OCTOPUS FISHERIES IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS (FIPs) IN THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

Inception Report

October, 2017

1. Background and Introduction

Tanzania has a well-developed octopus fishery along the coastal regions. The fishery is exclusively artisanal and Octopus cyanea is a dominant species (Roper et al., 1984; Guard and Mgaya, 2003). This species could be identified by the presence of two ocelli (eyespots) located a few centimetres below the eye, elliptical white spots found on the dorsal side of the tentacles and zebra stripes or bands on the ventral arm face (Guard and Mgaya, 2003).

Of the past few years, fishery for octopus has become more important due to the increase in its demand for the external market (Jiddawi and Ohman, 2002; Brycesonet et al. 2006) as well as local markets. The volumes of exported octopus are well known and well quantified. For example, the exported octopus into different external markets has been decreasing from 5,195Mt in 2007 to 440Mt 2016 (MALF, 2016). However, information on the status of the stock, ecology and life cycles, level of fishing intensity and traceability of the resource in the local market in Tanzania Mainland is limited. The results from a recent study on stock assessment of octopus in Tanzania Mainland (TAFIRI, 2016) and assessment by using the Benchmarking and Tracking revealed some gaps which need to be addressed for qualification of status of octopus fishery versus the MSC principles. It is expected that findings from this project will contribute the information towards raising qualifications for MSC certification.

It is worthy to note that the process of Octopus cyanea certification by Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) in Tanzania Mainland began in 2005 in collaboration with the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). Under this initiative, a lot of activities were conducted as a way forward towards certification. Such activities not limited to; were pre-analysis and pre-assessment in conjunction with development of Octopus Fishery Management Plan (OFMP). This study therefore will add from the previous (TAFIRI, 2016) information on the status of the stock of O. cyanea in marine waters of Mainland Tanzania which include their abundance, distribution and their biometric information. The study will further gather information required for MSC assessment which includes Reference points and harvesting strategy for the exploitation of the Tanzanian octopus information needed for Scale Intensity Consequence Analysis (SICA) on the main by-catch species.

2. Problem statement Information on the stock status of the octopus fishery in marine waters of Mainland Tanzania is not sufficient specifically their abundance and distribution. Data on these aspects and those on population dynamics are crucial for Implementation of Octopus Fisheries Management Plan (OFMP) as well MSC certification of Tanzania Mainland Octopus.

This assignment will conduct a spatial analysis of catch and effort to understand the impact of octopus exploitation on the general marine and coastal environment as well as the levels of exploitation (catch and effort) relative to the key ecological elements. Recent study by TAFIRI (2016) revealed that catch and fishing effort levels in the octopus fishery vary spatially in coastal waters of Tanzania. This study intend to validate the hypothesis on how the levels of fishing effort related to the ecosystem sensitive in particular coral reefs environment. The spatial assessment will also focus on areas with the highest fishing effort that are likely to impact octopus capture and the ecosystem. Specifically the study will elucidate:

(i) The number of fishers using spears and other methods on shallow reefs and in deeper waters.

(ii) Qualitatively assess the likely impact of fishers damaging coral reefs through their fishing methods.

(iii) The temporal variability of fishing effort per season. However, the assessment will be supplemented with the existing data (TAFIRI, 2016)

3. Objectives of this study The specific objectives of the project are: i) To map the octopus reefs in Mafia and Kilwa ii) To assess environmental parameters on the sampling sites iii) To undertake spatial and size evaluation of Octopus catches in Tanzania iv) To address the supply chain of octopus catches at the sampling sites v) To characterize octopus fisheryand how fishing is operated and catch handled. vi) To assess and quantify primary and secondary by-catch associated with octopus fishery. vii) To find out if octopus fishers collect lobsters as a primary by-catch and document the extent. viii) To assess the impact of octopus fisheries on lobster. ix) To assess stock status of lobster in selected sites in Mafia and Kilwa. x) To assess and document the type of gears used in octopus fishing and how they impact the fishery and habitat xi) To assess the impact of octopus fishery to the reef system. xii) To assess the impact of octopus fishery to the ecosystem. Study the trophic impact of removal of octopus and lobster on the coral reef. xiii) To assess the impacts of octopus fishery on Endangered, Threatened, and Protected Species (ETP) xiv) To assess the likelihood that sea cucumbers are illegally targeted by octopus fishers. xv) To assess the effectiveness of sea cucumber fishing ban on the population recovery. Find out which species of sea cucumber is under CITES list of species. xvi) To gather information on sea cucumber stock status. Check existing biological and ecological information related to sea cucumbers. Document effectiveness of data collection for sea cucumbers. xvii) To synthesize information on the current reef status. xviii) To check if Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries is applied to Octopus Fishery Management Plan and implemented. xix) To develop a Structured Research Programme on Tanzanian Octopus xx) To develop capacity building packages in artisanal fisheries data collection and statistics in both English and Swahili versions

Kindly note that ‘‘assessment of leakeages, propose solutions and mechanisms to obtain total mortality and improve traceability of octopus catches in the sampling sites and traceability aspects of the octopus‘‘ which were expected to be done under this project (activity iv) will not be possible with the available funds and time. Instead only the supply chain of the octopus will be assessed. Whenever additional funds will be available, a study of these aspects will be conducted.

4. Scope of the work Obtaining a rigorous stock assessment of the O. cyanea is essential for sustainable management and development of the octopus fishery in the mainland Tanzania taking into consideration of MSC certification as well as livelihood security for the local communities who depend on coastal and marine resources. This study will gather information concerning the stock status of the octopus fishery in marine waters of Mainland Tanzania including their abundance and population dynamics. The study will also take into consideration of the distribution of octopus species in Tanzania Mainland. Supplemented with the findings by TAFIRI (2016), the project will tell on the seasonal abundance and distribution of the octopus. The study will be conducted to differentiate between the target species (Octopus cyanae) and the by-catch species caught. Quantitative data on the by-catch species of octopus (e.g. sea cucumber and lobsters) will be collected. The by-catch species may either be defined as “primary” or “secondary” by-catch. It is likely that to assess the status of these species, a Risk-Based Framework will be used as well as the SICA tables. The spatial maps shall as well be in the position to relate proximity of octopus catches to vulnerable species such as Endangered, Threatened and Protected (ETP) species.

5. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

5.1 Study Site This study will be conducted in two sites along the coast of Tanzania Mainland includes Somanga and Songosongo Island (Kilwa region); Bwejuu and Jibondo (Mafia Island) 1

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Figure 1: A map of Tanzania showing the proposed study sites namely; 1 = Mafia, 2 = Kilwa

5.2 Data Collection Catch-effort data of O. cyanea will be collected from the landing sites each month during spring tide for three months in collaboration with enumerators (trained fishers/BMU) while the District Fisheries Officers (DFOs) in a respective site will act as the supervisors. Catch-effort data to be collected include the following: i. Time of departure from village ii. Time of arrival at the fishing site iii. Name of fishing site iv. Total area of the fishing site (coral reef) in Km2 v. Time of start fishing vi. Time of end fishing vii. Time of return viii. Length of time actively spent in fishing ix. Number of fishers x. Total catch of the octopus in weight (kg) and number xi. By-catch species in weight (kg) and number

Except for the total area of the fishing site which will be obtained through GIS mapping, the above data will be collected using a structured interviews (standardised interviews) with the buyers/agents and fishers at the fish landing sites immediately after they return from fishing. Geo-reference catch-effort data will be used to calculate Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE). Other data to be collected will include, number of days spent fishing per month, fishing regime (Rotational or repeatedly) and marketing aspects for octopus [supply, market destinations (at different levels)]. Further, iinformation on exploited octopus and number of fishermen by gender with specifications on level of engagement of these fishermen in octopus fisheries will be recorded.

Catch-effort data collection will employ a mobile based technology that records, reports, processes, stores and send fisheries data in real time. The mobile based system will capture data from specificsite, store them, and send through special gateway to cloud storage for sharing. A special gateway for SMS application will run as well, where the data sender will follow the published instruction and reply back during SMS data capturing.

The captured raw data will have auto date and time that monitor when was data captured, auto geo-location which will monitor where is collected, image that will show what is collected, numbers, and texts that is stored on mobile platform and if network is available to the cloud location. A special communication (chats) between data collector and scientist will help to monitored the entering raw data and improve data cleaning and monitoring activity.

Total weight (kg) and number of O. cyanea collected per day per boat will be recorded at the landing site immediately after the fishers return from fishing. All catch from octopus fisher will be quantitatively recorded and sub-sample of O. cyanea will be taken for biological measurements which include sex identification and morphometric data (individual total length, weight, dorsal mantle length and by-catch). Both dorsal mantle length and total length of individuals will be measured to the nearest 1 mm using a 100 cm measuring board and total weight of individuals will be measured using a 50 kg weighing scale to the nearest 0.1 kg. A maximum of 50 specimens of O. cyanea will be sampled per site per spring tide for further analysis which includes identification of maturity stages, estimation of gonadosomatic index, fecundity and gut content analysis. For fecundity estimates ovary and proximal oviducts of each female will be removed from the visceral cavity and weighed (±0.01 g), then egg samples will be taken and be fixed in Gilson’s fluid for further analysis.

5.3 Data analysis All catch-effort, gut content and gonad data will be entered into excel database and analysed using excel, R, MINITAB and OriginPro statistical software. Results of these analysis will include catch yields, average weight by month, weight and length frequencies, catch per unit effort (CPUE), sex ratio, gut content analysis, gonadosomatic index, fecundity and size at first maturity.

5.3.1 Length-weight relationships Length-weight relationships of Octopus cyanea for both sexes will be analysed at each site and all sites pooled using the power curve equation: W = qLb (Guard and Mgaya, 2003) Where W is the total wet weight (g), L is the dorsal mantle length (mm), b is the slope of the regression line and q is the intercept on the Y-axis. The significance of a regression will be tested using student t-test (Zar, 1996).

5.3.2 Sex and sex ratio determination Sex of mature octopus can be differentiated by the presence of ligula at the third right arm (hectocotylized arm) present in males. Sex for immature individuals can be determined by assessing the development of the gonads after dissection of the animal (Guard and Mgaya, 2003). Sex ratio will be analysed and tested for the significant difference from the expected 1:1 ratio for the entire sampling period. Deviation from the expected 1:1 ratio will be tested using the Chi-square test.

5.3.3 Gonadosomatic index (GSI) GSI of Octopus cyanea for both sexes will be calculated using the equation below: GSI = W0/ (Wt -W0) * 100 Where W0 is the gonadal weight (g) and Wt is the total wet weight (g). Mean GSI will be compared between sexes at both sites using a two sample t-test.

5.3.4 Size at first maturity Size at first maturity of O. cyanea will be estimated graphically using ogive model (a nonlinear regression analysis indicating a size class at which 50% of the population are reproductive matured). For males onset of maturity will be defined by the presence of spermatophores in the excurrent duct (stage III) while for females as the presence of ovaries in an advanced stage (stage IV). Maturity stages of octopus will be identified using a 5-stage maturity scale for female and 3-stage maturity for males adapted from Mangold (1987) and Sanchez and Obarti (1993) and based on the following criteria by Guard and Mgaya (2003): Stage 1: (immature – both sexes) ovary is very small and white, no signs of granulation; no spermatophores in the Needham’s sac. Stage 2: (incipient maturity–females, medium maturity–males) ovary medium size off white to yellowish, granular structure apparent, oviducal glands small with no colour separation; spermatophores present in the Needham’s sac. Stage 3: (medium maturity-females, full maturity-males) ovary medium to large size off white or yellowish, eggs clearly apparent but not loose, colour separation in the oviducal glands apparent, large numbers of spermatophores tightly packed in Needham’s sac, spermatophores in the excurrent duct. Stage 4: (full maturity-females) ovary large size, yellow and with loose eggs in the ovisac, oviducal glands and oviducts large size with marked colour separation. Stage 5: (Post spawning-females) distended empty ovary.

5.3.5 Gut content analysis Gut contents will be analysed using a numerical method called frequency of occurrence (Oi). In this method stomach contents will be examined and the individual food organisms will be sorted and identified. The number of stomachs in which each item occurs will be recorded and expressed as a percentage of the total number of stomachs examined.

Frequency of Occurrence, Oi= Ji/P

Where, Ji is number of octopus containing prey i and P is the number of octopus with food in their stomach.

5.3.6 Fecundity Fecundity will be estimated by counting the number of eggs in a sample of approximately 1 g (±0.1mg) and scaling this to total ovary weight. Fecundity is most often expressed in absolute terms. However, since total body weight will be known, fecundity will be expressed in weight- specific terms (number of eggs/body weight, g).

5.3.7 Productivity and Susceptibility Analysis (PSA) Apart from determining the status of octopus fishery based on reference points, vulnerability of Octopus stock shall also be assessed based on PSA. PSA is a useful methodology for determining vulnerability because it evaluates both the productivity of the stock and its susceptibility to the fishery. Hobday et al. (2007) described PSA as a semi-quantitative and rapid risk assessment tool that relies on the life history characteristics of a stock (i.e., productivity) and its susceptibility to the fishery in question. This assessment has a long history of use in evaluating fisheries and is recommended by several organizations and work groups as a reasonable approach for determining risk (Hobday et al. 2007).The PSA evaluates an array of productivity and susceptibility attributes for a stock, from which index scores for productivity and susceptibility are computed and graphically displayed. The vulnerability of a stock to become overfished is defined as a function of its productivity (“the capacity of the stock to produce MSY and to recover if the population is depleted”) and its susceptibility to the fishery (“the potential for the stock to be impacted by the fishery, which includes direct captures, as well as indirect impacts to the fishery”).

In this study, the Productivity and Susceptibility Analysis (PSA) will be used to assess the relative risk of depletion of the targeted octopus species. Analysis will include productivity and susceptibility attributes (Hobday et al. 2007). Table below shows the productivity and susceptibility attributes that will be used in this study.

Table showing PSA Productivity attributes Attribute Considers Age at maturity Long-lived, lower productivity stocks will have higher ages (tmat) at maturity relative to short-lived stocks

Max. age (tmax) Direct indication of M Fecundity Fecundity is linked to survival (measured at the age of first maturity) Max size (Lmax) Also correlated with productivity, - large fish tend to have lower levels of productivity Size at maturity Larger size at maturity is usually linked to later maturity

Reproductive Level of investment on offspring – More investment usually strategy means lower mortality Trophic Level Lower-trophic-level stocks are generally more productive than higher-trophic-level stocks

Table showing PSA susceptibility attributes Attribute Considers Availability Overlap of fishing effort with species distribution (takes into account species- specific behavior) Encounterability Likelihood that a species will encounter fishing gear that is deployed within the geographic range of that species Selectivity Potential of the gear to capture or retain species Post capture Condition and subsequent survival of an individual that is captured mortality and released/discarded Desirability Preference by consumers

The information used to score the productivity attributes will be derived from a Fish base website (IUCN 2004). The scores of susceptibility attributes information will be derived from a consensus result of a focused group discussion of about 5 to 10 experienced octopus fishers. The PSA used in this study will be determined by score ranging from 1 (low), 2 (medium) and 3 (high) for a standardized set of attributes (productivity = 7; susceptibility = 5). The weighted average of each factor’s attribute scores will be plotted in an x-y scatter plot and the vulnerability score of the stock calculated by measuring the Euclidean distance of the datum point from the origin of the plot. The PSA scores product thresholds will be set Low: for average < 2.64; Medium: for average > 2.64 and High: for average > 3.18. Stocks that receive a low productivity score and high susceptibility score are considered to be at a high risk of becoming depleted, while stocks with a high productivity score and low susceptibility score are considered to be at low risk of becoming depleted.

5.3.8 Risk Based Framework (RBF) According to Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), RBF is a framework of assessment tools for scoring ‘outcome’ Performance Indicators in cases where insufficient information is available to score a fishery using the default Scoring Guideposts. In our case RBF will be used by MSC to assess the status of any retained, non-targeted or by-catch species which are associated with O. cyanea fishery. RBF involves about seven stages which include the following: i. Triggering the RBF ii. Stakeholder notification iii. Information gathering and preparation iv. Conduct Scale Consequence Analysis (SICA) v. Conduct Productivity Susceptibility Analysis (PSA) vi. Conversion to MSC score vii. Reporting

This study will provide baseline information needed for Scale Intensity Consequence Analysis (SICA) on the main by-catch species. According to MSC, SICA consist about 6 steps which include the following: i. Determine worst plausible case combination ii. Score spatial scale of activity iii. Score temporal scale of activity iv. Score intensity v. Identify most vulnerable subcomponent and score consequence vi. Convert to MSC score.

SICA tables as provided by MSC will be used to conduct this analysis but in order to complete those tables the following information should be provided from the field: i. Identify a retained, non-targeted or by-catch species which is associated with O. cyanea fishery ii. Identify highest risk causing activity iii. Determine which combination of risk causing activity is worst case scenario iv. At what percentage does retained, non-targeted or by-catch species stock overlap with fishing activity of O. cyanea? v. How many days per year do octopus fishers go fishing? How often and at what spatial scale does retained, non-targeted or by-catch species associate with O. cyanea fishery?

6. Expected Outputs 1. A revised octopus stock assessment report clearly stating the status of octopus stock, addressing leakages, temporal, spatial and size distribution. 2. A detailed technical report on: a. Characterization of octopus fishery and how fishing is operated and catch handled. b. By-catch associated with octopus fishery c. Impact of octopus fishery to the ecosystem including lobster fishery and the reefs d. Status of lobster stock e. Type of gear used in octopus fishery and its impact to the fishery and habitat f. Impact of octopus fishery to the reefs and ecosystem g. Impact of octopus fishery on sea cucumbers h. Effectiveness of sea cucumber fishing ban on population recovery i. Stock status of sea cucumbers j. Any other activity proposed in the list

7. Work Plan and timelines

No. Activity MONTHS 1st month 2nd month 3rd month 1 Contract preparation and signing x 2 Inception report x 3 Training of the enumerators x 4 Harmonization on field data collection x 6 Actual field data collection x x x 7 GIS Mapping x x 8 Data entry, analysis and validation x x x x 9 Progress technical report x 10 Presentation of findings to the donor x 11 Draft of the final report x 12 Review draft report as per client x comments 13 Final technical report x

From the production of this inception report, subsequent progress report and final technical report, the project duration is anticipated to be three months as narrated in the above work plan.

8. REFERENCES Bryceson, I., Jiddawi, N.S., Kamukuru, A.T., Kulindwa, K., Mwaipopo, R., Onyango, P. and Sebastian, M. (2006). Fisheries Study in Tanzania Coastal Waters: the effects of trial export of finfish from Mafia Island on ecological-social resilience and vulnerability. An interdisciplinary study conducted under the auspices of Tanzanian-Norwegian development cooperation, the management of Natural Resources Programme (TAN0092). First Phase.82

Guard, M. (2003). Assessment of the artisanal fishery of Octopus cyanea Gray, 1929 in Tanzania: Catch dynamics, fisheries biology, socio-economics and implications for management. PhD Thesis, University of Aberdeen, Scotland.

IUCN (2004). Managing Marine Protected Areas: A Toolkit for the Western Indian Ocean. Eastern African Regional Programme. Nairobi, Kenya, xii + 172pp.

Jiddawi, N.S. and Othman, M.C. (2002).Marine fisheries in Tanzania. AMBIO 31: 518-527.

Mangold, K. (1987). Reproduction. In: Cephalopods Life Cycles Vol II. Comparative Reviews. Academic Press, London, pp 157-200.

MALF (2016). Annual Fisheries statistical report

Roper, C.F.E. and Hochberg, F.G. (1988).Behavior and systematics of Cephalopods Life Cycles Volume I. Species Accounts. Academic Press, London, pp. 267–276.

Sanchez, P. and Obarti, R. (1993). The biology and fishery of Octopus vulgaris caught with clay pots on the Spanish Mediterranean coast. In: Guard, M., and Mgaya, Y.D. (2003). Assessment of the Artisanal Fishery for Octopus cyanea Gray 1849 in Tanzania: Catch dynamics, fisheries biology, social-economics and implications for management. PhD thesis, University of Aberdeen.259 pp.

TAFIRI (2016). Stock assessment, spatial and temporal evaluation of Tanzania mainland octopus. Consultancy report submitted to the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries.

Zar, J.H. (1996) Biostatistical analysis. Englewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice Hall

Annexes A: Proposed Reporting Format (Attached) B: Terms of Reference (Attached)

A. Annex

Format for progress and final reports The format for progress and final reports will be as follows:

Title Short and clear title

Abstract/Summary Should document a summary of the assignment, how it has been accomplished, results obtained, and applicability of the results obtained and recommendations.

Introduction Should contain a short description of the background, purpose and scope of the study according to the ToRs.

Methods This section contains an overview of the activities already carried out, as listed in the ToRs . It is recommended to prepare an overview of survey methods. Methodological details should include all issues agreed in the inception report. Data analysis, processing and presentation of such data should be of high quality, logic and standards.

Results Presentation of results (preliminary or final as the case may be) on the basis of the findings, as listed in the ToRs.

Discussion This section should discuss results presented above and where relevant reference can be made on similar studies.

Conclusions and Recommendations In this section logical conclusions and recommendations should be documented based on the results obtained and discussed in the report, and where necessary other previous works elsewhere. Any further study can be proposed here.

References A full list of all documents used in the study should be cited.

B. Annex

Terms of Reference for a grant to Implement Octopus Fisheries Improvement Projects

BACKGROUND Tanzania has been participating in the MSC certification process since 2005. The candidate fishery is Octopus cyanea and the Unit of Certification is Mafia and Kilwa. The process started in 2005 with analysis of the fishery which should be subjected to the process. Though a stakeholders’ consultation process, Octopus cyanea was selected to be the appropriate fishery. Octopus is the most exported fishery to the international market. After that, the fishery was subjected into a pre-assessment process where it was assessed against the MSC certification principles. The principles are 1) 2) 3) 4) Results of the pre-assessment exercise revealed some gaps which must be addressed before qualifying for full assessment. In 2010 assessment by using the Benchmarking and Tracking Tools resulted into 24% qualification of status of octopus fishery versus the MSC principles. A repeated exercise in 2016 ranked 48%. A 6% increase in performance is expected at the end of FY18 from 2016 baseline. Interventions proposed in this ToR are expected to contribute in raising the performance ranking when the next assessment is carried out in FY18. The scope of this work will be Mafia, Kilwa and Pemba.

SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES 1. Review the recently submitted octopus stock assessment report, identify and address gaps. 2. Undertake a spatial and temporal evaluation of Octopus catches in Tanzania 3. Estimate leakages, propose solutions and mechanisms to obtain total mortality and improve traceability of octopus catches. 4. Characterize octopus fishery and the potential of the fishery on the reef. Document how does octopus fishers operate/catch octopus; depth at which octopus are caught; method of catching and tide regime. Document the behavior of fishermen on the reef during octopus fishing. Document how catch is handled after harvest. 5. Assess and quantify primary and secondary by-catch associated with octopus fishery. 6. Find out if octopus fishers collect lobsters as a primary by-catch and document the extent. 7. Assess the impact of octopus fisheries on lobster. 8. Assess stock status of lobster in selected sites in Mafia and Kilwa. 9. Assess and document the type of gears used in octopus fishing and how they impact the fishery and habitat. 10. Assess the impact of octopus fishery to the reef system. 11. Assess the impact of octopus fishery to the ecosystem. Study the trophic impact of removal of octopus and lobster on the coral reef. 12. Assess the impacts of octopus fishery on Endangered, Threatened, and Protected Species (ETP) 13. Assess the likelihood that sea cucumbers are illegally targeted by octopus fishers. 14. Assess the effectiveness of sea cucumber fishing ban on the population recovery. Find out which species of sea cucumber is under CITES list of species. 15. Gather information on sea cucumber stock status. Check existing biological and ecological information related to sea cucumbers. Document effectiveness of data collection for sea cucumbers. 16. Synthesize information on the current reef status. 17. Check if Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries is applied to Octopus Fishery Management Plan and implemented. 18. Develop a Structured Research Programme on Tanzanian Octopus 19. Develop capacity building packages in artisanal fisheries data collection and statistics in both English and Swahili versions

DELIVERABLES TO WWF The grantee will submit the following to WWF:- 3. A revised octopus stock assessment report clearly stating the status of octopus stock, addressing leakages, temporal, spatial and size distribution. 4. A detailed technical report on: a. Characterization of octopus fishery and how fishing is operated and catch handled. b. By-catch associated with octopus fishery c. Impact of octopus fishery to the ecosystem including lobster fishery and the reefs d. Status of lobster stock e. Type of gear used in octopus fishery and its impact to the fishery and habitat f. Impact of octopus fishery to the reefs and ecosystem g. Impact of octopus fishery on sea cucumbers h. Effectiveness of sea cucumber fishing ban on population recovery i. Stock status of sea cucumbers j. Any other activity proposed in the list 5. A detailed financial report supported with original receipts and other relevant documents

BUDGET Total budget for the proposed activities is TZS 60,000,000 (Tanzanian shillings sixty million only). The grantee will be responsible to allocate money accordingly and make sure quality work is achieved.

ACTIVITY AMOUNT (TZS) Travels to the field 20,000,000 Per diems 30,000,000 Data collection and field support 7,000,000 Administration fee 3,000,000 TOTAL 60,000,000

TIME FRAME Proposed work must be completed from the day of signing the contract up to 15 December 2017. All deliverables must be submitted to WWF by 31 December 2017. Prior commencing work the grantee must submit the inception report. Work will start upon approval of the inception report by WWF.