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Pages Tell Impact Best Ever Best December 1975 Vol. 50, No.6 Pages tell DEAR EDITOR You are to be commended for your October issue of DEFENDERS. As in the classic work of Charles Dickens, David Copperfield in the opening lines begins-Whether I am to be the hero of my CONTENTS life or that that station be held by another these pages must tell. Certainly your open and positive articles have exposed trapping for what it is; you are the heroes of your lives. Rudolph A. Peuhs 459 The Mailbox 499 Pueo (poem) Lynn Haven, Florida Robert J. Western Impact 460 Editorial DEAR EDITOR 500 Hawaii's First Natural Area Not until I opened the front and back covers of 461 Hawaii's Tragic Reserve your October issue into one picture did the full Dismemberment John Mack impact of its terrible message hit me. Wayne C. Gagne I wish this picture could be reproduced in every newspaper in the country. Unfortunately, it will 504 Threatened Butterflies of the probably be seen only by subscribers to DEFENDERS, 471 Hawai ian: An Endangered Sea who are already aware of and angered by the Culture Raymond'~andyNDav~ butchery of innocent animals so their skins can be Nancy Alpert Mower stripped from them to adorn the pitiless human animal. 506 Refuge for Rare Species Ginny Schlageter 476 The Last 00 Palmer C. Sekora Denver, Colorado Delphine Haley 512 Crossroads for Contraband Best ever 480 Reprieve for the Nene Sue Vernon DEAR EDITOR David H. Woodside Your last issue (October, 1975) was by far one of your best ever. Never have the pages of anyone 516 The Trouble with Tourists magazine shown so clearly all animals' right to 482 Living Jewels Imperiled Pat McGorum live. In your magazine I have found all that is Alan D. Hart good: man's desire to help creatures who cannot 520 Hawaii's Only Native Land help themselves and to speak for those who cannot speak. No aspiration could be nobler or closer to 487 Magnificent Minutiae Mammal God. William P. Mull P. Quentin Tomich Joyce Brumitt Kankakee, Illinois 491 Hawaii's Dubious Distinction 521 Green Turtle's Uncertain Future Best yet Andrew}. Berger George H. Balazs DEAR EDITOR I must congratulate you on the October issue of 497 The Monk Seal's Cloistered 524 Hawaii's Endangered DEFENDERS, which just arrived. I've read enough of Life Waterbirds it to see that it is the best issue yet. Special thanks Karl Kenyon Robert J. 5 ha lien berger for james A. Cox's "If You Want to Be Good- join the Big Brotherhood." Maybe he can do one of his epic poems about beavers. Tomorrow morning New jersey small-game sea­ son begins. From then on, my husband and I will spend much of our time patrolling the [Unexpect­ ed Wildl ife] refuge, and we will be witness to many atrocities in the name of "sport." It seems to me your magazine is taking a stronger stand than ever regarding hunting, and I'm glad to see it. Mrs. Hope Sawyer Buyukmihci Wayne Barrett, FIELD CORRESPONDENTS: jonathan Bourne, james A Newfield, New Jersey EDITOR Cox, Fred Dahmer, AI Fick, Herb Gustafson, Raymond "Sandy" Davis, Delphine Haley, james Morgan, Thomas W. Pew, NOTICE FIII.D LIlIH)I< jr., Fred B. Stimson, Sue Vernon, Ted Williams, Norman Myers (Africa), Aj.E Park (Australia). The American Carnivore Series of col­ Dehorah Dlif f. l'llll 01<1,\1 AsS!s I N, I lectors' prints by Paul Breeden, announced (\nna J ."1111('r, COpy FIlII()1< EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD. Dr. Ralph Buchsbaum, in the October, 1975, issue, has been K(OIlI",!h D (;;lp,1(r;(, l'IWllll( liON M.\NN:II< Dayton 0 Hyde, Dr. Richard H. Pough. cancelled. If you have already placed orders, refunds will be made. continued on page 528 459 Pho to by Geo rge H Balazs Two m embers of endangered species, a monk seal and a green turtle, nap together in the Leeward Islands . by George H. Balazs Green Turtle's Uncertain Future Protection vital if remnant population is to survive Photo by Robert J. Shallenberger ARLY H AWA lI ANS were well ac­ volcanic pinnacle. Located 480 mi les north­ ----::'~ E quainted with the green turtle, west of Honolulu, in the H awaiian [slands which they called hontl. A second kind of N ational Wildlife R efuge, F rench Frigate sea turtle, the hawksbill or 'ea, was also Shoals is the si te of H awaii's last green­ famili ar to them. T his animal's range a p­ turtle breeding colony and the only one left pears to have always been restri cted to the in the United States. Most egg laying southeast portion of the island chain , and takes place at this location between June presently so few exist that the populati on and August on the 1 I-acre island of East. is nearly extinct. Both of these native or Turtle Island, as it was originall y call ed. turtles, which are referred to in mythology T hus far, I have spent a total of 162 days and illustrated in petroglyphs, were care­ at this remote locati on tagging and cen- fully utilized in the o ld Hawaiian culture using turtles and coll ecting information on to ensure a lasting supply. hatchling producti on. Results of this work, For the past three years , J have worked along with the findings from earl ier tag­ toward gaining a better biological under­ gings by U.S. F ish and Wildlife Service standing of the Hawaii an green turtle. In­ personnel, have made a start in piecing for mation resulting from this research has together the complex natural history of the A hatchling gree n turtle reaches the been used to aid in the conservation of population. Our work has shown that many surf. Eggs hatch 55 to 65 days a ft er these magnificent animals. My continuing members of the seasonal breeding colony laying; the young turtles normall y run field studies are focused on F rench Frigate come from feed ing pastures around the to sea a ft er dark. Th ey are seldom seen Shoals, a 15-mile crescent-shaped atoll that major inhabited islands to the southeast. aga in until they weigh about ten po unds. includes several small sand islands and a Additionally, some turtles have been found 521 \ .. .. Photo by D L Olsen Adult Hawa iian green turtles basking o n the sa nd at Fre n ch Fr igate Shoals, the o n ly nesting colony in the United States . to travel to the breed ing site fro m around After four mo nths in these i la nd , the crew turbance of critical habitat. But this was the sma ll isla nds no rthwest of French o f the schooner Ada had k il lcd marc than certain ly not thc case. During the 1923 Frigate hoal . Beca use no tagged a nimals 400 turtles, as well as ma ny monk seals a nd ne ·ting sea o n, a scienti fic expediti on visit­ have been recovered from anywhere outs ide seabirds. Ironically, at Laysan Island, a ing F rench F rigatc Shoals found evidence the chain , it a ppears that H awaii has o ne of sign was fo und that appealcd to voyagers of a recent turtle slaughte r. In 1926, a com­ the few C helollia populatio ns in which pro­ not to take turtles. The sign was repai nted mercial fi shi ng station was established at tection is not com plicated by international before the A da left, but 130 basking turtles Pea rl a nd H crmes Reef, a n impo rtant bask­ mi grations. T hi s factor is a major problem were nevertheless removed from th e beaches. in g a nd fecding sitc for Hawaii an Chelonia. in efforts to conserve green turtles in o ther T urtles were also regula rly killed during The station remained active until 193 1, and parts of the world. this period to provide food fo r rcsident d uring those year turtles werc exploited With both the fecding pas ture ' a nd breed­ gua no miners, Japanese fea ther hunters, a nd both at that locatio n a nd at Li sia nski I land, i ng gro unds under the jurisdiction of a sin gle numerous shipwreck victims. One account 145 mi les to the southeast. Between 1930 country, o ne would hope to fi nd a healthy states that several hundred were eaten by a nd 1940, U .S. mil ita ry exercises were reg­ populatio n that has not undergone ecologic the crew of a si ngle whaling vessel w recked ula rly conducted at F rench Frigate Shoal decline. U nfortunately, H awaii 's green at . French Frigate Shoals in 1888. When East Is la nd was the base fo r these opera­ turtles have neverthcle s experienced serio us the ba rque Wandering Minslrel captured tions, wh ich included seaplane ru nways in los es and , in ma ny ways, reflect the global turtles at French Frigate Shoals during the . adjacent waters and encampments of 150 problem. A lthough events contributing to 189 1 breeding season, o ne island alone wa tents or mo re. During the early 1940s, re­ the H awaiia n situation have taken pl ace described as havi ng hundreds of turtlcs lated war games involving a rti ll ery bombard­ over a ISO-year period, the la t 40 year basking on the beaches and at least ten ment werc carried o ut a t both French have been the most deva tatin g.
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