DOCSLIB.ORG

Contextual Theology and Its Radicalization of the South African Anti-Apartheid Church Struggle

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Contextual Theology and Its Radicalization of the South African Anti-Apartheid Church Struggle University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2012 Confrontational Christianity: Contextual Theology and Its Radicalization of the South African Anti-Apartheid Church Struggle Miguel Rodriguez University of Central Florida Part of the History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Rodriguez, Miguel, "Confrontational Christianity: Contextual Theology and Its Radicalization of the South African Anti-Apartheid Church Struggle" (2012). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 4470. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/4470 CONFRONTATIONAL CHRISTIANITY: CONTEXTUAL THEOLOGY AND ITS RADICALIZATION OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN ANTI-APARTHEID CHURCH STRUGGLE by MIGUEL RODRIGUEZ B.S. University of Central Florida, 1997 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History in the College of Arts and Humanities at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2012 © 2012 Miguel Rodriguez ii ABSTRACT This paper is intended to analyze the contributions of Contextual Theology and Contextual theologians to dismantling the South African apartheid system. It is intended to demonstrate that the South African churches failed to effectively politicize and radicalize to confront the government until the advent of Contextual Theology in South Africa. Contextual Theology provided the Christian clergy the theological justification to unite with anti-apartheid organizations. Its very concept of working with the poor and oppressed helped the churches gain favor with the black masses that were mostly Christian. Its borrowing from Marxist philosophy appealed to anti-apartheid organizations. Additionally, Contextual theologians, who were primarily black, began filling prominent leadership roles in their churches and within the ecumenical organizations. They were mainly responsible for radicalizing the churches and the ecumenical organizations. They also filled an important anti-apartheid political leadership vacuum when most political leaders were banned, jailed, or killed. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I dedicate this work to my late father, Miguel A. Rodriguez. I inherited my revolutionary spirit from him. I also dedicate this work to the Central Florida peace and justice community. You are the current liberation movement. I wish to thank my professors throughout my graduate studies at the University of Central Florida for their encouragment and support, and for making me a historian: Dr. Ezekiel Walker, Dr. John Sacher, Dr. Hong Zhang, and Dr. Vladimir Solonari. Dr. Charles Killinger, thank you for telling me twenty years ago that I should consider the study of history. I’m so glad I finally took your advice. Thank you Ms. Nancy Rauscher for starting me on the right study path. Finally, I would like to thank my wife, Alita, for her support and patience, and for understanding the constant long nights of study, writing, and revising. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 Historiography ............................................................................................................................ 3 Outline of Chapters ................................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................. 16 Origins of Apartheid ................................................................................................................. 16 Overview of the Missions’ Influence among Native South Africans ....................................... 20 The Early DRC and the Formation of the DRC Mission Churches .......................................... 26 The Rise of Religious Apartheid in the Twentieth Century ...................................................... 30 The Rise of Political Apartheid in the Twentieth Century ........................................................ 37 CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................. 44 Early and Limited Resistance to Apartheid in the English-speaking Churches ........................ 44 The Ecumenical Response: The 1960s ..................................................................................... 56 The Dilemma of Major Political Movements – ANC and BCM .............................................. 64 CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................................................. 77 The Rise of Contextual Theology ............................................................................................. 77 Christian Radicalization and the Fall of Apartheid ................................................................. 101 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................... 129 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 142 Primary Sources ...................................................................................................................... 142 Secondary Sources .................................................................................................................. 145 v INTRODUCTION South African apartheid was not only a political system; it was also a religious system.1 Apartheid incorporated both political and theological ideology and practices to achieve social and economic gains for its white minority population. Although much is documented regarding the political rise and fall of apartheid South Africa in historiographical scholarship, little attention is paid to the theological dimension that both contributed to and dismantled the segregationist government system.2 Although it is true that talented individuals such as the immensely popular Nelson Mandela and his African National Congress (ANC), as well as trade unions,3 played instrumental roles in abolishing apartheid, it is equally true that the churches greatly influenced the final outcome of South Africa's political and social oppressive system. Of course, political and economic factors were always in play, but religion and moral authority mattered. Contextual Theology provided the hermeneutical reasoning, moral force, and prophetic mandate required to confront and dismantle the apartheid system. Contextual Theology is usually referred to as “prophetic theology” because it depends upon biblical “exegesis” – or critical interpretation – and places its emphasis on the biblical themes of liberation and the prophets’ teachings. The biblical prophets appeared in times of social, spiritual, and political turmoil. In 1 Peter Walshe, “Prophetic Christianity and the Liberation Movement,” The Journal of Modern African Studies 39, no. 1 (1991): 1. Walshe, in his opening sentence, contends that the struggle against apartheid was both theological and political. 2 Tristan Anne Borer, Challenging the State: Churches as Political Actors in South Africa, 1980-1994. (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1998), xiii. 3 John Allen, Rabble-Rouser For Peace: The Authorized Biography of Desmond Tutu (NY: Free Press, 2006), 233. Journalist John Allen contends that although the churches provided “an unrivaled array of platforms at a time when few others were available in the black community” in the late 1970s and into the 1980s, trade unions “became more a powerful institutional force for liberation than church denominational structures.” However, he contends that Desmond Tutu, a Contextual theologian, “made a powerful and unique contribution to publicizing the anti-apartheid struggle abroad…” 1 this regard, Contextual Theology also studies the current times with regard to the gospel teachings. Therefore, “the gospel becomes contextualized in an attempt to understand its meaning in the situation of crisis and conflict.”4 These understandings of biblical exegesis led late twentieth-century Liberation theologians in Latin America and Contextual theologians in South Africa to focus on the conditions of the poor and oppressed, and attempt to remove all social and economic barriers that are deemed oppressive. This theology became a significant driving force used by mostly non-white influential religious leaders and activist theologians to help end the apartheid government.5 Although the Afrikaner Dutch Reformed Church (DRC) and its theology contributed substantially to the government’s apartheid policies, its non-white mission or “sister” churches together with many English-speaking – former English missionary – churches helped dismantle the apartheid system.6 Many times working with anti-apartheid political groups, foreign nations, and international organizations, the churches fought a two front war against the South African government – one religious and the other political. Ecclesiastical forces played no small role to end apartheid.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Calvinism in the Context of the Afrikaner Nationalist Ideology
    ASIAN AND AFRICAN STUDIES, 78, 2009, 2, 305-323 CALVINISM IN THE CONTEXT OF THE AFRIKANER NATIONALIST IDEOLOGY Jela D o bo šo vá Institute of Oriental Studies, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Klemensova 19, 813 64 Bratislava, Slovakia [email protected] Calvinism was a part of the mythic history of Afrikaners; however, it was only a specific interpretation of history that made it a part of the ideology of the Afrikaner nationalists. Calvinism came to South Africa with the first Dutch settlers. There is no historical evidence that indicates that the first settlers were deeply religious, but they were worshippers in the Nederlands Hervormde Kerk (Dutch Reformed Church), which was the only church permitted in the region until 1778. After almost 200 years, Afrikaner nationalism developed and connected itself with Calvinism. This happened due to the theoretical and ideological approach of S. J.du Toit and a man referred to as its ‘creator’, Paul Kruger. The ideology was highly influenced by historical developments in the Netherlands in the late 19th century and by the spread of neo-Calvinism and Christian nationalism there. It is no accident, then, that it was during the 19th century when the mythic history of South Africa itself developed and that Calvinism would play such a prominent role in it. It became the first religion of the Afrikaners, a distinguishing factor in the multicultural and multiethnic society that existed there at the time. It legitimised early thoughts of a segregationist policy and was misused for political intentions. Key words: Afrikaner, Afrikaner nationalism, Calvinism, neo-Calvinism, Christian nationalism, segregation, apartheid, South Africa, Great Trek, mythic history, Nazi regime, racial theories Calvinism came to South Africa in 1652, but there is no historical evidence that the settlers who came there at that time were Calvinists.
    [Show full text]
  • South Africa: What Kind of Change? by William J
    A publication of ihe African Studies Program of The Georgetown University Center for Strategic and International Studies No.5 • November 25, 1982 South Africa: What Kind of Change? by William J. Foltz Discussion of the prospects for "meaningful" or just installed. Thanks in large part to the electoral "significant" change in South Africa has engaged success of 1948, his ethnic community has now pro­ Marxist, liberal, and conservative scholars for years. duced a substantial entrepreneurial and managerial Like other participants in this perennial debate, I have class which has challenged the English-speaking com­ tripped over my own predictions often enough to have munity for control over the economy and which is bruised my hubris. I am afraid that I must disappoint now busy integrating itself with that community. In anyone who wants a firm schedule and route map as 1948 the income ratio between Afrikaners and English to where South Africa goes from here. This does not was 1:2, it is now about 1:1.3, and in urban areas it imply that important changes are not taking place in is nearly 1:1. South Africa. Indeed, some of the changes that have The African population has also changed substan­ occurred or become apparent in the last seven years tially. Despite the fictions of grand apartheid, more have been momentous, and at the least they allow us than half the African population lives in "white" areas, to exclude some possibilities for the future. There are, and by the end of the century 60 percent of the total however, simply too many uncontrolled variables in African population is expected to be urban.
    [Show full text]
  • Constructive Engagement": U.S
    GUNTHER HELLMANN The Collapse of "Constructive Engagement": U.S. Foreign Policy in Southern Africa* 1. Introduction During the Reagan Administration, U.S. foreign policy in southern Africa acquired new significance in American politics. Political elites and subse- quently the American public were increasingly polarized as the conflicts among and within the states of southern Africa escalated. The Reagan Administration meanwhile was unable either to exercise a moderating influ- ence on the contending parties in southern Africa or to win public support with a convincing policy. In January 1987 an independent report ordered by President Reagan in September 1985 bluntly stated that the Administration's policy had failed.1 Yet initially its southern Africa policy had seemed most apt to live up to the Administration's claim to rebuild U.S. global leadership. How was it that a policy which in 1981 was regarded by nearly all sides as a coherent and reasoned whole2 could six years later be issued such a devastating judgment under the seal of the State Department? And is it valid to maintain that this policy was really "doomed to fail" from the start?3 This essay seeks to show that the Administration's policy failed in two respects. First and most fundamentally, the Administration failed to devise a coherent and effective policy transcending the tension between anti-commu- nism on the one hand and anti-apartheid on the other. This conflict of goals had been evident, though largely latent, in policy toward southern Africa since the 1970s. Second, and more important, this essay will argue that it * For their valuable and stimulating ideas I would like to extend my special thanks to the editors and, in particular, Winrich Kühne and Ambassador Donald F.
    [Show full text]
  • 135 Newcontree the Birth of Umkhonto We Sizwe: Old And
    NEWCONTREE 135 THE BIRTH OF UMKHONTO WE SIZWE: OLD AND NEW SOURCES Vladimir Shubin (Institute for African Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences) The history of the South African liberation movement is still to be written. Academic books and articles published so far left too many of its pages blank or contain information which can't withstand a scrutiny. Among the bibliographies on the anti-apartheid struggle Peter Limb's "The ANC and the Black Workers in South Africa, 1912-1992" should be singled out as well as books by Thomas Karis and Gail Gerhart. However, no special bibliography on "Umkhonto we Sizwe" (MK) has been compiled so far except for an introductory bibliography prepared by Sandi Ie Schalk and the author for the Conference on the Beginnings of the Armed Struggle in South Africa convened in December 1995 by the Mayibuye Centre for History and Culture at the University of the Western Cape. Who took a decision and when? The early history of MK is a subject to controversy. The question of when and how the decision was taken is a subject of debate among academics. Naturally nobody knew this better that the participants themselves but even the evidence of those who participated in the events directly is somewhat contradictory. The possibility of using an armed form of struggle was discussed in Congress Alliance and communist circles immediately after the Sharpeville massacre in March 1960 if not before. The mood was growing that under repressive conditions a position of non- violence was becoming more and more irrelevant. Some people even called it treacherous.
    [Show full text]
  • South Africa and the African Renaissance
    South Africa and the African Renaissance PETER VALE* AND SIPHO MASEKO On May , immediately prior to the adoption of South Africa’s new con- stitution,Thabo Mbeki, Nelson Mandela’s chosen successor, opened his address to the country’s Constitutional Assembly with the words ‘I am an African!’. In an inclusionary speech, symptomatic of post-apartheid South Africa, Mbeki drew strands of the country’s many histories together. His words evoked great emotion within the assembly chamber, and later throughout the country: across the political spectrum, South Africans strongly associated themselves with the spirit of reconciliation and outreach caught in his words. South Africa’s reunification with the rest of the continent had been a significant sub-narrative within the processes which led to negotiation over the ending of apartheid. That South Africa would become part of the African community was, of course, beyond doubt; what was at issue was both the sequence of events by which this would happen and the conditionalities attached to its happening.The continent’s enthusiasm for the peace process in South Africa was initially uneven: the Organization of African Unity (OAU) summit in June decided to retain sanctions against South Africa although the Nigerian leader, General Ibrahim Babingida, expressed an interest in meet- ing South Africa’s then President, F.W.de Klerk, if such an occasion ‘would help bring about majority rule.’ The political prize attached to uniting South Africa with the rest of the continent explains why South Africa’s outgoing minority government, despite energetic and expensive diplomatic effort, was unable to deliver its own version of South Africa in Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • 2013 Annual Report
    Our evolution 1990 Mr Nelson Mandela is released after over 27 years in prison. 1994 Mr Mandela becomes South Africa’s first democratically elected president. 1999 Mr Mandela steps down as president. The Nelson Mandela Foundation is established and houses Mr Mandela’s personal office. It implements a wide range of development projects, including education and health infrastructure. 2002 The Nelson Mandela Foundation moves to its current premises. 2004 Mr Mandela retires and famously says, “Don’t call me, I’ll call you.” He inaugurates the Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory project. The Nelson Mandela Foundation begins process of consolidation from project implementer to enabler and facilitator. 2008 Mr Mandela says at his 90th birthday concert in London, “It is time for new hands to lift the burdens. It is in your hands now.’’ 2009 The first Nelson Mandela Day is launched. The United Nations General Assembly declares, by unanimous resolution, 18 July as Nelson Mandela International Day. 2011 The Nelson Mandela Foundation enters the final phase of its transition; the Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory becomes the Foundation’s physical home. Our vision Our core work Our spiral A society which remembers its pasts, listens The Nelson Mandela Foundation delivers The spiral, which in many ancient to all its voices, and pursues social justice. to the world an integrated and dynamic societies symbolised constant renewal, information resource on the life and times simultaneously represents the centring of of Nelson Mandela, and promotes the memory, disseminating of information and Our mission finding of sustainable solutions to critical widening impact in the world, which is at To contribute to the making of a just society social problems through memory-based the heart of our work.
    [Show full text]
  • Music and Inter-Generational Experiences of Social Change in South Africa
    All Mixed Up: Music and Inter-Generational Experiences of Social Change in South Africa Dominique Santos 22113429 PhD Social Anthropology Goldsmiths, University of London All Mixed Up: Music and Inter-Generational Experiences of Social Change in South Africa Dominique Santos 22113429 Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for a PhD in Social Anthropology Goldsmiths, University of London 2013 Cover Image: Party Goer Dancing at House Party Brixton, Johannesburg, 2005 (Author’s own) 1 Acknowledgements I owe a massive debt to a number of people and institutions who have made it possible for me to give the time I have to this work, and who have supported and encouraged me throughout. The research and writing of this project was made financially possible through a generous studentship from the ESRC. I also benefitted from the receipt of a completion grant from the Goldsmiths Anthropology Department. Sophie Day took over my supervision at a difficult point, and has patiently assisted me to see the project through to submission. John Hutnyk’s and Sari Wastel’s early supervision guided the incubation of the project. Frances Pine and David Graeber facilitated an inspiring and supportive writing up group to formulate and test ideas. Keith Hart’s reading of earlier sections always provided critical and pragmatic feedback that drove the work forward. Julian Henriques and Isaak Niehaus’s helpful comments during the first Viva made it possible for this version to take shape. Hugh Macnicol and Ali Clark ensured a smooth administrative journey, if the academic one was a little bumpy. Maia Marie read and commented on drafts in the welcoming space of our writing circle, keeping my creative fires burning during dark times.
    [Show full text]
  • Download This Report
    Military bases and camps of the liberation movement, 1961- 1990 Report Gregory F. Houston Democracy, Governance, and Service Delivery (DGSD) Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) 1 August 2013 Military bases and camps of the liberation movements, 1961-1990 PREPARED FOR AMATHOLE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY: FUNDED BY: NATIONAL HERITAGE COUNCI Table of Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... iii Chapter 1: Introduction ...............................................................................................................1 Chapter 2: Literature review ........................................................................................................4 Chapter 3: ANC and PAC internal camps/bases, 1960-1963 ........................................................7 Chapter 4: Freedom routes during the 1960s.............................................................................. 12 Chapter 5: ANC and PAC camps and training abroad in the 1960s ............................................ 21 Chapter 6: Freedom routes during the 1970s and 1980s ............................................................. 45 Chapter 7: ANC and PAC camps and training abroad in the 1970s and 1980s ........................... 57 Chapter 8: The ANC’s prison camps ........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • THE UNITED STATES and SOUTH AFRICA in the NIXON YEARS by Eric J. Morgan This Thesis Examines Relat
    ABSTRACT THE SIN OF OMISSION: THE UNITED STATES AND SOUTH AFRICA IN THE NIXON YEARS by Eric J. Morgan This thesis examines relations between the United States and South Africa during Richard Nixon’s first presidential administration. While South Africa was not crucial to Nixon’s foreign policy, the racially-divided nation offered the United States a stabile economic partner and ally against communism on the otherwise chaotic post-colonial African continent. Nixon strengthened relations with the white minority government by quietly lifting sanctions, increasing economic and cultural ties, and improving communications between Washington and Pretoria. However, while Nixon’s policy was shortsighted and hypocritical, the Afrikaner government remained suspicious, believing that the Nixon administration continued to interfere in South Africa’s domestic affairs despite its new policy relaxations. The Nixon administration concluded that change in South Africa could only be achieved through the Afrikaner government, and therefore ignored black South Africans. Nixon’s indifference strengthened apartheid and hindered liberation efforts, helping to delay black South African freedom for nearly two decades beyond his presidency. THE SIN OF OMMISSION: THE UNITED STATES AND SOUTH AFRICA IN THE NIXON YEARS A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History by Eric J. Morgan Miami University Oxford, Ohio 2003 Advisor __________________________________ (Dr. Jeffrey P. Kimball) Reader ___________________________________ (Dr. Allan M. Winkler) Reader ___________________________________ (Dr. Osaak Olumwullah) TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements . iii Prologue The Wonderful Tar Baby Story . 1 Chapter One The Unmovable Monolith . 3 Chapter Two Foresight and Folly .
    [Show full text]
  • The Great Green Outdoors
    MAMRE CITY OF CAPE TOWN WORLD DESIGN CAPITAL CAPE TOWN 2014 ATLANTIS World Design Capital (WDC) is a biannual honour awarded by the International Council for Societies of Industrial Design (ICSID), to one city across the globe, to show its commitment to using design as a social, cultural and economic development tool. THE GREAT Cape Town Green Map is proud to have been included in the WDC 2014 Bid Book, 2014 SILWERSTROOMSTRAND and played host to the International ICSID judges visiting the city. 01 Design-led thinking has the potential to improve life, which is why Cape WORLD DESIGN CAPITAL GREEN OUTDOORS R27 Town’s World Design Capital 2014’s over-arching theme is ‘Live Design. Transform Life.’ Cape Town is defi nitively Green by Design. Our city is one of a few Our particular focus has become ‘Green by Design’ - projects and in the world with a national park and two World Heritage Sites products where environmental, social and cultural impacts inform (Table Mountain National Park and Robben Island) contained within design and aim to transform life. KOEBERG NATURE its boundaries. The Mother City is located in a biodiversity hot Green Map System accepted Cape Town’s RESERVE spot‚ the Cape Floristic Region, and is recognised globally for its new category and icon, created by Design extraordinarily rich and diverse fauna and fl ora. Infestation – the fi rst addition since 2008 to their internationally recognised set of icons. N www.capetowngreenmap.co.za Discover and experience Cape Town’s natural beauty and enjoy its For an overview of Cape Town’s WDC 2014 projects go to www.capetowngreenmap.co.za/ great outdoor lifestyle choices.
    [Show full text]
  • Independent Boord of Inquiry Into Informal Repression
    ~t\ 1A'J ~~ I~. Independent Boord of Inquiry Into Informal Repression Phone (011) 403-3256/7 Fox [011) 403-1366 REPORT OF THE INDEPENDENT BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO INFORMAL REPRESSION FOR THE MONTH OF MAY 1991 - I. INTRODUCTION: The government sponsored peace summit held in Pretoria on May 24 and 25 seems to have had little impact on the current violence wracking the Reef. On the eve of the summit two gunmen wearing masks and balaclavas opened fire on patrons at a beer hall in Sebokeng killing 13 people. Despite this and further attacks on residents in Pimville on Friday May 24, there is hope that a "bridging initiative" by the former moderator Professor Johan Heyns of the Nederduitse Gereformde Kerk (NGK) and South African Council of Churches (SACC) general secretary the Reverend Frank Chikane will bring all parties to a second summit. The two men received the go-ahead from president FW de Klerk and ANC deputy president Nelson Mandela to launch a broad-based cleric initiative. Information has corne to light which may lead to a further breakthrough into the investigations surrounding the South African Police (SAP) C1 unit based at Vlakplaas. Ronald Bezuidenhout , who claims to be an ex- security police BOARD MEMBERS Prof L Ackermann, Dr Allan Boesak, Dr Alex Boraine, Rt Rev Dr Monos Buthelezi, Mrs Judy Chalmers. Dr Fronk Chlkane. Dr Max Coleman, Mr Bnan Currin, Mrs Sheena Duncan. Mr Peter Horns, Mr Enc Malob!. Br Jude Pieterse, Archbishop Desmond Tulu r •• -2- sergeant has furnished the Board's attorneys and the Vrye Weekblad with more information about this unit.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Is Governing the ''New'' South Africa?
    Who is Governing the ”New” South Africa? Marianne Séverin, Pierre Aycard To cite this version: Marianne Séverin, Pierre Aycard. Who is Governing the ”New” South Africa?: Elites, Networks and Governing Styles (1985-2003). IFAS Working Paper Series / Les Cahiers de l’ IFAS, 2006, 8, p. 13-37. hal-00799193 HAL Id: hal-00799193 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00799193 Submitted on 11 Mar 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Ten Years of Democratic South Africa transition Accomplished? by Aurelia WA KABWE-SEGATTI, Nicolas PEJOUT and Philippe GUILLAUME Les Nouveaux Cahiers de l’IFAS / IFAS Working Paper Series is a series of occasional working papers, dedicated to disseminating research in the social and human sciences on Southern Africa. Under the supervision of appointed editors, each issue covers a specifi c theme; papers originate from researchers, experts or post-graduate students from France, Europe or Southern Africa with an interest in the region. The views and opinions expressed here remain the sole responsibility of the authors. Any query regarding this publication should be directed to the chief editor. Chief editor: Aurelia WA KABWE – SEGATTI, IFAS-Research director.
    [Show full text]