Hemodynamics in the Pink Abalone, Haliotis Corrugata (Mollusca, Gastropoda) George Bernard Bourne Iowa State University
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Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1974 Hemodynamics in the pink abalone, Haliotis corrugata (Mollusca, Gastropoda) George Bernard Bourne Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Bourne, George Bernard, "Hemodynamics in the pink abalone, Haliotis corrugata (Mollusca, Gastropoda) " (1974). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 5131. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/5131 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 75-10,466 BOURNE, George Bernard, 1945- HEMODYNAMICS IN THE PINK ABALONE, HALIOTIS CORRUGATA (MOLLUSCA, GASTROPODA). Iowa State University, Ph.D., 1974 Zoology XOrOX UniVBrSity Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan48106 0 1975 GEORGE BERNARD BOURNE ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. Hemodynamics in the pink àbalone, Haliotis corrugata (Mollusca, Gastropoda) by George Bernard Bourne A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department: Zoology and Entomology Major: Zoology (Physiology) Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Major Department Signature was redacted for privacy. Iowa State University Ames J Iowa 1974 Copyright©George Bernard Bourne, 1974. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF COÏÏTENTS Page HiTRODUCTIOW 1 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ^ Instrumentation ^ Hemodynamics in Select Invertebrate Groups 8 Annelida 9 Arthropode. 10 Mollusca 12 Chordata (Ascidiacea) 13 Hemodynamics in Fish l4 Current Models Used in Hemodynamics l4 MATERIALS AM) METHODS 17 Handling 17 Anatomical Studies of the Blood Vascular System l8 Preparation of Animals for Physiological Measurement 20 Blood Pressure 21 Pulsatile Blood Flow 2k Cardiac Output 26 RESULTS 29 Anatomy of the Cardiovas cular System 29 Blood Pressure ^2 Pressure-wave relationships in the cardiovascular system ^2 The magnitude of pressure drops 51 Relationship of aortic pressure to wet weight, shell length and sex 56 Behavior of animals during pressure measurement 62 Blood Flow Measurements and their Relationship to Blood Pressure 65 iii Page Cardiac Output 78 Heart Rates 79 Results in Other Haliotidae 80 DISCUSSION 83 Press-ore and Flow Measurements 83 Cardiodynamic correlates of aortic hemolymph flow and pressure pulse-waves in the ventricle, aorta, pericardium and auricles 84 Shape of pressure pulse-waves in the aorta, epipodial artery and afferent ctenidial veins 89 Pressure levels within the cardiovascular system 90 Relationship of body size parameters to blood pTfessure 93 Pulsatile flow 95 Cardiac Output and Total Peripheral Resistance 96 Light Response 98 Future Studies 98 SUMMARY 100 LITERATURE CITED 103 ACmOWLEDOŒNTS I09 APPEHDIX. ABBREVIATIONS 110 1 INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular systems are usually divided into two basic types. One type, the closed circulatory system, is depicted as a system of closed tubes, often with one or more pumps; intimate association of blood and tissues occurs through capillaries (Prosser, 1973). Such systems are found in oligochaetes, many polychaetes, leeches, phoronids, nemerteans, cephalopod molluscs, holothurian echinoderms and vertebrates. The other type, the open system, Prosser (1973) defines as one in which a heart ptimps hemolymph through vessels and a hemocoel, a derivative of the blastocoel. The hemolymph passes from arteries into tissue spaces and returns via hemocoelic sinuses to the heart. Open systems are found in most arthropods, many molluscs and ascidians. The vast bulk of hemodynamic studies has been confined to closed vertebrate systems, particularly those of mammals. Indeed, to workers in that area the term hemodynamics has evolved further meaning than mere hydrodynamics of blood flow. McDonald (1968) interprets the term as "the physical aspects of the cardiovascular system." Such a definition also includes consideration of the solid structures which confine the blood. Mammalian workers have elevated the science to a sophisticated level in which several mathematical models of great utility have been derived (Skalak, 1972). Knowledge of the hemodynamic situation in open systems pales in comparison to that of the closed system of mammals. In only a few species of animals possessing open circulatory systems have there been measure ments of basic hemodynamic parameters. Unfortunately, many of these are 2 of little use in generalizing about open circulatory systems (Martin and Johansen, I965). Recently there has been revived interest in hemodynamics of invertebrate circulatory systems, with the major emphasis placed on the open type (Blatchford, 1971; Brand, 1972; Fyhn et al., 1973; Goddard, 1973; Jones, 1971). However, many of these studies were confined to measurement of hemolymph pressure in one or two areas of the vascular system. The major undertaking of this study is to establish basic hemo dynamic parameters under well-described conditions in an animal possess ing an open circulatory system. Once these parameters are established, hopefully some ideas can be obtained concerning the efficiency of such a system in meeting the demands of the animal. Chosen for study is the pink or corrugated abalone, Haliotis corrugata Gray 1828, phylum Mollusca, class Gastropoda, subclass Prosobranchia, order Archaeogas- tropoda. Abalones are found along the shores of the continents and islands in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans. Abalones attain their largest size and numbers along the west coast of North America, Japan, Australia and South Africa. Pink abalones are found on rocky shores, mainly in coves and bays, along the western coast of America between Point Conception and south to Turtle Bay, Baja California. Vertically, they are located fron the intertidal area out to depths of 60 m, with the heaviest concentrations occurring between 6 and 25 m (Cox, 1962). Choice of this animal rests mainly on its merits of large size and flattened, loosely coiled, auriform shell which appears to present few major obstacles in surgical approaches to the cardiovascular system. Further, the animal was selected because in this laboratory of 3 Dr. James R. Redmond, a nuinber of respiratory studies had "been carried out using the same species, as well as the black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii (Churchwell, 1972; Holste, 1972; and Visser, 1972). Those respiratory studies, allied with this present one, will fill in more details of the overall biological makeup of the organism. The excellent study by Crofts (1929) on Haliotis tuberculata contains the most complete anatomical description of genus Haliotis. Since no such description exists for Haliotis corrugata, anatomical studies of the cardiovasculature are deemed necessary to permit proper catheterizations of blood vessels. Such studies thus become a companion aspect of this undertaking. k REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Instrumentation Modern instruments for work in cardiovascular physiology are highly sophisticated and miniaturized, but are not always suitable for use on invertebrates. Most studies have concentrated on the larger, more powerful mammalian cardiovascular system,