NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Foundation Document Castle Clinton National Monument New York September 2018 Foundation Document Robert F Whitehall St Wagner Jr Beaver St Battery P t Park l S am illi Castle Clinton S W National Monument Stone St Bridge St Pearl St State St Water St Broad St Battery Upper Bay South St §¨¦478 Battery Whitehall Maritime Terminal Building Manhattan North 0 250 500 Á Feet Castle Clinton National Monument Contents Mission of the National Park Service 1 Introduction 2 Part 1: Core Components 3 Brief Description of the Park 3 Park Purpose 4 Park Significance 5 Fundamental Resources and Values 6 Related Resources 7 Interpretive Themes 8 Part 2: Dynamic Components 9 Special Mandates and Administrative Commitments 9 Assessment of Planning and Data Needs 9 Analysis of Fundamental Resources and Values 9 Identification of Key Issues and Associated Planning and Data Needs 15 Planning and Data Needs 16 Part 3: Contributors 19 Castle Clinton National Monument 19 NPS Northeast Region 19 Other NPS Staff 19 Partners 19 Appendixes 20 Appendix A: Enabling Legislation and Legislative Acts for Castle Clinton National Monument 20 Appendix B: Inventory of Administrative Commitments 22 Foundation Document Castle Clinton National Monument Mission of the National Park Service The National Park Service (NPS) preserves unimpaired the natural and cultural resources and values of the national park system for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations. The National Park Service cooperates with partners to extend the benefits of natural and cultural resource conservation and outdoor recreation throughout this country and the world. The NPS core values are a framework in which the National Park Service accomplishes its mission. They express the manner in which, both individually and collectively, the National Park Service pursues its mission. The NPS core values are: · Shared stewardship: We share a commitment to resource stewardship with the global preservation community. · Excellence: We strive continually to learn and improve so that we may achieve the highest ideals of public service. · Integrity: We deal honestly and fairly with the public and one another. · Tradition: We are proud of it; we learn from it; we are not bound by it. · Respect: We embrace each other’s differences so that we may enrich the well-being of everyone. The National Park Service is a bureau within the Department of the Interior. While numerous national park system units were created prior to 1916, it was not until August 25, 1916, that President Woodrow Wilson signed the National Park Service Organic Act formally establishing the National Park Service. The national park system continues to grow and comprises more than 400 park units covering more than 84 million acres in every state, the District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. These units include, but are not limited to, national parks, monuments, battlefields, military parks, historical parks, historic sites, lakeshores, seashores, recreation areas, scenic rivers and trails, and the White House. The variety and diversity of park units throughout the nation require a strong commitment to resource stewardship and management to ensure both the protection and enjoyment of these resources for future generations. The arrowhead was authorized as the official National Park Service emblem by the Secretary of the Interior on July 20, 1951. The sequoia tree and bison represent vegetation and wildlife, the mountains and water represent scenic and recreational values, and the arrowhead represents historical and archeological values. 1 Foundation Document Introduction Every unit of the national park system will have a foundational document to provide basic guidance for planning and management decisions—a foundation for planning and management. The core components of a foundation document include a brief description of the park as well as the park’s purpose, significance, fundamental resources and values, and interpretive themes. The foundation document also includes special mandates and administrative commitments, an assessment of planning and data needs that identifies planning issues, planning products to be developed, and the associated studies and data required for park planning. Along with the core components, the assessment provides a focus for park planning activities and establishes a baseline from which planning documents are developed. A primary benefit of developing a foundation document is the opportunity to integrate and coordinate all kinds and levels of planning from a single, shared understanding of what is most important about the park. The process of developing a foundation document begins with gathering and integrating information about the park. Next, this information is refined and focused to determine what the most important attributes of the park are. The process of preparing a foundation document aids park managers, staff, and the public in identifying and clearly stating in one document the essential information that is necessary for park management to consider when determining future planning efforts, outlining key planning issues, and protecting resources and values that are integral to park purpose and identity. While not included in this document, a park atlas is also part of a foundation project. The atlas is a series of maps compiled from available geographic information system (GIS) data on natural and cultural resources, visitor use patterns, facilities, and other topics. It serves as a GIS-based support tool for planning and park operations. The atlas is published as a (hard copy) paper product and as geospatial data for use in a web mapping environment. The park atlas for Castle Clinton National Monument can be accessed online at: http://insideparkatlas.nps.gov/. 2 Castle Clinton National Monument Part 1: Core Components The core components of a foundation document include a brief description of the park, park purpose, significance statements, fundamental resources and values, and interpretive themes. These components are core because they typically do not change over time. Core components are expected to be used in future planning and management efforts. Brief Description of the Park Located at the southern tip of Manhattan Island, Castle Clinton stands where New York City began and represents not only the city’s growth, but the growth of a nation. Initially intended to prevent a British invasion in 1812, the fortification has transformed over the years to welcome theatergoers, immigrants, sightseers, and now, millions of visitors to New York Harbor. Castle Clinton was one of four fortifications built within the New York Harbor to protect the city from British invasion. Designed by Lt. Col. Jonathan Williams, it was constructed on the rocks off the tip of Manhattan between 1808 and 1811 as a single-tiered, open casemated structure, almost circular in plan (about 26,000 square feet in area) and made of sandstone blocks. On March 27, 1812, General Joseph Bloomfield was appointed to the command of all the fortifications in New York City and harbor. He established his headquarters at Castle Clinton. The fortification was fully armed with 28 cannons, each with the ability to fire a 32-pound ball a distance of 1.5 miles. The four forts in the harbor kept the British Navy at bay, and soldiers at Castle Clinton never had occasion to fire upon the enemy. In 1823, the fort was deeded to New York City. The following summer a new restaurant and entertainment center opened at the site, renamed Castle Garden. A roof was added in the 1840s, and Castle Garden served as an opera house and theater until 1854. Many new inventions were demonstrated there, including the Morse telegraph, Colt revolving rifles, steam-powered fire engines, underwater electronic explosives, and the “centrifugal railway” or roller coaster. On August 3, 1855, Castle Garden opened as an immigrant landing depot, managed by the State of New York. The creation of Castle Garden, the first official immigrant processing center, represented a country at a crossroads, signaling a change in American immigration policy, and in the ways through which immigrants became Americans. During the next 34 years, over 8 million people entered the United States through Castle Garden. Two out of every three immigrants to the United States during this period passed through the Castle Garden. It closed on April 18, 1890. With the federal government taking control of immigration and the opening of Ellis Island, Castle Garden’s time as an immigration center ended. The building was remodeled once again and reopened as the New York City Aquarium on December 10, 1896. The exotic fish and Beluga whale made the aquarium one of the city’s most popular attractions. More than 30,000 visitors visited the aquarium on opening day, and it averaged over 5,000 people per day. The New York City Aquarium moved in 1941. Saved from demolition in 1946, Castle Clinton was restored to its original design by the National Park Service. The site reopened in 1975 as Castle Clinton National Monument. The facility is now used for two separate functions: as a historic site with its own interpretive focus and as a ticketing facility for the Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island ferry. 3 Foundation Document Park Purpose The purpose statement identifies the specific reason(s) for establishment of a particular park. The purpose statement for Castle Clinton National Monument was drafted through a careful analysis of its enabling legislation and the legislative history that influenced its development. The park was established when the enabling legislation adopted by Congress was signed into law on August 12, 1946 (see appendix A for enabling legislation and legislative acts). The purpose statement lays the foundation for understanding what is most important about the park. The purpose of CASTLE CLINTON NATIONAL MONUMENT is to preserve and interpret an outstanding landmark of the growth of the United States that represents more than 200 years of continuous, adaptative use illustrating important aspects of American military, social, and immigration history.