DOCSLIB.ORG

GEOLOGY and GROUND-WATER RESOURCES of the ISLANDS of LANAI and KAHOOLAW~, Hawall by HAROLD T

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
GEOLOGY and GROUND-WATER RESOURCES of the ISLANDS of LANAI and KAHOOLAW~, Hawall by HAROLD T GEOLOGY· AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF LANAJ·. AND K.AHOOLAWE HA'WAII DI· ,,:t-""1""e....a.y '\.Jti:" ,.t·'f.., 01:t Hawaiian V clca:no O~ervatory H. T .. STEARNS BULLETINS OF THE DIVISION OF HYDROGRAPHY TERRITORY OF HAWAII 1. GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WAT.ER RESOURCES OF THE ISLAND OF OAHU, BAWA.II, By Harold T. Stearns and Knute N . .Vaksvik. 1935. 2. GEOLOGIC MAP AND GUIDE OF THE ISLAND OF OAHU. HAWAII. By Harold T. Stearns. 1939. 8.- ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY AND INDEX OF GEOLOGY AND WATER SUPPLY OF 'l'HE ISLAND OF OAHU, HAWAII. By Norah D. Stearns. 1935. 4. ·REOORDS OF THE DRILLED WELLS .ON THE ISLA.ND OF OAHU, HAWAII. By Harold T~ Stearns and Knute N. VakBvik. 1938. ·5, SUPPLEMENT !1'0 T:!:l)l! GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF THE ISLAND oF OAHU, BAWA.II. By Harold T. Stearns. Includes chapters on geophysical investigations by Joel H. Swart7..,- and petrography by Gordon A. Macdonald. 1940. 6. GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WA'l'ER RESQUBC!ES OF THE ISLANDS OF LANAI AND K'AHOOLAWE, HAWAII. By Harold T. Stearns... Includes chapters on geophysi­ cal investigations by Joel H. Swartz, and petrograpby by Gordon A. Mac­ donald. 1940. J, '\. TERRITORY OF HAWAII ,JOSEPH B. POINDEXTER, Governor LOUIS M. WHITEHOUSE, Commissioner of Public Lands DIVISION OF HYDROGRAPHY MAX H. CARSON, Chief Hydrographer BULLETIN 6 GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF THE ISLANDS OF LANAI AND KAHOOLAW~, HAWAll By HAROLD T. STEARNS Senior Geologist, U. S. Geological Survey WITH CHAPTERS ON THE PETROGRAPHY OF LANAI AND KAHOOLAWE By GORDON A. MACDONALD Assistant Geologist, 'U.S. Geological Survey GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON LANAI :By JOEL H. SWARTZ Senior Geophysicist, U.S. Geological Survey Prepared in cooperation with the Geological Survey, U. S. Department of the Interior Printed in the Territory of Hawaii, United States of America, December 1940 Distributed by the U.S. Geological Survey, 888 Federal Bldg., Honolulu, Hawaii Printed by ADVERTISER PUBLISHING 00,, LTD. HONOLULU, HAWAII, U.S. A. CONTENTS PART 1 PAGE GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF LANAI....................... 1 Abstract . ... 3 Introduction . 3 Location and area . 3 Historical sketch . 5 Population and roads . 5 Industries . 6 Fauna and flora . 6 History and purpose of the investigation. 7 Acknowledgments . 7 Previous investigations . 7 Geomorphology . 8 Origin and form . 8 Central basin . 8 Canyon country . 10 Northwest rift zone . 11 Southwest rift zone . 11 Faulted south rift zone..................................... 11 Resemblance to Kilauea Volcano............................ 12 Effect of faulting on stream pattern. 12 Forms due to wind. 13 Unconsolidated dunes . 13 Consolidated dunes . 13 Effects of wind erosion ................ , . 14 l\farine features . 15 Marine cliffs . 15 Stacks . ... 17 Beaches . 17 Fringing reefs . 18 Fringing bench . 18 Ancient shore lines . 19 Geology . 22 Geologic conditions and their effects on the recharge and move- mP.nt of gronnrl wa.tP.r. • . 22 General character and age of rocks. 23 Tertiary and early Pleistocene(?) volcanic rocks................ 26 Basalt flows . 26 Character and structure . 26 Water-bearing properties . 27 Unconformities . 27 Cones and craters 29 iii iv i·oxTEJXTS l'A(>E l)ike syste111s . Bl North,vest rift zone . :n Southwest rift zone . 3:=: South rift zone . :=:8 'l'hl'Ollt hT'P('<'iJlS .... , , ..... , . , , , , . , . , ..... , . , ... , .. , ..... , . .:i(i Character and structure................................. 40 Water-bearing properties . 47 J!'ault breccias . 47 Distribution and character . 47 Water-bearing properties . 48 Quaternary sedimentary rocks . 48 Noncalcareous sediments . 48 Distribution and charaeter . -18 Alluviun1 . 48 Talus . ... 51 Water-bearing properties . 52 Calcareous sediments . 52 Cou:solhluleu 11 uuets . • . 52 Structure . 5:=: Faults . [)4 Oentral basin faults . 54 Faults north of Kaumalapau. 54 Rift-zone faults . 55 Cross sections . 56 Section A-A' . 57 Section B-B' . 57 Section C-C' . 58 Geologic history . 511 Petrography, by Gordon A. Macdonald. (il Ground water . OH Climate . (:i3 Temperature . .. 03 Wind . ... 64 Rainfall . t34 Disposal of rainfall . 72 Val11e and source of ,vater supplies ................ ~............ 78 Basal ground water . 74 Definition . 74 Water in the sediments along the coast............ 74 Water in basalt . ..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Summary of 2016 Reef Fish Surveys Around Kahoolawe Island 1
    doi:10.7289/V5/DR-PIFSC-17-011 Summary of 2016 Reef Fish Surveys around Kahoolawe Island 1 Results and information presented here summarize data gathered by the Coral Reef Ecosystem Program (CREP) of NOAA’s Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center and partners during 2 days of reef fish and habitat surveys around Kahoolawe Island in July/August 2016. Surveys were conducted as part of the NOAA National Coral Reef Monitoring Program. Surveys were conducted using a standard sampling design and method implemented by NOAA’s Pacific Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program (Pacific RAMP) since 2009. In brief, pairs of divers record numbers, sizes, and species of fishes inside adjacent 15m-diameter ‘point- count’ cylinders and estimate benthic cover by functional groups (e.g. ‘coral’, ‘sand’). Because it is unpopulated and protected, Kahoolawe is an important reference location in in the main Hawaiian Islands and may also be a significant source of larvae and fish recruits for other parts of Maui-nui and perhaps beyond. Therefore, CREP hopes to routinely survey Kahoolawe reefs during future monitoring efforts. However, as 2016 was the first year for Kahoolawe surveys, we have a relatively small sample size there - 24 sites - in comparison to other Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI: between 107 and 257 survey sites per island). Main conclusions and observations: • Reef fish biomass was high at most sites we visited in Kahoolawe, with mean island-wide biomass higher than at any other of the MHI, although only marginally higher than at Niihau. Biomass tended to be slightly higher at sites along the southern section of the island.
    [Show full text]
  • Demartini NWHI Overview for CRSAW (Feb 1
    NOWRAMP Overview Ed DeMartini NOAA Fisheries, PIFSC • Objectives • Design & Status of Surveys • Major Patterns Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 99 9 9 99 9 9 9 9 NWHI Survey Objectives • Qualitative reconnaissance of ichthyofauna; describe relative abundance, assemblage structure • Initial quantitative assessment of both economic and ecologically interacting resources (corals, algae, macrobenthos as well as fishes); to provide baseline characterization of biota • Subsequent monitoring of target taxa at select representative stations; to enable detection of major changes over decadal time frame Summary of Design Elements • Develop sampling and analysis designs; standardize data collection protocols – size- and species/taxon- specific tallies per unit area • graded bins: by cm (< 5 cm), by 5 cm (6-50 cm), …by 25 cm (> 100 cm TL) – station(=dive): 3, 25-m long x 4- or 8- m wide belt transects, plus 4, 10- m radius (5-min) SPCs, apportioned among 3 divers • belts: total 600 m2 area for “large” (> 20 cm Total Length, TL) fishes • belts: total 300 m2 area for “small” (< 20 cm TL) fishes • SPCs: total @ 1257 m2 area (fish > 25 cm TL only) – followed by @ 3,000 m2 Roving Diver Survey • Analysis Design – abundance (N, biomass) for baseline assessment – density for monitoring temporal change – stratified by major habitat within reef (eg, fore-, back-reef, lagoonal patch at atolls) Sampling & Analysis Design Summary (cont’d) – at least 50% hard substrate – number of stations proportional to reef-area (and variance of stratum) – all sampleable reef quadrants (emphasis on leeward for monitoring) – distribute among-observer bias (< 15%) across stations and tasks – control for seasonality (eg, in recruitment) by design • differs among NWHI and other reef-systems NOWRAMP Cruise-Effort • 5-cruise baseline assessment • 25-mo period from Sep 00 to Oct 02 – Sep-Oct 00: NOAA’s Townsend Cromwell (TC00-10) & R/V Rapture – Sep 01: Cromwell (TC01-11); FFS, Maro Reef – Sep-Oct 02: Cromwell (TC02-07) & Rapture • Single monitoring cruise thus far – Jul-Aug 03: Oscar E.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology of Hawaii Reefs
    11 Geology of Hawaii Reefs Charles H. Fletcher, Chris Bochicchio, Chris L. Conger, Mary S. Engels, Eden J. Feirstein, Neil Frazer, Craig R. Glenn, Richard W. Grigg, Eric E. Grossman, Jodi N. Harney, Ebitari Isoun, Colin V. Murray-Wallace, John J. Rooney, Ken H. Rubin, Clark E. Sherman, and Sean Vitousek 11.1 Geologic Framework The eight main islands in the state: Hawaii, Maui, Kahoolawe , Lanai , Molokai , Oahu , Kauai , of the Hawaii Islands and Niihau , make up 99% of the land area of the Hawaii Archipelago. The remainder comprises 11.1.1 Introduction 124 small volcanic and carbonate islets offshore The Hawaii hot spot lies in the mantle under, or of the main islands, and to the northwest. Each just to the south of, the Big Island of Hawaii. Two main island is the top of one or more massive active subaerial volcanoes and one active submarine shield volcanoes (named after their long low pro- volcano reveal its productivity. Centrally located on file like a warriors shield) extending thousands of the Pacific Plate, the hot spot is the source of the meters to the seafloor below. Mauna Kea , on the Hawaii Island Archipelago and its northern arm, the island of Hawaii, stands 4,200 m above sea level Emperor Seamount Chain (Fig. 11.1). and 9,450 m from seafloor to summit, taller than This system of high volcanic islands and asso- any other mountain on Earth from base to peak. ciated reefs, banks, atolls, sandy shoals, and Mauna Loa , the “long” mountain, is the most seamounts spans over 30° of latitude across the massive single topographic feature on the planet.
    [Show full text]
  • Association of Unit Owners Contact List
    Association of Unit Owners Contact List Project Name/Number AOUO Designated Officer for Direct Contact/Mailing Address Management Company/Telephone Number `AKOKO AT HO`OPILI Reg.# 8073 1001 QUEEN Reg.# 7675 1001 WILDER EMILY PRESIDENT 1001 WILDER #305 HAWAIIAN PROPERTIES, LTD. Reg.# 5 WATERS HONOLULU HI 96822 8085399777 1010 WILDER RICHARD TREASURER 1010 WILDER AVE, OFFICE SELF MANAGED Reg.# 377 KENNEDY HONOLULU HI 96822 8085241961 1011 PROSPECT RICHARD PRESIDENT 1188 BISHOP ST STE 2503 CERTIFIED MANAGEMENT INC dba ASSOCI Reg.# 1130 CONRADT HONOLULU HI 96813 8088360911 1015 WILDER KEVIN PRESIDENT 1015 WILDER AVE #201 HAWAIIANA MGMT CO LTD Reg.# 1960 LIMA HONOLULU HI 96822 8085939100 1037 KAHUAMOKU VITA PRESIDENT 94-1037 KAHUAMOKU ST 3 CEN PAC PROPERTIES INC Reg.# 1551 VILI WAIPAHU HI 96797 8085932902 1040 KINAU PAUL PRESIDENT 1040 KINAU ST., #1206 HAWAIIAN PROPERTIES, LTD. Reg.# 527 FOX HONOLULU HI 96814 8085399777 1041 KAHUAMOKU ALAN PRESIDENT 94-1041 KAHUAMOKU ST 404 CEN PAC PROPERTIES INC Reg.# 1623 IGE WAIPAHU HI 96797 8085932902 1054 KALO PLACE JUANA PRESIDENT 1415 S KING ST 504 HAWAIIANA MGMT CO LTD Reg.# 5450 DAHL HONOLULU HI 96814 8085939100 1073 KINAU ANSON PRESIDENT 1073 KINAU ST 1003 HAWAIIANA MGMT CO LTD Reg.# 616 QUACH HONOLULU HI 96814 8085939100 1108 AUAHI TODD PRESIDENT 1240 ALA MOANA BLVD STE. 200 HAWAIIANA MGMT CO LTD Reg.# 7429 APO HONOLULU HI 96814 8085939100 1111 WILDER BRENDAN PRESIDENT 1111 WILDER AVE 7A HAWAIIAN PROPERTIES, LTD. Reg.# 228 BURNS HONOLULU HI 96822 8085399777 1112 KINAU LINDA Y SOLE OWNER 1112 KINAU ST PH SELF MANAGED Reg.# 1295 NAKAGAWA HONOLULU HI 96814 1118 ALA MOANA NICHOLAS PRESIDENT 1118 ALA MOANA BLVD., SUITE 200 HAWAIIANA MGMT CO LTD Reg.# 7431 VANDERBOOM HONOLULU HI 96814 8085939100 1133 WAIMANU ANNA PRESIDENT 1133 WAIMANU STREET, STE.
    [Show full text]
  • National Register of Historic Places Registration Form
    NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instructions in National Register Bulletin, How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. If any item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. 1. Name of Property Historic name: ________Albert B. and Altha Clark Residence ________________ Other names/site number: __ ____ Name of related multiple property listing: ___________________N/A_ ________________________________ (Enter "N/A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing ____________________________________________________________________________ 2. Location Street & number: ___111 Dowsett_Avenue__________________________________ City or town: ___Honolulu____ State: __Hawaii_______ County: __Honolulu_______ Not For Publication: Vicinity: ____________________________________________________________________________ 3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this nomination ___ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register
    [Show full text]
  • Photographing the Islands of Hawaii
    Molokai Sea Cliffs - Molokai, Hawaii Photographing the Islands of Hawaii by E.J. Peiker Introduction to the Hawaiian Islands The Hawaiian Islands are an archipelago of eight primary islands and many atolls that extend for 1600 miles in the central Pacific Ocean. The larger and inhabited islands are what we commonly refer to as Hawaii, the 50 th State of the United States of America. The main islands, from east to west, are comprised of the Island of Hawaii (also known as the Big Island), Maui, Kahoolawe, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, Kauai, and Niihau. Beyond Niihau to the west lie the atolls beginning with Kaula and extending to Kure Atoll in the west. Kure Atoll is the last place on Earth to change days and the last place on Earth to ring in the new year. The islands of Oahu, Maui, Kauai and Hawaii (Big Island) are the most visited and developed with infrastructure equivalent to much of the civilized world. Molokai and Lanai have very limited accommodation options and infrastructure and have far fewer people. All six of these islands offer an abundance of photographic possibilities. Kahoolawe and Niihau are essentially off-limits. Kahoolawe was a Navy bombing range until recent years and has lots of unexploded ordinance. It is possible to go there as part of a restoration mission but one cannot go there as a photo destination. Niihau is reserved for the very few people of 100% Hawaiian origin and cannot be visited for photography if at all. Neither have any infrastructure. Kahoolawe is photographable from a distance from the southern shores of Maui and Niihau can be seen from the southwestern part of Kauai.
    [Show full text]
  • Kaiser Permanente Lanai and Molokai Providers and Locations Directory
    Lanai and Molokai Providers and Locations Directory kp.org Kaiser Permanente Your medical care We have a lot to offer you — and we don’t want you to miss any of it. One of the best ways to get the most from your Kaiser Permanente coverage is to become familiar with your benefits and how your health plan works for you. The following information can help you on your road to better health. Primary Care Providers This directory shows you where our primary care physicians and providers are located. We strongly encourage you to choose a primary care physician who will oversee and coordinate all aspects of your medical care, including specialist visits and hospitalizations. Call the office of your choice to schedule an appointment. Because we want you to be happy with your choice, you are free to change your doctor at any time. Self-Referrals to Affiliated Providers You don’t need a referral to make appointments for the following services and departments within our network of providers: Behavioral Health Services (Mental Health outpatient care) Eye examinations for glasses and contact lenses Family Medicine Health Education Internal Medicine Obstetrics and Gynecology Occupational Health Services Mental Health outpatient care is provided on a self-referral basis. For help at any time please call the Behavioral Health Call Center at 1-888-945-7600, Monday through Friday, 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. 2 Your Introduction to Kaiser Permanente Your medical care Specialty Care Your doctor will refer you to a specialist when it’s medically necessary. In some cases, that may mean recommending you get treated on Oahu where you’ll be cared for by a team of physicians who have access to facilities and equipment that may not be available on your island.
    [Show full text]
  • Spiders of the Hawaiian Islands: Catalog and Bibliography1
    Pacific Insects 6 (4) : 665-687 December 30, 1964 SPIDERS OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: CATALOG AND BIBLIOGRAPHY1 By Theodore W. Suman BISHOP MUSEUM, HONOLULU, HAWAII Abstract: This paper contains a systematic list of species, and the literature references, of the spiders occurring in the Hawaiian Islands. The species total 149 of which 17 are record­ ed here for the first time. This paper lists the records and literature of the spiders in the Hawaiian Islands. The islands included are Kure, Midway, Laysan, French Frigate Shoal, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui and Hawaii. The only major work dealing with the spiders in the Hawaiian Is. was published 60 years ago in " Fauna Hawaiiensis " by Simon (1900 & 1904). All of the endemic spiders known today, except Pseudanapis aloha Forster, are described in that work which also in­ cludes a listing of several introduced species. The spider collection available to Simon re­ presented only a small part of the entire Hawaiian fauna. In all probability, the endemic species are only partly known. Since the appearance of Simon's work, there have been many new records and lists of introduced spiders. The known Hawaiian spider fauna now totals 149 species and 4 subspecies belonging to 21 families and 66 genera. Of this total, 82 species (5596) are believed to be endemic and belong to 10 families and 27 genera including 7 endemic genera. The introduced spe­ cies total 65 (44^). Two unidentified species placed in indigenous genera comprise the remaining \%. Seventeen species are recorded here for the first time. In the catalog section of this paper, families, genera and species are listed alphabetical­ ly for convenience.
    [Show full text]
  • Topographic History of the Maui Nui Complex, Hawai'i, and Its Implications for Biogeography1
    Topographic History ofthe Maui Nui Complex, Hawai'i, and Its Implications for Biogeography 1 Jonathan Paul Price 2,4 and Deborah Elliott-Fisk3 Abstract: The Maui Nui complex of the Hawaiian Islands consists of the islands of Maui, Moloka'i, Lana'i, and Kaho'olawe, which were connected as a single landmass in the past. Aspects of volcanic landform construction, island subsi­ dence, and erosion were modeled to reconstruct the physical history of this complex. This model estimates the timing, duration, and topographic attributes of different island configurations by accounting for volcano growth and subsi­ dence, changes in sea level, and geomorphological processes. The model indi­ cates that Maui Nui was a single landmass that reached its maximum areal extent around 1.2 Ma, when it was larger than the current island of Hawai'i. As subsi­ dence ensued, the island divided during high sea stands of interglacial periods starting around 0.6 Ma; however during lower sea stands of glacial periods, islands reunited. The net effect is that the Maui Nui complex was a single large landmass for more than 75% of its history and included a high proportion of lowland area compared with the contemporary landscape. Because the Hawaiian Archipelago is an isolated system where most of the biota is a result of in situ evolution, landscape history is an important detertninant of biogeographic pat­ terns. Maui Nui's historical landscape contrasts sharply with the current land­ scape but is equally relevant to biogeographical analyses. THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS present an ideal logic histories that can be reconstructed more setting in which to weigh the relative influ­ easily and accurately than in most regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Planning Committee
    COUNCIL OF THE COUNTY OF MAUI PLANNING COMMITTEE November 6, 2015 Committee Report No. Honorable Chair and Members of the County Council County of Maui Wailuku, Maui, Hawaii Chair and Members: Your Planning Committee, having met on August 6, 2015, August 20, 2015, and September 24, 2015, makes reference to County Communication 15-66, from the Planning Director, transmitting a proposed bill entitled "A BILL FOR AN ORDINANCE AMENDING CHAPTER 19.04, MAUI COUNTY CODE, RELATING TO GENERAL PROVISION AND DEFINITIONS." The purposes of the proposed bill are to establish within the Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance a definition for "wet bar" and to limit the number of wet bars in dwelling units. A wet bar is an area within a dwelling unit that contains a small sink and limited refrigeration or small appliances for making beverages. Your Committee notes the Lanai, Maui, and Molokai planning commissions recommended approval of the proposed bill. The Planning Director informed your Committee the Department considers wet bars to be "kitchens" as defined in Section 19.04.040, Maui County Code. This interpretation has led to the denial of building permits for dwelling units containing both a kitchen and one or more wet bars because dwelling units are allowed only a single kitchen. Separately defining wet bars would enable the Administration to distinguish kitchens from wet bars when reviewing building permits. The Director further informed your Committee the proposed bill will help address the proliferation of illegal vacation rentals. Regulating the number of wet bars permitted in a dwelling unit will lessen the potential of a dwelling unit being converted into a vacation rental.
    [Show full text]
  • U-Series Isotopic Constraints on Mantle Upwelling on the Periphery of the Hawaiian Plume Isotope Geochemistry of Haleakala Crater Basanites Erin H
    U-series isotopic constraints on mantle upwelling on the periphery of the Hawaiian plume Isotope geochemistry of Haleakala crater basanites Erin H. Phillips and Kenneth W.W. Sims, University of Wyoming, and Vincent J.M. Salters, Florida State University 1. Introduction 2. Major and Trace Element Geochemistry and Long-lived Radiogenic Isotopes 100 400 ● The Hawaiian islands are part of the age progressive series of 16 Comparison to Haleakala Crater (this study) 90 global alkaline volcanoes that form the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain. At 14 Haleakala SW Rift Zone (Sims et al., 1999) 300 suites Haleakala, on the island of Maui, basanitic lavas of the Hana Haleakala post-shield 80 12 Haleakala shield 200 Volcanics represent end-member rejuvenated stage alkaline 70 Kilauea magmatism (Clauge, 1987). Although shield-stage tholeiitic 100 10 Mauna Loa 60 volcanism predominates in the Hawaiian islands, alkaline lavas O 2 Mauna Kea 0 erupted on the trailing edge of the Hawaiian plume present an 8 Hualalai trachytes 50 O+Na important component to understanding mantle melting and solid 2 Loihi K 40 6 Nyiragongo mantle upwelling. Averages for 30 Leucite Hills lamproites Hawaiian Lavas 4 Ross Island, Antarctica basanites 20 ● We present geochemical data for 13 samples from Haleakala Samoa crater. 14C ages for seven samples range from 870 ± 40 to 4070 ± 50 2 See supplement for full reference list 10 years (Sherrod and McGeehin, 1999). Preliminary data for 5 0 1995) Mantle (McDonough and Sun, Sample/Primitive 0 samples from the Haleakala southwest rift zone (Sims et al., 1999) 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 Rb Ba Th U Nb La Ce Sr Pb Nd Sm Hf Eu Dy Y Yb Lu SiO are consistent with iso-viscous (Watson and McKenzie, 1991) and 2 thermo-viscous (Hauri et al., 1994) fluid mechanical models of 10 plume upwelling in which upwelling rates are slower on the Hawaiian Lavas periphery of plume.
    [Show full text]
  • A Prodromus of the Water Bear Fauna of Haleakala National Park
    A PRODROMUS OF THE WATER BEAR FAUNA OF HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK Samuel M. Gon III Department of Entomology University of Hawai'i Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822 Robert A. Kimsey and Robert O. Schuster Department of Entomology University of California Davis, California 95616 Mark A. Willis Department of Entomology University of California Riverside, California 92507 ABSTRACT: The terrestrial meiofauna of the Hawaiian islands is almost completely unknown to science. Water bears (Tardigrada) represent a phylum that seems preadapted for long distance dispersal to the Hawaiian islands, and here we present, for the first time, 31 species in 10 genera and four families. The diversity of species in an area smaller than 50 square miles means that the Haleakala site is the most tardigrade­ rich location yet found on the planet. These species occupy a highly specialized niche in the Central Crater District of Haleakala National Park that involves alpine and subalpine cryptogams subject to extremes of temperature and desiccation. Several of the Hawaiian species are capable of anhydrobiosis, which is probably the mechanism that allows their occupation of alpine habitats. We present arguments that suggest that the richest habitats for Hawaiian water bears will be in subalpine and alpine settings of Maui and Hawai'i. 15 INTRODUCTION The biota of the Hawaiian islands attracts biologists because of its diversity. We have all came to expect new and exciting things here; new species being among the more engaging discoveries. We report here a first glimpse of a fascinating phylum that has until now passed generally unnoticed in Hawaiian biology. The phylum is Tardigrada, comprised of small (50 to 1200 micron) creatures usually called water bears because of their appearance and deliberate "pawing" form of locomotion.
    [Show full text]