An Analysis of Paton's Social Criticism

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AN ANALYSIS OF PATON’S SOCIAL CRITICISM TOWARD THE SOUTH-AFRICAN SOCIETY AS REFLECTED IN STEPHEN KUMALO’S CONFLICTS IN CRY, THE BELOVED COUNTRY

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

Novero Ferdinand

Student Number: 994214166

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2008 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

AN ANALYSIS OF PATON’S SOCIAL CRITICISM TOWARD THE SOUTH-AFRICAN SOCIETY AS REFLECTED IN STEPHEN KUMALO’S CONFLICTS IN CRY, THE BELOVED COUNTRY

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

NOVERO FERDINAND

Student Number: 994214166

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2008

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Then shall ye call upon me, and ye shall go and pray unto me, and I will hearken unto you And ye shall seek me, and find me, when ye shall search for me with all your heart. And I will be found of you, Saith the Lord.

(Jeremiah 29: 12-14a)

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This undergraduate thesis is dedicated to

My beloved family

My beloved mother and father

My awesome God

And all my supporting friends

And my girlfriend

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my gratitude to my Father in heaven for his love and kindness through Jesus Christ for giving me a chance to finish this thesis. I thank you for all the forgiveness, faithfulness and blessings in my life.

I would like to thank my advisor, Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd., M.Hum for her guidance, corrections, suggestions, and comments on every steps of this thesis. I would like to thank my co-advisor Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum for the advices to make my thesis better and for helping me to evaluate my Subjects and for everything. I also would like to thank all of English Letters Lecturers and the secretariat staffs for their guidance in all these years. I also wish to express my gratitude to Pak Alip for all the efforts during my last year in Sanata Dharma.

I would like to thank my beloved father Rolly Kussoy and my beloved mother

Dortje Posumah. To my Aunt Jenny and Uncle Dyan for helping me in all the finance during my study in Sanata Dharma. To my girlfriend Pamela Felita for all the prayer and love and care. To my Best Friends Nova, Ibrahim, Michael, Didik, Esti and

Henny for always supporting me, may God bless them all. To Bapak Kost and Ibu

Kost who were so kind in helping me when I was sick, I would like to thank all of my friends both in Sanata Dharma and in my church that I cannot mention one by one.

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Finally, I would like to dedicate this thesis to my loving memory Aunt Natje for introducing me the novel Cry, the Beloved Country and for all the supports that I cannot mention them all. Thank you so much, Jesus is always with you.

Novero Ferdinand

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………………...... i APPROVAL PAGE……………………………………………………………...... ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE…………………………………………………………… iii MOTTO PAGE…………………………………………………………………….. iv LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN…………………………………….. v DEDICATION PAGE…………………………………………………………...... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………...…... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………. ix ABSTRACT………………………………………………..………………...……. xi ABSTRAK……………………………………………………………………….. . xii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION……………………………………….………...... 1 A. Background of the Study...…………………………………………...... 1 B. Problem Formulation…………………………………………………...... 5 C. Objective of the Study………………………………………………….....5 D. Definition of terms……………………………………………………...... 6

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW………………………………………...9 A. Review of Related Studies……………………………………………..... 9 B. Review of Related Theories……………………………………………...12 C. Review on South Africa Social Condition in the Early 20th Century…... 23 D. Theoretical Framework………………………………………………..... 27

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY……………………………………………… 28 A. Object of the Study…………………………………………………….. 28 B. Approach of the Study…………………………………………………. 29 C. Method of the Study…………………………………………………… 31

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS………………………………………………………. 32 A. The Characterization of Stephen Kumalo………...……………………. 32 B. 1. Stephen Kumalo Conflicts……………..……...…………………….. 34 a. Afraid of Something Uncertain …..….………………………….34 b. Sad of Gertrude’s Condition…………...……..………………….35 c. Desperate of Absalom’s Murder Case..………………………….36 d. Suffering because of the Treatment of His Family...... 36 2. The Causes of Stephen Kumalo Conflicts…………….……………....37 a. Gertrude’s Sickness…………………………………………….. 38

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b. Absalom’s Crime………...……………………………………....40 c. John’s Political Intrigue…………..……………………………...42 d. Ndotsheni Dry Season…...………………………………………44 C. Paton’s Social Criticism of South African Society as reflected in Stephen Kumalo’s Conflicts……………..………………………………………..45

CHAPTER V CONCLUSSION………………………………………………...... 50

BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………..53

APPENDICES…..………………………………………………………………..…56 A. Biography of Alan Paton……………………………………..……….…56 B. Summary…………………………………………………………………58

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ABSTRACT

Novero Ferdinand (2008). An Analysis of Paton’s Social Criticism toward the South African Society as Reflected in Stephen Kumalo’s conflicts in Cry, the Beloved Country Yogyakarta : Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.

This thesis concerns the novel, Cry, the Beloved Country written by Alan Paton. This novel tells about a journey of a priest looking for his son, brother and sister. Through a long journey, Stephen Kumalo faces conflicts happen within himself. I found this novel interesting because there are some factors that could raise conflicts to someone. This novel becomes more interesting because Paton uses these conflicts to criticize the South African society at that time. This thesis is intended to answer three questions, namely (1) how is the character of Kumalo depicted in the novel? (2) what are the conflicts and the causes of the conflicts that are faced by the main characeter? (3) what is Paton criticism toward South African society in the twentieth century as reflected in Kumalo’s conflicts? The method used is library research. The data were collected from the novel, criticism on the novel, and other sources realted to the novel. I employed the theory of character and the theory of characterization to answer the first question. To answer the second question, I used the theory of conflicts to explore the conflicts faced by the main character. To answer the third question, I adopted the sociocultural historical approach. This approach was used because I would like to study the socio cultural historical aspect of the story as a reflection of the social condition of the society in South Africa. From the analysis, I draw conclussion: (1) Kumalo is a humble man and strong dealing with the situation he faces. Although he is old, he is able to face every circumstances in his life. (2) The conflicts that kumalo has when he has to struggle within himself. The conflicts that Kumalo has made him feel affraid,sad, desperate and suffering. The causes of the conflicts comes from the member of his family and his own village. (3) Paton’s critcism of South African society are social injustice, moral degradation, and descrimination between black people and white people.

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ABSTRAK

Novero Ferdinand (2008). An Analysis of Paton’s Social Criticism toward the South African Society as reflected in Stephen Kumalo’s Conflicts in Cry, The Beloved Country Yogyakarta : Program Study Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Skripsi ini mengenai novel yang berjudul Cry, The Beloved Country yang di karang oleh Alan Paton. Novel ini mengenai perjalanan seorang pendeta dalam mencari anak serta adik dan kakaknya. Melalui perjalanan yang cukup panjang yang di laluinya. Terdapat banyak kendala yang harus dihadapinya yang mengakibatkan banyak konflik terjadi di dalam dirinya. Novel ini menarik karena penulis dapat menemukan beberapa factor yang dapat mengakibatkan konflik-konflik pada diri seseorang. Novel ini menjadi lebih menarik karena pengarang menggunakan novel ini sebagai kritik social terhadap masyarakat Afrika Selatan pada masa pertikaian antara kulit putih dan kulit hitam. Skripsi ini bermaksud menjawab tiga pertanyaan, yaitu (1) bagaimana karakter dari tokoh utama dilukiskan dalam novel tersebut (2) konflik-konflik apa saja yang dihadapi tokoh utama dan apa penyebab dari konflik-konflik tersebut (3) Kritik sosial apa yang di sampaikan oleh Alan Paton untuk mengkritik masyarakat Afrika Selatan pada masa abad ke-20 yang di refleksikan di dalam konflik yang dihadapi oleh tokoh utama. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian data yang dikumpulkan berasal dari novel itu sendiri, kritik pada novel, dan sumber sumber lain yang berhubungan dengan novel yang di ambil dari study pustaka. Penulis menggunakan teori karakter dan teori karakteristik untuk menjawab pertanyaan pertama. Teori-teori ini digunakan untuk mempelajari dan menganalisis karakteristik dari tokoh utama. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan kedua, penulis menggunakan teori konflik untuk mempelajari dan menganalisis konflik konflik dan penyebab dari konflik-konflik yang di hadapi oleh tokoh utama. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan ketiga, penulis menggunakan pendekatan sosiokultural-sejarah yaitu dengan mempelajari apa yang terjadi pada waktu pengarang menulis novel tersebut dan mempelajari latar belakang masyarakat Afrika Selatan pada waktu itu. Dari analisis yang di lakukan penulis menyimpulkan (1) Kumalo adalah seorang yang rendah hati dan sabar dalam menghadapi tantangan yang ada di hadapannya. Walaupun ia tua namun ia kuat dalam menghadapi setiap masalah yang ada dalam kehidupannya. (2) Konflik-konflik yang di hadapi Kumalo adalah ketika ia harus bergumul dengan dirinya sendiri. Konflik-konflik yang di hadapi oleh Kumalo membuatnya merasakan takut, sedih, putus asa dan menderita. Penyebab dari konflik- konflik tersebut berasal dari anggota keluarganya dan desanya. (3) Kritik sosial yang di sampaikan Paton untuk masyarakat Afrika selatan pada waktu itu ialah ketidakadilan sosial, penurunan moral dan diskriminasi ras antara kulit hitam dan putih.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

A nation usually has norms which exist in society. However, if one of those norms fall down or break down, it can cause differences between one society and the others. Those things happen in South-Africa in the early of the 20th century which takes Paton’s attention to write about the social condition of South African society in

1946.

The situation and condition between urban society and rural society are different in many ways such as norms, attitudes or even point of view in a religion.

Those are some causes which Paton tries to criticize toward the South African society in his novel Cry, the Beloved Country.

Paton was born at Pietermaritzburg, Natal, in 1903. He attended

Pietermaritzburg College, at which he afterwards taught at the Natal University

College and he took his B.Sc. degree in Mathematics and Physics and the Diploma of

Education. In 1925 he went to Ixopo to teach, where Cry, the Beloved Country opens.

Before writing this book Alan Paton had written numerous articles on South African problems for national periodical, which he has continued to do (1944: 2).

During his life he has seen racial discrimination happen in South-Africa and using his talent as a writer he tries to criticize the condition of society of South

African through one of his literary work Cry, the Beloved Country. He has spoken out

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against apartheid and his country’s policy of racial segregation with the memory group of whites in control.

In this thesis I found some conflicts happen in the character of Stephen

Kumalo which becomes Paton’s criticism on the society. At that time there was a huge gap between town and country society. Many people in rural society go to urban society for some purposes but finally found that the circumstances in urban society not as they expected which makes them have to choose a hard way to live. Rural society shown in the novel are poor while Urban society are rich but they work in different ways. Rural society still sticks with their norms and religion while in urban society, there are many intricts, politics, and different point of view about a religion.

Wellek and Warren in their book A Theory of Literature stated that Literature as a social institution, using as its medium language, a social creation. Such traditional literary devices as symbolism and metre are social in their very nature.

They are conventions and norms which would have arisen only in society. Literature which also a social function, or ‘use’, which cannot be purely individual. Thus a large majority of the questions raised by literary study are, at least ultimately or by implication, social questions: questions of tradition and convention, norms and genres, symbols and myths (1956: 42). We can see that literature has a close relationship with society and by using Stephen Kumalo’s character and through the conflict that Kumalo faced in almost all of the story, Paton succeeded to arise the world’s eyes to take their attention to South Africa. The conflicts of the main PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

character related to the social condition in the novel and in South Africa at that time will become my focus later in describing the problem formulation.

Daily newspaper, The New York Times wrote about the novel, “A beautiful novel, rich, firm and moving… its writing is so fresh, its projection of character so immediate and full, its events so compelling, and its understanding so compassionate that to read the book is to share intimately, even to the point of catharsis, in the grave human experience treated.” (http://archives.obs- us/obs/english/films/mx/cry/aboutb.htm). The quotation above shows that Cry, the

Beloved Country is able to move the reader’s compassion and to share the intimate feeling because Paton use many aspects in life in describing the character and the social condition in the novel.

Cry, the Beloved Country soon become famous after its first publication and invite many comments from other country. Many newspapers from other country put a comment about Paton’s novel and some of them admires Paton’s work as one of the best novel at that time. Another quotations written in The New Republic said that,

“The greatest novel to emerge out of the tragedy of South Africa, and one of the best novels of our time.” (http://archives.obs- us.com/obs/english/films/mx/cry/aboutb.htm).

The novel sold well both in North America and in Great Britain. It was soon translated into 20 languages, and made into a film in England (1952) and a musical in the United States (Lost in the Stars, 1949, script by the playwright Mazwell Anderson and music by the German-American composer Kurt Weill). The South African PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

edition, dedicated to Jan Hofmeyr, came out three months before Hofmeyr’s death at age 53 in December 1948. Book sales in South Africa were second only to those of the bible, and Paton became famous. (http://archives.obs- us.com/obs/english/films/mx/cry/aboutb.htm). Paton became famous after the first edition of Cry, the Beloved Country not only in South Africa but also in Europe because the novel soon translated into 20 languages.

Paton knew the area around Ndotsheni well. He taught school there when he was a young man. It is here where most of the main character in the novel was born.

Paton wants to write a literary work because he wants to reveal his minds and ideas, which concern with his environment. We can learn many things in literature, such as the characterization of the main character, the conflict faced by the main character, the setting of the story, and the ideas or criticism that the author wants to show, and through the conflict, we can see that the author describes his ideas of social criticism and fate by using a language that the reader may understood. Basicly, the internal conflicts happen in the story faces by the main character Stephen Kumalo wants to show the people of South-Africa against the discrimination of races and the injustice at the time when Paton lives.

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B. Problem Formulation

This part discusses three problems which I formulate to give a brief definition of my study. The problems are formulated as follows:

1. How is Stephen Kumalo depicted in the novel?

2. What are the conflicts and the causes of the conflicts faced by Stephen Kumalo?

3. What are Paton’s criticism of the South African Society in the early 20th century as

reflected in Stephen Kumalo’s conflicts?

C. Objectives of the Study

This study aimed to answer the questions in problem formulation. First, the study discusses the characterization of Stephen Kumalo as the main character of the novel. Second, the study discusses the conflicts and the causes of the main character’s conflicts. This discussion will reveal other characters and condition which causes the main character having conflicts. Third, the discussion will be focused on the conflicts faced by the main character. This study will connected the problem formulation one and two to answer problem formulation four. Four, the discussion will reveal the author criticism toward the South African society at that time. This study will reveal the conflicts of the main character to show what Paton criticizes toward the South

African society at that time.

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D. Definition of Terms

To get a clear understanding about the study, I try to explain some important terms or definition related with the topic of the discussion. Those terms are as follows:

1. Conflicts

I would like to give a little brief definition about what the meaning of conflict.

Conflict is the struggle that grows out of the interplay of two opposing forces in a plot

(At least one of the opposing forces is usually a person, or, if an animal or animate object is treated as though it were a person, a protagonist). There may be involvement in conflicts of four different kinds (1) a struggle against nature (2) a struggle against another person (3) a struggle against society (4) a struggle for mastery two elements within the person (Holman and Harmon, 1986 :107).

Conflict may be divided into two kinds, internal and external conflict. Internal conflict is between two desires within a character; external conflict is between characters or between a character and his environment (Stanton, 1965 : 62). I can conclude that internal conflicts is the condition where the character have to struggle inside himself while external conflicts is the struggle between the character and the force outside the character which could be anything. This internal conflicts makes the character shows certain feelings such as fear, suffer, depressed, angry or even sad.

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2. Social Criticism

The definition of Social Criticism in this section I divided into two. First I try give the definition of Criticism itself then Social, and then I try to draw conclusion from both definitions. The definition of the word “criticism as Paul Procter states in

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English is “the act of forming and expressing judgements about the good or bad qualities of anything, especially artistic work, work of a critic” (1978:263).

In the Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literature Terms edited by Chris

Baldick, “Criticism is an activity which one of them is judgement of its worth by comparison with other work”. Baldick also adds more specific explanation that

“criticism is concerned with revealing the author’s explanation (sometimes called

‘expressive’ Criticism) (1991: 48).

While Society, used by a novelist, sometimes refers merely to the high or fashionable class. However, ‘society’ can be wider in sense, not only comprehending merely people and their class but also their customs, conventions, beliefs and values, their institutional-legal, religious and cultural and their physical environments

(Langland, 1984: 6). I can conclude that society is a group of people who live together with their own values, beliefs and customs.

A society in this study refers to the South African Society. There are many aspects I can learn through the South African society such as their customs, how they live, their believes, norms, and politics. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

I conclude that Social Criticism is an act of expressing judgment toward a group of people that live in one area, and that judgment could be toward anything such as values, norms or even politics.

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. Review of Related Studies

Cry, the Beloved Country as one of Alan Paton’s works was written in 1948.

It is the story of Zulu Christian Pastor’s journey from quite Natal province to a modern, sinister Johannesburg in search of his son, his sister and his brother-all whom have disappeared into an urban life, sin and political intrigue. By tragic circumstances his son Absalom, has accidentally killed the social reformer son of a leading Natal farmer. The novel deals with social condition in South-Africa where

Paton used to live and spent most of his work and life there.

There are many opinions about the theme of this novel. Some critics said that the theme of Cry, the Beloved Country is about the tension between urban and rural society. In this novel, Paton presented rural society as a united family a religious person and having good morality and stability, while urban society as broken family, hedonism and atheism. It can be seen that the tension is a comparison of living between Johannesburg as a place of urban society and Ndotsheni as a picture of a place where rural society live. Other critics said that the theme is about social disintegration and moral restoration (Ross, 1997: 8).

Cry, the Beloved Country may be longer remembered than any other novel of

1948, but not because it fits into any pattern of the modern novel. It stands by itself; it

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creates rather than follows a tradition. It is at once unashamedly innocent and subtly sophisticated. It is a story; it is a prophecy; it is a psalm. It is passionately African, as no book before it had been; it is universal (Lewis Gannett, 2005: 1).

According to Gannet, Cry, the Beloved Country is a sophisticated novel. It is a combination of a story, a prophecy and a psalm. It is a fiction that includes Christian values as the dominant influence of the characters. Dealing with Paton’s interest in the race relation in South Africa, Gannet had an opinion that Cry, the Beloved

Country is a story, which tries to offer a solution to the problem of South Africa, which is based on Christian values, such as love and kindness (2005: 1).

Randoph Vigne stated that Cry, the Beloved Country was the book that enabled Paton to say, when campaigning against the Group Areas Act 1957: ‘Having a voice which, by God’s grace, can be heard beyond the confines of South Africa, I use it to speak for people who have no voice at all’. The novel, Cry, the Beloved

Country is well known in many countries outside South Africa. It means that Paton’s voice for the injustice in South Africa also reaches to other country and to other people outside South Africa (2006: 1).

According to Vigne, Alan Paton allowed politics to interfere his literary works: For Paton, as he makes clear several times, politics was a duty, interference in his life as a writer. To literature he owes always an equal, perhaps a higher duty.

Nowhere, however, does he examine the failure of his hopes for political change through actions in which he participated (2006: 1) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Maris Kobe in his review on the novel says, “In language both simple and eloquent, Alan Paton has created a masterpiece of symbolism, compassion and understanding. This book is a must read as a modern rendering of Greek tragedy.”

(1997: 2)

From those criticisms, I can conclude that Cry, the Beloved Country is a novel but it contains with some values and critics about the society of South Africa. Paton succeeds to a remarkable degree in portraying a segment of South African life during period immediately following the end of World War II. He succeeds, to an even more remarkable degree, in endowing this regional portrait with universal significance. He accomplishes this by incorporating into the actualities of South Africa’s physical and social setting a fundamental theme of social disintegration and moral restoration. This theme is worked out through two complementary, or counter pointed, actions:

Stephen Kumalo’s physical search for his son Absalom, and James Jarvis intellectual search for the spirit of his son Arthur. In each case, the journey, once undertaken, leads to an inner, spiritual awakening.

Another criticism stated by Rooney said that Cry, the Beloved Country is a great novel about racism, since it shows the injustice without any violence. It is intended to evoke and summon the readers compassion to the effect of the injustice

(2005: 1). Through this novel, Paton tries to show the reader what is really happen in

South Africa at that time. Paton tries to realize the readers about the effect of the injustice. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Paton himself stated in his note of this novel, that Cry, the Beloved Country is a compound of truth and fiction. The story is not true, but the social condition is a record of the plain and simple truth. It is not only a portrait of social condition of

South Africa, but it also conveys Paton’s feelings and opinions about racism. It seems that through this novel, Paton tries to fight against the practice of racism, especially racism in South Africa (1974: 5).

In this study, I focus on the main character’s conflicts and the author’s criticism toward the South African society in the novel. As I stated above, there are some opinions and critic about the novel. Most of them are to show social condition of the South African society at that time. Using the fact that the author was live in

South Africa at that time, I compare the society with the society of South Africa where the author lives at that time. Although the novel is not real, the fact of social condition in South Africa at that time is real. The conflicts of the main character show the criticism of the author toward the South African society.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory of Character

According to Abrams (1981: 20) in his book, A Glossary of Literary Terms, characters, the basic of the word characterization, are “the persons presented in a dramatic or a narrative work, who are interpreted by the readers as being endowed with moral or disposition qualities that are express in what they say-the dialogue-by PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

what they do-action.” The ground in the character’s temperament and moral nature for his speech and action constitute his ‘motivation’. A character may remain essentially ‘stable’ or unchanged in his outlook and disposition from beginning to the end of work, or he may undergo a radical change, either through a gradual development or as the result of an extreme crisis.

According to Holman and Harmon (1986: 81), character is a complicated term that includes the idea of the moral constitution of the human personality, the presence of the moral uprightness, and the simpler notion of the presence of creatures in art that seem to be human beings of one sort or another. I conclude that within a character we can see moral constitution that usually exits in society, the moral constitution express the human personality.

A main character can be either static or dynamic. A static character is one who changes little if at all. Things happened to such character without things happening within. The pattern of action reveals the character rather than showing the changing in respond to do the actions. A dynamic character is one who is modified by actions and experience. One objective of the work in which the character appears is to reveal the consequences of these actions (Holman and Harmon, 1986: 83).

According to Forster, characters can be divided into two terms. First, a flat character. It is build around ‘a single idea or quality’ and is presented without much individualizing detail, and therefore can be fairly adequately described in a single phrase or sentence. Second, a round character, it is complex in temperament and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

motivation and is presented with subtle particularly. Thus, he is as difficult to describe with any adequacy as a person in real life, and like most people, he is capable of surprising the reader (1974: 46-48).

2. Theory of Characterization

Abrams in his book A Glossary of Literary Terms states that characterization must have three principles, they are as follows: (1981: 6). a. The characters must be consistent in their behavior. In other words, the characters’ way remains essentially stable or unchanged in their outlook and disposition from the beginning to the end of the work b. The characters must clearly be motivated in whatever they do, especially when there is a change in their behavior. c. The characters must be plausible or lifelike, credible, realistic, and probable.

Abrams states in his book, A Glossary of Literary Terms, there are two methods of characterization namely showing and telling. In Showing method (called

`dramatic method), the author only presents his characters to talk and act and leaves the readers to infer what motives and dispositions lie behind what they say and do.

While in Telling method (called `direct method), the author himself becomes a kind of narrator in order to describe and evaluate the motives and disposition qualities of the characters. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

According to Barnet, Berman and Burto in their book Literature for

Composition there are some important factors that must be considered when we want to see the character involved in a story. Those are: (1988: 2)

1. What the character says

What the character says can give a clue how the author describes him, for example whether he is a kind or bad person, educated or uneducated person.

2. What the character does

We are to know whether he is from upper or lower class, and he is a kind bad person from what the character does.

3. What other characters say about the character

It is needed to get additional information and clear description about some characters that will be described in the story.

4. What others do

The action of others may help indicate what the character could do but he does not do. It is very important to know his characteristics such as lazy, or careless.

I also used M.J. Murphy, Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English

Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students. Murphy mentions nine ways in which an author attempts to make his characters understandable and come alive for his readers. The following ways are as follows: (1977: 23)

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1. Personal description

Personal description means that the author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes in the story.

2. Character as seen by another

Instead of describing a character directly the author can describe him through the eyes and opinion of other characters.

3. Speech

It is an important way that may be used to describe a character. The author can give us an insight into the character of one person in the book through what the person says. Whenever a person speaks, whenever he is in conversation with another, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he gives us some clues to his character.

4. Past Life

By letting the readers learn something about a person’s past life, the author can give them a clue to an event that has helped to shape a person’s character. This can be done by direct comments by the author, through the person’s thought, through his conversation, or through the medium of another person.

5. Conversation of Others

We can take clues of a person’s characteristics through the conversation of other people and the thing they say about him. People do talk about other people and the things they say often give us a clue to the character of the person spoken about.

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6. Reactions

Through the person’s reaction to various situation and event, the author can also give us a clue to know the person’s characteristics.

7. Direct Comment

The author can describe or comment on the person’s characteristic directly.

8. Thoughts

The author can give us direct knowledge of what person is thinking about. In this respect, he is able to do what we cannot do in real life. He can tell us what different people are thinking.

9. Mannerism

The author can describe a person’s mannerism and habits, which may also tell us something about his character.

3. Theory of Conflict

Conflict happens in our life, whether it is unpleasant thing but it can bring a positive or negative effect and can change our point of view of something. Sometimes people do not realize the meaning of conflicts itself and sometime event tries to avoid a conflict so they do not trap in the situation which the conflict exist. Meredith and

Fitzgerald define that conflict is something which is unpleasant, which has happened or to be experienced by the character, if the character has free choice to choose, he will not choose it (1972: 27). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Sometimes, people do not realize that conflict can bring a positive effect, and then people usually avoid confronting conflict. Beaty and Hunter (1989: 778), in their book, say that most people try hard to avoid conflict. People prefer living without complication. Nevertheless, no one escapes conflict for long, even without war or large-scale disagreement. If people are given a choices between livings without problems or living with problems, they will choose living without problems. But as human being, we should realize that in daily live, man must face some problems willingly.

According to James W. Vander Zanden in his book, Social psychology, conflict is a form of interaction in which people (individually or in group) perceive themselves as being involved in a struggle over resource or social values. People in conflict find themselves at odds. They feel separated by incompatible objectives.

They see one another as competitors or threats, and thus their interaction is antagonistic. (1984: 314).

Conflicts are not always restricted to two parties. At times, three or more individuals have an interest in a competitive outcome. By forming an alliance with one or more others, people can combine their resources in order to advance their own individual interest. However, as sociologist have long recognized, situations involving three or more persons are quite different from those involving two people

(Zanden, 1984: 314). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

In a novel, Holman and Harmon point out that conflict plays an important role, conflict is the struggle that grows out of the interplay of the two opposing forces in a plot. It provides interests, suspense and tension (1986: 107). In other words, a conflict is the basis of all fiction; the structure of any given piece of fiction is determined by the way in which the conflict is developed (Brooks, 1952: 27). A conflict could create the tension and also the plot to be more interesting. The story could be more complex and interesting, when the authors could develop the conflict.

Most authors write a story based on conflicts. Holman and Harmon state clearly about conflict, conflict can be a struggle against another person, a struggle against society, a struggle for mastery by two elements within the person (1986: 107).

Here, Holman and Harmon want to say that conflict is caused by two different forces.

It could be within person or between two persons. It is clearer as I put the statement from Redman (1964: 363), which divide conflict into two, “Inner or internal conflict and external conflict. The inner or internal conflict means a struggle within the heart and minds of protagonist, while the external conflict means a struggle between the protagonist and an outside force.”

In this novel, Paton presents conflicts that are faced by Stephen Kumalo in order wants to show the author criticism toward the South African society in his time.

In the novel, Paton presents Stephen as a priest who is struggling with himself and with the society around him. Stephen has conflicts dealing with the circumstances around him because he has to make some decision whether it is good or bad. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

4. The Relation between Literature and Society

There are many opinions about society in life between analyst. However, the general view of society refers to the human relationship. Rose (1977: 87-89), in the study of society says that the basic fact of human behaviors is oriented in so many things in the world. Not only do men live together and share common opinions, values, beliefs and customs, they also continually, interact, responding to one another.

According to Staub (1978: 5), there is very strong relationship between values, beliefs and personal goal and behavior in the society. The primary focus of a person in an action. A person is helped by action not by beliefs that one ought to act.

Values and empathy are important as motivation of social action.

From Rose’s and Staub’s statements, I can conclude that society is the interaction between people. People live together and they also interact each other.

They share their beliefs, opinions, values and customs in their interactions. They do their activities in society based on their personal goals, beliefs, and values.

Literature is a social institution and traditional literary device, it may symbolize society. In a literary work, there are convention and norms, which could have arisen only in society. Further, literature represents life and life itself is a social reality, though the natural world and the inner or subjective world of the individual have also been object of literary intuition. Thus, the topic which is raised in literary study is the problems in the society (Wellek and Waren, 1956: 94). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Wellek and Warren also gives a comment in their book that Literature as a social institution, using as its medium language, a social creation. Such traditional literary devices as symbolism and metre are social in their very nature. They are conventions and norms which would have arisen only in society. Furthermore, literature `represents` ‘life’; and ‘life’ is, in large measure, a social reality, even through the natural world and the inner or subjective world of the individual have also been objects of literary ‘imitation’. Literature which also a social function or

‘use’, which cannot be purely individual. Thus a large majority of the questions raised by literary study are, at least ultimately or by implication, social questions: questions of tradition and convention, norms and genres, symbols and myths. (1956:

94).

It can be seen from Wellek and Warren’s statement above, that literature has a close relation with society because literature `represents` ‘life’; and ‘life’ is, in large measure, means social. Wellek and Warren in their book, theory of literature, state their argumentative opinion about those relationships as follows.

The relation between literature and society is that literature is an expression of society, but if it assumes that literature, at any given time, mirrors the current social situation correctly, it is also, its vogue if it means only that literature depicts some as poet of society reality. To say that literature is mirror of expression life is even more ambiguous. An author in edibility expresses life is total conception of life, but it would be manifested untrue to say that he expresses the whole of life even the whole life of a given time completely and exhaustively (1956: 95).

Dealing with the analysis, Literature represents the novel, Cry, the Beloved Country while society represents the South African society at the time Paton wrote the novel. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Wellek and Warren also give three actual relations between literature and society, which are explained in descriptive way. The descriptive relations between literature and society can be classified as follows.

First, there are the sociology and the profession of the author and institutions of literature. The problems appearing in this case are the economic basic of literary production, the social provenance and status of the author, his social ideology, which may be found in extra literary pronouncement and activities. Second, there are the problems of the social content, the implications and the social purpose of the works of literature themselves. Third, there are the problems of the audience and the actual social content of works themselves and the influence of the literature on society (1956: 95-96).

From the quotation above, It is clear that the relation between the author’s work and literature can be seen from its influence on society. Those ideas are expressed through the related events and characters in a literary work.

Literature can be a medium to criticize the society. Furthermore, Rohrberger

(1971: 10) mentions that the humanist takes the view that literature is a criticism of life that affects men in society and that great literature should express the values of order, restraint and human dignity.

A person can learn about society through the study of art. It is because the idea of a literary work is taken from society. It means that the literary work can be the imitation of life in society itself.

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C. Review on the South Africa Social Condition in the Early 20th Century

South Africa is one of the largest and most powerful states situated in the southern part of Africa. South Africa is a beautiful country with many natural resources. However, it is handicapped by lack of water and by soil erosion. South

Africa’s population is diversed racially and ethnically. Blacks make up 72,2 % of the population, whites 15,9%, coloureds (person of mixed racial origin) 9,1% and Asians

2,8 %. The black population consists of nine main ethnic groups, the largest are Zulu and Xhosa (The Encyclopedia Americana, 1995: 262-263).

South Africa is also well-known as the most industrialized and prosperous nation in Africa. South Africa is the world’s leading gold-producing nation, ranks second as a producer of diamond and manganese, and holds third place in output of uranium. It also has an abundance of chrome, coal, iron, and manufactures three fifth of Africa’s steel. Besides the mineral resources, South Africa also produces wool, fruit, and wines (Joy, 1967: 128).

The primary problem of South Africa starts from the rule of a huge African majority by a small European minority. During the end of the 15th century, some countries came to explore South Africa, but the European colonial powers’ scramble for Africa reached its peak at the last quarter of the 19th century. By 1876 only 10% of Africa’s territory had been seized, this figure reached 90% by 1900. British was in the lead (Ketelbey, 1959:529). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

At the turn of the century, for the first time, South Africa had an extremely valuable resource that attracted foreign capital and large-scale immigration.

Discoveries of gold and diamonds in South Africa exceeded the natural resources in any other parts of the world, and more foreign capital had been invested in South

Africa. The white population expanded eightfold, while hundreds of thousand of

Africans sought work each year in the newly developed mines and cities of industrializing areas. However, not all shared equally in this newfound wealth.

Diamond and, in particular, gold mining industries required vast amounts of inexpensive labor in order to be profitable. Therefore, there must be a group of people to be sacrified that were the native African (Wallbank, 1969: 78).

The situation forces Black Africans to relocate in urban areas for employment, and to struggle in the workplace and in the township outside the cities, has eliminated the essential of traditional tribal life and relationships. African workers were subjected to a confusing arrangement of discriminatory laws and practices, all enforced in order to keep workers cheap and pliable. For example, they were not allowed to join in black trade union. Laws restricting the movement of Black

Africans outside the reserves were instituted. Breaking a labor contract became a crime under the Master and servants laws. Black Africans were also subjected to special taxes. It can be seen that the life of the black African themselves really did not change, even it went worse. Earlier, they had often been low-paid farm workers.

Then, in the development of their country, the native African still became the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

unskilled, low-wage mine workers, while a much smaller number of whites held the skilled positions with much higher salary (Wallbank, 1969: 78).

Not only the men suffered because of the discriminatory treatment, but women and children did too. In the much rural areas, the wives and children of these migrant laborers had to struggle hard in continuing their life with the limited remittances sent back by the men. It was a familiar story that they would live in poverty and shortage of everything because wages were too low to feed and clothe and old age, and public revenues insufficient for public services which would give the

African the basic necessities for a reasonable standard of living (Wallbank, 1969: 78).

In short, many of the discrimination features as the typical of twentieth-century South

Africa—pass laws, urban ghettos, impoverished rural homelands, African migrant labor—were first established in the course of the South Africa’s development.

Fortunately, the presence of the Christian missions with all of their activities could bring a little fresh air in the daily life of society. The good influence of the missions have extended over a wide area and have been sustained over a long period.

They helped many people by providing the principal vehicle for education and they had brought to many Africans a personal religion and morality which had helped to fill the gap caused by the disintegration of the society (Wallbank, 1969:79).

Cry, the Beloved Country takes place after these upheavals and immediately before the implementation, in 1948, of apartheid, which codified the systematic inequalities depicted in the novel. During the time in which the novel is set, black PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

workers were permitted to hold only unskilled jobs and were subject to “pass laws” that restricted their freedom of movement. In 1913, the Natives Land Act radically limited the amount of land that black South Africans were permitted to own. As the character Arthur Jarvis states in the novel, just one-tenth of the land was set aside for four-fifths of the country’s people. The resultant overcrowding led many black South

Africans to migrate to Johannesburg to work in the mines. Those in power welcomed the influx of cheap labor but failed to provide adequate housing or services to address the mass migration. These are the circumstances under which the character Stephen

Kumalo leaves his impoverished rural village to search for his son in Johannesburg

(http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/cry/context.html).

Though Paton’s novel helped raise the social consciousness of white South

Africa, things got much worse before they got better. In 1948, the National Party

(representing Africaner and conservative interests) gained power and introduced apartheid. Under apartheid, every South African was classified according to race, and the Group Areas Act enforced the physical separation of blacks from whites. Every aspect of South African life was racially segregated. Under the leadership of Nelson

Mandela, the African National Congress (ANC), which had been founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress and renamed in 1923, began protests against the new laws in the form of strikes and marches. After decades of struggle and bloodshed, the ANC prevailed, and South Africa held its first free election in

1994. Mandela was elected president, apartheid was dismantled, and the country PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ratified one of the most liberal constitutions in the world.

(http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/cry/context.html)

D. Theoretical Framework

In doing this study, I use the theories of conflict and theories of character and characterization mentioned in the review on related study. The theories are related to social criticism of the analysis which is about the main character’s conflicts and the causes of the conflicts. It is necessary to understand the theories of conflict because they will be helpful in analyzing the criticism of the author. The theories of character and characterization are also play an important role to show the social conditions of

South Africa at that time through the characters in the story.

Since this analysis is about the conflicts and the causes of the conflicts as criticism toward the society, the historical background on the South African social condition are also needed to be presented in order to provide guidance to the analysis.

The historical background helps in finding the criticism of the author toward the

South African society at that time. It will limit the topic so that the analysis will be focused on the main character’s conflicts and the causes of the conflicts as the social criticism of the author. Therefore, by giving the background on South African Social condition, the analysis will be more reliable.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The object of work that I analyze is a novel and the title is Cry, the Beloved

Country. It is made and printed in Great Britain by Hazell Watson and Viney Ltd, published by Penguin Books Ltd, Middlesex, England in 1944. It became an immediate worldwide bestseller. It is about a black man’s country under white’s man law is a work of searing beauty. Cry, the Beloved Country is the deeply moving story of the Zulu pastor Stephen Kumalo and his son Absalom, set against the background of a land and a people risen by racial injustice. Remarkable for its lyricsm, unforgettable for character and incident, Cry, the Beloved Country is a classic work of love and hope, courage and endurance, born of the dignity of man.

Cry, the Beloved Country was published in 1948 to overwhelming international acclaim—at the time of the author’s death, in 1988, more than fifteen million copies of the novel had been sold, and it had been published in twenty different languages. In Paton’s native South Africa, however, praise for Cry, the

Beloved Country remained muted, and the novel’s objectives take on the problems of racial inequality in South Africa created much controversy. Nonetheless, Paton’s reputation as one of South Africa’s greatest writers remained secure, though his

28 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

subsequent novels, Too Late the Phalarope (1953) and Ah, But Your Land is

Beautiful (1981), were praised by critics but failed to generate the same excitement as

Cry, the Beloved Country. Alan Paton died in South Africa in 1992.

B. Approach

Analyzing a literary work needs an approach in order to lead the researcher to a better understanding of a novel. Rohrberger and Woods (1971: 6-15) present five approaches in their book Reading and Writing about Literature. They are the formalist approach, the biographical approach, the socio-cultural-historical approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach.

The socio-cultural-historical approach insists that the only way to locate the real works is in reference to the civilization that produced it. It means that referring to the civilization or history in which the literary work produced is important in this approach.

The approach that I apply in this study is the sociocultural-historical approach.

The approach is stated by Rohrberger as follows.

Critics whose major interest is the sociocultural-historical approach insist that the only way to locate the real work is in reference to the to the civilization that produced it. Civilization is defined as the attitudes and action of a specific group of people and point out that literature take the attitudes and actions as its subject matter (1971: 9).

The critics also define civilization as the attitudes and actions of a specific group of people and point out that literature takes these attitudes and actions as its PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

subject matter. It is necessary that the critic investigates the social milieu in which a work was created in a vacuum and second, literature embodies ideas significant to the culture that produced it. There are two factors that need to get attention to sociocultural. First, accuracy in the presentation of historical facts is of value to the historian, but not necessarily to the author. Second, a work of literature might have a historical significance, but not necessarily a literary significance.

The themes of Cry, the Beloved Country is about social inequality and injustice in the main character’s conflicts; the focus of the sociocultural-historical is the South African society, the time when Paton lives and exists. Nevertheless, he is able to join with the culture and society at that time was bad, especially for the Black people, the working class. They were described as a second class in society because of the politics Apartheid. Looking at the bad conditions, Paton, who came from the white society but born and live in South Africa wrote a novel about the condition of

South Africa, he put his criticism on it.

I use the sociocultural-historical approach because of its relation between the author and the society at the time Paton wrote the novel. In the novel, Paton wants to criticize the society at that time and he describes it through the representation of each character problem in the novel. The sociocultural-historical approach also related to this study which examining the criticism and the conflicts and the causes of the conflicts of the main character personality which closely related with the society and the background of the author. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

C. Method of the Study

There were some steps to analyze the novel. First, I read the story many times in order to gain in a deeper understanding on the novel, then I made some notes concerning the evidence of some problems that I found in the novel, such as characters, conflicts, and society. Second, I collected some books and papers or articles from the Library which related with the subject matter of my study. I also tried to find some criticism about the novel in the internet. Then I read them all and compare the theories and criticism toward the novel. Third, I analyzed the novel.

There were still few of steps that I did in analyzing the novel. First, I explain the main character personality then I tried to find some interaction between characters o find out the conflicts which are faced by the main character. After that, I tried to find out the society which influences the conflicts. Then I compared the society in the twentieth century and the society in the novel to reveal the criticism of the author in the novel. Method of the study I used is a Library research because some of the sources I taken form the library, learning other thesis that have close relation with my study and then comparing them. I also did some browsing in the internet to find some criticism about the novel I analyze. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter contains the answers of three problems as I stated in the previous problem formulation. This analysis will be divided into three parts. The first part will describe the analysis of Stephen Kumalo’s characterization. The second part will be the description of Stephen Kumalo’s conflicts and the causes of the conflicts. The third part will answer Paton’s criticism toward South African society as reflected in

Stephen Kumalo’s conflicts.

A. The Characterization of Stephen Kumalo

As described in the novel, Kumalo is an old man around sixty. He has occupation as a priest and he used to be called Umfundisi by people in Ndotsheni which means a parson.

“Kumalo Felt a pang of jealously for he had never earned ten pounds a month in all his sixty years. (p. 214) “

“The Reverend Stephen Kumalo looked up from the table where he was writing, and he called, come in. The small child open the door carefully like one who is afraid to open carelessly the door of so important a house, and stepped timidly in. – I bring a letter, Umfundisi. (p. 8) “

Stephen Kumalo is a kind hearted and a humble man. He always spoke his words humbly and almost all of his speech with another person he said it humbly.

“He is kind and gentle, and treats her with courtesy and respect, and uses the house as if it were his. And she admires him for what he has done, for saving

32 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Gertrude and the child, for getting his sister a new dress and a clean white clothe for her head, for getting shirt and jersey and trousers for the child. According to the custom she has thanked him for these gifts. (p. 104) “

“Kumalo could not boast anymore. He had been safely guided and warmly welcomed. He spoke humbly. I am much confused, he said. I owe much to our friend. (p. 20) “

Kumalo has a habit to pray in the church and read the bible when he has to struggle which is uncertain to him. It can be seen from the quotation below that

Kumalo sometime use his time to pray and read his bible in the middle of circumstances he faces.

“They rose and Kumalo said, It is my habit to pray in the church. Maybe you will show me. (p. 24)”

“The humble man reached in his pocket for his sacred book, and began to read. It was this world alone that was certain. (p. 16)”

At the end of the novel, Kumalo sees the restoration of his own Village,

Ndotsheni and he feels relief about it and what he had done. After all of the struggle he experience in the great city of Johannesburg, he gives thanks to everything. He remembered with profound awareness, that he had great cause for thanksgiving, and that for many things. He took them one by one, giving thanks for each, and praying for each person that he remembered (p. 233).

In this novel, Paton describe Kumalo as a Portrait of saintly man. A figure of an old priest who used to pray and read his bible whenever he struggle with something, have strong character but still humble in all of his suffering. He is able to

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manage the problems and survive till the end of the story and see the restoration of his own land although he cannot meet with his son again.

B. Stephen Kumalo’s Conflicts and the Causes of the Conflicts

In the characterization of Kumalo, Paton describes Stephen Kumalo as a figure of an old village priest who has to struggle with himself because of the condition he sees in Town not the same as the condition he has in Village. Especially when he deals with the member of his family which cause him some conflicts. In other situation he has to struggle with his own land that is his own village. I will explain briefly about Stephen Kumalo’s conflicts and the causes of the conflicts in the section below.

1. Stephen Kumalo’s Conflicts

This section will describe some conflicts that Stephen Kumalo has during his struggle to find the member of his family. As I stated before that conflicts is a struggle between two desires inside the character, Conflicts can consist certain feelings that a character have. Stephen Kumalo conflicts during the searching of his family are as follows. a. Afraid of something uncertain

Kumalo feelt afraid when he had to go to Johannesburg, a great city not known to him. Fear when he thinks about Gertrude and Absalom. Fear about something uncertain to him.

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“The journey had begun, and now the fear back again, the fear of the unknown, the fear of the great city where boys were killed crossing the street, the fear of Gertrude’s sickness. Deep down the fear for his son. Deep down the fear of a man who lives in a world not made for him, whose own world is slipping away, dying, being destroyed, beyond any recall. (p. 15)”

“They walked to the gate of the little house of Mrs. Lithebe. Kumalo lifted to his friend a face that was full of suffering. This thing, he said. Here in my heart there is nothing but fear. Fear, fear, fear. (p. 67)”

Afraid has become one of Stephen Kumalo’s conflicts because he has to decide between his own will and the situation he face. He feels fear because he does not know what will going to happen next while he is still hoping the good side from the situation he faces. Kumalo’s afraid will brought him to another conflicts that he is going to face later. b. Sad of Gertrude’s Condition

Kumalo cries when he knows Gertrude has become a liquor seller and a prostitute with a child, he feels sad because he cannot do nothing to change the condition. And he also sad when he knows that his son had been sent to reformatory.

“His eyes fill with tears, his deep gentleness returns to him. He goes to her and lifts her from the floor to the chair. Inarticulately he strokes her face, his heart filled with pity. (p.30)”

“He glanced at his friend, but Kumalo’s eyes were on the ground. Although Msimangu could not see his face, he could see the drop that fell on the ground, and he tightened his grip on the arm. (p. 59)”

Kumalo sad because he feels pity to see what happen while in other situation he cries because he looses his hope. He feels sad and cries, he struggles in his heart because he can not do anything to help his relatives. Kumalo’s sadness has become

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one of conflicts because he cannot do anything to help Gertrude although he is a priest so he just Struggle within himself and feels the sadness inside him. c. Desperate of Absalom’s murder case

Kumalo feels desperate when he is hoping some support and a help to help his son from his brother John but when he look at him, John did not give what he expected. Kumalo becomes tired and dispirited when he feels desperate, it can be seen when he arrived at Mrs. Lithebe’s house.

“Kumalo look at his brother, but his brother does not look at him. Indeed he walks away. Wearily, wearily he goes from the great gate in the wall to the street. Tixo, he says, Tixo, forsake me not. Father Vincent’s words come back to him, anything, anything, he said, you have only to ask. Then to Father Vincent he will go. (p. 92)”

“Kumalo returned to Mrs. Lithebe’s tired and dispirited. The two women were silent, and he had no desire to speak to them, and none to play with his small nephew. He withdrew into his room, and sat silent there, waiting till he could summon strength enough to go to the Mission House. (p. 92)”

Kumalo feels desperated because the situation he face was to hard for him. He has to help his son but he does not receive any help especially from his own brother so he has to choose to find any help from another man. He struggles within himself between learned to be humble and the desires to be something that is himself (p. 93) d. Suffering because of the treatment from his family

Kumalo suffers because he has been shamed and humiliated when he came to speak to his brother about their son and John consider it as provokating him and he became angry and humiliating Kumalo in front of people.

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“Out there in the street, he was humiliated and ashamed. Humiliated because the people passing looked in astonishment, ashamed because he had not come for this purpose at all. He had come to tell his brother that power corrupts. That a man who fights for justice must himself be cleansed and purified, that love is greater than force. And none of these things had he done. (p.182)”

Suffering has become the major factor of Stephen Kumalo’s conflicts because he always feels suffer when he has to deals with the member of his family. He feels suffer because he thinks that his family hurting him, for he is a priest but his son has become a murderer, and his sister has become a prostitute and his brother live with a woman but not married. From the beginning of the story, Kumalo already shows his suffering when he receive letter from Johannesburg telling about his family in

Johanessburg.

“-Hurting myself? Hurting myself? I do not hurt myself, it is they who are hurting me. My own son, my own sister, my own brother. They go away and do not write anymore. Perhaps it does not seem to them that we suffer. Perhaps they do not care for it. (p. 11)”

After all the conflicts Kumalo had experience, he learns that he can believe in all his suffering. It means he begins to understand what the meaning of his life is. It makes him have a strong character with an understanding of life. The journey had opened his eyes of what had happening in Johannesburg is different from Ndotsheni.

“Kumalo looked at him under the light of the lamp. I believe, he said. But I have learned that it is a secret. Pain and suffering, they are a secret. Kindness and love, they are a secret. But I have learned that kindness and love can pay for pain and suffering. There is my wife, and you, my friend, and these people who welcomed me, and the child who is so eager to be with us here in Ndotsheni –so in my suffering I can believe. (p.193)”

“Kumalo came to himself with a start and realized how far he had travelled since that journey to Johannesburg. The great city had opened his eyes to something that had begun and must now be continued. For there in

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Johannesburg things were happening that had nothing to do with any chief. But he got to his feet, for they had summoned him to the presence of the ruler of the tribe (p. 196).”

It can be seen that from all of the conflicts Stephen Kumalo faces, Kumalo learns many things that shapes his character to be more humble and not depend to himself or the situation or to other people because it can cause him to have internal conflicts.

2. The Causes of Stephen Kumalo’s Conflicts

This analysis is also important because it will figure out the main points of what Paton criticizes toward the South African Society. Each character will describe the social condition in South Africa and the criticism of the author toward the South

African society.

There are some causes of the conflicts that Stephen Kumalo has and most of them comes from the member of his family. Each characters and nature below will represents the social condition of South Africa at that time. a Gertrude’s Sickness

Gertrude is Stephen Kumalo’s sister, she is twenty-five years younger than him. Gertrude goes to Johannesburg to search his husband who had never come back from the mines. Kumalo receives a news about her when someone send him a letter told that Gertrude is very sick and ask him to come to Johannesburg quickly.

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He and his wife have to decide to use the money they saved for Absalom.

Because his wife thinks that when people go to Johannesburg they did not come back anymore. He finally decided to use the money to go to Johannesburg. Kumalo’s conflicts begins when he thinks that his relatives has hurting him because they go and did not give any news anymore.

“His voice rose into loud and angry words. Go up and ask the white man, he said. Perhaps there are letters (p. 11)”

In a long way to Johannesburg, Kumalo still struggles with the fear he had.

Having conflicts thinking the fear of Gertrude sickness, about his own son and about the place where he goes.

“The journey had begun. And now the fear back again, the fear of the unknown, the fear of great city where boys were killed crossing the street, the fear of Gertrude’s sickness. Deep down the fear for his own son. Deep down the fear of a man who lives in a world not made for him, whose own world is slipping away, dying, being destroyed, beyond any recall. (p. 15)”

But he finally cools himself down by reading his bible. Kumalo used to reads his bible while he fells uncertain to what has happening.

“The humble man reached in his pocket for his sacred book, and began to read. It was this world alone that was certain. (p. 16)”

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Another conflicts happens when he knows the meaning of Gertrude’s sickness is that Gertrude has become a prostitute, a liquor seller and live with her child in a place that Kumalo thinks is not suitable for a child to live.

“And that is her work, she makes and sells it. I shall hide nothing from you, though it is painful for me. These women sleep with any man for their price. (p. 23)”

Kumalo is angry with Gertrude because he thinks Gertrude had shamed him and because he is a priest, that is why he is having conflicts.

“You have shamed us, he says in a low voice, not wishing to make it known to the world. A liquor seller, a prostitute, with a child and you do not know where it is. Your brother a priest. (p. 29)”

After his anger, Kumalo soon feels pity with Gertrude and he cries, he decides to forgive her and pray for her.

“His eyes fill with tears, his deep gentleness returns to him. He goes to her from the floor to the chair. Inarticulately he strokes her face, his heart filled with pity. –God forgives us, he says. Who am I not to forgive? Let us pray. (p. 30)”

While Kumalo was waiting for Msimangu to take him to Shanty town, he spent the time with Getrude and her child. Kumalo begins to think what is actually saddened him and why that kind of things happen to Gertrude.

“For he had been a young man in the twenties when his sister was born, and there had never been great intimacy between them. After all he was a parson, sober and rather dull no doubt, and his hair was turning white, and with him about the deep things that were here in Johannesburg; for it was amongst these very things that saddened and perplexed him, that she had found her life and occupation. (p. 55)”

“Here were heavy things indeed, too heavy for a woman who had not gone beyond the fifth standard of her country school. She was respectful to him, as it behoved her to be to an elder brother and a parson, and they exchanged

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conventional conversation; but never again did they speak of the things that had made her fall on the floor with crying and weeping. (p. 55) “

b. Absalom’ Crime

Absalom is Stephen kumalo’s son. Absalom went to Johannesburg to look for

Gertrude, but he also never wrote a letter to his parents. All of Kumalo letters and his wife came back to them. The conflicts begins when Msimangu asks about his son.

Stephen became afraid when thinking about Absalom because Absalom never wrote either, because Kumalo had seen what happened to Gertrude he become more afraid.

“Absalom was his name. He too went away, to look for my sister, but he never returned, nor after a while did he write any more. Our letters, his mother’s and mine, all came back to us. And now after what you tell me, I am still more afraid. (p. 24) “

Kumalo cries when he knows that Absalom goes to the reformatory. He is afraid because he does not know the situation and what happened with Absalom later in the reformatory but Msimangu give him courage dealing with Kumalo’s thought.

“-I have heard of this reformatory. Your friend the priest from England speaks well of it. I have heard him say that if any boy wishes to amend, there is help for him there. So take courage. (p. 59)”

Stephen Kumalo did not expect what happens to his son will become a great conflict for him, that he knew his son has murder a white man. Kumalo’s friend

Msimangu tells about it in his thought about Kumalo.

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“His son had gone astray before him, and where many others would go astray after him, until there was found some great secret that as yet no man had discovered. But that he should kill a man, a white man! There was nothing that he could remember, nothing, nothing at all, that could make it probable. (p. 87)”

Another conflicts happened when Kumalo met Absalom in prison. After some conversation, Kumalo seems desperate because his question did not answer by

Absalom. He seems tortured to ask to his son what is the reasons he did such things, and Absalom answer it is caused by the devil.

“And this again cannot be answered. The young white man comes over, for he knows that this does nothing, goes nowhere. Perhaps he does not like to see these two torturing each other. (p. 89)”

“Oh boy, can you not say you fought the devil, wrestled with the devil, struggled with him night and day, till the sweat poured from you and no strength was left? Can you not say that you wept for your sins, and vowed to make amends, and stood upright, and stumbled, and fell again? It would be some comfort for this tortured man, who asks you desperately, why did you not struggle against him?. (p. 90)” c. John’s Political Intrigue

John Kumalo is Stephen Kumalo’s brother. John also went to Johannesburg and does not write anymore. John was a carpenter but he has become a great politicians in Johannesburg (p. 24). Stephen has conflicts after he hears the explanation of his brother John.

“I have listened attentively to you, my brother. Much of what you say saddens me, partly because of the way you say it, and partly because much of it is true. And now I have something to ask of you. (p. 36)”

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John is one of three characters that the government is afraid of. He is the description of a man who dares to speak against the government policy. There are three of them and John is one who has the voice.

“But they say you must hear him at a meeting, he and Dubula and a brown man named Tomlinson. They say he speaks like a bull, and growls in his throat like a lion, and could make men mad if he would. But for that they say he has not enough courage, for he would surely be sent to prison. (p. 37)”

“But the say – excuse me, my friend – that Tomlinson has the brains, and your brother the voice, (p. 40)”

In order to save his son, John wishes to have a lawyer although he has to reject the testimony of Stephen’s son, Absalom. Kumalo can do nothing about this, he just hopes for guidance from the white man beside him because he does not know about the law. Stephen becomes nervous because he did not get answer from the white man, while the white man becomes angry.

“He says it with meaning, with cruel and pitiless meaning. Kumalo stands bereft, and the young white man climbs into the car. Kumalo looks to him for guidance, but the young man shrugs his shoulders. Do what you will, he says indifferently. It is not my work to get lawyers. But if you wish to go back to Sophiatown, I shall take you. (p. 91)”

“Kumalo, made still more nervous but this indisfference, stands outside irresolute. His irresolution seems to anger the young white man, who leans out of the window and speaks loudly: - it is not my work to get lawyers, he says, a wonderful work, a noble work. (p. 91)”

Kumalo becomes weary because he did not get a satisfying solution to help for his son. His brother did not help him so he walk away from the prison almost loosing his hope, and he goes back to the house of Mrs Lithebe.

“Kumalo looks at his brother, but his brother does not look at him. Indeed he walks away. Wearily, waerily, he goes from the great gate in the wall to the

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street. Tixo, he says, Tixo, forsake me not. Father vincent’s words come back to him, anything, anything, he said, you have only to ask. Then to Father Vincent he will go. (p. 92)”

“Kumalo returned to Mrs Lithebe’s tired and dispirited. The two women were silent, and he had no desire to speak to them, and none to play with his small nephew. He with drew into his room, and sat silent there, waiting till he could summon strength enough to go to the Mission House. (p. 92)”

d. Ndotsheni’s Dry Season

Ndotsheni is a village in province Natal where Kumalo lives and works as a priest. Through many conflicts in his life, thinking about the restoration of his village cause him conflicts also. For he believes that as a Christian, suffering is a part of his life.

“Kumalo looked at him under the light of the lamp. I believe, he said, but I have learned that it is a secret. Pain and suffering, they are a secret. Kindness and love, they are a secret. But I have learned that kindness and love can pay for pain and suffering. There is my wife, and you, my friend, and these people who welcomed me, and the child who is so eager to be with us here in Ndotsheni – so in my suffering I can believe. (p. 193)”

Especially when he sees many child die because they do not have milk to drink because their parents are poor. (p. 201-202)

“Ndotsheni became lacks of water because of the drought. People cannot plough the land because it is dry and they have no water irrigate their farm. Their cattle did not get enough food to grow. This situation have been occurred for many years in Ndotsheni. (p. 195)”

Kumalo lives in Ndotsheni for most part of his live, he has seen many things happen there but what makes him struggle for the land is the drought seasons that

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happens every year and causes many children die. At the end of the story, Kumalo prays for the restoration of Ndotsheni and the rain comes. It makes Kumalo relief and the pain lift up, the children also receives milk from the Jarvis family (p. 195-210).

C. Paton’s Social Criticism of South African Society as reflected in Kumalo’s

Conflicts.

In this section, the conflicts and the causes of the conflicts faced by the main character are very important subject to describe what the author wants to show through his novel Cry, the Beloved Country. The causes of the conflicts will give a brief definition what Paton wants to show toward his novel Cry, the Beloved Country.

Stephen Kumalo’s conflicts were the way of Paton describing the social condition of South Africa in the early 20th century. Paton criticizes many things about social condition happen in society at that time, such as moral, law, politics and economy which will answer problem formulation number three.

First social criticism is what Kumalo’s experience dealing with his sister

Gertrude. Gertrude reported ill which makes Kumalo conflicts when he knew that

Gertrude has become a prostitute. Through this conflicts Paton criticizing the moral condition in South African society. Gertrude came to Johannesburg from Ndotsheni to look for her husband but after some years in Johannesburg she turns to be a prostitute because of the condition in Johannesburg is different from Ndotsheni.

The way of living in Johannesburg is different from the tribal culture in

Ndotsheni which can cause someone to put down moral that someone used to had

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before. Gertrude struggles for her life in Johannesburg because she and her son had to survive in that city, so she becomes a prostitute and a liquor seller to earn some money.

“And that is her work, she makes and sells it. I shall hide nothing from you, though it is painful for me. These women sleep with any man for their price. (p. 23)”

Second social criticism is about the law in South African society. The conflicts that Kumalo has with his own son, Absalom, expresses that law in South

African society still bases on white man’s law. It means that although the people in

South Africa mostly are black, they did not have voice to decided their own law. It can be seen from Absalom’s case, how the judge decided the law and the people reaction with the law (p. 174).

Absalom was found guilty because the murder of Arthur Jarvis before he can argue his rights, he decided to be hangs because of the murder he had done.

“This court finds you guilty, Absalom Kumalo of the murder of Arthur Trevelyn Jarvis at his residence in Parkwold, on the afternoon of the eight day of October, 1946. (p. 173)”

And Absalom decided by the judges to be returned to custody and hanged by the neck without he can defend his own rights in the court.

“I sentence you, Absalom Kumalo, to be returned to custody, and to be hanged by the neck until you are dead. And may the lord have mercy upon your soul. (p. 174)”

The law in South Africa most of all made by white man which in some circumstances still sided on white man’s rights rather than black, racial discrimination

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between black and white still occurred in South Africa. Although white people less than black people, they have authority to make law.

“The law in Johannesburg is still influenced by a great South African Judge. (p. 172)”

“The judge does not make law. It is people that make the law. Therefore if a law is unjust, and if the judge judges according to the law, that is justice, even if it is not just”. (p. 163 )”

It is the duty of a judge to do justice, but it is only the people that can be just.

Therefore if justice can not be just, that is not to be laid at the door of the judge, but at the door of the people, which means at the door of the people will be more equal but the fact shows the other side.

Third social criticism is on politics. Paton describing his criticism through

Kumalo’s conflicts with his brother John. John was a carpenter in Ndotsheni but when he came to Johannesburg he became a politician (p. 24).

John’s positions as politicians makes him proud and feels that he did not need

God anymore, it can be seen from his statement below. It criticizes the value that

John usually obeys but he did not obey it anymore.

“John has become a great politician for South Africa but he has no use for church anymore because he says that what God has not done for South Africa, man must do. (p. 25)”

It seems that he does not believe in God anymore because he does not believe the values that teach by the church.

“He paused for a moment, then he said, I do not wish to offend you gentleman, but the church too is like the chief. You must do so and so and so.

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You are not free to have an experience. A man must be faithful and meek and obedient, and he must obey the laws, whatever the laws may be. It is true that the church speaks with a fine voice, and that the bishops speak against the laws. But this they have been doing for fifty years, and things get worse, not better (p. 34).”

Politics could change someone’s mind and paradigm, Paton reveals it through

John Kumalo which makes Stephen has conflicts with his brother. Kumalo feels sad when he sees the way John speaks about politics.

“I Have listened attentively to you, my brother. Much of what you say saddens me. Partly because of the way you say it, and partly because much of it is true (p. 36).”

Fourth social criticism is on Stephen Kumalo’s conflicts deals with his own village, Ndotsheni. Paton describes the condition in Ndotsheni which makes Kumalo struggle for the restoration of his own land.

Kumalo sees many children die because they cannot have milk because the parents are poor. In this conflict, Paton criticizes the economy condition of South

African society at that time that is poverty.

Because of the dry season which already occurred for many years in

Ndotsheni, the village became lacks of water. People cannot plough the land because the land is dry and they have no water to irrigate their farm. Their cattle also become thin because the lack of grass and water. This condition makes them hard to develop their economic life.

“If one walked on the grass, it crackled underfoot as it did after a fire, and in the whole valley there was not one stream that was running. Even on the tops the grass was yellow, and neither below nor above was there any ploughing.

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The sun poured down out of the pitiless sky, and the cattle moved thin and listless over the veld to the dried-up streams, to pluck the cropped grass from the edges of the beds (p. 195)”.

There is neither grass nor water there, and when the rain comes, the maize will not reach the height of a man. The cattle are dying there, and there is no milk.

Malusi’s child is dead, Kuluse’s child is dying, and what other must die, Tixo alone knows (p.197).

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

Society is a group of people who live together in one area. In society, people hold important role to be admitted. The culture between rural and urban society is different, rural society seems strong with their tribal culture while in urban society the culture seems not exist anymore. Paton describes this situation in his novel, Cry, the

Beloved Country. He saw many imbalances situation in South Africa at that time and he described his criticism through the character of Stephen Kumalo and the conflicts that Kumalo experience.

Stephen Kumalo, the main character in this novel is an old priest. He is a kind hearted, humble and has a good habit that is to pray and read his Bible. His good personality makes him a responsible man when he makes a decision to take

Gertrude’s son and take home Absalom’s wife while he is dealing with his brother

John, and struggle in pray for the restoration of his own village.

The conflicts faced by Stephen Kumalo divide into four parts, they are: afraid, when he has to face something uncertain to him; sad, when he sees his sister condition; desperate, when he does not have solution with the problem he had dealing with his son murder case, and suffering because the treatment of his own family. The causes of the conflicts also divide into four parts. First is Gertrude, second is

Absalom, third is John, and fourth is Ndotsheni. Each causes of the conflicts will describe the situation of the society at that time.

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There was a huge gap between the rural and urban society in South Africa at that time. Many people who come to urban society from rural society change into another person, which can be seen through the member of Kumalo’s family. This situation hurts Kumalo’s feeling because he has to deal with own family which cause him to have conflicts. What Paton wants to criticizes here is the social condition of the South African society at that time which he represents through each character and environment that deals with the main character personality. First, comes from

Gertrude, Kumalo’s sister who becomes a prostitute criticizing the moral condition in

South Africa at that time. Second comes from Kumalo’s own son who condemned to be hanged because of a murder which criticizes the law in the society. Third, comes from his brother John who become a politician and live with a woman but not married which criticize the politics can make a person forget about moral values and

God. Fourth, comes from his own land, Ndotsheni. Because Kumalo see many children die because they do not have milk, Kumalo struggle for that, for the restoration of his own land in his pray. It criticizes the economy condition in South

Africa at that time which considers poor.

From the explanation above. It can be seen that Kumalo’s conflicts come from his member of family and the restoration of his land. The strong tribal culture in rural society influences much of Stephen Kumalo’s conflicts. In his searching to find his family, Kumalo has to struggle facing the reality that he is not expecting after he met with them. His positions as a priest who comes from the village and the tribal culture

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that he had cause him to have conflicts. The condition of Kumalo’s family represents the condition of South African Society.

In my conclusion, Paton’s criticism of South African society, as reflected in

Kumalo’s conflicts, is based on social injustice, moral degradation and racial discrimination. The close relation between the novel and the criticism related with the background of Alan Paton. He was live in South Africa at that time and he saw many violence there dealing with injustice, moral and race discrimination.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abrams, M.H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. New York: Monarch Press, 1981.

Baldick, Chris. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

Beaty J. Jerome and Paul Hunter. New World of Literature. New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 1989.

Bernet, Sylvan, Marton Berman and William Burto. Literature for Composition, 2nd ed. London: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1988.

Brooks, Puser and Warren. An approach to Literature. New York: Appleton-century- crafts, Inc., 1952.

Forster, E.M. Aspect of the Novel. New York: Cornell University Press, 1974.

Gannett, Lewis, “Introduction”, Cry the Beloved Country, (1948). (08 August 2005).

Guerin, L. Wilfred, Earle Labor, Lee Morgan, and R. Willingham. A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature. New York: Harper and Row Publisher, Inc, 1879.

Gurnlaik B. David. Webster’s Encyclopedia Unabridge dictionary of the English Language. London: Oxford and IBH press, 1975.

Harvey, W. J. Character and the Novel. New York: Cornell University Press, 1965.

Holman, C. Hugh. And William, Harmon. A Handout to Literature. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986. http://archives.obs-us/obs/english/films/mx/cry/aboutb.htm (October 2007) http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/cry/context.html (October 2007)

Joy, Charles R. Emerging Africa. NewYork : Scholastic Book Services, 1967.

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Ketelbey, C.D. M. A History of Modern Times. London: George G. Harrap & Co. Ltd, 1959.

Kobe, Maris. Review on the novel. New York: Cherry Hill, NJ Press, 1997.

Langland, Elizabeth. Society in The Novel. London: The University of North Carolina Press, 1984.

Mandela, Nelson.” The comment on Cry, the Beloved Country”. Alan (Stewart) Paton (1903-1988). (August 2006).

Meredith, Robert C. and John D Fitzgerald. Structuring Your Novel: From Basic Idea Finished Manuscript. New York: Barnes and Nobles Books. 1972.

Murphy, M. J. Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English Poetry and The English Novel for Overseas Students. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1977.

Paton, Alan. Cry, the Beloved Country. Middlesex: Penguin Books Ltd, 1944.

Paton, Anne. “Letter from Paton’s widow”. London Sunday Times. DISPATCHES Sunday. (October 2006).

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Rohrberger, Mary and Samuel H. Woods. Reading and Writing about Literature. New York: Random House, 1971.

Rooney, F. Charles. “The ‘Message’ of Alan Paton,” Catholic World, 1961, in Paton’s Cry, the Beloved Country: The Novel, Critics, the Setting, ed. SheridanBaker,(1968) (August 2005)

Rose, Arnold M. The Race Questions in Modern Science. Paris: Unesco. 1956.

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Ross,Jeremy.“AboutCry,TheBelovedCountry”,2006 (November 2006).

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Standford University. “The History of Apartheid”. 2006 (September 2006).

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Biography of Alan Paton (1903 - 1988)

Alan Paton was born on January 11, 1903 in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. After graduating from Maritzburg College in 1918, he studied at the University of Natal, where he graduated with distinction in physics. After leaving school, Paton became a science teacher in 1925. For three years he taught at Ixopo High School, then moved to Pietermaritzburg to teach at Maritzburg College. In 1928 Paton married Doris Olive Francis, and two years later they had their first son, David. A second son, Jonathan, was born in 1936. Even early in his career Paton took a strong interest in race relations, joining the South African Institute of Race Relations in 1930.

In 1935 he left his teaching position to become the principal of the Diepkloof Reformatory for delinquent urban African boys near Johannesburg. During this period, Paton continued to work on behalf of race relations: in 1942 he is nominated to the Anglican Diocesan Commission to inquire into church and race relations in South Africa, while he also wrote a series of articles concerning crime and punishment and penal reform for Forum.

Paton wrote Cry, the Beloved Country, which was published in February of 1948, during a time in which he studied penal institutions in Europe, the United States and Canada. Several months after the publication of the novel, the National Party came to power in South Africa and instituted apartheid. The publication of this novel, which was a great success, allowed Paton to resign as principal of the reformatory to devote himself fully to his writing. Cry, the Beloved Country was soon adapted into a musical, "Lost in the Stars," by composer Kurt Weill and a film directed by Zoltan Korda on whose screenplay Paton contributed.

His second novel, Too Late the Pharalope, was published in 1953 while Paton worked at a tuberculosis settlement. During this time, Paton began to take a more active interest in politics, becoming the vice-president of the Liberal Party and, in 1956, the party chairman. Paton eventually became National President of the Liberal Party until 1968, when the government forces the Liberal Party to disband under the Prohibition of Interference Act that prohibited non-racial political parties. During his term with the Liberal Party, Paton gave evidence to mitigate the treason sentence for Nelson Mandela during his 1964 trial.

Paton also published several other non-fiction works, including The Land and the People of South Africa (1955), Hope for South Africa (1958) and The People Wept (1958). In 1959 he wrote "The Last Journey," a play about the missionary

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David Livingston, as well as The Christian Approach to Racial Problems in the Modern World.

In 1967 Doris Olive Paton died, and two years later Alan Paton married Anne Margaret Hopkins. Paton continued to write throughout his life, publishing a third novel, Ah, but Your Land is Beautiful, in 1981 and two of a projected three volumes of his autobiography in 1980 and, posthumously, in 1988. Paton died in April of 1988 at Lintrose, Botha's Hill in Natal.

http://www.gradesaver.com/ClassicNotes/Authors/about_alan_paton.html

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Summary of the Novel

Stephen Kumalo, the pastor at the village of Ndotsheni in the Ixopo region of South Africa, receives a letter from the Reverend Theophilus Msimangu that requests that he go to Johannesburg to rescue his sister, Gertrude, who is very ill. In order to undertake the journey, Kumalo must use the money intended to be used to send his son, Absalom, to St. Chad's for his education. Absalom had gone to Johannesburg himself, and has not been heard from since. When a friend of Stephen Kumalo takes him to the train station to Johannesburg, he requests that Kumalo give a letter to the daughter of Sibeko, who now works for the Smith family in Johannesburg.

When Kumalo reaches Johannesburg, he waits in line for a bus and is tricked by a young man whom Kumalo gives money to buy a ticket for him. Kumalo finally arrives at the Mission House, where Msimangu arranges for him to stay in the house of Mrs. Lithebe. Msimangu tells Kumalo that Gertrude's husband has not returned from the mines where he was recruited to work, and now Gertrude has "many husbands" and was sent to jail for making bootlegged liquor and working as a prostitute. Msimangu also tells Kumalo that Kumalo's brother John is no longer a carpenter, and now works as a politician. The two men visit Gertrude in the Claremont district of Johannesburg. Kumalo chastises Gertrude for her behavior and for not considering her young son, and tells her brother that John Kumalo will know where his son, Absalom, lives in Johannesburg. Kumalo takes Gertrude and the young child back to the house of Mrs. Lithebe.

Stephen Kumalo goes to visit his brother John, who tells him that his wife has left him and that he is now living with another woman. John claims that he is more free in Johannesburg, for he is no longer subject to the chief and he has his own business. John tells his brother that his son and Absalom had a room together in Alexandra and they were working at the Doornfontein Textiles Company. At Doornfontein, Kumalo learns that Absalom was staying with a Mrs. Ndlela in Sophiatown. Mrs. Ndlela gives him a forwarding address, care of Mrs. Mkize in Alexandra. She also tells Kumalo that she did not like Absalom's friends.

Because of a bus boycott in Alexandra, Msimangu and Kumalo must walk to Alexandra. They reach the house of Mrs. Mkize, who seems obviously afraid and claim that Absalom has been away from the house for nearly a year. Msimangu tells Kumalo to take a walk to get a drink, and while he is gone interrogates Mrs. Mkize. He tells her that no harm will come to her from whatever he tells her, so she admits that they should talk to the taxi driver Hlabeni. From this taxi driver, they learn that Absalom went to Orlando to live amongst the squatters in Shanty Town. On the way back to the Mission House, Msimangu and Kumalo see a white man driving black passengers, and Kumalo smiles at the white man's sense of social justice, while Msimangu claims that the kindness beats him.

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Kumalo goes to Shanty Town with Msimangu, where they meet Mrs. Hlatshwayos, who tells them that Absalom stayed with her until the magistrate sent him to the reformatory. At the reformatory, a white man who works there informs them that Absalom left the reformatory early because of good behavior and that he is now in Pimville, ready to marry a girl whom he got pregnant. At Pimville, they meet the girl, who admits that Absalom went to Springs on Saturday and has not yet returned. Msimangu warns him that he can do nothing about the girl, but Kumalo says that the girl's child will be his grandchild and that he is obligated. Kumalo learns from the white man at the reformatory that Absalom has not been at work this week.

While the white man at the reformatory undertakes a search for Absalom, Kumalo accompanies Msimangu to Ezenzeleni, the place of the blind, where he will hold a service. At dinner, they learn of the murder of Arthur Jarvis, a renowned city engineer who was the President of the African Boys' Club and the son of James Jarvis of Carisbrooke. Arthur Jarvis was renowned for his interest in social problems and for his efforts for the welfare of the non-European sections of the community. It is eventually acknowledged that Absalom Kumalo is suspected of the murder of Arthur Jarvis, and Kumalo wonders how he failed with his son.

Stephen Kumalo tells John about his son's involvement in the murder of Arthur Jarvis, and the two visit the prison together, since John knows that his son was friends with Absalom and thus a possible accomplice. At the prisoner, Kumalo finds his son, and interrogates him about the various facts of the case. Absalom claims that he shot Arthur Jarvis merely because he was frightened, but did not intend to kill him. John Kumalo claims that there is no proof that his son, who was involved in the robbery with Absalom and another friend, Johannes Pafuri, was involved.

The young white man from the reformatory visits Mrs. Lithebe's house in order to talk to Kumalo about a lawyer, because he does not trust John and thinks that he will attempt to place all of the blame on Absalom. He warns Kumalo that no matter what happens his son will be severely punished. The next day, Kumalo visits the pregnant girl in Pimville and tells her what happened to Absalom. He interrogates her, asking whether she really wants to become part of their family and whether she wants another husband. Kumalo eventually becomes convinced that the girl will come with him and live a quiet life in rural Ixopo.

The girl returns with them to the house of Mrs. Lithebe. Unlike Gertrude, the girl enjoys being there, while Gertrude behaves carelessly and dislikes living there. Kumalo visits Absalom in prison again and attempts to arrange a marriage between his son and the girl. He learns that John Kumalo's son (also named John) and the other suspect, Johannes Pafuri, have placed the blame entirely on Absalom. Father Vincent, a white pastor, introduces Kumalo to the lawyer Mr. Carmichael, who will take the case pro deo.

The second section of the novel takes the perspective of James Jarvis, the father of the murdered Arthur Jarvis. James Jarvis learns from the police captain van Jaarsveld that his son has been murdered and that there is a plane waiting at Pietermaritzburg that

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can take him to Johannesburg. Jarvis tells his wife Margaret as he arranges to make the journey to Johannesburg. When they arrive, Jarvis meets John Harrison, the brother of Mary, the wife of the late Arthur Jarvis. He tells them that Mary and her children have taken the news poorly, and that the police have been combing the plantations on Parkwold Ridge. Jarvis also learns that his son had been writing a paper on "The Truth About Native Crime" and admits to John that he and his son did not agree on the question of native crime. Arthur Jarvis had been learning Afrikaans and considered learning Sesuto, perhaps to help him stand as a Member of Parliament in the next election. Jarvis wonders why this crime happened to his son, of all people, and laments that he never learned more about his son.

During the funeral service at Parkwold Church for Arthur Jarvis, James Jarvis experiences several firsts. The service is the first time that Jarvis attends church with black people, and it is also the first time that he shakes hands with one. Jarvis, wishing to learn more about his son, asks John Harrison to take him to the Boys' Club in Claremont where his son did a great deal of community service work. Jarvis soon learns that Richard Mpiring, the servant at Arthur's house, was able to identify one of the culprits as a former servant. Jarvis reads through his son's manuscript, and is touched by his son's criticisms of South Africa as a nation that claims to be Christian yet practices few of the Christian ideals.

During the trial, the defendants (Absalom Kumalo, John Kumalo and Johannes Pafuri) are each asked their plea. They each plead not guilty, but Absalom does so only because he cannot plead guilty to culpable homicide. Absalom testifies that Johannes hit Mpiring in the back with an iron bar, and that he shot Arthur Jarvis simply because of fear. The prosecutor asks Absalom why he carried a loaded gun when he did not actually intend to use it, but Absalom cannot give a satisfactory answer. After court is adjourned for the day, Stephen Kumalo exits the courtroom with Msimangu, Gertrude and Mrs. Lithebe. He trembles when he sees James Jarvis, wondering how he can look at the man whose son Absalom murdered.

Upon returning to his son's home, Jarvis finds another work, "Private Essays on the Evolution of a South African," in which Arthur wrote that it is difficult to be a South African and that, although his parents gave him a great deal, they sheltered him from the actual South Africa. In this paper, Arthur Jarvis wrote that he dedicates himself to South Africa because he cannot deny the part of himself that is a South African.

James and Margaret Jarvis visit the home of Barbara Smith, one of Margaret's nieces. While they are visiting there, Stephen Kumalo visits with the letter from Sibeko. When Jarvis sees him, Stephen Kumalo trembles and nearly falls ill. Jarvis comforts him, and asks what is wrong. Kumalo admits that there is a heavy thing between then, and finally tells him that it was his son who murdered Arthur Jarvis. Jarvis tells Kumalo that there is no anger in him. Kumalo and Jarvis learn from the Smith daughter that Sibeko's daughter was fired because she started to brew liquor in her room, and that she does not know nor care where the girl is now. When translating Smith's words into Zulu, Jarvis leaves out the part that she does not care where the girl is. When Kumalo leaves

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respectfully, Jarvis admits to his wife that he is disturbed because of something that came out of the past.

During a meeting in the public square, John Kumalo gives a speech demanding greater reparations for blacks in South Africa, but despite the possibility that he may cause unrest and even riots, John Kumalo restrains himself, for he does not want to be arrested, simply out of the discomfort that it may cause. Jarvis is also at the rally, and listens as John Kumalo speaks.

Mrs. Lithebe and Gertrude argue over Gertrude's behavior, for Mrs. Lithebe believes that Gertrude associates with the wrong type of people and warns her not to hurt her brother any further. Gertrude finally suggests that she wants to become a nun, and although Mrs. Lithebe is happy at the change in Gertrude, she asks her to think of the small boy. Gertrude finally asks the pregnant girl if she would take care of her son if she were to become a nun, and the girl eagerly agrees.

The judge issues a guilty verdict int eh case for Absalom Kumalo, but finds no legitimate evidence that John Kumalo and Johannes Pafuri were present and thus finds them not guilty. The judge finds no mitigating circumstances, and sentences Absalom to death by hanging. When the court is dismissed, the young white man from the reformatory leaves court with Kumalo, thus breaking tradition and exiting along with the black men, an action that is not taken lightly.

Father Vincent performs a wedding ceremony at the prison, marrying Absalom and the pregnant girl. After returning from prison, Kumalo visits his brother's shop and they argue when Stephen suggests that he may have some reason to be bitter toward his brother. Wishing to harm his brother, Stephen suggests that there may be someone in his household who wants to betray him. When John laments having such a friend, Stephen says that Absalom had friends who betrayed him. John throws Stephen out of his shop and shouts at him in the street. Stephen feels ashamed for provoking his brother, for he only wished to tell his brother how power corrupts and that a man who fights for justice must be pure.

Before Jarvis leaves, he gives John Harrison a letter requesting that John continue Arthur's work, and includes a check for ten thousand dollars asking him to start the Arthur Jarvis club. Before Kumalo leaves, Msimangu hosts a party at Mrs. Lithebe's home in which he praises her for her kindness. Before they leave, Msimangu tells Kumalo that he is giving up all his worldly possessions and gives Kumalo money for all of the new duties he has taken up. Before departing for home, Kumalo finds that Gertrude has left, presumably to become a nun.

Stephen Kumalo returns home and tells his wife the verdict and the sentence. He learns that the area where they live has suffered from a drought for a month. Kumalo gives his first sermon since his return, in which beseeches God to give them ran and prays for Africa. Kumalo wonders whether he can remain as pastor considering his family. Kumalo decides that he must speak to the chief and the headmaster of the school

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about the state of Ndotsheni. When Kumalo speaks to the chief, the chief offers little help. Kumalo suggests that they should try to keep as many people as possible in Ndotsheni. When he returns home, a small white boy visits Kumalo and wishes to learn some words in Zulu. The boy asks for milk, which prompts Kumalo to tell him about the drought and about how small children are dying from it. The boy vows to visit Kumalo again. After dinner, Kumalo's friend asks if a small white boy visited him today, and tells him that he has milk to distribute to the small children. The milk is presumably a gift from the Jarvis estate.

Kumalo receives letters from Johannesburg, including one from Absalom to his wife and parents, one from Msimangu, and one from Mr. Carmichael. Carmichael writes that there will be no mercy for Absalom, and that he will be hanged on the fifteenth of the month. Kumalo's wife suggests that Kumalo distribute milk to the children in order to distract him from the pain. Kumalo sees Jarvis, who meets with the magistrate and the chief. Although Kumalo cannot hear their discussion, they appear to be discussing an important matter and use sticks to discuss their plans. Jarvis remains after the others leave. As a storm approaches, Jarvis and Kumalo remain in the church together. Jarvis learns that there will be no mercy for Absalom.

The small white boy returns to the house to learn Zulu, and meets Gertrude's child and Kumalo's wife. When he leaves, Kumalo goes to the church and meets Napoleon Letsitsi, the new agricultural demonstrator. He says that Jarvis has sent him to teach farming in Ndotsheni, and tells Kumalo that there will be a dam so that the cattle always have water to drink and thus produce milk.

Kumalo's friend tells Kumalo that Mrs. Jarvis is dead, and Kumalo writes a letter of condolence to James Jarvis, despite the worry that she might have died of grief and that a letter might be inappropriate. When the Bishop visits Kumalo, he suggests that Kumalo retire as pastor, but Kumalo says that if he were to retire his post and leave Ndotsheni, he would die. The Bishop says that he must leave because Jarvis lives nearby, but when the Bishop learns that Jarvis is sending milk for the children, he agrees that Kumalo can remain as pastor.

A new sense of excitement overcomes the valley concerning the new developments. On the day that Absalom is to be executed, Kumalo decides to go up on the mountain, as he had done in various other times of crisis in his life. On his journey to the mountain, Kumalo sees Jarvis, who tells him that he is moving to Johannesburg to live with his daughter-in-law and her children. While on the mountain, Kumalo thinks of various reasons to give thanks, such as Msimangu, the young man from the reformatory, Mrs. Lithebe, Father Vincent, his wife and friend. He wonders why Jarvis has been so kind despite their history, but he also thinks of those who are suffeirng and wonders when South Africa will become emancipated from fear and bondage.

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