The Ecological Impacts of Shipwreck Survivor Camps in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

John N. (Jack) Kittinger, Lead Scientist, Impact Assessment, Inc. Kelly Gleason, Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Jason Raupp, Department of Archaeology, Flinders University, Australia

22nd Annual Symposium on Marime Archaeology and History of Hawai‘i and the Pacific 18-21 Feb. 2011: Hilo, HI The most remote archipelago on Earth Area Comparison • 139,792 Sq. Miles • Larger than 46 of 50 States Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument

Encompassing ~ 140,000 mi2, Largest conservation area in the US Incorporates both land and sea areas Utilized a law never before used for marine protection

Timeline of Human Interactions with the NWHI 19th century whaling in the Paci"c Region 19th century sperm whaling grounds of the Pacific Map courtesy J. Raupp Locaons of wrecked whale ships in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine Naonal Monument SHIPWRECK SURVIVOR CAMPS

Daniel Wood

Image: Hart Naucal, MIT Museum First Maritime Heritage Observations Made by Shipwrecked Sailors

Life in a Shipwreck Survivor Camp What is the Ecological Impact of Shipwreck Survivor Camps?

“On one of our explorations we found a plank… which we instantly recognized as part of the Wandering Minstrel wrecked at Midway…The site of the restaurant was unmistakable; they must have enjoyed turtle, to judge from the hundreds of the upper shells we found there. From their account of their experience they had a gay and festive time, and brought away dried fish and shark fins enough to start them in life again.” Walker 1909 Historical Biogeography of Green Sea Turtles in Hawai‘i

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Van Houtan, Kinger et al (in prep) 5&84*),H Determining the Ecological Impact of Shipwreck Survivor Camps

Steps to Estimate Ecological Impact: 1. Spatially-rectified comprehensive list of known shipwreck survivor camps in the NWHI

2. Obtain detailed evidence for a few shipwrecks that we can use to extrapolate to other shipwreck camps about which we know little. Candidates: Wandering Minstrel, Saginaw, Gledstanes

3. Ecological vulnerability criteria to estimate the impact on specific species and populations Shipwreck Survivor Camps Ship Wreck location Year Time on island # People Pearl & Hermes Pearl 1822 < 2 months Atoll Pearl & Hermes Hermes 1822 < 2 months Atoll 5-6 months (JR) / Gledstanes Kure Atoll 1837 8-9 Months (LM) Parker Kure Atoll 1842 7-8 months 23 Holder Borden Lisianski Reef 1844 8 months 36 Konohassett Lisianski Reef 1846 ~ 3 1/2 months French Frigate South Seaman 1859 < 1 week Shoals French Frigate Daniel Wood 1867 < 2 weeks Shoals Saginaw Kure 1870 2 months Wandering Midway 1888 14 months Minstrel 170°W 160°W Map of Shipwreck Survivor N

° Camps in the NWHI

0 0-%$+,"#%+))./12 30°N 3 3"&4%&)./56 7"('#"8))./29 Pacific Ocean !"#$%&'#()*'#+,&%-)./// Kure 3%"&-)"#$):%&A%+))./66 ! Midway ë Pearl and Hermes ë ë

ë ! ëë :;-$%&)<;&$%#))./55 =;#;>"++%,,))./5? Lisianski Reef ë Laysan ë Maro

! Gardner Pinnacles N

° !

5 7;@,>)7%"A"#))./BC 25°N 2 D"#'%-)!;;$))./?2 E#%)!%%4 French Frigate Shoals E#%)*;#,> ë Necker F>&%%)*;#,>+ ë ! Nihoa

Kaua'i O'ahu

Nihue Moloka'i Ship: Konohassett Maui Lisianski Reef Ship: Saginaw Ship: Holder Borden 1846 Kure Lana'i for ~3.5 months 1870 N Lisianski Reef Kahoolawe ° Hawai'i 0 1844 two months 20°N 2 Two Ships: Pearl and Hermes Ship: South Seaman Pearl & Hermes Atoll 36 People French Frigate Shoals Ship: Wandering Minstrel 1822 for eight months 1859 Midway for < 2 months < one week 1888 Fourteen Months

1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 D D D D D D D D D

!

Ship: Gledstanes Ship: Daniel Wood Kure Atoll Ship: Parker 5 French Frigate Shoals

N 1837

° Kure Atoll 0 100 200 300 400 500 Miles 5 for five to six months 1867 15°N 1 1842 < two weeks 23 People for seven to eight months 0 100 200 300 400 500 Nautical Miles

170°W 160°W Kure Atoll

Recorded losses:

Gledstanes 1837 Parker 1842 USS Saginaw 1870 Japanese junk unknown Dunottar Castle 1886 Hachinohe Maru 1938 Naval aircraft 1945 Hoei Maru 1976

6 miles British Whaleship Gledstanes

Lost on June 9, 1837 Vessel Deliverance built from the wreckage Whaleship Parker

Built: 1831 New Bedford Tonnage: 406 Lost during a "erce storm in 1842, crew stranded for 7 months USS Saginaw

•US Navy Sidewheel Steamer •Wrecked on the reef at Kure Atoll in 1870 •Carrying hardhat divers to blast a channel at Midway Atoll Dunnottar Castle

• built 1874 in Glasgow, Scotland • 1,702 ton 3-masted iron sailing ship, a collier • lost June 9th, 1886, due to faulty chronometer • 52-day open boat voyage to Kalihi Wai, Kaua`i • remaining crew taken by ship Birnham Wood to Valparaiso • joint Hawaiian/British charter of Wai`ale`ale (rescued 3 dogs) • possession by Kingdom of Hawai`i, “life protecting” station constructed USS Saginaw survivor camp survey at Kure Atoll USS Saginaw survivor camp survey at Kure Atoll USS Saginaw survivor camp survey at Kure Atoll Assessing Ecological Vulnerability

Marine Megafauna Criteria: 103

• Functional impact

Large Predators • Scale 104

• Frequency Small Herbivores 105 • Resistance & Carnivores

• Recovery time 106 Invertebrates

Populaon 107 Size Plankton

Halpern, et al. 2007. Conservaon Biology, 21(5), 1301–1315. Historical Trajectories of Ecosystem Change

Collaborators: John M. Pandol" ; Jonathan H. Blodgett, Terry L. Hunt, Hong Jiang, Kepā Maly, Loren E. McClenachan, Jennifer K. Schultz, Bruce A. Wilcox B. Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 5 6 0% 8 9 10% 10 20% tion

Proximate Stressors 30% ad a Overexploitation 40% Land-Based Pollution 50% Invasive Species Disease 60% Climate Change 70% 80%

90% % Depletion-Deg r 100% 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1780 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2009 <1250 Time (Years AD) > 1250 Limited human habitability; geographic isolation from economic markets 5 1903-2009 Biological refuge established 6 1915-2009 Exclusion of foreign commercial interests 8 1950-2009 Human depopulation; Constriction in the ecological breadth of NWHI !sheries 9 1970-2009 Terrestrial ecological restoration 10 2000-2009 Major environmental protections are put in place for reefs in the NWHI The slippery slope to slime Determining Restoration Goals Mahalo

Email us!! Jack: jki[email protected] Kelly: [email protected] Jason: jason.raupp@flinders.edu.au