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Lipman, 1995 !"##$%&'()*+#,%$*-&.$-/(&0123 4*%(&/5,-6(&)+*#& /*-%+,/%$*-&%*& (7%(-.$*-&$-&8998 http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/maunaloa/current/longterm.html K!lauea – the most active volcano on Earth K!lauea Structure - Summit Caldera - East Rift Zone - Southwest Rift Zone - Hilina Fault System - Koae Fault System Lipman et al., 2002 K!lauea Caldera November, 1983 East Rift Zone ~2-3 km wide Holcomb, 1987 Puna Ridge – the submarine extension of the East Rift Zone Leslie et al., 2004 Hilina system related to seaward slumping of south flank Note: K!lauea magma chamber below sea level, within Mauna Loa edifice ~100,000 yrs B.P. K!lauea shield emerges from the sea; Hilina Volcanics 20,000-10,000 yrs B.P. - P"hala Ash 10,000-2000 yrs B.P. Sustained eruptions; Puna Volcanics, prehistoric Explosive K!lauea - Record suggests frequency of large explosive eruptions similar to that of Mt. St. Helens - Volcano summit mantled by Keanak"ko‘i ash, probably erupted between ~1500 – 1790 A.D. -Uw#kahuna ash ~1000-2500 yrs old - other late Pleistocene ash deposits - P"hala ash - older ashes in Hilina basalt The 1790 A.D. eruption is notable for having killed a detachment of Keoua’s army. Accounts of the time suggest that the main eruptive phase lasted 2-3 days Accretionary lapilli – Ka‘u McPhie et al., 1990 “Footprints” – Ka‘u 1924 Halema‘uma‘u phreatic eruption This eruption ended ~100 yrs of continuous summit activity 1955 – reawakening of ERZ (first eruption in 115 yrs) Sustained eruption at K!lauea Iki (1959) notable for high fountains (>300 m) and formation of a lava lake in K!lauea Ike pit crater. K!lauea Iki – late, 1959 Lava outbreak on Jan. 13, 1960 The 1960 Kapoho eruption is notable for: - Simultaneous “dry magmatic” and hydromagmatic activity - Destruction of Kapoho village - Attempts to divert lava with barriers Sustained flank eruptions: Mauna Ulu 1969 – 1974 Pu‘u ‘!‘" –K#paianaha 1983 - present 1977 Pu‘u Kiai The on-going Pu‘u ‘!‘" –K#paianaha Eruption Jan, 1983 - present USGS Professional Paper 1676 Initial outbreak 3 Jan, 1983 - 7.5 km-long fissure about 15 km from summit Then began a series of episodic eruptions, each one lasting a few days, followed by ~20 days of inflation without eruption Phase 10, Nov, 1983 Phase 4, June, 1983 Growth of Pu‘u ‘!‘" June, 1983 In July, 1986 the eruption shifted down rift went into a phase of continuous eruption with a lava lake forming in a growing lava shield - K!paianaha Development of lava tubes facilitates transport of lava to the sea Lava enters Kalapana Jan., 1991 1992-present K!paianaha abandoned Activity returns to Pu‘u ‘"‘# Tube-fed lava flows Shoreline continues to extend Late 2007 New lava outbreaks between Pu‘u O‘o and Kupaianaha Sulfur degassing at summit rises dramatically Increase in magma supply to volcano? March 17, 2008 Fuming from Halema‘uma‘u continues at high rate Incandescence can be seen in the gas vent Temperatures estimated to be ~500-600°C Can magma be far below? And Hawai‘i continues to grow Not pau