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Marawi: a Game Changer in Terrorism in Asia Rohan Gunaratna

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Marawi: a Game Changer in Terrorism in Asia Rohan Gunaratna Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses www.rsis.edu.sg ISSN 2382-6444 | Volume 9, Issue 7 | July 2017 A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR POLITICAL VIOLENCE AND TERRORISM RESEARCH Marawi: A Game Changer in Terrorism in Asia Rohan Gunaratna The Evolution of Online Extremism in Malaysia Nur Azlin Mohamed Yasin A Rebuttal of Al-Qaeda and IS’ Theological Justification of Suicide Bombing Muhammad Haniff Hassan Abrogation and the Verse of the Sword: Addressing Sunni Extremists’ Misappropriation of Concept and Verse Mahfuh Halimi Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses Volume 9, Issue 4 | April 2017 1 Building a Global Network for Security Editorial Note IS Ingress in Southeast Asia As the Islamic State (IS) terrorist group evolves keep the security challenge posed by IS in into the next phase of its life cycle, it is check, more needs to be done in places like the operationalising its so-called wilayats Philippines and Thailand with coordinated (governorates) in different parts of the world. In operational efforts and timely intelligence June, with the loss of ground in Iraq and Syria, sharing. IS has made significant territorial gains in the Philippines along with carrying out a high profile Third, IS online followers, supporters and terrorist attack in Indonesia. The operational sympathisers are now moving from open social strength and sophistication exhibited in these media platforms to encrypted ones such as latest developments in Southeast Asia is Telegram, Whatsapp and WeChat. This adds a concerning for three particular reasons. new layer of complexity to keep track of vulnerable segments of youth susceptible to First,W IS will stay alive and relevant through its radicalism and disrupt any terrorist plots that wilayats notwithstanding its defeat in the Middle may be planned and executed through East. This could result in higher levels of communication in encrypted social medial violence and radicalisation in the regions where platforms. Various Social Media Companies IS might turn its attention. The ability of the so- (SMCs), law enforcement agencies, academia called Caliphate to operate in the online and and civil society organisations (SCOs) will have offline spheres has already provided the group to team up and redouble their efforts to discuss a virtual sanctuary to survive and stay relevant how to deal with the challenge of cyber despite real world defeats. radicalism. Further procrastination in operationalising stronger social media Second, with the siege of Marawi in the strategies to counter violent radicalism will Philippines by IS, the city and surrounding hamper efforts to curtail the spread of extremist areas may emerge as a new hub for IS propaganda and avert terrorist attacks. supporters, sympathizers and lone-wolf fighters. In its latest issue of Rumiyah, the terror group Equally important is the realm of counter- has encouraged its supporters to relocate to ideology and promotion of religious moderation. Marawi if they cannot migrate to Iraq or Syria. A strong rebuttal of Sunni extremist groups’ This might galvanise a new wave of pro-IS exploitation of Quranic verses and other fighters in Southeast Asia. IS has already religious texts to further their narrow agendas prepared them for the setbacks in the Levant serves to de-legitimise their efforts. Once the and provided them with sufficient religious ideological appeal of these groups is grounds to press on with their ‘struggle’ through neutralised, it will be easier to counter them its propaganda machinery. The porous and operationally. Terrorist groups can survive loss heavily forested terrain and cluster of small of sanctuary and decapitation of the top islands with almost no control of the leaders, but ideological de-legitimization government in southern Philippines suits IS deprives them of the moral support they enjoy designs to fortify and consolidate its footprint in among the vulnerable social segments. the region. It will require concerted efforts under the auspices of the Association of Southeast These are some of the issues which the current Asian Nations (ASEAN) to counter IS gains in issue of CTTA discusses at length highlighting: the region. Even though Singapore, Malaysia a) Marawi: A Game Changer in Terrorism in and Indonesia have done remarkably well to ADVISORY BOARD Editor-in-Chief Sara Mahmood Dr. Rohan Gunaratna Dr. Fernando Reinares Professor of Security Studies Director, Program on Global Terrorism, Associate Editor Abdul Basit Elcano Royal Institute Professor of Security Head of International Centre for Political Studies, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Violence and Terrorism Research Madrid, Spain Okkie Tanupradja Design and Layout Dr. John Harrison Associate Editor Journal of Transportation Dr. Stephen Sloan The views expressed in the articles are those of the Security authors and not of ICPVTR, RSIS, NTU or the Professor Emeritus, organisations to which the authors are Dr.Counter Kumar RamakrishnaTerrorist Trends and Analyses The University of Oklahoma Volume 9, Issue 4 | April 2017 Associate Professor Lawrence J. Chastang, affiliated. Articles may not be reproduced without Head of Policy Studies & Coordinator of Distinguished Professor of Terrorism Studies, prior permission. Please contact the editors for National Security Studies Programme The University of Central Florida2 more information at [email protected]. The editorial team also welcomes any feedback or comments. Editorial Note IS Ingress in Southeast Asia Asia by Rohan Gunaratna, b) The Evolution of Online Extremism in Malaysia by Nur Azlin Mohamed Yasin, c) A Rebuttal of Al-Qaeda and IS’ Theological Justification of Suicide Bombing by Muhammad Haniff Hassan and d) Abrogation and the Verse of the Sword: Addressing Sunni Extremists’ Misappropriation of Concept and Verse by Mahfuh Halimi. W ADVISORY BOARD Editor-in-Chief Sara Mahmood Dr. Rohan Gunaratna Dr. Fernando Reinares Professor of Security Studies Director, Program on Global Terrorism, Associate Editors Shahzeb Ali Rathore Head of International Centre for Political Elcano Royal Institute Professor of Security Abdul Basit Studies, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Violence and Terrorism Research Madrid, Spain Design and Layout Okkie Tanupradja Dr. John Harrison Associate Editor Journal of Transportation Dr. Stephen Sloan The views expressed in the articles are those of the Security authors and not of ICPVTR, RSIS, NTU or the Professor Emeritus, organisations to which the authors are Dr.Counter Kumar RamakrishnaTerrorist Trends and Analyses The University of Oklahoma Volume 9, Issue 4 | April 2017 Associate Professor Lawrence J. Chastang, affiliated. Articles may not be reproduced without Head of Policy Studies & Coordinator of Distinguished Professor of Terrorism Studies, prior permission. Please contact the editors for National Security Studies Programme The University of Central Florida3 more information at [email protected]. The editorial team also welcomes any feedback or comments. The Siege of Marawi: A Game Changer in Terrorism in Asia – Rohan Gunaratna The Siege of Marawi: A Game Changer in Terrorism in Asia Rohan Gunaratna Introduction Abu Bakar al-Baghdadi, began planning for the siege of Marawi in March-April 2017.3 The most serious militant action by the Starting from April, IS fighters in Lanao Islamic State (IS) terrorist group during its so- infiltrated Marawi covertly and built a called „Ramadan Jihad‟ was the siege of clandestine operational and support network Marawi, the capital city of Lanao del Sur that grew gradually. The Maute clan led by province in the Southern Philippine island of seven brothers created the „Islamic State Mindanao. On 23 May, Marawi became the Lanao‟ (ISL), also referred to as IS Ranao by first city outside the Middle East and North IS central, after three successive attempts by Africa to fall to IS, after the „Islamic State ISP to wrestle control of neighbouring Butig. Lanao‟ (ISL) fighters took over the city.1 With The Mautes are a prominent clan in Lanao more than a month after the siege, the del Sur and the clan members worked on continuing battle in Marawi between the US- construction projects in Butig, Marawi and supported local military and police forces and Manila. In 2012, the parents of Abdullah and the IS foreign and domestic fighters bears Omar Maute, Farhana and Cayamora, some similarities with the battles in Aleppo, assisted the brothers in creating a politico- Mosul, Raqqa and other war-torn cities in religious organisation.4 Both brothers were Iraq and Syria. educated in the Middle East, and were inspired by extremist groups in the region, The battle in Marawi has a significant impact including the Jemaah Islamiyah of Indonesia on extremists in Southeast Asia and beyond. and the Khilafah Islamiyah of Mindanao or It indicates that despite government efforts, the Black Flag Movement. As early as 2015, the IS threat is growing both in the physical the Maute clan began engaging in clashes and virtual space. IS supporters have created with the military in Butig, after which they telegram groups, which include „Expansion of moved to Piagapo and Marawi.5 the Caliphate in East Asia‟, „Sharq Asia‟ and „East Asia Wilayah‟ that focus on attracting ISL was working together with Hapilon who foreign recruits to travel to the Philippines.2 had relocated from Basilan in the Sulu These groups have also encouraged fighters Archipelago to Butig to work with ISL in late to attack the Philippines, their own countries 2016. On 25 January 2017, Hapilon suffered and people of other faiths. Even after IS a shoulder injury in Sitio Basudan, Butig. The fighters are defeated and pushed out from Maute brothers accompanied Hapilon from Marawi, the ideological ambitions of such Butig to Piagapo where Hapilon was almost groups will continue to pose a serious threat apprehended by the authorities on 22 April, to security. but he managed to escape and relocated to Marawi. Background: Siege of Marawi IS had regrouped its fighters a day earlier in The „Islamic State Philippines‟ (ISP), led by Isnilon Hapilon, the IS leader declared by 3 Lian Buan. Calida: Military knew Marawi terror plot as early as April.
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