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Sea Cucumber Trade from Africa to Asia

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Sea Cucumber Trade from Africa to Asia September 2020 A RAPID ASSESSMENT OF THE SEA CUCUMBER TRADE FROM AFRICA TO ASIA Simone Louw Markus Bűrgener SEA CUCUMBER TRADE DYNAMICS FROM AFRICA TO ASIA 1 SHORT REPORT TRAFFIC is a leading non-governmental organisation working globally on trade in wild animals and plants in the context of both biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. Reproduction of material appearing in this report requires written permission from the publisher. The designations of geographical entities in this publication, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of TRAFFIC or its supporting organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. AuthorS Simone Louw Markus Bűrgener PROJECT Supervisor Camilla Floros Published by: TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Dried sea cucumbers destined for export, confiscated by the South African Postal Service in 2016 SUGGESTED CITATION Louw, S., Bűrgener, M., (2020). A Rapid Assessment of the Sea Cucumber trade from Africa to Asia. © TRAFFIC 2020. Copyright of material published in this report is vested in TRAFFIC. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ISBN: 978-1-911646-27-3 UK Registered Charity No. 1076722 The authors thank Camilla Floros, Glenn Sant, Nicola Okes, David Newton, Julie Thomson, Martin Andimile, Linah Clifford, Design Thomasina Oldfield, and Stephanie Pendry for their valued inputs Marcus Cornthwaite and helpful review of this document. The study was undertaken through the ReTTA (Reducing Trade Threats to Africa’s wild species and ecosystems) project, which is funded by Arcadia—a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin. table of contents page 1 INTRODUCTION page 3 METHODS COMTRADE Data Hong Kong Trade Statistics page 4 RESULTS COMTRADE Data Hong Kong Trade Statistics page 12 CONCLUSIONS Conclusions Recommendations page 14 References Image credits INTRODUCTION Dried Sea Cucumbers at retail outlet, Hong Kong, 2018 15 sea cucumber species are threatened with extinction, with many fisheries having collapsed in recent years Over the last few decades, there has been a marked increase in Countries in the Western Indian Ocean, which extends from the the expansion and development of invertebrate fisheries, which East African coastline of Somalia to South Africa, have harvested is largely attributed to the increasing demand and need for new and traded in sea cucumbers for centuries (Conand, 2008). Sea resources to harvest (Anderson et al., 2011). One increasingly cucumbers are not commonly consumed by locals, although the harvested group is sea cucumbers, which are echinoderms from fisheries provide a vital source of employment for fishers and their the class Holothuroidea. There are approximately 1,717 known dependents along the sea cucumber supply chain, and therefore the sea cucumber species occurring worldwide, and 15 species have decline of sea cucumber stocks in the region would have negative a conservation status of either Endangered or Vulnerable, with impacts on the lives of coastal communities (Torre-castro et al., declining population trends as a result of overharvesting (Rahman 2007). In Tanzania, local communities along the coastline are & Yusoff, 2017). Sea cucumbers are harvested and traded in more heavily dependent on the sea cucumber fishery, providing a source than 70 countries worldwide, with exploitation occurring at scales of income to fishers; processors (drying) and middle-men or traders ranging from semi-industrial fisheries (Seychelles) to small (Mmbaga, 2015). In Madagascar, the sea cucumber fisheries are artisanal fisheries (Tanzania) (Purcell et al., 2012). Harvesting very active, and fishermen often move from one village to the next as of sea cucumbers is predominantly to supply the dried seafood each site becomes overexploited (Conand, 2008). In Seychelles, sea market in Asia (Conand, 2018). The processed and dried sea cucumber fisheries employ approximately 100 people, and it was cucumbers, known as bêche-de-mer or trepang, are exported in estimated that 125 households are dependent on the sea cucumber large quantities to Asia where it is a highly valued product and harvesting and processing business for their income/livelihoods considered a seafood delicacy, commonly consumed at banquets, (Conand, 2008). weddings and festive meals (Clarke, 2002). In the past two decades, many sea cucumber fisheries have The increasing market demand and high value for dried sea collapsed or have been forced into moratoria, as a result of cucumbers across Asia has facilitated the development and growth overfishing. In Egypt, commercial sea cucumber stocks have been in many sea cucumber fisheries across the world (Eriksson et al., severely overexploited due to the development of commercial 2012). Sea cucumbers are an ideal fishery resource as they are easily fisheries (Lawrenceet al., 2004). As a result, a ban on sea cucumber accessible in shallow waters across the world and the collection and fishing was initiated in 2001 for the stock to recover, which ultimately processing (cooking and sun-drying) methods require no specialised led to the development of a large illegal fishery along the coast of skill or equipment (Eriksson et al., 2012). Additionally, once the sea Egypt (Lawrence et al., 2004). Similarly, fears of overfishing resulted cucumber is processed, it has a shelf life of many years allowing the in a ban on the harvest and trade of sea cucumbers from mainland opportunity to stockpile the products. In the international seafood Tanzania in 2006; however, harvesting of sea cucumbers remains trade, dried sea cucumber forms part of the same niche markets as legal in Zanzibar (Hampus Eriksson et al., 2010; Mmbaga, 2015). The other high-value dried seafood products such as shark fins, abalone, different management regimes across Tanzania has caused much and fish maws (Rahman & Yussof, 2017). confusion over the regulation of the fishery and resulted in cases of continued harvest for sea cucumbers in mainland Tanzania (Eriksson 1 SEA CUCUMBER TRADE DYNAMICS FROM AFRICA TO ASIA et al., 2010; Muthiga & Conand, 2014). In Kenya, overfishing resulted overexploitation and collapse of fisheries reported in most regions in a ban on the use of SCUBA equipment in 2003, however, post across Africa (Purcell et al., 2013). In many locations, sea cucumber implementation studies on compliance indicated the continued use fisheries have gone through boom and bust cycles, where high value of SCUBA equipment in Kenya (Beadle, 2005). Across the Western species are rapidly depleted shortly after a fishery is established, Indian Ocean, there is a general lack of awareness of regulations after which the focus is shifted to populations in nearby locations by fishers and no monitoring of compliance by fisheries officials (Branch et al., 2013). (Muthiga & Conand, 2014). Due to international concern over the high exploitation levels, three The international market price for dried sea cucumbers is believed sea cucumber species, H. whitmaei, H. nobilis and H. fuscogilva to have risen in recent years which has contributed to the increased were listed in CITES Appendix II at CoP18 (CoP18, Prop 45) in 2019. fishing pressure in many poorly managed fisheries across Africa This means that any international trade in these species must be (Purcell et al., 2018). Species with high economic value (Holothuria documented and regulated by the granting of an export permit fuscogilva, H. Scabra, H. nobilis, and Actinopygna miliaris) are and making of a non-detriment finding (essentially a sustainability harvested in most countries and are more threatened, but as their finding). In order to regulate the trade in CITES listed species numbers are decreasing, other species with lower economic value effectively, it is vital that customs officials are able to distinguish are being harvested (Muthiga et al., 2010). Overharvesting of sea between sea cucumbers that are CITES listed and require export cucumbers is a worldwide phenomenon and recovery of depleted permits, and those that do not require an export permit (non-CITES populations is slow and sporadic (Lawrence et al., 2004). As a result listed species). Two of the newly listed species occur in the Indian of the declining populations and increasing demand, many countries Ocean, from the east coast of South Africa to Egypt in the north of in Africa (Madagascar, Tanzania, and Mozambique) have begun Africa (Figure 1). assessing the viability of sea cucumber farms to sustain the trade and improve the livelihoods of coastal communities (Eriksson et al., This rapid assessment aims to evaluate the trade dynamics of sea 2012; Thierry et al., 2014). cucumbers between Africa and Asia, as a result of the increasing market demand for dried sea cucumbers across Asia and the The high value of sea cucumber species, the ease with which they declining sea cucumber populations observed across Africa. The can be harvested in shallow waters, and their vulnerability due to report identifies key exporting countries, evaluates trade volumes their population dynamics (late maturation, density dependent and any trends that may aid the regulation of sea cucumbers in reproduction and low rate of recruitment) all contributes to the Africa. H. nobilis H. fuscogilva Figure 1 The distribution of two sea cucumber species (H. nobilis and H. fuscogilva) listed in CITES Appendix II along the African coastline. SEA CUCUMBER TRADE
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