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Chelonian Conservation and Biology (ISSN 1071–8443) CHELONIAN CONSERVATION CHELONIAN CONSERVATION (ISSN 1071-8443) CHELONIAN CONSERVATION AND BIOLOGY HELONIAN ONSERVATION AND IOLOGY International Journal of Turtle and Tortoise Research C C B Volume 14, Number 2 – December 2015 International Journal of Turtle and Tortoise Research CONTENTS Volume 14, Number 2 December 2015 Articles A Review of the Demographic Features of Hawaiian Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas). George H. Balazs, Kyle S. Van Houtan, Stacy A. Hargrove, Shandell M. Brunson, and Shawn K.K. Murakawa .......................................................................... 119 Status, Exploitation, and Conservation of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh. Shahriar AND Caesar Rahman, Sheikh M.A. Rashid, Rupa Datta, Passing Mro, and Chirag J. Roy .......................................................... 130 The Distribution, Habitat Use, Activity, and Status of the Spotted Turtle (Clemmys guttata) in Georgia. Dirk J. Stevenson, BIOLOGY John B. Jensen, Elizabeth A. Schlimm, and Matt Moore ................................................................................................. 136 Reproduction of Captive Asian Giant Softshell Turtles, Pelochelys cantorii. Zhu Xinping, Hong Xiaoyou, Zhao Jian, Liang Jianhua, and Feng Zicheng .............................................................................................................................. ............. 143 Population Genetics of Texas Spiny Softshell Turtles (Apalone spinifera emoryi) Under Various Anthropogenic Pressures in Two Distinct Regions of Their Range in Texas. Ivana Mali, Andrea Villamizar-Gomez, Trina M. Guerra, Michael W. Vandewege, and Michael R.J. Forstner ........................................................................................................................ 148 Growth, Sexual Maturity, and Reproduction of a Female Midland Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta marginata) Afflicted with Kyphosis. Patrick D. Moldowan, Matthew G. Keevil, Nicola Koper, Ronald J. Brooks, and Jacqueline D. Litzgus . 157 A Significant Nesting Population of Loggerhead Turtles at the Nature Reserve of Santa Luzia, Cabo Verde. Patrícia Rendall Rocha, Tommy Melo, Rui Rebelo, and Paulo Catry ....................................................................................................... 161 Deeper Mitochondrial Sequencing Reveals Cryptic Diversity and Structure in Brazilian Green Turtle Rookeries. Brian M. Shamblin, Peter H. Dutton, Karen A. Bjorndal, Alan B. Bolten, Eugenia Naro-Maciel, Armando José Barsante Santos, Claudio Bellini, Cecilia Baptistotte, Maria Ângela Marcovaldi, and Campbell J. Nairn ..................................... 167 Diet Analysis of Subadult Kemp’s Ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) Turtles from West-Central Florida. Jennifer A. Servis, Gretchen Lovewell, and Anton D. Tucker .................................................................................................................... 173 Notes and Field Reports Basking Western Pond Turtle Response to Recreational Trail Use in Urban California. Paul E. Nyhof and Lynne Trulio . 182 14, No. 2, pages 119–000 Vol. Conservation Research Needs of Easter Island (Rapa Nui) Marine Turtles. Rocío Álvarez-Varas, Robert Petitpas, Paulina Stowhas, and Marcelo Fuentes-Hurtado ......................................................................................................... 184 The Olive Ridley Turtle, Lepidochelys olivacea, in the Persian Gulf: A Review of the Observations, Including the First Nesting of the Species in the Area. Mohammad Amin Tollab, Mohammad Hashem Dakhteh, Ghasem Ghorbanzadeh Zaferani, Majid Askari Hesni, Farideh Ahmadi, Mahtab Shojaei Langari, Zahra Alavian, and Mohsen Rezaie-Atagholipour .............................................................................................................................. .................... 192 Predator Exclusion Cage for Turtle Nests: A Novel Design. Samuel A. Buzuleciu, Megan E. Spencer, and Scott L. Parker . 196 Pursuing Pepper Protection: Habanero Pepper Powder Does Not Reduce Raccoon Predation of Terrapin Nests. Russell L. Burke, Marian Vargas, and Alexandra Kanonik ........................................................................................................... 201 Habanero Pepper Powder as a Potential Deterrent to Nest Predation of Turtle Nests: A Response to Burke et al. (Chelonian Conservation and Biology, 14(2):201–203, 2015). Abigail S. Lamarre-DeJesus and Curtice R. Griffin ................................ 203 Commentaries and Reviews A Plea to Redirect and Evaluate Conservation Programs for South America’s Podocnemidid River Turtles. Vivian P. Páez, Alison Lipman, Brian C. Bock, and Selina S. Heppell ..................................................................................................... 205 Turtle Poety The Turtle. The Tortoise. Ogden Nash. 217 Published by Chelonian Research Foundation in association with IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, Conservation International, Turtle Conservancy, IUCN/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group, Turtle Conservation Fund, December 2015 and International Union for Conservation of Nature / Species Survival Commission ARTICLES Chelonian Conservation and Biology, 2015, 14(2): 119–129 g 2015 Chelonian Research Foundation A Review of the Demographic Features of Hawaiian Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas) 1, 1,2 3 1 GEORGE H. BALAZS *,KYLE S. VAN HOUTAN ,STACY A. HARGROVE ,SHANDELL M. BRUNSON , 1 AND SHAWN K.K. MURAKAWA 1NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 1845 Wasp Boulevard, Building 176, Honolulu, Hawaii 96818 USA [[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]]; 2Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA; 3NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, Florida 33149 USA [[email protected]] *Corresponding author ABSTRACT. – This review summarizes all existing data and knowledge of the demographic variables and their stochasticity of Hawaiian green turtles. The population numbers roughly 4000 breeding females today, having rebounded from its near extinction in the early 1970s, with most of the nesting restricted to French Frigate Shoals in the remote and geologically ancient Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. A timeline is provided of the scientific monitoring for this population and associated data streams relating to morphometrics, maturity, nest dynamics, sex ratio, as well as population growth and viability. KEY WORDS. – Reptilia; Testudines; Northwestern Hawaiian Islands; French Frigate Shoals; nesting biology; population monitoring Systematic studies of the green turtle (Chelonia categories consist of 1) nesting female monitoring and mydas) in the Hawaiian Islands were initiated by the tagging, 2) ocean capture/basking turtle tagging, 3) Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology in partnership with strandings, 4) necropsies including pelagic turtle bycatch, the US Fish and Wildlife Service in 1973 with annual 5) rehabilitation and release, 6) euthanasia, and 7) satellite seasonal monitoring and tagging of nesters at East tracking. Overall, as the result of these initiatives, and the Island, French Frigate Shoals (FFS) in the Northwestern commitment of time, resources, partnerships, and exper- Hawaiian Islands (NWHI). Subsequently, in the late tise to keep them going, the Hawaiian population is 1970s, ocean capture tagging and related research of among the best studied of green turtles globally in terms immature green turtles commenced in the Main of longevity, consistency of methodologies, central con- Hawaiian Islands (MHI), expanding over time to include solidation and coordination of data, and multidisciplinary numerous coastal neritic sites throughout the archipelago partnerships resulting in numerous journal publications (Balazs 1980). (see http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/marine_turtle/). Concomitantly, in 1982, the National Oceanic and Types of information that can be gained by long-term Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Marine Turtle monitoring of nesting, which are difficult to determine in Research Program of the Pacific Islands Fisheries Science any other way, include an understanding of population Center (PIFSC), began a sea turtle stranding investigation. dynamics (Richardson et al. 1999); adult female survival The goal of this initiative was to spatially and temporally rates (Frazer 1983); critical fecundity factors of clutch and document sea turtle strandings and necropsy dead turtles remigration intervals (Van Buskirk and Crowder 1994); to determine cause of stranding, health status, morpho- clutch size, nest survival rates, and the population trend of metrics, gender, diet, and collect tissues for archival and adult females (Troe¨ng and Rankin 2005); and the annual various analytical purposes. In 1990, a companion pro- reproductive output of the population. gram was launched to rescue, rehabilitate, and conduct Although monitoring and tagging of nesting females clinical research on stranded turtles found treatable for at East Island, FFS, is the longest running green turtle return to the wild. Turtles stranding with injuries or research and monitoring initiative in Hawaii, the de- disease deemed untreatable by veterinary evaluation were mographic features revealed by these four decades of humanely euthanized and necropsied by wildlife pathol-
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