wanderings of my long journey. Io vidi, o pelegrin, de’ Proci amanti I saw, o wanderer, the amorous suitors Hora tacer non posso Now I can no longer be silent l’ardir infermarsi, losing their boldness, della veduta Greca about the divine beauty l’ardore gelar, the ardour cooling la bellezza divina. of the Greek woman I saw. negli occhi tremanti in their trembling eyes, M’accolse Helena bella, Beautiful Helen received me; il cor palpitar. I saw their fear. io mirando stupii, I gazed at her wondering, Il nome sol d’Ulisse The name of Ulysses alone dentro a quei raggi immerso, as I plunged into those eyes, quell’alme ree trafisse. pierced those guilty souls. che di Paridi pieno at how could the whole universe non fosse l’universo. not be full of Parises; Alla Figlia di Leda one Paris alone, I said,

82 83 78 Minerva Minerva Ulisse Ulysses O coraggioso Ulisse. O brave Ulysses, Godo anch’io, né so come, I too rejoice, but don’t know how; Io farò che proponga I shall make sure that rido né so perché. I laugh, not knowing why. la tua casta consorte your chaste consort proposes Tutto gioisco, ringiovanisco, I am overjoyed, giuoco che a te fia gloria a contest which will bring you glory ben lieto affé. rejuvenated by such happiness. e sicurezza e vittoria e a Proci morte. and sure victory as well as death to the suitors. Allor che l’arco tuo ti giunge in mano When your bow reaches your hand Eumete Eumaeus e strepitoso tuon fiero t’invita, and resounding thunder summons you, Tosto c’havrem con povera sostanza As soon as we have fortified saetta pur ché la tua destra ardita then shoot, so that your bold right hand i corpi invigoriti, andrem veloci. our bodies with a frugal meal, we shall make haste. tutti conficcherà gli estinti al piano. plunges all the dead to the ground. Vedrai di quei feroci You will see the haughty manner Io starò teco, e con celeste lampo I will remain with you and with celestial lightning fieri i costumi, i gesti and the immodest and corrupt customs atterrerò l’humanità soggetta. will fell the vanquished men: impudichi, inhonesti. of those savages. Cadran vittime tutti alla vendetta, they will all fall victim to your vengeance, ché i flagelli del Ciel non hanno scampo. for Heaven’s wrath cannot be escaped! Ulisse Ulysses Non vive eterna l’arroganza in terra, Arrogance will not be allowed on earth forever; Ulisse Ulysses la superbia mortal tosto s’abbatte, human arrogance is soon cut down, Sempre è cieco il mortale. Man is always blind. ch’il fulmine del Ciel gli Olimpi atterra. for celestial thunderbolts overthrow rulers. Ma allor si dêe più cieco But more blind must he be chi ’l precetto divin devoto osserva. who follows divine orders. 12 Scena XI Scene XI Io ti seguo, Minerva. I follow you, Minerva. Reggia The palace Telemaco, Penelope Telemachus, Penelope 11 Scena X Scene X Eumete, Ulisse Eumaeus, Ulysses Telemaco Telemachus Del mio lungo vïaggio i torti errori I have already narrated to you, O queen, Eumete Eumaeus già vi narrai, Regina. the tortuous wanderings of my long journey. Io vidi, o pelegrin, de’ Proci amanti I saw, o wanderer, the amorous suitors Hora tacer non posso Now I can no longer be silent l’ardir infermarsi, losing their boldness, della veduta Greca about the divine beauty l’ardore gelar, the ardour cooling la bellezza divina. of the Greek woman I saw. negli occhi tremanti in their trembling eyes, M’accolse Helena bella, Beautiful Helen received me; il cor palpitar. I saw their fear. io mirando stupii, I gazed at her wondering, Il nome sol d’Ulisse The name of Ulysses alone dentro a quei raggi immerso, as I plunged into those eyes, quell’alme ree trafisse. pierced those guilty souls. che di Paridi pieno at how could the whole universe non fosse l’universo. not be full of Parises; Alla Figlia di Leda one Paris alone, I said,

82 83 79 un sol Paride, dissi, is too small a conquest Vaneggia la tua mente, Your mind is raving, è poca preda. for Leda’s daughter. folleggia il tuo desio. your emotions are folly! Povere fur le stragi, The massacres were inadequate, furon lievi gl’incendi a tanto foco. the blazes inadequate to such ardour. Telemaco Telemachus Ché se non arde un mondo, il resto è poco. Anything less than the whole world Non per vana follia Not for pointless folly Io vidi in que’ begl’occhi burning for her, is not enough. Helena ti nomai, ma perché essendo did I mention Helen to you, dell’incendio troiano I saw in those beautiful eyes nella famosa Sparta but because, while I was in renowned Sparta, le nascenti scintille, the first sparks and the kindling flames circondato, improvviso, an agile and propitious bird le bambine faville. of Troy’s blaze. dal volo d’un augel destro e felice, suddenly circled above. E ben prima potea, Any astrologer who had gazed Helena, ch’è maestra Helen, who is well versed astrologo amoroso, into those fiery eyes dell’indovine scienze e degl’augúri, in occult science and in omens, da quei giri di foco could have predicted the flames tutta allegra mi disse joyfully informed me profetar fiamme e indovinar ardori and prophesied the ardour ch’era vicino Ulisse, e che dovea that Ulysses was near and that he would da incenerir città non men che cori, that could incinerate cities as well as hearts. dar morte ai Proci e stabilirsi il Regno. bring death to the suitors and restore his kingdom. Paride, è ver, morì. Paris died, it is true, Paride ancor gioì. yet Paris knew joy. 13 Scena XII Scene XII Con la vita pagar convenne l’onta, He fittingly paid for the affront with his life, Cortile regio dove si prepara un convito Palace courtyard, where a banquet is being ma così gran piacere but such great joy Antinoo, Eumete, Iro, Ulisse, e detti prepared. Antinous, Eumaeus, Irus, Ulysses una morte non sconta. is not atoned with one death alone. Si perdoni a quell’alma il grave fallo. Let that soul be pardoned its grave offence: Antinoo Antinous La bella Greca porta the beautiful Greek woman Sempre, villano Eumete, Eumaeus, you lout, nel suo volto beato carries in her blissful face sempre t’ingegni you always manage tutte le scuse del troian peccato. all the reasons for the Trojan shame. di perturbar la pace, to find ways to disturb our peace, d’intorbidar la gioia, to spoil our pleasure, Penelope Penelope oggetto di dolore, you are a pain, a troublemaker. Beltà troppo funesta, ardor iniquo Too baleful beauty, iniquitous passion ritrovator di noia. You have brought here di rimembranza indegno, unworthy of remembrance, Hai qui condotto un infesto mendico, an infested beggar, disseminò lo sdegno which sowed indignation un noioso importuno, an annoying intruder non tra i fiori d’un volto, not through a beautiful face che con sue voglie ingorde who, with his greedy cravings, ma fra i strisci d’un angue. but through the coils of a serpent; non farà che guastar le menti liete. will do nothing but ruin our happy mood. Ché mostro è quell’amor che nuota in sangue. a love swimming in blood is monstrous. Memoria così trista Let such a tragic memory disperda pur l’oblio. be dispelled by oblivion.

84 80 85 un sol Paride, dissi, is too small a conquest Vaneggia la tua mente, Your mind is raving, è poca preda. for Leda’s daughter. folleggia il tuo desio. your emotions are folly! Povere fur le stragi, The massacres were inadequate, furon lievi gl’incendi a tanto foco. the blazes inadequate to such ardour. Telemaco Telemachus Ché se non arde un mondo, il resto è poco. Anything less than the whole world Non per vana follia Not for pointless folly Io vidi in que’ begl’occhi burning for her, is not enough. Helena ti nomai, ma perché essendo did I mention Helen to you, dell’incendio troiano I saw in those beautiful eyes nella famosa Sparta but because, while I was in renowned Sparta, le nascenti scintille, the first sparks and the kindling flames circondato, improvviso, an agile and propitious bird le bambine faville. of Troy’s blaze. dal volo d’un augel destro e felice, suddenly circled above. E ben prima potea, Any astrologer who had gazed Helena, ch’è maestra Helen, who is well versed astrologo amoroso, into those fiery eyes dell’indovine scienze e degl’augúri, in occult science and in omens, da quei giri di foco could have predicted the flames tutta allegra mi disse joyfully informed me profetar fiamme e indovinar ardori and prophesied the ardour ch’era vicino Ulisse, e che dovea that Ulysses was near and that he would da incenerir città non men che cori, that could incinerate cities as well as hearts. dar morte ai Proci e stabilirsi il Regno. bring death to the suitors and restore his kingdom. Paride, è ver, morì. Paris died, it is true, Paride ancor gioì. yet Paris knew joy. 13 Scena XII Scene XII Con la vita pagar convenne l’onta, He fittingly paid for the affront with his life, Cortile regio dove si prepara un convito Palace courtyard, where a banquet is being ma così gran piacere but such great joy Antinoo, Eumete, Iro, Ulisse, e detti prepared. Antinous, Eumaeus, Irus, Ulysses una morte non sconta. is not atoned with one death alone. Si perdoni a quell’alma il grave fallo. Let that soul be pardoned its grave offence: Antinoo Antinous La bella Greca porta the beautiful Greek woman Sempre, villano Eumete, Eumaeus, you lout, nel suo volto beato carries in her blissful face sempre t’ingegni you always manage tutte le scuse del troian peccato. all the reasons for the Trojan shame. di perturbar la pace, to find ways to disturb our peace, d’intorbidar la gioia, to spoil our pleasure, Penelope Penelope oggetto di dolore, you are a pain, a troublemaker. Beltà troppo funesta, ardor iniquo Too baleful beauty, iniquitous passion ritrovator di noia. You have brought here di rimembranza indegno, unworthy of remembrance, Hai qui condotto un infesto mendico, an infested beggar, disseminò lo sdegno which sowed indignation un noioso importuno, an annoying intruder non tra i fiori d’un volto, not through a beautiful face che con sue voglie ingorde who, with his greedy cravings, ma fra i strisci d’un angue. but through the coils of a serpent; non farà che guastar le menti liete. will do nothing but ruin our happy mood. Ché mostro è quell’amor che nuota in sangue. a love swimming in blood is monstrous. Memoria così trista Let such a tragic memory disperda pur l’oblio. be dispelled by oblivion.

84 81 85 Eumete Eumaeus trarrò il corpaccio tuo sotto ’l mio piede, I shall trample your gross body under my feet, L’ha condotto Fortuna Fortune has led him mostruoso animale. you monstrous animal! alle case d’Ulisse, to the house of Ulysses, ove pietà s’aduna. where compassion lives. Iro Irus E che sì, rimbambito guerriero, And you, senile warrior Antinoo Antinous vecchio importuno, e che sì, che ti strappo old troublemaker, what if Rimanga ei teco a custodir la gregge, Let him stay with you guarding the flocks i peli della barba ad uno, ad uno. I pluck out the hairs of your beard one by one! e qui non venga, dove and don’t bring him here civile nobiltà comanda e regge. where urbane nobility rules. Ulisse Ulysses Voglio perder la vita I wish to die Eumete Eumaeus se di forza e di vaglia if I am not stronger and more courageous than you, Civile nobiltà non è crudele, Urbane nobility is not cruel; io non ti vinco or or, sacco di paglia. you sack of straw! né puote anima grande sdegnar pietà, the powerful cannot scorn compassion, che nasce de’ regi tra le fasce. with which kings are endowed at birth. Antinoo Antinous Vediam, Regina, in questa bella coppia Let’s watch, O queen, a grotesque wrestling match Antinoo Antinous d’una lotta di braccia stravagante duello. between this handsome couple. Arrogante plebeo. Arrogant plebeian! Insegnar opre eccelse A worthless man like you Telemaco Telemachus a te, vil huom, non tocca, should not preach; Il campo io t’assicuro, I give you permission, né dêe parlar di Re villana bocca. a peasant’s mouth should not talk of kings. pelegrin sconosciuto. unknown wanderer. E tu, pìcaro indegno, And you, unworthy vagabond, fuggi da questo regno. leave this kingdom! Iro Irus Anch’io ti do franchigia, And I give you leave, Iro Irus combattitor non barbuto. beardless fighter. Pàrtiti, movi il piè. Leave, move your feet! Se sei qui per mangiar If you are here in order to eat, Ulisse Ulysses son pria di te. I was here before you. La gran disfida accetto, I accept the challenge, cavaliero panciuto. fat knight! Ulisse Ulysses Huomo di grosso taglio, O man of the huge girth, Iro (che fa alla lotta) Irus (preparing to wrestle) di larga prospettiva, of large bulk, Su, su, dunque, su, su, Now then! benché canuto ed invecchiato sia, although hoary and aged alla ciuffa, alla lotta, su, su. To the fight, let’s wrestle! non è vile però l’anima mia. my soul is not cowardly. Se tanto mi concede l’alta bontà regale, If royalty’s great generosity permits,

86 82 87 Eumete Eumaeus trarrò il corpaccio tuo sotto ’l mio piede, I shall trample your gross body under my feet, L’ha condotto Fortuna Fortune has led him mostruoso animale. you monstrous animal! alle case d’Ulisse, to the house of Ulysses, ove pietà s’aduna. where compassion lives. Iro Irus E che sì, rimbambito guerriero, And you, senile warrior Antinoo Antinous vecchio importuno, e che sì, che ti strappo old troublemaker, what if Rimanga ei teco a custodir la gregge, Let him stay with you guarding the flocks i peli della barba ad uno, ad uno. I pluck out the hairs of your beard one by one! e qui non venga, dove and don’t bring him here civile nobiltà comanda e regge. where urbane nobility rules. Ulisse Ulysses Voglio perder la vita I wish to die Eumete Eumaeus se di forza e di vaglia if I am not stronger and more courageous than you, Civile nobiltà non è crudele, Urbane nobility is not cruel; io non ti vinco or or, sacco di paglia. you sack of straw! né puote anima grande sdegnar pietà, the powerful cannot scorn compassion, che nasce de’ regi tra le fasce. with which kings are endowed at birth. Antinoo Antinous Vediam, Regina, in questa bella coppia Let’s watch, O queen, a grotesque wrestling match Antinoo Antinous d’una lotta di braccia stravagante duello. between this handsome couple. Arrogante plebeo. Arrogant plebeian! Insegnar opre eccelse A worthless man like you Telemaco Telemachus a te, vil huom, non tocca, should not preach; Il campo io t’assicuro, I give you permission, né dêe parlar di Re villana bocca. a peasant’s mouth should not talk of kings. pelegrin sconosciuto. unknown wanderer. E tu, pìcaro indegno, And you, unworthy vagabond, fuggi da questo regno. leave this kingdom! Iro Irus Anch’io ti do franchigia, And I give you leave, Iro Irus combattitor non barbuto. beardless fighter. Pàrtiti, movi il piè. Leave, move your feet! Se sei qui per mangiar If you are here in order to eat, Ulisse Ulysses son pria di te. I was here before you. La gran disfida accetto, I accept the challenge, cavaliero panciuto. fat knight! Ulisse Ulysses Huomo di grosso taglio, O man of the huge girth, Iro (che fa alla lotta) Irus (preparing to wrestle) di larga prospettiva, of large bulk, Su, su, dunque, su, su, Now then! benché canuto ed invecchiato sia, although hoary and aged alla ciuffa, alla lotta, su, su. To the fight, let’s wrestle! non è vile però l’anima mia. my soul is not cowardly. Se tanto mi concede l’alta bontà regale, If royalty’s great generosity permits, 86 83 87 (Segue la lotta nella quale dopo breve contrasto (The fight follows, in which after a short combat ben sei d’impero degno, you are indeed a worthy ruler, Ulisse atterra Iro.) Ulysses vanquishes Irus.) che non merita men chi dona un regno. for he who gives a kingdom deserves no less.

Son vinto, oimé. I am defeated, alas! Anfinomo Ampinomus Se t’invoglia il desio If you are inclined Antinoo Antinous d’accettar regni in dono, to accept kingdoms as a gifts, Tu, vincitor, perdona You, the victor, be kind ben so donar anch’io, then I too can give a chi si chiama vinto. to the man who admits defeat. ed anch’io rege sono. for I also am a king. Iro, puoi ben mangiar, ma non lottar. Irus, you are a mighty eater, but not a good fighter. Queste pompose spoglie, This striking appearance, questi regali ammanti this regal apparel, Penelope Penelope confessano superbi bear proud witness Valoroso mendico, in corte resta, Brave beggar, remain at the court i miei ossequi, i tuoi vanti. to my adoration and your merits. honorato e sicuro, respected and safe. ché non è sempre vile A man clad in tattered and modest clothing Penelope Penelope chi veste manto povero ed oscuro. is not always worthless. Nobil contesa e generosa gara, A noble contest, a generous match ove amator discreto from which a prudent suitor cena III cene III l’arte del ben amar donando impara. can learn how to express love with gifts. Pisandro e Anfinomo sopraggiungono Peisander and Amphinomus arrive Antinoo Antinous Pisandro Peisander Il mio cor che t’adora, My heart, that adores you, Generosa Regina, Beautiful queen, non ti vuol sua Regina. does not want you as its queen; Pisandro a te s’inchina, e ciò che diede Peisander bows before you, L’anima che s’inchina ad adorarti, the soul which bows to worship you larga e prodiga sorte, and what generous, Deità vuol chiamarti, would call you a deity dona a te, per te aduna lavish fate has given me e come Dea t’incensa coi sospiri, and, as goddess, sanctify you with sighs sua novella fortuna. I give to you to join a new fortune to yours. fa vittime i desiri, and offers passion in sacrifice Questa regal corona This royal crown, e con quest’ori and with this gold che di comando è segno symbol of sovereignty, t’offre voti ed honori. offers vows and honours you. ti lascia in testimon di ciò che dona. I give you as a token of my gifts. Dopo il dono del core There is no greater gift Penelope Penelope non ha dono maggiore. than the gift of a heart. Non andran senza premio Such excellent deeds opre cotanto eccelse. will not be unrewarded. Penelope Penelope Ché donna quando dona For when a woman gives Anima generosa, Generous soul, se non è prima accesa al cor s’accende, if she is not already kindled, then her heart ignites prodigo cavaliere, extravagant nobleman, e donna quando toglie, and when a woman takes away

88 84 89 (Segue la lotta nella quale dopo breve contrasto (The fight follows, in which after a short combat ben sei d’impero degno, you are indeed a worthy ruler, Ulisse atterra Iro.) Ulysses vanquishes Irus.) che non merita men chi dona un regno. for he who gives a kingdom deserves no less.

Son vinto, oimé. I am defeated, alas! Anfinomo Ampinomus Se t’invoglia il desio If you are inclined Antinoo Antinous d’accettar regni in dono, to accept kingdoms as a gifts, Tu, vincitor, perdona You, the victor, be kind ben so donar anch’io, then I too can give a chi si chiama vinto. to the man who admits defeat. ed anch’io rege sono. for I also am a king. Iro, puoi ben mangiar, ma non lottar. Irus, you are a mighty eater, but not a good fighter. Queste pompose spoglie, This striking appearance, questi regali ammanti this regal apparel, Penelope Penelope confessano superbi bear proud witness Valoroso mendico, in corte resta, Brave beggar, remain at the court i miei ossequi, i tuoi vanti. to my adoration and your merits. honorato e sicuro, respected and safe. ché non è sempre vile A man clad in tattered and modest clothing Penelope Penelope chi veste manto povero ed oscuro. is not always worthless. Nobil contesa e generosa gara, A noble contest, a generous match ove amator discreto from which a prudent suitor cena III cene III l’arte del ben amar donando impara. can learn how to express love with gifts. Pisandro e Anfinomo sopraggiungono Peisander and Amphinomus arrive Antinoo Antinous Pisandro Peisander Il mio cor che t’adora, My heart, that adores you, Generosa Regina, Beautiful queen, non ti vuol sua Regina. does not want you as its queen; Pisandro a te s’inchina, e ciò che diede Peisander bows before you, L’anima che s’inchina ad adorarti, the soul which bows to worship you larga e prodiga sorte, and what generous, Deità vuol chiamarti, would call you a deity dona a te, per te aduna lavish fate has given me e come Dea t’incensa coi sospiri, and, as goddess, sanctify you with sighs sua novella fortuna. I give to you to join a new fortune to yours. fa vittime i desiri, and offers passion in sacrifice Questa regal corona This royal crown, e con quest’ori and with this gold che di comando è segno symbol of sovereignty, t’offre voti ed honori. offers vows and honours you. ti lascia in testimon di ciò che dona. I give you as a token of my gifts. Dopo il dono del core There is no greater gift Penelope Penelope non ha dono maggiore. than the gift of a heart. Non andran senza premio Such excellent deeds opre cotanto eccelse. will not be unrewarded. Penelope Penelope Ché donna quando dona For when a woman gives Anima generosa, Generous soul, se non è prima accesa al cor s’accende, if she is not already kindled, then her heart ignites prodigo cavaliere, extravagant nobleman, e donna quando toglie, and when a woman takes away 88 85 89 se non è prima resa al cor s’arrende. if she is not already vanquished, she surrenders. Penelope Penelope Hor t’affretta, Melanto, e qui m’arreca Now hurry, Melantho and bring me Ecco l’arco d’Ulisse, Here is Ulysses’ bow, l’arco del forte Ulisse e la faretra. the bow and quiver of the mighty Ulysses. anzi l’arco d’Amor or rather the bow of Cupid E chi sarà di voi And whoever amongst you che dêe passarmi il cor. that must pierce my heart. con l’arco poderoso can most expertly shoot an arrow Pisandro, a te lo porgo. Peisander, I hand it to you: saettator più fiero, with the powerful bow Chi fu il primo a donar, he who was the first to give havrà d’Ulisse e la moglie e l’Impero. will win Ulysses’ wife and kingdom. sia ’l primo a saettar. shall be the first to shoot.

Telemaco Telemacus Pisandro Peisander Ulisse, e dove sei? Ulysses, where are you? Amor, se fosti arciero in saettarmi, Cupid, if you were the archer who pierced me, Che fai? Che non ripari What are you doing? Why do you not redress hor da’ forza a quest’armi, now give strength to this arm le tue perdite e in un gl’affanni miei? your losses, and at the same time my distress? ché vincendo dirò: that I may say in conquering: s’un arco mi ferì, if one bow has wounded me, Penelope Penelope un arco mi sanò. another will heal me. Ma che, ma che promise But why did my mouth bocca facile, ahi, troppo lightly make promises Il braccio non vi giunge, My arm cannot do it, discordante dal core? so at odds with my heart? il polso non v’arriva. my wrist cannot reach. Numi del Cielo, s’io ’l dissi, Gods in Heaven, if I said that, Ceda la vinta forza, My vanquished strength surrenders; snodaste voi la lingua, apriste i detti. it was you who released my tongue col non poter anco ’l desio s’ammorza. my passion weakens together with my might. Saran tutti del Cielo e delle Stelle and formed the words. prodigiosi effetti. These must all be celestial machinations. Anfinomo Ampinomus Amor, picciolo nume, Cupid, little god, Pisandro Anfinomo Antinoo Ampinomus Peisander Antinous non sa di saettar, knows not how to shoot: Lieta, soave gloria, Happy, sweet glory, se trafigge i mortali, if he pierces mortals, his darts grata e dolce vittoria. satisfying and sweet victory! son le saette sue sguardi, non strali. are glances, not arrows. Cari pianti The charming tears Ch’a nume pargoletto The weapons of Mars refuse degli amanti, of lovers, negano d’obbedir l’arme di Marte. to obey a little child. cor fedele, costante sen, a faithful heart, a steadfast heart Tu, fiero Dio, le mie vittorie affretta, You, fierce god, hasten my victory; cangia ’l torbido in seren. change trouble to peace. il trionfo di Marte a te s’aspetta. the triumph of Mars will be yours!

90 86 91 se non è prima resa al cor s’arrende. if she is not already vanquished, she surrenders. Penelope Penelope Hor t’affretta, Melanto, e qui m’arreca Now hurry, Melantho and bring me Ecco l’arco d’Ulisse, Here is Ulysses’ bow, l’arco del forte Ulisse e la faretra. the bow and quiver of the mighty Ulysses. anzi l’arco d’Amor or rather the bow of Cupid E chi sarà di voi And whoever amongst you che dêe passarmi il cor. that must pierce my heart. con l’arco poderoso can most expertly shoot an arrow Pisandro, a te lo porgo. Peisander, I hand it to you: saettator più fiero, with the powerful bow Chi fu il primo a donar, he who was the first to give havrà d’Ulisse e la moglie e l’Impero. will win Ulysses’ wife and kingdom. sia ’l primo a saettar. shall be the first to shoot.

Telemaco Telemacus Pisandro Peisander Ulisse, e dove sei? Ulysses, where are you? Amor, se fosti arciero in saettarmi, Cupid, if you were the archer who pierced me, Che fai? Che non ripari What are you doing? Why do you not redress hor da’ forza a quest’armi, now give strength to this arm le tue perdite e in un gl’affanni miei? your losses, and at the same time my distress? ché vincendo dirò: that I may say in conquering: s’un arco mi ferì, if one bow has wounded me, Penelope Penelope un arco mi sanò. another will heal me. Ma che, ma che promise But why did my mouth bocca facile, ahi, troppo lightly make promises Il braccio non vi giunge, My arm cannot do it, discordante dal core? so at odds with my heart? il polso non v’arriva. my wrist cannot reach. Numi del Cielo, s’io ’l dissi, Gods in Heaven, if I said that, Ceda la vinta forza, My vanquished strength surrenders; snodaste voi la lingua, apriste i detti. it was you who released my tongue col non poter anco ’l desio s’ammorza. my passion weakens together with my might. Saran tutti del Cielo e delle Stelle and formed the words. prodigiosi effetti. These must all be celestial machinations. Anfinomo Ampinomus Amor, picciolo nume, Cupid, little god, Pisandro Anfinomo Antinoo Ampinomus Peisander Antinous non sa di saettar, knows not how to shoot: Lieta, soave gloria, Happy, sweet glory, se trafigge i mortali, if he pierces mortals, his darts grata e dolce vittoria. satisfying and sweet victory! son le saette sue sguardi, non strali. are glances, not arrows. Cari pianti The charming tears Ch’a nume pargoletto The weapons of Mars refuse degli amanti, of lovers, negano d’obbedir l’arme di Marte. to obey a little child. cor fedele, costante sen, a faithful heart, a steadfast heart Tu, fiero Dio, le mie vittorie affretta, You, fierce god, hasten my victory; cangia ’l torbido in seren. change trouble to peace. il trionfo di Marte a te s’aspetta. the triumph of Mars will be yours!

90 87 91 Com’ intrattabile, How unyielding, Ulisse Ulsses com’ indomabile how untamable Gioventude superba The arrogance of youth l’arco si fa. is this bow! sempre valor non serba, does not always imply bravery, Quel petto frigido, That cold heart come vecchiezza humìle just as humble old age protervo e rigido will remain defiant ad ognor non è vile. is not always cowardly. per me sarà. and unyielding to me. Regina, in queste membra O queen! In this body tengo un’alma sì ardita I have a soul so bold Antinoo Antinous ch’alla prova m’invita. that it pushes me to the test. Cedan Marte ed Amore Mars and Cupid have no power Il giusto non eccedo, I will not ask more than is legitimate: ove impera beltà. where beauty reigns. rinunzio il premio, e la fatica io chiedo. I renounce the reward but ask for the trial. Chi non vince in honor non vincerà. Winning without honour is not winning. Penelope, m’accingo Penelope, I gird myself for the supreme test Penelope Penelope in virtù del tuo bello all’alta prova. with the virtue of your beauty. Concedasi al mendico Grant the beggar la prova faticosa. the difficult trial! Virtù, valor non giova. Strength and courage are not enough. Contesa glorïosa, A glorious contest Forse forza d’incanto Perhaps the power of a spell contro petti virili d’un fianco antico, of an aged frame against these virile chests, contende il dolce vanto. fights against my merit. ché tra rossori involti, although humilated Ah, ch’egli è vero ch’ogni cosa fedele Ah, it may be true that everything darà ’l foco d’Amor, vergogna ai volti. Love’s flame will make them blush. ad Ulisse si rende, proves faithful to Ulysses, e sin l’arco d’Ulisse and even Ulysses’ bow Ulisse Ulsses Ulisse attende. is awaiting Ulysses! Questa mia destra humìle My humble right hand, s’arma a tuo conto, o Cielo. arms itself on your behalf, O heaven! Penelope Penelope Le vittorie apprestate, o sommi Dei, Prepare my victory, O mighty gods, Son vani, oscuri pregi Vain and empty s’a voi son cari i sacrifizi miei. if my trials are dear to you! i titoli de’ regi. are the titles of kings; Senza valor, il sangue, Without valour, lineage Pisandro Anfinomo Antinoo (a tre) Ampinomus Peisander Antinous ornamento regale, and trappings of royalty Meraviglie, stupori, prodigi estremi. Wonder, astonishment, miraculous in the extreme! illustri scettri a sostener non vale. are not enough to sustain illustrious sceptres. Chi simile ad Ulisse Whoever lacks Ulysses’ strength Ulisse Ulsses virtude non possiede, is an unworthy heir Giove nel suo tuonar grida vendetta. Jupiter with his thunder cries calls for vengeance. de’ tesori d’Ulisse è indegno erede. to Ulysses’ treasures. Così l’arco saetta. So the bow shoots. Alle morti, alle stragi, alle ruine. To death, to slaughter, to destruction!

92 88 93 Com’ intrattabile, How unyielding, Ulisse Ulsses com’ indomabile how untamable Gioventude superba The arrogance of youth l’arco si fa. is this bow! sempre valor non serba, does not always imply bravery, Quel petto frigido, That cold heart come vecchiezza humìle just as humble old age protervo e rigido will remain defiant ad ognor non è vile. is not always cowardly. per me sarà. and unyielding to me. Regina, in queste membra O queen! In this body tengo un’alma sì ardita I have a soul so bold Antinoo Antinous ch’alla prova m’invita. that it pushes me to the test. Cedan Marte ed Amore Mars and Cupid have no power Il giusto non eccedo, I will not ask more than is legitimate: ove impera beltà. where beauty reigns. rinunzio il premio, e la fatica io chiedo. I renounce the reward but ask for the trial. Chi non vince in honor non vincerà. Winning without honour is not winning. Penelope, m’accingo Penelope, I gird myself for the supreme test Penelope Penelope in virtù del tuo bello all’alta prova. with the virtue of your beauty. Concedasi al mendico Grant the beggar la prova faticosa. the difficult trial! Virtù, valor non giova. Strength and courage are not enough. Contesa glorïosa, A glorious contest Forse forza d’incanto Perhaps the power of a spell contro petti virili d’un fianco antico, of an aged frame against these virile chests, contende il dolce vanto. fights against my merit. ché tra rossori involti, although humilated Ah, ch’egli è vero ch’ogni cosa fedele Ah, it may be true that everything darà ’l foco d’Amor, vergogna ai volti. Love’s flame will make them blush. ad Ulisse si rende, proves faithful to Ulysses, e sin l’arco d’Ulisse and even Ulysses’ bow Ulisse Ulsses Ulisse attende. is awaiting Ulysses! Questa mia destra humìle My humble right hand, s’arma a tuo conto, o Cielo. arms itself on your behalf, O heaven! Penelope Penelope Le vittorie apprestate, o sommi Dei, Prepare my victory, O mighty gods, Son vani, oscuri pregi Vain and empty s’a voi son cari i sacrifizi miei. if my trials are dear to you! i titoli de’ regi. are the titles of kings; Senza valor, il sangue, Without valour, lineage Pisandro Anfinomo Antinoo (a tre) Ampinomus Peisander Antinous ornamento regale, and trappings of royalty Meraviglie, stupori, prodigi estremi. Wonder, astonishment, miraculous in the extreme! illustri scettri a sostener non vale. are not enough to sustain illustrious sceptres. Chi simile ad Ulisse Whoever lacks Ulysses’ strength Ulisse Ulsses virtude non possiede, is an unworthy heir Giove nel suo tuonar grida vendetta. Jupiter with his thunder cries calls for vengeance. de’ tesori d’Ulisse è indegno erede. to Ulysses’ treasures. Così l’arco saetta. So the bow shoots. Alle morti, alle stragi, alle ruine. To death, to slaughter, to destruction!

92 89 93 ATTO 3 ACT 3

1 Scena I Scene 1 Iro Irus

Iro Irus O dolor, o martir che l’alma attrista. Oh grief, oh torment that oppresses the soul! O mesta rimembranza Oh woeful memory di dolorosa vista. of a dismal sight! Io vidi i Proci estinti, I saw the suitors dead: i Proci, i Proci furo uccisi. the suitors were slain. Ah, ch’io perdei Alas, I have lost the delights le delizie del ventre e della gola. of the belly and of my gluttony! Chi soccorre il digiun, Who will aid a starving man, chi lo consola? who will console him? Con flebile parola. Oh for a gentle word! Act 3 I Proci, Iro, perdesti. You have lost the suitors, Irus, I Proci, i padri tuoi. the suitors, your fathers. Sgorga pur quanto vuoi Cry as much as you will, lagrime amare, e meste, bitter and woeful tears, ché padre è chi ti ciba e chi ti veste. for your father is he who feeds and clothes you. Chi più della tua fame Who will ever satollerà le brame? satisfy your hunger again? Non troverai chi goda You will not find anyone who takes delight empir del vasto ventre in filling the hungry caverns l’affamate caverne. of your vast belly; Non troverai chi rida you will not find anyone who laughs del ghiotto trionfar della tua gola. at the greedy display of your gluttony. Chi soccorre il digiun, Who will aid a starving man, chi lo consola? who will console him? Infausto giorno a mie ruine armato. Unhappy day, bent on my ruin: Poco diansi mi vinse un vecchio ardito, a little earlier, a bold old man vanquished me, hor m’abbatte la fame, and now I have no food, 90 dal cibo abbandonato. hunger defeats me.

94 95 ATTO 3 ACT 3

1 Scena I Scene 1 Iro Irus

Iro Irus O dolor, o martir che l’alma attrista. Oh grief, oh torment that oppresses the soul! O mesta rimembranza Oh woeful memory di dolorosa vista. of a dismal sight! Io vidi i Proci estinti, I saw the suitors dead: i Proci, i Proci furo uccisi. the suitors were slain. Ah, ch’io perdei Alas, I have lost the delights le delizie del ventre e della gola. of the belly and of my gluttony! Chi soccorre il digiun, Who will aid a starving man, chi lo consola? who will console him? Con flebile parola. Oh for a gentle word! Act 3 I Proci, Iro, perdesti. You have lost the suitors, Irus, I Proci, i padri tuoi. the suitors, your fathers. Sgorga pur quanto vuoi Cry as much as you will, lagrime amare, e meste, bitter and woeful tears, ché padre è chi ti ciba e chi ti veste. for your father is he who feeds and clothes you. Chi più della tua fame Who will ever satollerà le brame? satisfy your hunger again? Non troverai chi goda You will not find anyone who takes delight empir del vasto ventre in filling the hungry caverns l’affamate caverne. of your vast belly; Non troverai chi rida you will not find anyone who laughs del ghiotto trionfar della tua gola. at the greedy display of your gluttony. Chi soccorre il digiun, Who will aid a starving man, chi lo consola? who will console him? Infausto giorno a mie ruine armato. Unhappy day, bent on my ruin: Poco diansi mi vinse un vecchio ardito, a little earlier, a bold old man vanquished me, hor m’abbatte la fame, and now I have no food, dal cibo abbandonato. hunger defeats me.

94 95 91 L’hebbi già per nemica, It was already my enemy, Eumete Eumaeus l’ho distrutta, l’ho vinta. I destroyed it, I overcame it; Il canuto, l’antico, The hoary old man, Hor troppo fora Now I cannot bear to il povero, il mendico, the pauper, the beggar, vederla vincitrice. see it victorious. che coi Proci superbi who courageously attacked Voglio uccider me stesso e non vo’ mai I want to kill myself, and never allow it coraggioso attaccò mortali risse, the proud suitors in mortal combat – ch’ella porti di me trionfo e gloria. to claim triumph and glory at my expense. rallègrati, Regina, egli era Ulisse. rejoice, O queen – he was Ulysses! Chi si toglie al nemico ha gran vittoria. For to elude an enemy is a great victory. Coraggioso mio core, My brave heart, Penelope Penelope vinci il dolore, e pria overcome the pain Credulo è il volgo e sciocco, People are credulous and gullible, ch’alla fame nemica egli soccomba and before it succumbs to hostile hunger, è la tromba mendace and they wrongly repeat vada il mio corpo a disfamar la tomba. may my body be swallowed by a grave! della fama fallace. false rumours.

2 Scena IV Scene IV Eumete Eumaeus Eumete, Penelope Eumaeus, Penelope Ulisse io vidi, sì, I saw Ulysses, yes! Ulisse è vivo, è qui. Ulysses is alive, he is here! Eumete Eumaeus Forza d’occulto affetto May the power of hidden feelings Penelope Penelope raddolcisce il tuo petto. soften your heart. Relator importuno, Tiresome messenger, Chi con un arco solo, The unknown man who, with a single bow, consolator nocivo. pernicious comforter! isconosciuto, diede killed hundreds, a cento morti il duolo, this strong, sturdy man Eumete Eumaeus quel forte e quel robusto who tamed the bow and let the arrows fly, Dico che Ulisse è qui. I tell you Ulysses is here! che domò l’arco e fé volar gli strali, who bravely pierced Io stesso il vidi e ’l so. I know because I myself saw him. colui che i Proci insidïosi e felli the treacherous and ruthless suitors – Non contenda il tuo no con il mio sì. Don’t contradict me: valoroso trafisse, rejoice, O queen – Ulisse è vivo, è qui. Ulysses is alive, and here! rallègrati, Regina, egli era Ulisse. that man was Ulysses! Penelope Penelope Penelope Penelope Io non contendo teco I will not argue with you, Sei buon pastor, Eumete, What a good shepherd you are, Eumaeus, perché sei stolto e cieco. because you are foolish and blind. se persuaso credi if you don’t trust contro quello che vedi. what you see.

96 97 92 L’hebbi già per nemica, It was already my enemy, Eumete Eumaeus l’ho distrutta, l’ho vinta. I destroyed it, I overcame it; Il canuto, l’antico, The hoary old man, Hor troppo fora Now I cannot bear to il povero, il mendico, the pauper, the beggar, vederla vincitrice. see it victorious. che coi Proci superbi who courageously attacked Voglio uccider me stesso e non vo’ mai I want to kill myself, and never allow it coraggioso attaccò mortali risse, the proud suitors in mortal combat – ch’ella porti di me trionfo e gloria. to claim triumph and glory at my expense. rallègrati, Regina, egli era Ulisse. rejoice, O queen – he was Ulysses! Chi si toglie al nemico ha gran vittoria. For to elude an enemy is a great victory. Coraggioso mio core, My brave heart, Penelope Penelope vinci il dolore, e pria overcome the pain Credulo è il volgo e sciocco, People are credulous and gullible, ch’alla fame nemica egli soccomba and before it succumbs to hostile hunger, è la tromba mendace and they wrongly repeat vada il mio corpo a disfamar la tomba. may my body be swallowed by a grave! della fama fallace. false rumours.

2 Scena IV Scene IV Eumete Eumaeus Eumete, Penelope Eumaeus, Penelope Ulisse io vidi, sì, I saw Ulysses, yes! Ulisse è vivo, è qui. Ulysses is alive, he is here! Eumete Eumaeus Forza d’occulto affetto May the power of hidden feelings Penelope Penelope raddolcisce il tuo petto. soften your heart. Relator importuno, Tiresome messenger, Chi con un arco solo, The unknown man who, with a single bow, consolator nocivo. pernicious comforter! isconosciuto, diede killed hundreds, a cento morti il duolo, this strong, sturdy man Eumete Eumaeus quel forte e quel robusto who tamed the bow and let the arrows fly, Dico che Ulisse è qui. I tell you Ulysses is here! che domò l’arco e fé volar gli strali, who bravely pierced Io stesso il vidi e ’l so. I know because I myself saw him. colui che i Proci insidïosi e felli the treacherous and ruthless suitors – Non contenda il tuo no con il mio sì. Don’t contradict me: valoroso trafisse, rejoice, O queen – Ulisse è vivo, è qui. Ulysses is alive, and here! rallègrati, Regina, egli era Ulisse. that man was Ulysses! Penelope Penelope Penelope Penelope Io non contendo teco I will not argue with you, Sei buon pastor, Eumete, What a good shepherd you are, Eumaeus, perché sei stolto e cieco. because you are foolish and blind. se persuaso credi if you don’t trust contro quello che vedi. what you see.

96 93 97 3 Scena V Scene V Penelope Penelope Telemaco, Penelope Telemachus, Penelope Non han tanto pensiero The gods in heaven gli Dei, là sù nel cielo, don’t give much thought Telemaco Telemachus delle cose mortali. to human vicissitudes. È saggio Eumete, è saggio. Eumaeus is right, he is right! Lasciano ch’arda il foco e agghiacci il gelo. They allow fire to burn and ice to freeze. È ver quel che racconta. What he tells is true: Figlian le cause lor piaceri e mali. Their quarrels spawn joy and misery. Ulisse, a te consorte ed a me padre, Ulysses, your husband and my father, ha tutte uccise le nemiche squadre. has killed all the enemies. 4 Scena VI Scene VI Il comparir sotto mentito aspetto, His appearance in disguise, Minerva, Giunone Minerva, Juno sotto vecchia sembianza, in the semblance of an old man, arte fu di Minerva, e fu suo dono. was the work and gift of Minerva. Minerva Minerva Fiamma è l’ira, o gran Dea, Wrath is flame, O great goddess, Penelope Penelope foco è lo sdegno. indignation is fire. Troppo egli è ver che gli huomini qui in terra Too often, indeed, must men here on earth Noi, sdegnose ed irate, In our wrath and indignation servon di gioco agl’immortali Dei. serve as playthings of the immortal gods. incenerito habbiam di Troia il regno, we have burned down the kingdom of Troy, Se ciò credi ancor tu, lor giuoco sei. If you believe that, you too are playing their game. offese da un troian, ma vendicate. slighted by a Trojan, but avenged. Il più forte fra greci ancor contende The mightiest of the Greeks still struggles Telemaco Telemachus co’l destin, con il fato, with destiny, with fate: Volle così Minerva Minerva wished this, Ulisse addolorato. sorrowful Ulysses. per ingannar con le sembianze finte to deceive Ulysses’ enemies gl’inimici d’Ulisse. with a disguise. Giunone Juno Per vendetta che piace For a satisfying vengeance Penelope Penelope ogni prezzo è leggiero. no price is too high. Se d’ingannar gli Dei prendon diletto, If the gods take pleasure in deceiving, Vada il troiano impero May the Trojan empire chi far fede mi puote who can make me believe anco in peggio di polvere fugace. disappear like dust! che non sia mio l’inganno, that I am not deceived too, se fu mio tutto il danno? since I am the one who has suffered? Minerva Minerva Dalle nostre vendette His transgressions were Telemaco Telemachus nacquero in lui gli errori, caused by our vengeance; Protettrice de’ Greci Minerva, as you know delle stragi dilette his suffering born è, come sai, Minerva, is the Greeks’ protector, son figli i suoi dolori. from the glorious massacres. e più che gli altri Ulisse and nobody is as dear to her Convien al nostro nume It befits our sovereign god a lei fu caro. as Ulysses. il vindice salvar, placar gli sdegni to save the avenger, to placate the anger del Dio de’ salsi regni. of the god of the brackish realms.

98 99 94 3 Scena V Scene V Penelope Penelope Telemaco, Penelope Telemachus, Penelope Non han tanto pensiero The gods in heaven gli Dei, là sù nel cielo, don’t give much thought Telemaco Telemachus delle cose mortali. to human vicissitudes. È saggio Eumete, è saggio. Eumaeus is right, he is right! Lasciano ch’arda il foco e agghiacci il gelo. They allow fire to burn and ice to freeze. È ver quel che racconta. What he tells is true: Figlian le cause lor piaceri e mali. Their quarrels spawn joy and misery. Ulisse, a te consorte ed a me padre, Ulysses, your husband and my father, ha tutte uccise le nemiche squadre. has killed all the enemies. 4 Scena VI Scene VI Il comparir sotto mentito aspetto, His appearance in disguise, Minerva, Giunone Minerva, Juno sotto vecchia sembianza, in the semblance of an old man, arte fu di Minerva, e fu suo dono. was the work and gift of Minerva. Minerva Minerva Fiamma è l’ira, o gran Dea, Wrath is flame, O great goddess, Penelope Penelope foco è lo sdegno. indignation is fire. Troppo egli è ver che gli huomini qui in terra Too often, indeed, must men here on earth Noi, sdegnose ed irate, In our wrath and indignation servon di gioco agl’immortali Dei. serve as playthings of the immortal gods. incenerito habbiam di Troia il regno, we have burned down the kingdom of Troy, Se ciò credi ancor tu, lor giuoco sei. If you believe that, you too are playing their game. offese da un troian, ma vendicate. slighted by a Trojan, but avenged. Il più forte fra greci ancor contende The mightiest of the Greeks still struggles Telemaco Telemachus co’l destin, con il fato, with destiny, with fate: Volle così Minerva Minerva wished this, Ulisse addolorato. sorrowful Ulysses. per ingannar con le sembianze finte to deceive Ulysses’ enemies gl’inimici d’Ulisse. with a disguise. Giunone Juno Per vendetta che piace For a satisfying vengeance Penelope Penelope ogni prezzo è leggiero. no price is too high. Se d’ingannar gli Dei prendon diletto, If the gods take pleasure in deceiving, Vada il troiano impero May the Trojan empire chi far fede mi puote who can make me believe anco in peggio di polvere fugace. disappear like dust! che non sia mio l’inganno, that I am not deceived too, se fu mio tutto il danno? since I am the one who has suffered? Minerva Minerva Dalle nostre vendette His transgressions were Telemaco Telemachus nacquero in lui gli errori, caused by our vengeance; Protettrice de’ Greci Minerva, as you know delle stragi dilette his suffering born è, come sai, Minerva, is the Greeks’ protector, son figli i suoi dolori. from the glorious massacres. e più che gli altri Ulisse and nobody is as dear to her Convien al nostro nume It befits our sovereign god a lei fu caro. as Ulysses. il vindice salvar, placar gli sdegni to save the avenger, to placate the anger del Dio de’ salsi regni. of the god of the brackish realms.

98 95 99 Giunone Juno sdegno ozioso un gentil petto invoglia. let anger subside and kindness enter your breast. Procurerò la pace, I will obtain peace, Fu ministro del Fato Ulisse il forte. Ulysses was a servant of fate: ricercherò il riposo pursue serenity Soffrì, vinse, pugnò, campion celeste. the hero suffered, conquered, fought d’Ulisse glorioso. for glorious Ulysses. Per lui, mentre di cenere si veste, as a champion of heaven. cittadina di Troia, errò la Morte. Because of him, death Minerva Minerva Nettun, pace, walked the streets of Troy clothed in ashes. Per te, del sommo Giove Because of you, sister and consort O Nettun, Nettun, perdona Neptune, peace O Neptune! e sorella, e consorte, of Jupiter the highest, il suo duolo al mortal ch’afflitto il rese. Relieve this man of his suffering. s’aprono nove in ciel divine porte. new gates will open in Heaven. Ecco, scrive il destin le sue difese. Here destiny writes his defence; Non è colpa dell’huom se ’l Cielo tuona. it is not man’s fault if heaven inveighs. 5 Scena VII Scene VII Giunone, Giove, Nettuno, Coro in cielo, Juno, Jupiter, Neptune, Choir in Heaven, Nettuno Neptune Coro marittimo e dette Choir of the Sea Se ben quest’onde frigide, Well may these waves be frigid, se ben quest’onde gelide well may these waters be icy, Giunone Juno mai sentono l’ardor di tua pietà, but they feel the warmth of your mercy. Gran Giove, alma de’ Dei, Dio delle menti, Great Jupiter, soul of the gods, god of reason, nei fondi algosi ed infimi, Jupiter’s decree is heard mente dell’Universo, mastermind of the universe, nei cupi acquosi termini even in the abysses rich in seaweed, tu che ’l tutto governi e tutto sei, you who rule everything and encompass everything, il decreto di Giove anco si sa. and in the dark watery depths. inchina le tue grazie a prieghi miei. graciously fulfil my prayers. Contro i Feaci arditi e temerari Against the daring, rash Phaeacians Ulisse troppo errò, Ulysses has wandered for too long, mio sdegno si sfogò. I gave vent to my wrath; troppo, ahi, troppo soffrì, too long, ah, too long has he suffered: Pagò il delitto pessimo the terrible offence was paid for tornalo in pace un dì. restore him to peace one day. la nave che restò. by their petrified ship. Fu divin il voler che lo destò. It was a divine will that roused him, Viva felice pur, May he live happily, Ulisse troppo errò. Ulysses has wandered too much. viva Ulisse sicur. may Ulysses live in safety!

Giove Jupiter Coro in cielo Choir in Heaven Per me non havrà mai To me you will never Giove amoroso The loving Jupiter vota preghiera Giuno, pray in vain, Juno, fa il Ciel pietoso makes heaven merciful ma placar pria conviensi but first wrathful Neptune must be placated. nel perdonar. with his forgiveness. lo sdegnato Nettuno. Hear me, god of the sea! Odimi, o Dio del mar. Here, where fate is decreed, Coro marittimo Choir of the Sea Fu scritto qui, dove il destin s’accoglie, the day of the Trojan massacre was ordered. Ben ch’abbia il gelo In spite of its coldness, dell’eccidio troiano il fatal punto. Now that the ordained one non men del Cielo no less merciful Hor, ch’al suo fine il destinato è giunto, has reached his destination, pietoso il mar. than heaven is the sea.

100 101 96 Giunone Juno sdegno ozioso un gentil petto invoglia. let anger subside and kindness enter your breast. Procurerò la pace, I will obtain peace, Fu ministro del Fato Ulisse il forte. Ulysses was a servant of fate: ricercherò il riposo pursue serenity Soffrì, vinse, pugnò, campion celeste. the hero suffered, conquered, fought d’Ulisse glorioso. for glorious Ulysses. Per lui, mentre di cenere si veste, as a champion of heaven. cittadina di Troia, errò la Morte. Because of him, death Minerva Minerva Nettun, pace, walked the streets of Troy clothed in ashes. Per te, del sommo Giove Because of you, sister and consort O Nettun, Nettun, perdona Neptune, peace O Neptune! e sorella, e consorte, of Jupiter the highest, il suo duolo al mortal ch’afflitto il rese. Relieve this man of his suffering. s’aprono nove in ciel divine porte. new gates will open in Heaven. Ecco, scrive il destin le sue difese. Here destiny writes his defence; Non è colpa dell’huom se ’l Cielo tuona. it is not man’s fault if heaven inveighs. 5 Scena VII Scene VII Giunone, Giove, Nettuno, Coro in cielo, Juno, Jupiter, Neptune, Choir in Heaven, Nettuno Neptune Coro marittimo e dette Choir of the Sea Se ben quest’onde frigide, Well may these waves be frigid, se ben quest’onde gelide well may these waters be icy, Giunone Juno mai sentono l’ardor di tua pietà, but they feel the warmth of your mercy. Gran Giove, alma de’ Dei, Dio delle menti, Great Jupiter, soul of the gods, god of reason, nei fondi algosi ed infimi, Jupiter’s decree is heard mente dell’Universo, mastermind of the universe, nei cupi acquosi termini even in the abysses rich in seaweed, tu che ’l tutto governi e tutto sei, you who rule everything and encompass everything, il decreto di Giove anco si sa. and in the dark watery depths. inchina le tue grazie a prieghi miei. graciously fulfil my prayers. Contro i Feaci arditi e temerari Against the daring, rash Phaeacians Ulisse troppo errò, Ulysses has wandered for too long, mio sdegno si sfogò. I gave vent to my wrath; troppo, ahi, troppo soffrì, too long, ah, too long has he suffered: Pagò il delitto pessimo the terrible offence was paid for tornalo in pace un dì. restore him to peace one day. la nave che restò. by their petrified ship. Fu divin il voler che lo destò. It was a divine will that roused him, Viva felice pur, May he live happily, Ulisse troppo errò. Ulysses has wandered too much. viva Ulisse sicur. may Ulysses live in safety!

Giove Jupiter Coro in cielo Choir in Heaven Per me non havrà mai To me you will never Giove amoroso The loving Jupiter vota preghiera Giuno, pray in vain, Juno, fa il Ciel pietoso makes heaven merciful ma placar pria conviensi but first wrathful Neptune must be placated. nel perdonar. with his forgiveness. lo sdegnato Nettuno. Hear me, god of the sea! Odimi, o Dio del mar. Here, where fate is decreed, Coro marittimo Choir of the Sea Fu scritto qui, dove il destin s’accoglie, the day of the Trojan massacre was ordered. Ben ch’abbia il gelo In spite of its coldness, dell’eccidio troiano il fatal punto. Now that the ordained one non men del Cielo no less merciful Hor, ch’al suo fine il destinato è giunto, has reached his destination, pietoso il mar. than heaven is the sea.

100 97 101 Coro in cielo, Coro marittimo Both choirs scoprir l’altrui pensier. to disclose the thoughts of others; Prega, mortal, deh, prega, Pray, mortal, oh pray, Bella cosa talvolta è un bel tacer. the best thing is sometimes silence. ché sdegnato e pregato un Dio si piega. for a wrathful god can be placated through prayer. È ferita crudele It is cruel il poter con parole to be able, with words, Giove Jupiter consolar chi si duole, e non lo far. to console one who is suffering and not do it; Minerva, hor fia tua cura Minerva, now your task Ma del pentirsi al fin but in the end d’acquetar i tumulti is to quell the uprising assai lunge è il tacer, più che ’l parlar. one regrets silence less than speaking out. de’ sollevati Achivi, of the Achaeans, Bel segreto taciuto A beautifully kept secret ché per vendetta degli estinti Proci who, in vengeance for the death of the suitors, tosto scoprir si può. can soon be revealed, pensano portar guerra intend to wage war Una sol volta detto but once it is told, all’Itacense terra. against Ithaca. celarlo non potrò. it can no longer be concealed. Ericlea, che farai? Eurycleia, what will you do, Minerva Minerva Tacerai tu? will you keep silent? Rintuzzerò quei spirti, I shall calm these feelings, In somma un bel tacer mai scritto fu. After all, complete silence was never ordered. smorzerò quegli ardori, I shall smother those flames, comanderò la pace, I shall command peace, 7 Scena IX Scene IX Giove, come a te piace. Jupiter, as you wish. Penelope, Telemaco, Eumete Penelope, Telemachus, Eumaeus

6 Scena VIII Scene VIII Penelope Penelope Reggia The palace Ogni vostra ragion sen porta ’l vento. The wind has blown away your mind. Ericlea Eurycleia Non ponno i vostri sogni Your fantasies cannot consolar le vigilie comfort the sleepless nights Ericlea Eurycleia dell’anima smarrita. of a lost soul. Ericlea, che vuoi far? Eurycleia, what should you do? Le favole fan riso e non dan vita. Fairytales entertain, but they are not real. Vuoi tacer, o parlar? Will you be silent or speak? Se parli, tu consoli. If you speak, you bring comfort, Telemaco, Eumete Telemachus, Eumaeus Obbedisci, se taci. but you were ordered to be silent. Troppo incredula, troppo. She is too incredulous! Sei tenuta a servir, You are bound in service, Troppo ostinata, troppo. Too stubborn! obbligata ad amar. yet pledged to love. È più che vero, di vero è più It is indeed true, it is more than true Vuoi tacer, o parlar? Will you be silent or speak? che ’l vecchio arciero Ulisse fu. that the aged archer was Ulysses. Ma ceda all’obbedienza la pietà. But let pity yield to obedience: Non si dêe sempre dir ciò che si sa. one must not tell all one knows. Telemaco Telemachus Medicar chi languisce, o, che diletto. To heal the suffering, oh what pleasure! Eccolo che sen viene, Here he comes Ma che ingiurie e dispetto But what injury and outrage e la sua forma tiene. in his own guise.

102 103 98 Coro in cielo, Coro marittimo Both choirs scoprir l’altrui pensier. to disclose the thoughts of others; Prega, mortal, deh, prega, Pray, mortal, oh pray, Bella cosa talvolta è un bel tacer. the best thing is sometimes silence. ché sdegnato e pregato un Dio si piega. for a wrathful god can be placated through prayer. È ferita crudele It is cruel il poter con parole to be able, with words, Giove Jupiter consolar chi si duole, e non lo far. to console one who is suffering and not do it; Minerva, hor fia tua cura Minerva, now your task Ma del pentirsi al fin but in the end d’acquetar i tumulti is to quell the uprising assai lunge è il tacer, più che ’l parlar. one regrets silence less than speaking out. de’ sollevati Achivi, of the Achaeans, Bel segreto taciuto A beautifully kept secret ché per vendetta degli estinti Proci who, in vengeance for the death of the suitors, tosto scoprir si può. can soon be revealed, pensano portar guerra intend to wage war Una sol volta detto but once it is told, all’Itacense terra. against Ithaca. celarlo non potrò. it can no longer be concealed. Ericlea, che farai? Eurycleia, what will you do, Minerva Minerva Tacerai tu? will you keep silent? Rintuzzerò quei spirti, I shall calm these feelings, In somma un bel tacer mai scritto fu. After all, complete silence was never ordered. smorzerò quegli ardori, I shall smother those flames, comanderò la pace, I shall command peace, 7 Scena IX Scene IX Giove, come a te piace. Jupiter, as you wish. Penelope, Telemaco, Eumete Penelope, Telemachus, Eumaeus

6 Scena VIII Scene VIII Penelope Penelope Reggia The palace Ogni vostra ragion sen porta ’l vento. The wind has blown away your mind. Ericlea Eurycleia Non ponno i vostri sogni Your fantasies cannot consolar le vigilie comfort the sleepless nights Ericlea Eurycleia dell’anima smarrita. of a lost soul. Ericlea, che vuoi far? Eurycleia, what should you do? Le favole fan riso e non dan vita. Fairytales entertain, but they are not real. Vuoi tacer, o parlar? Will you be silent or speak? Se parli, tu consoli. If you speak, you bring comfort, Telemaco, Eumete Telemachus, Eumaeus Obbedisci, se taci. but you were ordered to be silent. Troppo incredula, troppo. She is too incredulous! Sei tenuta a servir, You are bound in service, Troppo ostinata, troppo. Too stubborn! obbligata ad amar. yet pledged to love. È più che vero, di vero è più It is indeed true, it is more than true Vuoi tacer, o parlar? Will you be silent or speak? che ’l vecchio arciero Ulisse fu. that the aged archer was Ulysses. Ma ceda all’obbedienza la pietà. But let pity yield to obedience: Non si dêe sempre dir ciò che si sa. one must not tell all one knows. Telemaco Telemachus Medicar chi languisce, o, che diletto. To heal the suffering, oh what pleasure! Eccolo che sen viene, Here he comes Ma che ingiurie e dispetto But what injury and outrage e la sua forma tiene. in his own guise.

102 99 103 Eumete Eumaeus Ulisse Ulysses Ulisse, Ulisse egli è. It is Ulysses. In honor de’ tuoi rai For your beauty l’eternità sprezzai, I willingly relinquished immortality, Telemaco Telemachus volontario cangiando e stato, e sorte. changing my standing and my destiny. Eccolo affé. He is here indeed! Per serbarmi fedel son giunto a morte. To remain faithful I have made myself mortal.

8 Scena X e ultima Scene X Penelope Penelope Ulisse in sua forma, Penelope, Ericlea Ulysses in his true form, Penelope, Eurycleia Quel valor che ti rese That bravery which makes you ad Ulisse simìle, similar to Ulysses Ulisse Ulysses care mi fa le stragi makes me thankful for the slaughter O delle mie fatiche Oh sweet and gentle reward degli amanti malvagi. of the wicked suitors. meta dolce e soave, of all my trials, Questo di tua bugia This shall be the welcome result porto caro, amoroso, beloved haven il dolce frutto sia. of your lie. dove corro al riposo. where I seek to rest! Ulisse Ulysses Penelope Penelope Quell’Ulisse son io, I am that Ulysses, Férmati, Cavaliero, Halt, knight, delle ceneri avanzo, risen out of the ashes, incantator o mago. enchanter or magician! residuo delle morti, death’s survivor, Di tue finte mutanze io non m’appago. I am not fooled by your transformations. degli adùlteri e ladri fierce castigator of adulterers and thieves fiero castigator, e non seguace. and not their companion. Ulisse Ulysses Così del tuo consorte, Will you thus Penelope Penelope così dunque t’appressi receive the long awaited Non sei tu ’l primo ingegno, You are not the first to try ai lungamente sospirati amplessi? embrace of your husband? che con nome mentito, and gain power or a kingdom tentasse di trovar comando o Regno. under false pretences Penelope Penelope Consorte io sono, ma del perduto Ulisse, I am the spouse of the lost Ulysses, Ericlea Eurycleia né incantesimi o magie neither spells nor magic Hor di parlar è tempo. Now it is time to speak out. perturberan la fé, le voglie mie. will shake my faithfulmess and my will. È questo Ulisse, This is truly Ulysses, chaste and great lady. casta e gran donna, io lo conobbi all’hora I recognized him che nudo al bagno venne, ove scopersi when he undressed to be bathed, del feroce cinghiale so I discovered the scar l’honorato segnale. caused by the ferocious wild boar.

104 105 100 Eumete Eumaeus Ulisse Ulysses Ulisse, Ulisse egli è. It is Ulysses. In honor de’ tuoi rai For your beauty l’eternità sprezzai, I willingly relinquished immortality, Telemaco Telemachus volontario cangiando e stato, e sorte. changing my standing and my destiny. Eccolo affé. He is here indeed! Per serbarmi fedel son giunto a morte. To remain faithful I have made myself mortal.

8 Scena X e ultima Scene X Penelope Penelope Ulisse in sua forma, Penelope, Ericlea Ulysses in his true form, Penelope, Eurycleia Quel valor che ti rese That bravery which makes you ad Ulisse simìle, similar to Ulysses Ulisse Ulysses care mi fa le stragi makes me thankful for the slaughter O delle mie fatiche Oh sweet and gentle reward degli amanti malvagi. of the wicked suitors. meta dolce e soave, of all my trials, Questo di tua bugia This shall be the welcome result porto caro, amoroso, beloved haven il dolce frutto sia. of your lie. dove corro al riposo. where I seek to rest! Ulisse Ulysses Penelope Penelope Quell’Ulisse son io, I am that Ulysses, Férmati, Cavaliero, Halt, knight, delle ceneri avanzo, risen out of the ashes, incantator o mago. enchanter or magician! residuo delle morti, death’s survivor, Di tue finte mutanze io non m’appago. I am not fooled by your transformations. degli adùlteri e ladri fierce castigator of adulterers and thieves fiero castigator, e non seguace. and not their companion. Ulisse Ulysses Così del tuo consorte, Will you thus Penelope Penelope così dunque t’appressi receive the long awaited Non sei tu ’l primo ingegno, You are not the first to try ai lungamente sospirati amplessi? embrace of your husband? che con nome mentito, and gain power or a kingdom tentasse di trovar comando o Regno. under false pretences Penelope Penelope Consorte io sono, ma del perduto Ulisse, I am the spouse of the lost Ulysses, Ericlea Eurycleia né incantesimi o magie neither spells nor magic Hor di parlar è tempo. Now it is time to speak out. perturberan la fé, le voglie mie. will shake my faithfulmess and my will. È questo Ulisse, This is truly Ulysses, chaste and great lady. casta e gran donna, io lo conobbi all’hora I recognized him che nudo al bagno venne, ove scopersi when he undressed to be bathed, del feroce cinghiale so I discovered the scar l’honorato segnale. caused by the ferocious wild boar.

104 101 105 Penelope Penelope Penelope Penelope Creder ciò che desio m’insegna Amore, Love instructs me to believe what I wish for, Illustratevi o cieli, Shine, O skies, serbar costante il sen comanda honore. but honour commands my heart to be steadfast. rinfioratevi o prati, flower, O meadows! Dubbio pensier che fai? Doubts, what are you doing? Aure gioite. Rejoice, you breezes! La fé negata ai prieghi I did not give credence to the pleas Gl’augelletti cantando, The singing birds, del buon custode Eumete, of the good shepherd Eumaeus, i rivi mormorando hor si rallegrino. the murmuring brooks shall rejoice! di Telemaco il figlio, of Telemachus, my son, Quell’herbe verdeggianti, The green grass, the rippling waves alla vecchia nutrice anco si nieghi. so I shall do the same for the old nurse. quell’onde sussurranti hor si consolino, can take solace. Ch’il mio pudico letto For my chaste bed già ch’è sorta felice For my Phoenix arises sol d’Ulisse è ricetto. can receive Ulysses alone. dal cenere troian la mia fenice. joyously from the Trojan ashes.

Ulisse Ulysses Ulisse, Penelope Ulysses, Penelope Del tuo casto pensiero io so ’l costume. I know your chaste custom. Sospirato mio sole. My longed-for sun! So che ’l letto pudico, I know that the modest bed, Rinnovata mia luce. My restored light! che, tranne Ulisse solo, altro non vide, which has seen no man Porto quieto e riposo. Calm haven and rest! ogni notte da te s’adorna e copre other than Ulysses, Bramato, sì, ma caro. Yearned for, yes, but beloved. con un serico drappo is every night bedecked and covered by you Per te gl’andati affanni For you I learn to bless di tua mano contesto, in cui si vede with a silken cloth woven by your own hand, a benedir imparo. the tribulations I went through. co’l virginal suo coro depicting Diana Non si rammenti Forget Diana effigiata. with her virginal companions. più de’ tormenti, all the suffering, M’accompagnò mai sempre Such dear memory tutto è piacer. everything is joy. memoria così grata. stayed with me always. Fuggan dai petti May our hearts dogliosi affetti, shun sadness. Penelope Penelope tutto è goder. Everything is delight. Hor sì ti riconosco, hor sì ti credo Now, yes, I recognize you, Del piacer, del goder The time of happiness, antico possessore now, yes, I believe you, venuto è ’l dì. of rejoicing has finally come. del combattuto core. early owner of my embattled heart. Sì, vita, sì, sì, core, sì, sì. Yes, my life, yes, yes, my heart, yes, yes! Honestà mi perdoni, May modesty forgive me! dono tutte ad Amor le sue ragioni. I give in to Cupid.

Ulisse Ulysses Sciogli la lingua, deh, sciogli Untie your tongue, per allegrezza i nodi, release the constraints, un sospir, un oimé la voce snodi. let your voice release a regret and a sigh.

106 102 107 Penelope Penelope Penelope Penelope Creder ciò che desio m’insegna Amore, Love instructs me to believe what I wish for, Illustratevi o cieli, Shine, O skies, serbar costante il sen comanda honore. but honour commands my heart to be steadfast. rinfioratevi o prati, flower, O meadows! Dubbio pensier che fai? Doubts, what are you doing? Aure gioite. Rejoice, you breezes! La fé negata ai prieghi I did not give credence to the pleas Gl’augelletti cantando, The singing birds, del buon custode Eumete, of the good shepherd Eumaeus, i rivi mormorando hor si rallegrino. the murmuring brooks shall rejoice! di Telemaco il figlio, of Telemachus, my son, Quell’herbe verdeggianti, The green grass, the rippling waves alla vecchia nutrice anco si nieghi. so I shall do the same for the old nurse. quell’onde sussurranti hor si consolino, can take solace. Ch’il mio pudico letto For my chaste bed già ch’è sorta felice For my Phoenix arises sol d’Ulisse è ricetto. can receive Ulysses alone. dal cenere troian la mia fenice. joyously from the Trojan ashes.

Ulisse Ulysses Ulisse, Penelope Ulysses, Penelope Del tuo casto pensiero io so ’l costume. I know your chaste custom. Sospirato mio sole. My longed-for sun! So che ’l letto pudico, I know that the modest bed, Rinnovata mia luce. My restored light! che, tranne Ulisse solo, altro non vide, which has seen no man Porto quieto e riposo. Calm haven and rest! ogni notte da te s’adorna e copre other than Ulysses, Bramato, sì, ma caro. Yearned for, yes, but beloved. con un serico drappo is every night bedecked and covered by you Per te gl’andati affanni For you I learn to bless di tua mano contesto, in cui si vede with a silken cloth woven by your own hand, a benedir imparo. the tribulations I went through. co’l virginal suo coro depicting Diana Non si rammenti Forget Diana effigiata. with her virginal companions. più de’ tormenti, all the suffering, M’accompagnò mai sempre Such dear memory tutto è piacer. everything is joy. memoria così grata. stayed with me always. Fuggan dai petti May our hearts dogliosi affetti, shun sadness. Penelope Penelope tutto è goder. Everything is delight. Hor sì ti riconosco, hor sì ti credo Now, yes, I recognize you, Del piacer, del goder The time of happiness, antico possessore now, yes, I believe you, venuto è ’l dì. of rejoicing has finally come. del combattuto core. early owner of my embattled heart. Sì, vita, sì, sì, core, sì, sì. Yes, my life, yes, yes, my heart, yes, yes! Honestà mi perdoni, May modesty forgive me! dono tutte ad Amor le sue ragioni. I give in to Cupid.

Ulisse Ulysses Sciogli la lingua, deh, sciogli Untie your tongue, per allegrezza i nodi, release the constraints, un sospir, un oimé la voce snodi. let your voice release a regret and a sigh. 106 103 107 Monteverdi Choir English Baroque Soloists

Tenors Violins Cello Hugo Hymas Kati Debretzeni Marco Frezzato Graham Neal Iona Davies Henry Tong Viola da Gamba (dbl. Lirone) Basses Kinga Gaborjani Alexander Ashworth Anne Schumann Samuel Evans Henrietta Wayne Double Bass Lawrence Wallington Davina Clarke Valerie Botwright and the cast Viola Harpsichord / Organ Fanny Paccoud Antonio Greco Lisa Cochrane Paolo Zanzu Aliye Cornish Malgorzata Ziemkiewicz Lute (4 dbl. guitar) David Miller Recorders Elizabeth Kenny Rachel Beckett Eligio Quinteiro Catherine Latham Josias Rodriquez Gandara

Dulcian Harp Gyorgyi Farkas Gwyneth Wentink

Cornetti Jamie Savan Richard Thomas

104

108 SDG wishes to thank The National Forum of Music, Wrocław, ‘The National Forum of Music Recorded live on SDG wishes to thank The National ForumPoland of Music, for theirWroc generousław, support‘The Nationalof this recording. Forum of Music Recordedin Wroc liveł awon has an immediate 7, 8 and 9 September 2017 Poland for their generous support of this recording. in Wrocław has an immediate 7, 8 andwarmth, 9 September which you 2017 feel in at The National Forum of The National Forum of Musicwarmth, in Wroc łwhichaw is ayou state-of-the-art feel in at Theyour National body. Forum I would of love to Music in Wrocław, Poland. The National Forum of Music in Wrocławconcert is a state-of-the-art venue, including, amongyour others,body. 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CDs Lutos ławski A Quartet, gamut of educationalSt Peter’s.’ activities is FondazioneAntony Peattie Teatro La Fenice Photographers: with versatile repertoire. A LutosAirgamut Quintet, of educational NFM Ensemble, activities NFM Leopoldinum is String Jonathan Sutherland, Photographers:Programme note translations: Trio, Polish Cello Quartet,addressed and Wroc toław all Baroque age groups. Ensemble. Andrzej Kosendiak,Bachtrack.com now serving Jens Berger, Dennis Collins pp 4-5 © Silvia Lelli; addressed to all age groups.The AndrzejNational Forum Kosendiak,as of NFMMusic’s Director, nowrecording serving catalogue is one of continues the founding fathers of the NFM. ppCover 4-5 image: © Silvia Michele Lelli; Crosera / pp 17 & 43 © Priska Ketterer; as NFM Director, is one of tothe grow, founding and each fathersyear sees ofthe the release NFM. of several new CDs ppFondazione 17 & 43 Teatro © Priska La Fenice Ketterer; p. 30 © Caroline Doutre with versatile repertoire. A gamut of educational activities is p.Photographers: 30 © Caroline Doutre addressed to all age groups. Andrzej Kosendiak, now serving pp 4-5 © Silvia Lelli; as NFM Director, is one of the founding fathers of the NFM. pp 17 & 43 © Priska Ketterer; P 2018 The copyright in this Pp. 302018 © Caroline The copyright Doutre in this sound recording is owned by sound recording is owned by P 2018 The copyright in this Monteverdi Productions Ltd Monteverdisound recording Productions is owned by Ltd C 2018 Monteverdi CMonteverdi 2018 Monteverdi Productions Ltd C Productions Ltd Productions 2018 Monteverdi Ltd Productions Ltd Level 9 Level 9 9 25 Cabot Square 25 CabotCabot Square Square Canary Wharf Canary Wharf Wharf London E14 4QA London E14 4QA London E14 4QA www.solideogloria.co.uk www.solideogloria.co.uk www.solideogloria.co.uk

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