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Home , Haliotis, Haliotis asinina

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Oseana, Volume XXIX, Nomor 2, Tahun 2004 : 25 - 30 ISSN 0216-1877

ABALONE ( asinina L): 1. A PROSPECTIVE FOR AQUACULTURE IN

Oleh

Dwi Eny Djoko Setyono1)

ABSTRAK

ABALON (): 1. JENIS PENTINGUNTUKBUDIDAYADI INDONE- SIA. Abalon atau siput mata tujuh merupakan siput laut yang bersifat herbivora, aktifmemakan mikro- dan makro algae pada malam hari. Haliotis asinina merupakan salah satujenis abalon di daerah tropis yang bisa mencapai ukuran besar (12 cm). Dagingnya sangat popular sehingga pennintaan dan harga siput ini sangat tinggi. Di Indonesia siput ini banyak dijumpai di perairan Indonesia Timur (Lombok, Sumbawa, Sulawesi, Maluku dan Papua). Setengah dari populasi siput ini di alam mencapai matang gonadpertama kali pada ukuran 45.1-50.0 mm pada yangjantan dan 50.1-55.0 mm pada yang betina. Pemijahan terjadi sepanjang tahun dengan jumlah telur 50.000-435.000 per induk betina per pemijahan. Telur yang telah dibuahi akan menetas menjadi larva '' setelah 5-6 jam dan larva menempel pada substrat setelah 3-4 hari. Untuk menghasilkan anakan yang siap tebar (10 mm) diperlukan waktu sekitar 3 bulan. Di Indonesia prospek budidaya abalon sangat cerah mengingat permintaan pasar internasional masih tinggi.

INTRODUCTION are herbivorous marine gas- Abalone are easily distinguished by tropods belonging to the phylum , the ear shaped shell, and therefore in Maluku class , subclass Prosobranchia, the snails are called as 4bia telinga'. They form order , family Haliotidae respiratory pores along the left side of the shell. and genus Haliotis. There are approximately There are usually seven visible pores but only 100 species distributed around the world 4-5 uncovered. Based on the seven visible (BEVELANDER 1988), with larger species pores, abalone are also called as 'siput mata found in the temperate regions and smaller tujuh' in eastern Indonesia. Abalone are a very species in the tropical and Arctic regions. Aba- popular food. The meat and/or foot is very lone are a nocturnal snail, actively grazing on delicious, therefore, both demand and the mar- micro- and macroalgae in the night. ket price are high.

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WORLD ABALONE FISHERIES nesia. High levels of fishing effort keep the stocks of this abalone well below the level that Major abalone capture fisheries are could be supported by natural growth and re- in North America, , Korea, , New cruitment. For example, the production of wild Zealand, France, and (HAHN caught abalone has decreased in the last few 1989a). In 1992, Australia dominated the world years in Lombok. The volume of landed aba- abalone production from capture fisheries lone (meat or muscle weight) sold to a trader (45.4%) followed by Japan (29.7%) and decreased from about 300 kg in the 1980's to (9.5%) (CESENA 1996). Recently, the world 200 kg in the 1990's and <100 kg since 2000. abalone production of capture fisheries has There were 4 traders in Kuta, Lombok but only been dominated by China and Taiwan. 2 were still working there in 2000. The average However, excluding Asia, Australia was still size of the abalone caught dropped from about the largest producer of abalone from capture 8cminthel980'sto7cminthel990'sand6cm fisheries, followed by South Africa (VIANA since 2000 (personal communication with 2002). traders & fishermen). Abalone production from wild fisher- ies has continued to decline in recent decades. Total world abalone landings peaked in the SIZE AT FIRST MATURITY AND 1970's at 20,000 MT, and have declined to as SEX RATIO low as 539 MT in 1994 (FAO 1996). JARAYABHAND & PAPHA VASIT (1996) and CAPINPIN et al. (1998) suggested INDONESIAN ABALONE FISHERIES that there were no differences in size structure of H, asinina between sexes in adults, and the Seven species of abalone are found growth and mortality rates for male and female in Indonesia, i.e., Haliotis asinina, H. varia, population are relatively similar. This pheno- H. squamosa, H. ovina, H. glabra, H. planata, menon is common in haliotids. However, in and H. crebrisculpta (Dharma, 1988). Haliotis Lombok waters, Indonesia, SETYONO (2003) asinina is the largest (12 cm) among the tropi- found that a marked size dimorphism exists cal abalone species and occurs throughout the between the sexes of H, asinina, females has a Indo-Pacific, including Indonesian waters maximum mean body size larger than males. (Lombok, Sumbawa, Sulawesi, Maluku, and Size at first sexual maturity varies Papua). This species has been harvested ex- according to species, for example: 55.0 mm for tensively and has become commercially impor- H. australis and 60.0 mm for H. iris in New tant. Zealand (POORE 1973); 40.0-48.0 mm for H. In Lombok, fishermen collect abalone cyclobates and 45.0-55.0 mm for H. roei in for their own consumption and/or they sell southern Australia (SHEPHERD & LAWS them on the export market. This fishing 1974), and 29.0 mm for female H. coccinea activity has recently increased because foreign canariensis in Spain (PENA 1986). In the traders will buy abalone of any size at a very , CAPINPIN etal. (1998) found that attractive price of about US $15 per kg. This hatchery-reared male and female H. asinina price will likely continue to increase, with the attained first sexual maturity at a size of 35.0 consequence that fishermen will increase their mm SL and 35.9 mm SL, respectively, but of fishing effort. There is no minimum size regula- 40.6 mm SL for both sexes in wild-caught H. tion for taking abalone from the wild in Indo- asinina from Panagatan Cays. In Indonesia,

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however, SETYONO (2003) found that 50% of factor regulating reproduction in a wild popu- population of male and female H. asinina in lation of//, asinina in southern Lombok wa- Lombok waters reached first sexual maturity at ters. Gonad maturation in H. asinina is more a size class of 45.1-50.0 mm and 50.1-55.0 mm, likely correlated with increases in sunshine- respectively. days, light intensity and exposure to high air A number abalone such as H. roei temperatures during spring low tides that oc- and H. cyclobates in southern Australia cur during the day and to low air temperatures (SHEPHERD & LAWS 1974), H.fulgens, H. during spring low tides occurring at night. It corrugata, and H. sorenseni in southern Cali- has also been found that the occurrence of fornia (TUTSCHULTE & CONNELL 1981),H. ripe ovaries in H. asinina was significantly iris and H. australis in (POORE correlated with tidal ranges. 1973, WILSON & SCHIEL 1995), H. midae in South Africa (WOOD & BUXTON 1996), and SPAWNING SEASON H. ovina, H. varia and H. asinina in and the Philippines (JARAYABHAND & In temperate regions, abalone generally PAPHAVASIT 1996, CAPINPIN et al 1998) have a well-defined seasonal breeding have been reported to have sex ratios of 1:1. In periodicity that varies according to species and Indonesia (Lombok waters), it was found that water temperature. For example, in Japan male to female ratio in H. asinina with sizes H. discus spawns from October to December < 50.0 mm shell length (SL) was not signifi- and H. discus hanai spawns from July to cantly different from 1:1. However, in the popu- October (IKENOUE & KAFUKU 1992). In lation with sizes >50.0 mm SL, there were southern Australia H. cyclobates and H. significantly more females than males laevigata spawn synchronously during spring (SETYONO 2003). and summer, H. ruber spawns during autumn and winter, and H. roei and H. scalaris spawn GONADMATURAT1ON throughout the year (SHEPHERD & LAWS 1974). In New Zealand H. iris and H. australis Abalone are a dioecious species like spawn mostly in southern autumn (March- other gastropods. The snails possess a single April) and spring (September-November) gonad, either male or female, located on the (HOOKER & CREESE 1995, WILSON & right side of the body. Adult male and female SCHIELD 1995). In Thailand, the Philippines abalone are easily distinguished. When the and Indonesia H. asinina is known to spawn gonad is ripe, testis appears cream coloured almost continuously throughout the year and ovary has a greenish colour. External (JARAYABHAN & PAPHAVASIT 1996. fertilisation occurs when males and females CAPINPIN et al 1998, SETYONO 2003). How- shed their gametes directly into the water ever, this species spawns only during late sum- column. mer on Heron Reef, eastern Australia Reproduction in abalone is regulated by (MCNAMURA & JOHNSON 1995). neurosecretory hormones (HAHN 1992), and gametogenic activity is believed to be con- EMBRYONIC AND LARVAL trolled by a long-term endogenous rhythm, with DEVELOPMENT an annual or lunar phase, and an additional zeitgeber (time giver) from the exogenous en- Haliotis asinina from southern Lombok vironment (HAHN 1989b). SETYONO (2003) waters released gametes in the night between found that sea temperature was not the main 11:00 pm and 1:00 am. The number of eggs re-

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leased is dependent on the size of the indi- about 10-20mmin3-5 month (SETYONO 2003), vidual and the level of gonad maturation. Indi- while juvenile H. rufescens grew to about 1 -2 vidual H. asinina can release mature eggs per mm in 2-3 months (EBERT & HOUK 1984, spawning ranged from about 50,000 eggs to OWEN et al 1984). It took about seven months 435,000 eggs (SETYONO 2003). for juvenile yellowfoot , H. australis, to Fertilised eggs of H.asinina are spheri- reach a size of 7 mm (MOSS 1998). The fact cal, measuring approximately 180-200 urn that some juvenile H. asinina reached sizes (JARAYABHAND & PAPHAVASIT 1996, larger than 30 mm SL within six months of CASTANOS 1997, SETYONO 2003). The egg rearing (SETYONO 2003) revealed that this membrane was surrounded by a jelly coat abalone has the potential to grow to a market with a thickness of approximately 37 um. The size (50-60 mm SL) in less than 2 years. This majority of embryos of H. asinina from ongrowing time can be shortened by provided Lombok waters had progressed through the the juveniles with good rearing conditions first cleavage (2-cell stage) within 20-30 including good water quality and flow, and minutes, and hatched after 5-6 suitable and accessible food. hours, and larvae settled within 3-4 days. About The worldwide interest in culturing three months are required to produce 10 mm abalone is still growing and, in the near future, SL (shell length) seed of H. asinina that are it is expected to grow even more as a result of suitable for enhancement of natural stock and the competitive markets for live abalone around for ongrowing in commercial farms (SETYONO the world (VIANA 2002). Advantages of 2003). developing abalone farming in Indonesia include: inexpensive and abundant coastal AQUACULTURE PROSPECTIVE areas, abundance of as a natural food supplement, inexpensive and abundant SUKADI (2001) reported that Indone- natural resources for artificial food production sia has large areas of marine waters for aqua- (fish meal, soya, corn, fish oil), relatively culture development and about 24.5 million ha inexpensive labour, educated labour in have been set aside for marine culture and fisheries and aquaculture, and established 913,000 ha for brackish water ponds. Of the market infrastructure for export. area that is set aside for marine culture deve- lopment, 62,040 ha will be used to develop REFERENCES aquaculture of molluscs, including pearl and abalone. Most of the areas that are suitable for BEVELANDER, G. 1988 Abalone: Gross mollusc culture are spread throughout eastern and fine structure. The boxwood press. Indonesian waters. Pacific Grove. 80 p. Increasing population and an increase in seafood in the diet has led to the develop- CAPINPIN, Jr. E. C, V. C. ENCENAII and N. C. ment of aquaculture in Indonesia including fish, BAYONA 1998. Studies on the repro- holothurians, and molluscs. SETYONO (2003) ductive biology of the 's ear has covered the reproductive biology and seed abalone Haliotis asinina in Linne. production techniques for tropical abalone, Aquaculture 166: 141-150. H. asinina. He suggested that the tropical abalone has a good prospect for aquaculture. CASTANOS, M. 1997. Abalone R & D at AQD. Haliotis asinina grow faster than temperate SEAFDEC Asian Aquaculture 19: 18- abalone species. Juvenile H. asinina grow to 23.

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CESENA, R. C. 1996. Abalone culture in Mexico. lopment in aquaculture and fisheries WorldAquaculture 21: 56-60. science, 24:206-216.

DHARMA, B. 1988. Siput dan kerang Indo- JARAYABHAND, P. and N. PAPHAVASIT nesia I (Indonesian shell I). PT. Sarana 1996. A review of the culture of tropical Graha, Jakarta. 111 p. (In Indonesian) abalone with special reference to Thai- land. Aquaculture 140: 159-168. EBERT, E. E. and J. L. HOUK 1984. Elements and innovations in the cultivation of red MCNAMURA, D. C. andC. R. JOHNSON 1995. abalone, . Aquacul- Growth of the ass's ear abalone ture 39:375-392. (Haliotis asinina) on Heron Reef, Tropi- cal Eastern Australia. Marine and FAO 1996. FAO yearbook vol. 82. Fishery sta- Freshwater Research 46: 571-574. tistic. Capture production. FAO, Rome. 148 p. MOSS, G.A. 1998. Yellowfoot paua - A candi- date for farming. Seafood New Zealand. HAHN, K. O. 1989a. Survey of commercially June 1998:28-30. important abalone species in the world. In: Handbook of culture of abalone and OWEN, B., L. H. DiSALVO, E. E. EBERT and E. other marine gastropods (HAHN, K. O. FONCK 1984. Culture of red ed.). CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, abalone, Haliotis rufescens Swamson Florida, p: 3-12. (1822), in Chile. The 27: 101- 105. HAHN, K. 0.1989b. Gonad reproductive cycles. In: Handbook of culture of abalone and PENA, J. B. 1986. Preliminary study on the in- other marine gastropods (HAHN, K. O. duction of artificial spawning in Haliotis ed.). CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, coccinea canariensis Nordsieck (1975). Florida, p: 13-40. Aquaculture 52: 35-41.

HAHN, K. 0.1992. Review of endocrine regu- POORE, G. C. B. 1973. Ecology of New Zealand lation of reproduction in abalone, spp. abalone, Haliotis species (Mollusca: In: Abalone of the word: biology, fish- Gastropoda). 4. Reproduction. New eries and culture. (SHEPHERD, S. A., Zealand Journal of Marine and Fresh- M. J. TEGNER and S. A. GUZMAN del water Research 7: 67-84. PROO eds.). Blackwells, Oxford, p: 49- 58. SETYONO, D. E. D. 2003. Reproductive bio- logy and seed production techniques HOOKER, S. H. andR. G. CREESE 1995. Repro- for tropical abalone {Haliotis asinina duction of paua, Gmelin L.) in eastern Indonesia. PhD thesis, 1791 (Mollusca: Gastropoda), m North- Otago Unversity, New Zealand. 274 p. eastern New Zealand. Marine and Freshwater Research 46: 617-622. SHEPHERD, S. A. and H. M. LAWS 1974. Studies on Southern Australian abalone IKENOUE, H. andT. KAFUKU 1992. Modern (Genus Haliotis). I. Reproduction of five method of aquaculture in Japan. Deve- species. Australian Journal Marine and Freshwater Research 25:217-257.

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SUKADI, F. 2001. Preface from the Director WILSON, N. H. F. and D. R. SCHIEL 1995. Re- General of Fisheries Culture at the production in two species of abalone annual meeting (in Indonesian). (Haliotis iris and H. austral is) in Ambarukmo Hotel, Yogyakarta, Indo- Southern New Zealand. New Zealand nesia, 11 September 2001.6 p. Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 46:629-637. TUTSCHULTE, T. and J. H. CONNELL 1981. Reproductive biology of three species WOOD, A. D. and C. D. BUXTON 1996. of (Haliotis) in Southern Aspects of the biology of the abalone California. The Veliger 23:195-206. (Linne, 1758) on the east coast of South Africa. 2. Reproduction. VI AN A, M. T. 2002. Abalone aquaculture, an South African Journal of Marine overview. World Aquaculture 33: 34-39. Science 17: 69-78.

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