The Filipino-American Hostilities o Editor of La Independencia. o Led the attack on proclamation. • Main reasons of Filipino-American Hostilities o Pointed out that the proclamation was a decoy. o Insistence on the evacuation of Aguinaldo’s • January 5, 1899 army. o Aguinaldo issued a counter-proclamation. o Refusal to allow the Filipino soldiers to enter the city. o Limitation of areas to be occupied by Filipino Attempts to Relax the Tension soldiers. • Climaxed by Treaty of Paris. • January 9, 1899 • February 4, 1899 o Aguinaldo wrote to Otis for a meeting to work- o Outbreak of Filipino-American Hostility. out a plan for “adjustments to conflicting political interests”. Filipino commissioners: American American Apostasy Commissioners: Florentino Torres Gen. R.P. Hughes • Informal alliance between Aguinaldo & Ambrosio Flores Col. James F. Smith Dewey to fight Spaniards. Manuel Arguelles Lt. Col. E.H. Crowder • After Aguinaldo helped the Americans, he was betrayed and treated as an escaped convict. The San Juan Bridge Incident • December 1898 • o Signing of Treaty of Paris. Feb 1, 1899 – a group of American engineers was detained by Filipino army. o Signed without consultation to the Filipinos. • Feb 2, 1899 – Col. San Miguel withdrew his troops from the American area. • McKinley’s “Benevolent Assimilation” Feb. 4, 1899 – Private Grayson & 2 patrols found Proclamation themselves fighting against Filipino soldiers in San Juan. • • President McKinley’s pretended ignorance on Filipino-American clash was triggered. what to do with the Philippines. • Actual reasons of taking Philippines from Spain. Investigation of the Incident o American economic interest to expand business. • Aguinaldo writes to Otis, still trying to relax the o Plans to make Philippines as first line of tension. defence. • o Plans to make Philippines the base of Otis refused to put an end to the clash. operations for American protestant • Feb. 7 – Buencamino was tasked to investigate missionaries. the incident. It was learned in the investigation • Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation that: o Proclaimed on December 21, 1898 o On Feb. 2&3 – Filipino employees in American o Indicates the intention of Americans to stay in ships were terminated without probable cause. Philippines by exercising the right of o 200-300 American soldiers boarded two cascos sovereignty over the Philippines. in Manila and were towed to Cavite. • January 4, 1899 o Americans planned the incident to force the o Gen. Elwell Otis altered the original issue against the Filipinos. “Benevolent Assimilation” Proclamation to • Americans never investigated the incident and make it sound beneficial to Filipinos. ordered an all-out attack.

Filipino Reaction American Victories

• General Miller • General Arthur McArthur o Published the original text of the proclamation. o Knifed through Pasig and other towns of • Subjected to severe attacks. Manila. • Antonio Luna o Won La Loma from Major Jose Torres Bugallon.

Filipino-American Hostilities Page 1 of 4 o Defeated Antonio Luna in Kaloocan. o Prominent members of Malolos Government • February 22, 1899 wanted to accept the offer. o As part of a plan to recapture Manila, Antonio o Aguinaldo was pressured by influential Luna’s forces burned the houses in suburbs a members of the Filipino assembly for Cabinet decoy incident to confuse enemy. reformation. • Two days later, in Arcarraga, he again, lost to • May 7, 1899 Gen. McArthur. o Aguinaldo notified Mabini of the Cabinet o Luna retreated to Polo and established a head reformation. quarters. o Mabini filed his resignation and congratulated him on his “wise political measure”. o Cabinet were divide into seven departments: . Pedro A. Paterno – President of the Cabinet. . Felipe Buencamino – Secretary of Foreign Drive to the North Affairs. . Severino de las Alas - Secretary of Interior. • Late February – Early March . Mariano Trias – Secretary of War & Navy. o Otis continued his intensive drive to the north. o Gen. Henry W. Lawton was ordered to take . Hugo Ilagan – Secretary of Treasury. offense in the south. . Aguedo Velarde – Secretary of Public o Towns Captured: Instruction. . Polo . Maximo Molo – Secretary of . Towns along the Manila-Dagupan railway. Communication & Public works. • March 30, 1899 . Laon Ma. Guerero – Secretary of Industry, o Americans reached the gates of Malolos Agriculture & Commerce. o Aguinaldo had already moved his headquarters to San Isidro, Nueva Ecija. • Gen. Henry Lawton Assassination of Luna Victorious in his drive to the south. o • o Captured: Bacoor, Zapote, Dasmariñas (All in Antonio Luna Best prepared to fight American enemy. Cavite) o o Plans were perfect but were not cooperated. • Gen. Wheaton Has terrible temper issues that made men fear o Captured Las Piñas, Parañaque, Morong, Santa o Cruz, Paete and other towns of Laguna. and hate him: . • American failures: Ordered to burn American houses. o March 25 – Filipinos won against Gen. . Ordered to shoot civilians violating military Wheaton’s force and killed Col. Egbert. rules. o April 23 – Gregorio Del Pilar defeated American . Ordered to kill cabinet members that cavalry under Major Bell. disagree to him. • o December 18 – Gen. Lawton was killed by Gen. June 1899 Licerio Geronimo’s force. o Luna received a telegram ordering him to meet • Battle of Bagbag. Aguinaldo at the headquarters. o Start of Filipino series of losses to Americans. o Luna was ganged up, stabbed, fired at, killed and received 40 wounds. o Luna was buried with honours. The fall of Mabini o The crime was never investigated.

• Mabini o President of the Cabinet. American Conquest of the Visayas o Most powerful man behind Aguinaldo. • o Urged the Filipinos to continue battle for Otis instructed Gen. Miller to attack the Ilo-Ilo for independence. its surrender. • • May 5, 1899 Gen Martin Delgado o Sec. Of state John Hay offered through o Head of Filipino patriots. Schurman Commision, Autonomy for the o Fought Gen. Miller to diminish their plan. Filipinos. o Ordered burning of the city to prevent it from o Mabini objected and stood for independence. being used as a base. Filipino-American Hostilities Page 2 of 4 • Feb. 14 – Sta. Barbara was captured. o Palanan, Isabela • Feb. 19 – Oton was captured. • Feb 20 – Jaro and Mandurriao was captured. The Battle of Pasong Tirad • Feb. 22 – Cebu surrendered to Americans. • Lt. Col. Thomas H. Hamer • Gen. Del Pilar noted the advantageous terrain of o Designated as military governor of Cebu. Pasong Tirad. • Del Pilar stay behind and make a last stand at the Pass. The Negros Constitution • Aguinaldo approved Del Pilar’s suggestion with much regret. • American Occupation of the Negrenses • Pasong Tirad was 4,500 feet high and o Sympathize with Americans commanded a good view for miles around. o Consequently raised the American flag when • December 1, 1899, Aguinaldo received that Ilo-Ilo was taken. Americans had arrived at the town of Concepion. • A committee of prominent Negrenses asked Otis • 300 Americans under March pursued Aguinaldo to allow them arm a battalion for maintenance, and his 60 men. peace and order in the island. • Januario Galut lead the Americans to a secret • Civil Liberty is allowed but must have conditions trail. and conform to their desire. • Filipino defenders were overcome by the American Army. • Del Pilar strove to escape by a narrow trail Bates Treaty which leads to the other group of enemies. • Del Pilar’s body was left by the roadside • Signed on August 20 covered with dirt. • Gen. John C. Bates • Aguinaldo received the fatal news. o Appointed to negotiate with the muslims o American representative to the Treaty. • Provisions The Capture of Aginaldo o Rights and dignities of the Sultan & his datos shall be respected. • Americans conducted propaganda. o Muslims shall not be interpreted with on • account of their religion. They used the members of the Filipino o No one shall be persecuted regarding his middle and upper classes. • religious beliefs. La Demo Cracia - a newspaper founded by o Domestic products of Jolo carried by the Sultan Pardo De Tavera. & his people to any part of the Philippines shall • Colonel Frederick Funston planned the be free, undutiable & unlimited. capture of Aguinaldo. o Sultan and his men shall be paid monthly in • Cecilio Segismundo decoded Aguinaldo’s Mexican dollars. letters to field generals. • Jolo (Muslim) Representatives • Funston and his co-conspirators sailed to o Sultan Raja Muda, Datu Attik, Datu Calbi, Datu Palanan using the American warship Vicksburg. Joakanain. • Funston ordered to forge General Urbano Lacuna’s signature to made it appear that Lacuan was sending the needed reinforcements Aguinaldo flees to the Mountains to Aguinaldo. • Funston and his companions pretends to be • Filipino troops were demoralized. captives of the Macabebes. • Many army officers had surrendered to • Macabebes betrayed Aguinaldo and Tal Americans Placido. • Aguinaldo’s fleeing series: • Colonel Simeon Villa who shielded Aguinaldo o Tarlac from the bullets. o Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya • Funston and companions arrested Aguinaldo. o Bayambang, Pangasinan • Aguinaldo was brought to Manila and took o Calasiao. his oath of allegiance to U.N. Tierra Virgen o • In his proclamation he appealed to all o Cagayan Filipinos to accept the sovereignty of U.N. Filipino-American Hostilities Page 3 of 4 Barbarous Acts

• Brutality used as an instrument and techniques to weaken an enemy’s resistance. • Practiced on both side of the fence. (Filipino- American) • American’s Brutality o “MODE OF TORTURE” . Water cure . Rope cure o Lt. Alva Perkins and Capt. George Brandle. • Filipino’s Brutality o Lopped off their nose, ears and the bleeding wound were seasoned with salt. o Captured American soldiers were buried alive.

END OF RESISTENCE

• Gen. Miguel Malvar ( April 16, 1902) • Gen. Vicente Lukban ( February 27, 1902) • Macario Sakay

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