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National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Finding Aid

Castle Clinton National Monument

Cataloged Archival Items, 1737-1975

Multiple Catalog Numbers

National Park Service Sites National Monument

Tobi K. Adler January 2013

This finding aid may be accessed electronically from the National Park Service Manhattan Historic Sites Archive http://www.mhsarchive.org

Processing was funded by a generous donation from the Leon Levy Foundation to the National Parks of Harbor Conservancy. Finding Aid Castle Clinton National Monument Cataloged Archival Items – Multiple Catalog #s Page 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2

COPYRIGHT AND RESTRICTIONS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...4

PROVENANCE NOTE….....…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………5

HISTORICAL NOTE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...6

SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….8

ARRANGEMENT NOTE……………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………….9

SERIES OUTLINE ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...9

SERIES NOTES AND CONTENTS LIST….……………………………………………………………………………………………………10

RELATED MATERIALS NOTE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………20

SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..20

ADDED ENTRIES………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………….21

National Park Service: Manhattan Sites Finding Aid Castle Clinton National Monument Cataloged Archival Items – Multiple Catalog #s Page 2

SUMMARY

Creator: . National Park Service

Title: Castle Clinton National Monument Cataloged Archival Items

Dates: 1737-1975, undated

Extent: 4.5 linear feet (1 document box, 1 half document box, 3 flat boxes, 2 lantern slide boxes and 16 volumes)

National Park Service Accession Number: Multiple accession numbers

National Park Service Catalog Number: Multiple catalog numbers

Historical or Biographical Statement:

Castle Clinton, originally named West Battery, was constructed off-shore, between 1807 and 1811, 200 feet from the area in called . The Battery once held , built by the Dutch in 1626, renamed by the British in 1687, and destroyed by American troops in 1776. The area soon became a popular promenade for New Yorkers because of the magnificent vista of . After the , petitioned the Federal Government for control of Castle Clinton, which the city received in 1823. Reopened as Castle Garden in 1824, the structure was used as a concert hall and entertainment center until 1854. Through the years, Castle Garden hosted many celebrities. In 1855, the New York State Commissioners of Emigration purchased the lease for Castle Garden and opened it as a landing station for new immigrants. In 1890, the United States Government took over immigration processing and subsequently moved the reception center to . The opened in the former fort in 1896, free to the public. The New York City Parks Department, under , closed the aquarium in 1941. After threatening demolition of the structure to facilitate tunnel construction, Moses faced a group of civic-minded individuals and preservationist organizations who fought to save the historic site. In 1946, President Truman signed the bill creating Castle Clinton National Monument. In 1949, Castle Clinton and the land underneath were ceded to the Federal Government by New York City with permission from the New York State Legislature and the site officially became Castle Clinton National Monument.

Scope and Content Statement:

This collection contains individually cataloged items spanning the breadth of Castle Clinton’s history. Physical changes to the structure are detailed in the various images of Castle Clinton found within the collection. Record types include lithographs, prints, clippings, sheet music, postcards, programs, invitations, photographs and lantern slides, textiles, books and official documents. One of the documents and several of the books predate Castle Clinton.

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Processing Information:

This collection was processed as part of the Manhattan Sites Archives Project in 2012 by Project Archivist Tobi Adler, with the assistance of Lead Archivist Mimi Bowling.

Funding Source:

Processing of this collection was made possible by a generous donation from the Leon Levy Foundation to the National Parks of New York Harbor Conservancy.

Contact Information:

Chief of Cultural Resources, National Park Service, Manhattan Sites National Memorial 26 , New York, NY 10005 (212) 825-6883

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COPYRIGHT AND RESTRICTIONS

The copyright (Title 17, ) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted materials. The various state privacy acts govern the use of materials that document private individuals, groups, and corporations. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a reproduction if the document does not infringe the privacy rights of an individual, group, or corporation. These specified conditions of authorized use include:

• non-commercial and non-profit study, scholarship, or research, or teaching • criticism, commentary, or news reporting • as a NPS preservation or security copy • as a research copy for deposit in another institution

If a user later uses a copy or reproduction for purposes in excess of "fair use," the user may be personally liable for copyright, privacy, or publicity infringement. This institution's permission to obtain a photographic, xerographic, digital, or other copy of a document doesn't indicate permission to publish, exhibit, perform, reproduce, sell, distribute, or prepare derivative works from this document without first obtaining permission from the copyright holder and from any private individual, group, or corporation shown or otherwise recorded.

Permission to publish, exhibit, perform, reproduce, prepare derivative works from, sell, or otherwise distribute the item must be obtained by the user separately in writing from the holder of the original copyright (or if the creator is dead from his/her heirs) as well as from any individual(s), groups, or corporations whose name, image, recorded words, or private information (e.g., employment information) may be reproduced in the source material. The holder of the original copyright isn't necessarily the National Park Service. The National Park Service is not legally liable for copyright, privacy, or publicity infringement when materials are wrongfully used after being provided to researchers for "fair use."

This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept a copying order if fulfillment of the order is judged in violation of copyright or federal or state privacy or publicity law.

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PROVENANCE NOTE

Items in this collection were assembled from materials located in the Manhattan Sites collections, housed at , , New York. Each item has been individually cataloged by the National Park Service from multiple accessions. These items were collected by the Manhattan Sites administration by donation, purchase and inter-park transfer. The lantern slides are part of Accession CACL-00075, which also contains the Castle Clinton National Monument Administrative Records, but are now cataloged separately from that collection.

Accessions in this collection includes CACL-00002, CACL-00003, CACL-00004, CACL-00005, CACL-00006, CACL-00010, CACL-00011, CACL-00012, CACL-00013, CACL-00015, CACL-00034, CACL-00043, CACL- 00057, CACL-00058, CACL-00060, CACL-00061, CACL-00062, CACL-00063, CACL-00064, CACL-00065, CACL-00066, CACL-00069, CACL-00071, CACL-00072, CACL-00073, CACL-00075, CACL-00076, CACL- 00079.

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HISTORICAL NOTE

In 1625, the Dutch began settling New Netherland in earnest and, by 1626, Fort Amsterdam was constructed on the southern tip of Manhattan Island. The fort was renamed Fort George by the British in 1687 and was destroyed by American troops in 1776. The area, later called the Battery, maintained a fort or some form of military protection until 1788.1 In 1807, a group of fortifications was planned, meant to protect New York Harbor as tension increased between Great Britain and the United States. The West Battery, with permission from the New York State legislature, was located approximately 200 feet off the coast. The construction of the West Battery was overseen by Colonel Jonathan Williams of the Army Corps of Engineers. John McComb, Jr. an architect known for the design of New York City’s City Hall and of ’s home, The Grange, collaborated in the design and construction of the West Battery, especially the entryway or sallyport to the new fort.2

The West Battery was completed in 1811. When war was declared in 1812, the British Navy instituted a blockade of New York Harbor but never attempted to sail up the to approach the city. The war ended in 1815 without the guns of the West Battery ever firing on the enemy. At some time between 1815 and 1817, the West Battery was renamed Castle Clinton, reportedly for DeWitt Clinton, who completed a term as in 1814 and became New York State in 1817.

New York City began a campaign to reclaim Castle Clinton in 1820. Congress passed the necessary legislation in 1822 to cede the site, and the army, which was in charge of the site, turned Castle Clinton over to the Common Council in 1823. Public opinion supported using Castle Clinton as a public space. The former fort opened as Castle Garden in 1824, ornamented with flowers, plants, and a covered walk on top of the walls with a view of the harbor. Later renovations would add fountains, gas lighting and panoramic murals. The leasing company conducted fireworks displays and open air concerts. In September 1824, a gala reception was held in honor of the Marquis de Lafayette during his tour of the United States.3

The structure was expanded and a built to enclose the space in 1845. Soon after, the space became a true concert hall, presenting the Italian Opera Company’s performances.4 In September 1850, Jenny Lind, called the Swedish Nightingale and promoted by the impresario Phineas T. Barnum, began her American concert tour at Castle Garden. In 1851, the Hungarian revolutionary Louis Kossuth, who had led his country during a revolt against Austria and was president of a briefly independent Hungary, visited and was celebrated as a champion of liberty.5 Castle Garden continued to host concerts until 1854.

In 1855, the New York State Commissioners of Emigration purchased the lease for Castle Garden and opened it as a landing station for new immigrants. Created in 1847 by the state legislature to regulate immigration into New York and protect the immigrants, the Commissioners of Emigration first created a

1 Jackson, Kenneth T, ed.. The Encyclopedia of New York City. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995. 2 Griswold, William A. “The Archaeology of Military Politics: The Case of Castle Clinton.” Historical Archaeology. 35 (4), p. 105-117. : Society for Historical Archaeology, 2001. 3 ”Fete at Castle Garden.” New-York Evening Post. New York, September 15, 1824. 4 Wall, Alexander J., Jr. “Short Chronology of the Aquarium Building at the Battery, New York City, formerly known as Castle Clinton and Castle Garden.” Quarterly Bulletin. New York: New-York Historical Society. 5 Castle Clinton National Monument. , DC: National Park Service, 1953.

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for immigrants on Ward’s Island. They subsequently selected Castle Garden as the immigration depot and the first ships docked there in August 1855. At Castle Garden, immigrants were provided assistance in finding jobs, a safe place to live and a location where friends and family could come to claim them, as well as travel advice if they wanted to continue their journey.6 In September 1882, the Federal Government began oversight of the state agencies that managed the influx of aliens into the country. By 1890, Castle Garden was closed and in 1892, the Department of the Treasury moved the reception center to Ellis Island.7

Once closed, Castle Garden reverted to the control of New York City which placed it under the jurisdiction of the New York City Parks Department in 1891. The Parks Department renovated the structure and opened the New York Aquarium in the former fort in 1896, free to the public. The city ran the aquarium for five years and then turned management of the site over to the New York Zoological Society, an organization founded in 1895 to promote zoological study and wildlife conservation. The building was renovated again, by the architectural firm McKim, Mead & White, adding a third floor and creating an imposing facade. Under the direction of Dr. Charles Haskins Townsend, the aquarium enlarged its collections and attracted thousands of visitors each year. The aquarium remained a popular draw for New Yorkers and visitors until its closing by the New York City Parks Department in October 1941.

According to Parks Commissioner Robert Moses, the closing of the Aquarium and the entire Battery Park early in 1941 was necessary for safety reasons during the construction of the Battery Tunnel. Then in May 1941, Moses proposed demolishing the structure, whereupon several civic groups dedicated to preserving the , including the American Scenic and Society and the Fine Arts Federation, immediately contacted the National Park Service. The battle to save Castle Clinton raged until 1946 and included petitions, competitions and lawsuits in the effort to stop the demolition. In August 1946, President Harry Truman signed the bill creating Castle Clinton National Monument and in April 1949, the bill ceding Castle Clinton and the land underneath it to the Federal government was signed by Governor Thomas E. Dewey.

The National Park Service received Castle Clinton National Monument from New York City in 1950. Immediately, the Park Service focused on recreating the 1812 fort. The fort’s original plans were examined and archeological surveys were conducted. Actual restoration of the fort began in the 1960s. Castle Clinton was designated a landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1965.

The New York City Bicentennial Corporation encouraged the reopening of Castle Clinton as part of the beginning celebrations in May 1975, although the actual rededication and reopening ceremony for Castle Clinton National Monument occurred in June. In September of that year, the 125th anniversary of Jenny Lind’s 1850 concert was commemorated with a concert in front of Castle Clinton.

6 Svejda, George J. Castle Garden as an Immigration Depot, 1855-1890. Washington, DC: National Park Service, Division of History, 1968. http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/elis/castle_garden.pdf 7 Ibid.

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SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE

The Castle Clinton National Monument Cataloged Archival Items Collection encompasses documentary, photographic and artifactual materials relating to the history of the Castle Clinton site, particularly as Castle Garden and the New York Aquarium, and the Battery. The collection contains a commission, a prisoner receipt, a passport, lithographs, engravings, reprints and reproductions, clippings, sheet music, postcards, periodicals, a program, an invitation, photographs, lantern slides, glass negatives, a cotton sampler and books. While a few items, such as the 1737 commission, signed by New York Province Acting Governor George Clarke, predate the building of Castle Clinton, the main body of material focuses on the era of Castle Garden. Only the receipt for two English prisoners being transferred from the prize brig Eclypse during the War of 1812 is contemporaneous with Castle Clinton’s use as a fort.

Many of the prints, lithographs and clippings in the collection recall Castle Garden as an entertainment center and concert hall. Several scenes include both Castle Garden and Battery Park as in View of the Battery and Castle Garden New York by and Anthony Imbert, which was printed around 1828. The image of Castle Garden continued to be published in periodicals and books, including Gleason’s Pictorial Drawing-Room Companion and William Cullen Bryant’s Picturesque America or, the land we live in, and on sheet music such as Light May the Boat Row. Once Castle Garden became the immigration depot, the engravings included views of immigrants as in “Newly Arrived Emigrants at Castle Garden, New York City” which was printed in Harper’s Weekly in 1865.

The collection also comprises photographs, lantern slides and glass negatives. A large portion of the photographs was donated by the New York Zoological Society to the National Park Service, after the latter assumed control of the site. The society began managing the New York Aquarium in 1901, when the aquarium was located on the site. These photographs detail the workings of the aquarium and the interior of the aquarium both before, when it was mainly a wooden structure, and after the renovations by McKim, Mead & White. The lantern slides and glass negatives include images depicting scenes of the Battery, Castle Clinton, Castle Garden and the New York Aquarium, some of which duplicate items found elsewhere in the collection. Also present are images and drawings from other forts, including in , and , both on , New York.

The postcards in this collection depict Battery Park and New York Harbor with Castle Garden or the New York Aquarium in the image. The bulletins from 1920 and 1922, published by the New York Zoological Society, were special editions focused on the history of Castle Garden. A program from one of Jenny Lind’s performances held in New York City, in 1851, during her concert tour of the United States also resides here. The collection contains a hand-embroidered sampler, the letters embroidered using red thread and representing the Italian alphabet. Books about Castle Garden, the New York Aquarium and immigration are included in the collection. A few other titles were likely brought to the United States by immigrants, although whether they arrived through Castle Garden is unclear. However, several volumes, such as the Philosophy of Rhetoric by George Campbell, have no discernible relation to any iteration of Castle Clinton.

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ARRANGEMENT NOTE The Castle Clinton National Monument Cataloged Archival Items is an artificial collection created to facilitate intellectual and physical access to documentary and artifactual items. The collection is divided into five series: Official Documents, Printed Materials, Photographic Materials, Textile and Books. Folder numbers are not imposed in this collection and items still maintain their individual catalog numbers. Items were placed in appropriate containers based on size.

SERIES OUTLINE

I: Official Documents

II: Printed Materials A: Prints and Lithographs

B: Clippings

C: Sheet Music

D: Postcards, Periodicals, Program and Invitation

III: Photographic Materials A: Photographs

B: Lantern Slides

IV: Textile

V: Books

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SERIES NOTES AND CONTENTS LIST

Series I: Official Documents, 1737-1878

Extent: .1 linear feet

Arrangement: This series is arranged chronologically and stored according to size.

Scope and Content: This series contains documents issued by government officials: a commission, a prisoner receipt and a passport. The 1737 commission was signed by New York Province Acting Governor George Clarke, appointing Solomon Carpenter to the Orange militia. The receipt was issued for two English prisoners being transferred from the prize brig Eclypse into the custody of the Collector of the Port of New York, David Gelston and U. S. Marshal during the War of 1812. Frank Dvorak’s passport was signed by Secretary of State William M. Evarts in 1878. The document is embossed with the seal of the department and contains a description of Mr. Dvorak.

Box Catalog # Title Dates 4 CACL 207 Solomon Carpenter's Commission 1737 5 CACL 8 Receipt for Prisoners from HMS Eclypse[sic] 1814 5 CACL 79 Passport for Frank Dvorak 1878

Series II: Printed Materials, 1828-1975, undated

Extent: .5 linear feet

Arrangement: This series is divided into four subseries; Subseries A: Prints and Lithographs, Subseries B: Clippings, Subseries C: Sheet Music and Subseries D: Postcards, Periodicals, Program and Invitation. Subseries A is arranged chronologically and stored by size. Subseries B is arranged chronologically. Subseries C is arranged alphabetically by title. Subseries D is arranged first by type and then, within each type, chronologically.

Scope and Content: This series contains lithographs, engravings, reprints and reproductions, clippings, sheet music, postcards, periodicals, a program and an invitation.

Subseries A consists of prints removed from periodicals, books and calendars, and lithographs. Most of the prints are engravings, but a small number are reprints of engravings, lithographs and paintings. The prints in this subseries, which were removed from periodicals such as Gleason’s Pictorial Drawing-Room Companion, Harper’s Weekly and Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, were placed here rather than in Subseries B: Clippings, because they are images of Castle Garden without accompanying text. Other prints in the subseries were removed from books, including William Cullen Bryant’s Picturesque America or, the land we live in; Pictures of New York Life & Character published by G. W. Averell and Co.; and the German, Geschichte der neuen zeit.

The main focus of the images in this subseries is Castle Garden, often in conjunction with the Battery, as seen in George Miller and James Smillie’s Battery & Castle Garden, published around 1835. Castle

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Garden is presented as a concert hall, as in First Appearance of Jenny Lind in America, at Castle Garden Septr. 11th, 1850 printed by Nathaniel Currier. Another popular theme, evidenced by such engravings as “New York City - Mormon Emigrants Landing on the Wharf at Castle Garden from Ocean Steamers” from an 1878 edition of Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, is Castle Garden as the immigration depot.

Subseries B includes articles, engravings and photographs removed from various periodicals. The engravings and photographs found in this subseries are placed here because of their relation with articles on the same or previous page. The article “Kossuth at Castle Garden,” removed from Gleason’s Pictorial Drawing-Room Companion, is accompanied by an engraving of Louis Kossuth giving his speech. While the image is captioned, the article also refers to the scene.

Subseries C contains sheet music composed on the themes of boats and water. There are two full copies and one color copy of the cover for Light may the Boat Row. The covers depict Castle Garden as an entertainment center with customers streaming over the causeway. Light may the Boat Row was composed by J. Watson and performed as a duet. The second score, New York Boat Glee. Our Boat Sets Lightly on the Wave was composed by William Clifton in honor of the many boat clubs in New York City. The cover for New York Boat Glee also shows Castle Garden.

Subseries D consists of postcards, bulletins, a program and an invitation. The postcards depict Battery Park and New York Harbor at various stages. While not specifically about Castle Garden, each card includes Castle Garden or the New York Aquarium in the image. One postcard, copied from a photograph by Irving Underhill, shows the New York Aquarium after its renovation and includes the elevated railway running at the edge of Battery Park. The two bulletins, published by the New York Zoological Society, which began overseeing the New York Aquarium in 1901, were special editions focused on the history of Castle Garden. The revised edition, published in 1922, includes a rendering of the new design proposed by McKim, Mead & White. The program is from one of Jenny Lind’s performances held in New York City during her concert tour of the United States. The tour, which began and ended at Castle Garden, included performances in other American venues during its three year duration.

Subseries A: Prints and Lithographs

Box Catalog # Title Dates 4 CACL 61 View of the Battery and Castle Garden New York by c. 1828 Alexander Jackson Davis and Anthony Imbert 5 CACL 256 Battery & Castle Garden by George Miller and James Smillie c. 1835 2 CACL 238 Battery & Castle Garden by George Miller and James Smillie c. 1837 (reprint) 5 CACL 257 Castle Garden from the Battery by William Wade and 1849 William H. Dougal 4 CACL 60 First Appearance of Jenny Lind in America, at Castle Garden 1850 Septr. 11th, 1850 by Nathaniel Currier 2 CACL 247 “Castle Garden, N. Y.” removed from Geschichte der neuen c. 1851 zeit 5 CACL 62 Castle Garden published by Jacques & Bro. 1852

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Box Catalog # Title Dates 4 CACL 229 “Castle Garden, from the River” from Gleason's Pictorial 1852, Drawing-Room Companion January 10 4 CACL 223 “Gale of February Tenth in New York Bay” by C. Parsons, 1860, March removed from Harper’s Weekly 10 4 CACL 275 “Camp on the Battery, NYC; Temporary Barracks Erected in 1861, May 11 the Park, NYC, for the Accommodation of Troops” removed from Harper’s Weekly 5 CACL 227 “Newly Arrived Emigrants at Castle Garden, New York City” 1865, by A. R. Waud, removed from Harper’s Weekly September 2 3 CACL 9 The Battery by Liebling 1869 2 CACL 239 New-York Bay by Harry Fenn, removed from William Cullen 1872 Bryant’s Picturesque America or, the land we live in 2 CACL 246 “New York Aquarium” by Rockwood, removed from Harper’s 1876 Weekly 2 CACL 237 “Castle Garden from the Battery” by William Wade and 1876 William H. Dougal, removed from New York As it Was And As it Is:… 4 CACL 59 “Castle Garden” removed from Pictures of New York Life & c. 1877 Character published by G. W. Averell and Co. 4 CACL 249 “New York City - Mormon Emigrants Landing on the Wharf 1878, at Castle Garden from Ocean Steamers” removed from Frank November 23 Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper 4 CACL 248 “New York City - Merrymaking of Newly Arrived Immigrants 1882, June at Castle Garden - Joining in a National Dance” removed 10 from Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper 4 CACL 230 “New York - a People's Concert in the Rotunda, Castle 1892, March Garden” by Charles Mente, removed from Once A Week Vol. 8 VIII, No. 21 5 CACL 255 The First New York Clipper Rainbow by Gordon Grant 1944 3 CACL 259 A View of Fort George with the City of New York from the SW undated by J. (John) Carwitham 4 CACL 53 “Arrival of the Great Western at the Battery, Monday, April undated 23rd, 1838” 4 CACL 58 View of New York by Nathaniel Currier & James Merritt Ives undated 4 CACL 260 Castle Garden in 1869 (black and white) undated 4 CACL 261 Castle Garden and the Battery undated

Subseries B: Clippings

Box Catalog # Title Dates 4 CACL 228 “Jenny Lind in New York” / “Castle Garden, New York” from 1850, The Illustrated London News October 5 4 CACL 225 “Kossuth at Castle Garden” from Gleason's Pictorial Drawing- 1852, Room Companion January 3

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Box Catalog # Title Dates 4 CACL 224 “Interior of Castle Garden at the time of Max Maretzek's 1852, March Benefit” from Gleason's Pictorial Drawing-Room Companion 6 4 CACL 263 “Old Battery Fort will be Restored” from The New York Times 1956, July 3 4 CACL 264 “Through the Centuries with Castle Clinton whose Future is 1956, July 3 Bright Once More” from The New York Times 4 CACL 226 “Interior of Castle Garden, New York” from Gleason's Pictorial undated Drawing-Room Companion

Subseries C: Sheet Music

Box Catalog # Title Dates 4 CACL 63 Light may the Boat Row, arranged and composed by J. 1836 Watson. Lyrics by Jonas B. Phillips. Cover by George Endicott. Cover only. 4 CACL 250 Light may the Boat Row, arranged and composed by J. 1836 Watson. Lyrics by Jonas B. Phillips 4 CACL 284 Light may the Boat Row, arranged and composed by J. 1836 Watson. Lyrics by Jonas B. Phillips 4 CACL 251 New York Boat Glee. Our Boat Sets Lightly on the Wave, 1838 composed by William Clifton

Subseries D: Postcards, Periodicals, Program and Invitation

Box Catalog # Title Dates 2 CACL 245 Battery Park, New York (postcard) 1892-1895 2 CACL 244 New York Harbor from the Battery, showing Statue of c. 1926 Liberty and Ellis Island (postcard) 2 CACL 254 Aquarium, Battery Park at Night, New York City (postcard) undated 2 CACL 278 Zoological Society Bulletin 1920 2 CACL 241 Zoological Society Bulletin, revised 1922 2 CACL 240 Programme of Mademoiselle Jenny Lind's Grand Concert, for 1851 Wednesday Evening, May 28, 1851, with the Words for the Songs in English, German, Italian, and Swedish 2 CACL 267 Castle Clinton Rededication Invitation 1975

Series III: Photographic Materials, 1880-1955, undated

Extent: 1.8 linear feet

Arrangement: This series is divided into two subseries, Subseries A: Photographs and Subseries B: Lantern Slides and Glass Negatives. Subseries A is arranged chronologically and stored by size. Subseries B is arranged by type and then alphabetically by title.

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Scope and Content: This series contains photographs, lantern slides and glass negatives. Some of the photographs are gelatin prints.

Subseries A contains photographs donated to the National Park Service by the New York Zoological Society. Several of these photographs detail the workings of the aquarium, including distribution tanks, aeration tanks, filters, fish hatchery, staff and exhibits. Others show the interior of the aquarium both before and after the renovations by McKim, Mead & White. The changes on the main floor are evident between a photograph by George Rockwood showing the floor pools and the wooden structure upholding the mezzanine and cupola, and a colorized photograph showing plastered and painted pillars, a ceiling and railings added to the floor pools. A few photographs in this subseries were received from other donors, including an 1886 image of Castle Garden as the immigration depot. The main structure is surrounded by outbuildings and fence. A poster of the is also included in the subseries.

Subseries B consists of lantern slides and glass negatives found with the Castle Clinton National Monument Administrative Records (CACL 282). The images depict scenes of the Battery, Castle Clinton, Castle Garden and the New York Aquarium. Some of the images duplicate other items in the collection such as View of the Battery and Castle Garden New York, a lithograph by A. J. Davis and Anthony Imbert. The lithograph can be found in Series II, Subseries A. Other lantern slides present images and drawings of other forts, including Castle Pinckney in South Carolina, Castle Williams and Fort Jay, both on Governors Island, New York. Other lantern slides for Castle Clinton can be found in the Federal Hall National Memorial Cataloged Archival Items collection.

Subseries A: Photographs

Box Catalog # Title Dates 1 CACL 206 Castle Garden and Liberty Statue, New York, U.S.A. c. 1880 stereograph by J. F. Jarvis 3 CACL 54 The Battery and Castle Garden 1886 4 CACL 262 Castle Garden as the Landing Place for Immigrants 1890 1 CACL 243 Battery Park & Harbor from Exchange Tower / 1893 1 CACL 268 Unidentified Man and Woman / Washington Building from 1893 a-b Battery Park 1 CACL 269 Washington Building, Produce Exchange and Battery Place / 1893 a-b Old Buildings, Bowling Green, N. Y. 1 CACL 270 Steamship Row and Washington Building / Boat Deck 1893 a-b 1 CACL 271 Private Office No. 101 Produce Exchange / Stevens House 1893 a-b and Columbia Building from Produce Exchange 1 CACL 242 Castle Garden / Bowling Green Looking up 1893-01 1 CACL 274 Castle Garden / Fire Boat New Yorker 1893-01 a-b 1 CACL 272 First trip of New York under the American flag / From 1893-02-25 a-b Produce Exchange Tower looking South East 1 CACL 273 New York City Post Office / Sunk by Annex Boat No. 3 1893-03-01

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Box Catalog # Title Dates a-b 1 CACL 12 Early interior of New York Aquarium by George G. Rockwood 1896-1921 1 CACL 32 New York Aquarium Exterior 1896-1921 1 CACL 33 Aquarium Interior showing wall tanks 1896-1921 1 CACL 34 Aquarium Interior showing wall tanks 1896-1921 1 CACL 38 Main floor beneath balcony by George G. Rockwood 1896-1921 1 CACL 39 Aquarium Interior by George G. Rockwood 1896-1921 3 CACL 26 New York Aquarium by the New York Edison Company 1901-1921 Photographic Department 3 CACL 36 Wall Tanks by the New York Edison Company Photographic 1901-1921 Department N/A CACL 37 Castle Clinton history plaque from New York Aquarium by 1909 the New York Zoological Society - Not found 1 CACL 44 Double Series of Distributing Tanks 1915 1 CACL 46 New Filters for Filtering Water pumped from New York 1915 Harbor 3 CACL 42 Water and Aeration tanks by Walter L. Beasley 1918 3 CACL 41 Main floor 1919 1 CACL 50 New Pumping Plant by Irving Underhill 1921-12-20 1 CACL 51 New Pumping Plant by Irving Underhill 1921-12-20 1 CACL 14 Fish Hatchery 1922-1941 3 CACL 16 Large pool at the New York Aquarium 1922-1941 1 CACL 35 Main floor with pools 1922-1941 5 CACL 277 Statue of Liberty Rededication Ceremony 1936 Oct 8 4 CACL 258 Band Concert, Battery Park (from Castle Clinton) 1955 1 CACL 10 Pipe conduits under the Aquarium undated 3 CACL 13 Small Exhibit Tanks undated N/A CACL 15 Double portrait of Jenny Lind and her husband, Otto undated Goldschmidt by Emma Dougherty - Not found 1 CACL 17 Second Floor Gallery undated 1 CACL 18 Second Floor Gallery undated 1 CACL 19 Second Floor Gallery undated 1 CACL 20 Aquarium Office undated 1 CACL 21 Aquarium Office undated 1 CACL 22 Sea Lions with Ball by W. Davey undated 1 CACL 23 Sea Lions balancing Top Hats by W. Davey undated 1 CACL 24 Aquarium Staff by the Union View Co. undated 1 CACL 25 Aquarium Staff by the Union View Co. undated 3 CACL 27 Keeper feeding the Walruses by Walter L. Beasley undated 3 CACL 28 Keeper feeding the Walruses by Walter L. Beasley undated 1 CACL 29 Keeper feeding a Walrus by Walter L. Beasley undated 3 CACL 30 Keeper feeding Harbor Seals by Walter L. Beasley undated 3 CACL 31 Keeper feeding Harbor Seals by Walter L. Beasley undated N/A CACL 40 Castle Garden and the Battery framed by shells - Not found undated

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Box Catalog # Title Dates 1 CACL 43 Feed Room by H. V. Letkemann undated 1 CACL 45 Water Mains undated 1 CACL 47 Pumps and Pipes undated 1 CACL 48 New York Aquarium Boiler undated 1 CACL 49 Pump Room undated 4 CACL 276 Statue of Liberty Lit up at Night undated

Subseries B: Lantern Slides and Glass Negatives

Box Catalog # Title Date 6 CACL 283 19th American Institute Fair, Castle Garden, 1846 - Lantern undated Slide 6 CACL 283 21st American Institute Fair, Castle Garden, 1848 - Lantern undated Slide 6 CACL 283 Aquarium Exterior 1935 - Lantern Slide undated 6 CACL 283 Battery Park and Castle Garden - Lantern Slide undated 6 CACL 283 Battery Park and the Aquarium by the Beseler Lantern Slide undated Co. - Lantern Slide 6 CACL 283 Castle Clinton Gateway (John McComb, Jr.) - Lantern Slide undated 6 CACL 283 Castle Clinton Plan Detail - Lantern Slide undated 6 CACL 283 Castle Garden (A. J. Davis) 1827 - Lantern Slide undated 6 CACL 283 Castle Garden as Immigration Depot - Interior (Leslie's undated Weekly) - Lantern Slide 6 CACL 283 Castle Pinckney, State of South Carolina, 1821 - Lantern Slide undated 6 CACL 283 Castle Williams Exterior - Lantern Slide undated 6 CACL 283 Castle Williams on Governors Island by the Beseler Lantern undated Slide Co. - Lantern Slide 6 CACL 283 Drawing, Unknown Fort - Lantern Slide undated 6 CACL 283 Fort Jay (Columbus) Gateway - Lantern Slide undated 6 CACL 283 Gun port, Castle Williams - Lantern Slide undated 7 CACL 283 Landing of Lafayette at Castle Garden, 1824 - Lantern Slide undated 7 CACL 283 Map of Governors Island - Lantern Slide undated 7 CACL 283 New York Battery Promenade, 1829 by Edward Van Altena - undated Lantern Slide 7 CACL 283 NYC Flagstaff at the Battery, 1794 (Drayton View) by Edward undated Van Altena - Lantern Slide 7 CACL 283 Plan of the North Battery at the foot of Hubert Street - undated Lantern Slide 7 CACL 283 Unknown - Lantern Slide undated 7 CACL 283 View of the Battery and Castle Garden New York (Davis and undated Imbert) - Lantern Slide 7 CACL 283 Battery Park and Castle Garden - Glass Negative undated 7 CACL 283 Castle Clinton National Monument, Aerial View 1954 - Glass undated Negative 7 CACL 283 Castle Garden - Glass Negative undated

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Box Catalog # Title Date 7 CACL 283 Castle Garden and Battery Park - Glass Negative undated 7 CACL 283 Castle Garden Interior as Immigration Depot - Glass Negative undated 7 CACL 283 Drawing, Statue of Liberty with Scaffolding - Glass Negative undated 7 CACL 283 Interior of New York Aquarium - Glass Negative undated 7 CACL 283 Jenny Lind’s First Concert in America - Glass Negative undated 7 CACL 283 Landing of Gen. Lafayette at Castle Garden, New York 16th undated August 1824 - Glass Negative 7 CACL 283 Plan for American of Immigration, sheet 2 of 5, undated 1959 - Glass Negative 7 CACL 283 Plan for American Museum of Immigration, sheet 3 of 5, undated 1959 - Glass Negative 7 CACL 283 Plan of Castle Clinton, showing causeway - Glass Negative undated 7 CACL 283 Rendering, Interior of Restored Casemate, Castle Clinton - undated Glass Negative 7 CACL 283 Rendering, View toward Restored Officers Quarters, Castle undated Clinton - Glass Negative 7 CACL 283 View of Fort George with the City of New York from the SW - undated Glass Negative

Series IV: Textile, 1866

Extent: .1 linear feet

Scope and Content: This series comprises a cotton sampler showing examples of hand-embroidered letters representing the Italian alphabet. The letters were embroidered using red thread. The alphabet is repeated in eleven different styles. Animals and other symbols are sewn along the bottom. According to the donor, it was made in 1866 by her mother, Tomasina Giuliano, who made it as a young girl in Italy. She brought it to this country as an immigrant in 1898, when she came to to join her husband, a custom tailor.

Box Catalog # Description Dates 5 CACL 68 Cotton Sampler with Italian alphabet 1866

Series V: Books, 1796-1929

Extent: 2 linear feet

Arrangement: The books in this series are arranged alphabetically by the author’s last name and, if the author’s name cannot be discerned, by the first word of the title.

Scope and content: The volumes in this series include books about Castle Garden, the New York Aquarium and immigration. A few of the other titles were likely brought to the United States by immigrants, although whether they arrived through Castle Garden is unclear. However, several

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volumes have no discernible relation to any iteration of Castle Clinton, such as the Philosophy of Rhetoric by George Campbell.

Box Catalog # Author Title Dates Case CACL 234 Andrews, The Iconography of the Battery and Castle 1901 2 William Loring Garden. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons Case CACL 78 Arnheim, Chaim Pentateuch and Haftorot for all Weekends of the 1855 2 Halevi, Rabbi Year: Numbers; with Prayers for Sabbath and Sabbath of the New Moon. In Hebrew and German. Prague: M. L. Landau Case CACL 148 Campbell, The Four Gospels, translated from the Greek. 1804 2 George, D.D. With Preliminary Dissertations, and Notes F.R.S. Critical and Explanatory. In Four Volumes. Vol. IV. Aberdeen: J. Chalmers and Company Case CACL 147 Campbell, The Philosophy of Rhetoric. Edinburgh: George 1808 2 George Ramsay & Co. Case CACL 175 Clarke, Edward Travels in Various Countries of Europe, Asia, and 1813 2 Daniel, LLD Africa. Part the First. Russia, Tartary, and Turkey. New York: Fay, & Co. Case CACL 232 Guild Ceska Osada a Jeji Spolkovy Zivot v Cleveland, O. 1895 2 for the v Severni Americe - Czech Settlement and its Ethnographic Social Life in Cleveland, O. in North America. Exhibition in Cleveland, : Printing Freedom Prague Case CACL 151 D'Israeli, J. The Calamities of Authors; including Some 1812 2 Inquiries respecting their Moral and literary Characters, Vol. 1. New York: James Eastburn Case CACL 149 Depons, F. A Voyage to the Eastern Part of Terra Firma or 1806 2 the Spanish Main, in South America during the years 1801, 1802, 1803, and 1804, in Three Volumes. Vol. II. Translated by an American Gentleman. New York: I. Riley and Company Case CACL 67 Kancyonal aneb Citara: Noveho Zakona praveho 1848 2 Boha - Hymnal or Zither: New Testament of the true God. Hradec Kralove, Czech: Jan Pospisil Case CACL 222 Kapp, Fredrich Immigration, and the Commissioners of 1870 2 Emigration of the State of New York. New York: The Nation Press Case CACL 76 Machzor for the Three Holidays: Sukkot, 1878 2 Passover and Shavuot. Lublin, Poland Case CACL 174 The Port Folio, Vol. 4, Third Series. Philadelphia: 1814 2 Bradford and Inskeep. Also published by Abraham Inskeep of New York Case CACL 173 Selected Lives of Foreigners, Eminent for Piety. 1807 2 Third Edition. Philadelphia: Benjamin & Thomas Kite

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Box Catalog # Author Title Dates Case CACL 150 Sterne, The Works of Laurence Sterne, A. M. in Five 1805 2 Laurence Volumes. Volume Third. Harrisburgh [sic]: John Wyeth Case CACL 233 Townsend, Guide to the New York Aquarium. New York: 1929 2 Charles Haskins New York Zoological Society Case CACL 52 United States. Report from Department of War, relative to the 1796, 2 Congress. House Fortifications of the Ports and Harbours of the 1798, United States; Message from the President of 1800 the United States, accompanying a Report to him, from the Secretary of War, of the 24th instant, relative to the Military Establishment; Message from the President of the United States, transmitting a Report of the Secretary of War, On certain measures which appear to him to be necessary for the improvement of our Military System

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RELATED MATERIALS NOTE

Castle Clinton National Monument. “Castle Clinton National Monument Administrative Records, 1765- 1994.” Catalog Number CACL 282. National Park Service, Manhattan Sites.

Federal Hall National Memorial. “Federal Hall National Memorial Cataloged Archival Items, 1733-1989.” Multiple Catalog Numbers. National Park Service, Manhattan Sites.

SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY

Castle Clinton National Monument. Washington, DC: National Park Service, 1953.

”Fete at Castle Garden.” New-York Evening Post. New York, September 15, 1824.

Griswold, William A. “The Archaeology of Military Politics: The Case of Castle Clinton.” Historical Archaeology. 35 (4), p. 105-117. Pennsylvania: Society for Historical Archaeology, 2001.

Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. The Encyclopedia of New York City. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.

Svejda, George J. Castle Garden as an Immigration Depot, 1855-1890. Washington, DC: National Park Service, Division of History, 1968. http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/elis/castle_garden.pdf

Wall, Alexander J., Jr. “Short Chronology of the Aquarium Building at the Battery, New York City, formerly known as Castle Clinton and Castle Garden.” Quarterly Bulletin. New York: New-York Historical Society.

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ADDED ENTRIES/ACCESS POINTS

Personal Names: Bryant, William Cullen, 1794-1878 Campbell, George, 1719-1796 Carpenter, Solomon Clarke, George, 1676-1760 Clifton, William Clinton, DeWitt, 1769-1828 Currier, Nathaniel, 1813-1888 Davis, Alexander Jackson, 1803-1892 Dewey, Thomas E. (Thomas Edmund), 1902-1971 Dvorak, Frank Evarts, William Maxwell, 1818-1901 Gelston, David Imbert, Anthony, 1794 or 5-1834 Kossuth, Lajos, 1802-1894 Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier, marquis de, 1757- 1834 Lind, Jenny, 1820-1887 McComb, John, 1763-1853 Miller, George Moses, Robert, 1888-1981 Rockwood, George Gardner, 1832-1911 Smillie, James, 1807-1885 Smith, John Townsend, Charles Haskins, 1859-1944 Truman, Harry S., 1884-1972 Underhill, Irving, d. 1960 Watson, J. Williams, Jonathan, 1750-1815

Corporate Names: Currier & Ives Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper G. W. Averell and Co. Gleason’s Pictorial Drawing-Room Companion Harper’s Weekly McKim, Mead, & White New York Aquarium New York Zoological Society New York (N.Y.). Dept. of Parks New York (State). Commissioners of Emigration New York (State) Legislature United States. Army. Corps of Engineers United States. National Park Service

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Subjects: Aquariums Castle Clinton (New York, N.Y.) Castle Clinton National Monument (New York, N.Y.) Castle Garden (New York, N.Y.) Castle Williams (New York, N.Y.) Emigration and immigration Fortification Music-halls New York (City)--Parks--Battery

Geographic Names: Governors Island (New York County, N.Y.) New York Harbor (N.Y. and N.J.)

National Park Service: Manhattan Sites