Introduction
Mycobiont = Lichen taxonomy Photobiont Ascomycota Chlorophyta Basidiomycota Cyanobacteria “Glomeromycota” Heterokontophyta
Small animals
Lichenicolous fungi
Cystobasidiomycetes Other algae yeasts
Proteobacteria and other bacteria
Tundra community, Norway Introduction
Crustose Foliose Fruticose
Apothecia Soralia Isidia Introduction
At least 16 independent
origins of lichenized fungi Dikarya
Lecanoromycetes Usnea trichodeoides, Tanzania Introduction
Parmeliaceae
Divakar et al. 2015
Pseudephebe Nodobryoria Bryocaulon
Alectoria Bryoria Introduction Example of three sampled regions
Norway Norway Portugal Introduction Extrolite: extracellular crystalls of secondary metabolites produced by the fungus.
Spot test TLC
No Usnic acid Usnic acid Introduction Extrolite: extracellular crystalls of secondary metabolites produced by the fungus.
White light UV 450-490 nm UV 450-490 nm Atranorine Atranorine Pseudocyphellae Chlorophyll
Usnic acid Salazinic acid
Parmelia sulcata UV 450-490 nm Introduction
B. fuscescens B. implexa B. capillaris Introduction
Main key characters: - Extrolites - Soralia - Pseudocyphellae - Thallus colour - Branching angles Main questions
• How many species contain Bryoria section Implexae? • How the environment affects the biology of Bryoria sect. Implexae?. • How Bryoria sect. Implexae has been affected by the last glacial period? Materials and methods Approximately 2.100 specimens Taxonomical results
ML and Bayesian tree form the concatenated matrix (ITS, IGS & GAPDH)
Bryoria fuscescens agg.
Bryoria sect. Implexae WD
Tree backbone well supported NA Ko G Taxonomical results
ML and Bayesian tree form the concatenated matrix (ITS, IGS & GAPDH)
NA WD
Ko G
NA Ko Tree backbone well supported G Taxonomical results Extrolite composition
WD
NA Ko G WD Taxonomical results STRUCTURE using microsatellites
WD
NA Ko G Taxonomical results
WD
NA Ko Divergence time estimation G Taxonomical results Proposed species concept
Bryoria fuscescens
Syn: B. capillaris, B. implexa, B. kuemmerleana, B. vrangiana. WD Bryoria pseudofuscescens
Syn: B. friabilis, B. inactiva, B. pikei.
Bryoria kockiana
Syn: B. sp. NA Ko Bryoria glabra G Taxonomical results
WD
NA Ko G Population genetics in Bryoria fuscescens Phenotype-capillaris Bryoria fuscescens s. str. Phenotype-fuscescens
- Usually pale - Usually dark - With barbatolic acid - Without barbatolic acid - Soralia rare - Soralia frequent - Angles usually acute - Angles variable
Cortical UV autofluorescence Cortical UV autofluorescence Population genetics in Bryoria fuscescens
Bryoria morphospecies growing together What is producing that phenotypes? Population genetics in Bryoria fuscescens
1.359 specimens 1.400 specimens, 64 populations, 18 microsatellites 14 microsatellites No missing data 35 specimens used for a phylogenetical reconstruction (3 standard loci, and 5 new loci) Population genetics in Bryoria fuscescens
AMOVA
Allelic richness
Higher diversity within populations than among. Similar diversity in trunks and twigs. Population genetics in Bryoria fuscescens
Scandinavia: Alps: High diversity Iberia: Low diversity Carpathians: Great Britain: Population genetics in Bryoria fuscescens - Less clonallity than expected
- Saxicolous populations are genetically poor.
Pops. 1-13 not showed - Apotheciated populations are not significantly more diverse.
- Human activities can increase genetic diversity.
- Recent colonization signals
- Putative sexual reproduction in non apotheciated populations.
Pops. 33-64 not showed Population genetics in Bryoria fuscescens - Less clonallity than expected
- Saxicolous populations are genetically poor.
Pops. 1-13 not showed - Apotheciated populations are not significantly more diverse.
- Human activities can increase genetic diversity.
- Recent colonization signals
- Putative sexual reproduction in non apotheciated populations.
Pops. 33-64 not showed Population genetics in Bryoria fuscescens - Less clonallity than expected
- Saxicolous populations are genetically poor.
Pops. 1-13 not showed - Apotheciated populations are not significantly more diverse.
- Human activities can increase genetic diversity.
- Recent colonization signals
- Putative sexual reproduction in non apotheciated populations.
Pops. 33-64 not showed Population genetics in Bryoria fuscescens Best genepools: DAPC K3 Genepool 1 Soralia: Frequent Fum.: Variable Ph. capillaris: 13% Ph. fuscescens: 87% Genepool 2 Soralia: Absent Fum.: No Ph. capillaris : 87% Ph. fuscescens : 13% Genepool 3 Soralia: Absent Fum.: No Ph. capillaris : 100% Ph. fuscescens : 0% Population genetics in Bryoria fuscescens Best genepools: nuITS, IGS & GAPDH DAPC K3 Phylogenetic tree Genepool 1 Soralia: Frequent Bryoria fuscescens Fum.: Variable Ph. capillaris: 13% Ph. fuscescens: 87% Genepool 2 Soralia: Absent Fum.: No Ph. capillaris : 87% Ph. fuscescens : 13% Genepool 3 B. pseudofuscescens Soralia: Absent Fum.: No Ph. capillaris : 100% B. kockiana Ph. fuscescens : 0% Population genetics in Bryoria fuscescens Best genepools: DAPC K3 Genepool 1 Soralia: Frequent Fum.: Variable Ph. capillaris: 13% Ph. fuscescens: 87% Genepool 2 Soralia: Absent Fum.: No Ph. capillaris : 87% Ph. fuscescens : 13% Genepool 3 Soralia: Absent Fum.: No Ph. capillaris : 100% Ph. fuscescens : 0% Population genetics in Bryoria fuscescens Analysis to detect genetic isolation by geographic distance Best genepools: between pairs of populations DAPC K3 Genepool 1 Soralia: Frequent Fum.: Variable Ph. capillaris: 13% Ph. fuscescens: 87% Genepool 2 Soralia: Absent Fum.: No Ph. capillaris : 87% Ph. fuscescens : 13% Genepool 3 Soralia: Absent Fum.: No Ph. capillaris : 100% Soralia are not favouring dispersion ? Ph. fuscescens : 0% Population genetics in Bryoria fuscescens
Potential distribution prediction for each Genepool using Best genepools: Maxent and 11 bioclimatic layers DAPC K3 Genepool 1 Genepool 1 Genepool 3 Genepool 2 Soralia: Frequent Fum.: Variable Ph. capillaris: 13% Ph. fuscescens: 87% Genepool 2 Soralia: Absent Fum.: No Ph. capillaris : 87% Ph. fuscescens : 13% Genepool 3 Phenotype-fuscescens Phenotype-capillaris B. fuscescens-pseudofuscescens Soralia: Absent Fum.: No Ph. capillaris : 100% Ph. fuscescens : 0% Population genetics in Bryoria fuscescens Barbatolic acid Fumar. acid Best genepools: Genetically fixed
capillaris DAPC K3
-
fuscescens - - Barbatolic acid Genepool 1 Soralia: Frequent
Phenotype - Fumarprotocetraric acid Phenotype Fum.: Variable
Gyrophoric acid Norstictic acid Ph. capillaris: 13% Environmentally Ph. fuscescens: 87% influenced Genepool 2 Soralia: Absent - Gyrophoric acid Fum.: No - Norstictic acid Ph. capillaris : 87% - Psoromic acid Ph. fuscescens : 13% Psoromic acid Potential distribution prediction Genepool 3 for the main chemotypes using Maxent and 11 bioclimatic layers Soralia: Absent Fum.: No Ph. capillaris : 100% Ph. fuscescens : 0% Phylogeography of Bryoria fuscescens Glacial refugia candidates:
East of British Isles
Northwest of Iberian Peninsula
Alps lowlands
Black sea
Potential distribution prediction for Bryoria fuscescens s. str. using Maxent and 11 bioclimatic layers Phylogeography of Bryoria fuscescens
Results from Migrate analysis Phylogeography of Bryoria fuscescens
Results from Migrate analysis
Glacial refugia candidates according to Maxent Phylogeography of Bryoria fuscescens
Results from Migrate analysis
Glacial refugia candidates according to Maxent
Hypothetical migrations Phylogeography of Bryoria fuscescens
Results from Migrate analysis
Nunataks across Europe
Glacial refugia candidates according to Maxent
Example of nunataks Cryptic glacial refugia
Hypothetical migrations Phylogeography of Bryoria fuscescens Isolation by distance analysis Results from Migrate analysis Sorediate genepool
Nunataks across Europe
Glacial refugia candidates according to Maxent
Isolation by distance analysis Cryptic glacial refugia Esorediate genepool
Hypothetical migrations Phylogeography of Bryoria fuscescens Isolation by distance analysis Results from Migrate analysis Sorediate genepool
Nunataks across Europe
Glacial refugia candidates according to Maxent Migration: Isolation by distance analysis Cryptic glacial refugia Far pair populations much more differentiated Esorediate genepool than closer ones.
Hypothetical migrations Ancestral shared alleles: Far pair populations not much more differentiated than closer ones. (usually linked to incomplete lineage sorting) Phylogeography of Bryoria fuscescens
nuITS, IGS, GAPDH Intergenic sequence close Evidence of incomplete to the microsatellite 16
lineage sorting
Genepools Genepools
Intergenic sequence close Intergenic sequence close
to the microsatellite 13 to the microsatellite 18
Genepools Genepools
Intergenic sequence close Intergenic sequence close
to the microsatellite 15 to the microsatellite 19
Genepools Genepools Phylogeography of Bryoria fuscescens
ML & Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction of intergenic loci FRBi15 & FRBi16
Evidence of recombination Evolution of Bryoria fuscescens
Evolutive conclusions
ago years
Present Phenotype-fuscescens
illion ago m Bryoria fuscescens
1 1 Speciating to: Phenotype-capillaris
years Around
illion Morphology m Bryoria pseudofuscescens Microsatellites 7 7 B. fuscescens agg.
Around Bryoria kockiana GAPDH sequence Microsatellites
Bryoria glabra
Morphology Standard DNA sequences Postdoctoral Research Library construction Gene Capture
760 plastidial and mitochondrial genomes 1200 nuclear genes per specimen !Muchas gracias!
David L. Hawksworth
Víctor J. Rico
Christoph Scheidegger Ana Crespo