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Management of the Seychelles Artisanal Fishery

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Management of the Seychelles Artisanal Fishery MANAGEMENT OF THE SEYCHELLES ARTISANAL FISHERY by Robert Charles Wakeford A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and the Diploma of Imperial College in the Faculty of Science of the University of London 2000 Renewable Resources Assessment Group Centre for Environmental Technology T.H. Huxley School for the Environment, Earth Sciences and Engineering Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine London SW7 2AZ ABSTRACT The Seychelles artisanal fishery has two sectors: a large number of boats exploit the inshore fish resources, and a smaller number of large vessels target the relatively lightly exploited offshore resources. Continued high levels of fishing effort inshore have given rise to concern over the status of the fish resources there and the socio-economic welfare of inshore fishers. Previous fiscal incentives in the form of soft loans were intended to help fishers purchase larger vessels and relocate fishing effort further offshore, but to date this has met with limited success. In this study, the status of the inshore resources are re-evaluated, and constraints on relocating fishing effort faced by different socio-economic groups of fishers were examined. Field sampling, techniques from rapid rural appraisal and formal socio- economic surveys were used to collect quantitative biological, technical and economic information for each fishery sector, as well as information on the decision processes of different socio-economic groups. This was used to develop a unique bio-socio-economic model of the artisanal fishery, which allowed the likely outcomes of alternative management strategies to be evaluated. Continuation of existing policy was predicted to put further pressure on the inshore stocks. Access restrictions, involving both vessel and fisher licence schemes, were found to provide the greatest opportunity for sustainable biological and economic recovery. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would to thank Dr. Geoff Kirkwood, my supervisor, who has provided helpful comments throughout the development of the model. I particularly appreciate the meticulous review Dr Kirkwood gave this thesis. I would like to thank Dr. Chris Mees, my co-supervisor, who introduced me to the tropical paradise that is the Seychelles and generously shared his knowledge of the region. I am eternally indebted to Julia, my wife, for her calm and good humoured tolerance of my endless working and delays. Without her continuous support throughout my studies this achievement would never have become a reality. I must thank everyone within the Group for their help, comments and friendship. Particular mention must go to Dr Graham Pilling, for his continuous supply of coffee and good humour, particularly when the PC 'chips' were down. Dr Caroline Garaway has provided endless encouragement and support. I would like to thank the IT support team (Ken Davis, Dr. Lynne Purchase, Dr. Steve Zara)... for putting up with my whimpers as the latest computer failure kicked in... and then for providing an upgrade that was to speed up everything - even my mistakes! I would also like to thank John Pearce for his early suggestions, ideas and support during the initial developments of the 1997 socio- economic database. Throughout Lars Carson has provided me with the inspiration of a post-completion beer that has kept me going all these months....and months. I would like thank Philippe Michaud for enabling the project to work with the co- operation of the SFA. His support ensured that I had the administrative and logistic resources to complete the survey, I greatly appreciate his time and effort. During the main fieldwork, several members of SFA staff assisted with the formal questionnaire; Josette Confait and Roland Azemia translated it; Gerard Gerry, provided valuable assistance in the completion of many of the forms. I am also indebted to Randolph Payet of SPA who was a font of helpful ideas that were critical to the development of this work. Andrew Carpin provided IT support while I was in the Seychelles, ensuring that my network of computer help was truly international. John Colley, from the Seychelles Marine Parks Authority for providing accommodation upon St. Anne island during the latter part of the fieldwork. Many other people made my time in the Seychelles very special, your welcome and continued hospitality will remain with me long after dust gathers on this thesis. This was an amazing experience and I am very honoured to have been given the opportunity to work in such a stunning part of the world with so many wonderful people. Thank you all so much. Funding This CASE research was supported jointly by a Government grant from the Economic and Social Research Council, and MRAG Ltd. CONTENTS CONTENTS 5 LIST OF TABLES 11 LIST OF FIGURES 17 1 INTRODUCTION 20 1.1 OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH 21 1.2 PROFILE OF SEYCHELLES 22 1.2.1 Geography & Climate 22 1.2.2 History and Politics 22 1.3 OVERVIEW OF THE ARTISANAL FISHERY 23 1.3.1 Development of the fisheries sector 23 Historical background 23 1.3.2 Fleet Structure and Technology 26 Fishing vessels 26 Gear types 27 Boat-gear categories 29 1.3.3 Fishing Locations 29 1.3.4 Fisheries policy 30 1.3.5 Fisheries legislation 34 1.3.6 Resource Base 35 Total catches by boat-gear category 35 Inshore Fisheries 36 Outer Plateau and Islands Fisheries 38 Semi-pelagic fisheries 39 Summary 40 1.3.7 Market Attributes 41 Fish Prices 42 1.4 MODEL SPECIFICATION 44 1.4.1 Fisheries assessment models 45 Biological 45 Bio-economic 47 Bio-socio-economic 48 1.4.2 Outline of model structure 49 1.4.3 Data requirements 50 Biological 50 Technical 51 Economic 51 Socio-economic 51 1.5 OUTLINE OF THESIS 51 2 IDENTIFICATION OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC GROUPS WITHIN THE ARTISANAL FISHERY 53 2.1 INTRODUCTION 53 2.2 FORMAL SURVEY OF SEYCHELLOIS FISHERS 54 2.2.1 Survey design 54 2.2.2 Quota Sample frame 55 Stratification 56 Estimation of the total fisher population size 57 Sample size 59 Allocation of quotas amongst enumerators 60 2.2.3 Structured questionnaire 60 Questionnaire design 61 Questionnaire outline 62 Field-testing and translation 64 Enumerator selection and training 65 2.2.4 Socio-economic database 66 Design and layout ! 66 Method of coding 67 Data checking, entry and verification 67 2.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS WITHIN THE ARTISANAL FISHERY ... 68 2.3.1 Classification of fishers by survey strata 69 2.3.2 Fishers age and work experience 70 Summary 74 2.3.3 Education and training 75 Summary 78 2.3.4 Household composition and characteristics 79 Summary 87 2.3.5 Comparison between socio-economic characteristics of different sub-strata 89 2.4 IDENTIFICATION OF KEY SOCIO-ECONOMIC GROUPS 90 2.4.1 Re-classification of survey strata into socio-economic groups 90 Crew members of large and small boats 91 Skippers of large and small boats 92 Boat owner-operators of large and small boats 92 Group 1 (small and large boats) 93 Group 2 (small boats only) 94 Group 3 (small and large boats) 94 Group 4 (small and large boats) 95 Group 5 (small and large boats) 95 2.4.2 Comparison between characteristics of each socio-economic group 95 2.4.3 Interactions between socio-economic groups 97 2.4.4 Multi-variate analysis of socio-economic groups 100 Prediction of group membership using discriminant analysis 100 Data considerations 101 Selection of socio-economic variables 102 Results of discriminant function analysis 103 Evaluation of results 106 2.5 SUMMARY 106 IDENTIFICATION OF FISHER OPTIONS (DECISION PROCESSES) 108 3.1 INTRODUCTION 108 3.2 SITE IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION 108 3.3 RESEARCH PROCESS 109 3.3.1 Phase 1: Identification of key factors and decision options ... 109 3.3.2 Phase 2: Quantification of key factors and decision options available to each socio-economic group 110 3.4 FIELDWORK LOGISTIC AND RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS Ill 3.5 RESULTS 112 3.5.1 Phase 1: Summary of key factors and decision options 112 3.5.2 Phase 2: Quantification of key factors and range of decision options 114 Classification of fishers into socio-economic groups 115 Decision options 119 Boat-type preference 120 Details of boat purchase 121 3.6 SUMMARY 124 DEVELOPMENT OF A BIO-SOCIO-ECONOMIC MODEL OF THE SEYCHELLES ARTISANAL FISHERY 126 4.1 INTRODUCTION 126 4.2 OVERVIEW OF THE MODEL 127 4.2.1 A simplification of the artisanal fishery: model components 128 Inshore fisheries 129 Offshore fisheries 130 4.2.2 Model resolution and balance 130 4.2.3 System time step 131 4.3 ALTERNATIVE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS 131 4.3.1 Soft loan system 132 4.3.2 Gear restrictions 133 4.3.3 Boat restrictions 134 4.4 PERFORMANCE MEASURES 134 4.5 OUTLINE OF BIO-SOCIO-ECONOMIC MODEL 135 4.6 ESTIMATION OF INITIAL LEVEL OF FISHING EFFORT 139 4.6.1 Boat owner-operators 139 4.6.2 Crew members 141 4.7 BIOLOGICAL MODULE 143 4.7.1 Biomass 144 Inshore Resources 144 Offshore Resources 147 4.7.2 Total catch 148 Fishing Effort 150 Biomass update 154 4.7.3 Index of abundance (catch per unit of effort) 154 4.8 ECONOMIC MODULE 155 4.8.1 Total costs 156 Variable costs 157 Fixed costs 162 Depreciation and rate of inflation 166 4.8.2 Total net revenue 166 Fish price 167 4.8.3 Share system 170 4.8.4 Personal savings 171 4.8.5 Potential profits 173 4.8.6 Government subsidies and licence revenue 173 4.9 SUMMARY 174 BIO-SOCIO-ECONOMIC MODEL; SOCIO-ECONOMIC MODULE 175 5.1 INTRODUCTION 175 5.2 OUTLINE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC MODULE 176 5.3 LABOUR MOBILITY AND FLEET DYNAMICS 176 5.3.1 Nomination of fishers to undertake decision rules 177 5.3.2 Financial status 179 Financial status 1 181 Financial status 2 182 Financial status 3 182 5.3.3
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