National Park Service system plan One Hundred Years National Park Service Organic Act of 1916 “…the fundamental purposes of the said parks, monuments, and reservations…which purpose is to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.”

National Park Service Mission “The National Park Service preserves unimpaired the natural and cultural resources and values of the national park system for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations. The Park Service cooperates with partners to extend the benefits of natural and cultural resource conservation and outdoor recreation throughout this country and the world.”

National Park Service | U.S. Department of the Interior | January 2017 National Park Service system plan One Hundred Years ii National Park Service System Plan While this plan does notspecify or recommend individual sites for The National Park isextraordinarily Service honored to bethe steward The National Park envisions Service asystem that isintegrated with Michael Reynolds, ActingDirector our nation’s narrative. contemporary contributions women of and minorities has shown the conservation, illuminating the need for increasing resiliency through our diverse citizenry, aneed to tell amore complete history our nation, of our collective history. We also understand there are gaps inthis inventory. overof 400 places that define our most important natural wonders and organizations, and communities. The system must also incorporate new Plan’s road map for conservation our next of century and preservation. and increased urbanization. and historical treasures, rather than by design. The next will century and collective initiatives born the of love for our nation’s natural wonders During the past 100years, the national park system grew by individual and nurtured. The advice offered by citizens on serving the National Park future consideration. Iinvite you to take by part embracing and advancing models park of management, where robust partnerships are embraced need to interpret history from multiple perspectives and fillin the gaps in redundancy and landscape connectivity. Guided by these and the require strategic decision-making basedon scientific insight, attention to the strategic guidance and recommended actions outlined inthis plan. the conservation and preservation work conducted by other agencies, park system canbecornerstones and catalysts inalarger system of principles representation, of and restoration, parks inthe national System Advisory Board has guided the National Park System Service Scientific insight has transformed our understanding natural of resource inclusion inthe national park system, it will serve asaframework for interconnected protected areas. New scholarship on the historical and

iv National Park Service System Plan The National Park inthe Service Second Century A Vision for Success: Potential for Greater Preservation The System Introduction Contents The Path Forward Path The Goal #4:Bring Parks to People Goal #3:Embrace New Conservation Roles Goal #2:Improve Process for Consideration New of Units Goal #1:Support Continuous Gap Analysis Summary Underrepresented Natural Resources Underrepresented Cultural Resources and Values Opportunities to Highlight Important Resource Gaps Summary The National Park –Beyond the Service System Units of Evaluation and Designation National of Park System Units The Park System Today theThe of National Beginning Park System Planning for the Future Background the of System Plan & ...... & The Service TodayService The Plan O Plan ......

bje ...... ctives ...... 114 106 57 15 83 98 89 86 80 70 62 59 54 42 36 20 18 12 1 8 v One Hundred Years 129 140 118 123 126 117

...... Contributors Glossary References Selected and system park national in the A: Units Appendix as of December areas 2016 related B: NPSAppendix Programs Appendixes

Introduction & Plan Objectives One National Park Service System Plan 2 American landscapes has persuaded Congress to designate new park The growth the of national park system has generally proceeded unit of majorof chapters inUShistory and to protect the natural beauty of efforts resulted in our collection 413park unitsof in the national park and discovery. natural and historic places in America. In this way, national park system respected federal agencies; and iswidely emulated by other countries systematic thinking on anational scale. The desire to tell the stories striving to protect and conserve their natural and cultural treasures. NPS system to date. units serve assome the of nation’s richest places for learning, recreation, to establish new park units by presidential proclamation. These successful units through legislation. Presidents have invoked the 1906 Antiquities Act parks afford visitors opportunities to immerse themselves in places where Since its establishment in1916, the has evolved NPS into one the of most important events took place and enjoy some the of most significant by unit, and has notalways beendirected by anoverarching vision or T ​ nation’s most distinctive natural and cultural heritage. he National preserves Park (NPS) much the Service of 3 One Hundred Years had no successful advocates. Taking a broad view of our natural and and of natural view our a broad Taking advocates. no successful had and new explore to continue NPS must the of preservation, mission its Similarly, the growth of the national park system has not always been been not always has system park national of the growth the Similarly, landscapes that are currently unprotected or underprotected. To meet meet To underprotected. or unprotected currently are that landscapes that fully reflects our nation’s cultural and natural heritage. natural and cultural nation’s our reflects fully that traditionally thought of as park land. Additionally, the future system system future the Additionally, of land. as park thought traditionally the nation’s population and changing demographics. In addition, the the addition, In demographics. changing and population nation’s the Americans of all experiences and stories the represent fully more to unintentionally, it has resulted in gaps in the protection of certain protection in the in gaps resulted has it unintentionally, have they because left unprotected resources significant or themes striving for increased efficiency of core operations. core of efficiency increased for striving needs by providing a framework for proactively directing the future of the of the future the directing proactively for a framework providing by needs natural protected nation’s in the gaps identifying system, park national needs to reflect and incorporate the collaborative and landscape level level landscape and collaborative the incorporate and reflect to needs reflective of the evolving American public and the dynamic nature of nature dynamic the and public American of evolving the reflective and cultural areas, and establishing a collaborative conservation system system conservation a collaborative establishing and areas, cultural and and adapt to increasing urbanization, while also focusing on places places on focusing also while urbanization, increasing to adapt and century. 21st in the conservation to approaches are not where the majority of our nation’s people live today. To meet the the meet To today. live people of nation’s our majority the not where are NPS mission of preservation, education and recreation, the NPS needs the recreation, and education ofNPS preservation, mission NPS also has a responsibility to the American taxpayer to continue continue to taxpayer American the to NPS a responsibility has also collaborative ways to protect these important resources and values. The The values. and resources important these protect to ways collaborative cultural heritage allows us to recognize significant ecological and cultural cultural and ecological significant recognize us to allows heritage cultural effective in preserving and protecting many treasured places. However, However, places. treasured many protecting and preserving in effective The National Park Service System Plan (System Plan) addresses these these addresses Plan) (System Plan Service System Park National The This incremental approach to increasing the system has been highly highly been has system the increasing to approach incremental This American population is becoming more urbanized, and many NPS units NPS units many and urbanized, more is becoming population American 4 National Park Service System Plan This System Plan isintended for the stakeholders, NPS, friends groups, The System Plan examines the special places, stories, ecosystems, and To achieve this vision, the must NPS bestrategic inits actions to ensure This System Plan has beenwritten to inform the growth and management organizations, and communities, improving its ability to linkimportant centennial the of agency’s creation. In looking to its next 100years, continues to grow and change. In 2016, the commemorated NPS the of the forof NPS the next 20years. either through congressional legislation or by presidential proclamation. while providing aframework for preservation asthe American population adapt to the challenges the of future for the benefitall of Americans. natural and cultural landscapes, respond to achanging environment, and natural areas and cultural heritage inthe national park system and recreational opportunities that the currently NPS protects, while safeguard the important places that have shaped American communities, system parks of and protected areas that will the serve all of nation’s the envisions NPS asystem that isintegrated with other agencies, that the future national park system ismore interconnected and inclusive. they consider establishment new park of units or other protected areas, partners, parkpartners, visitors, programs, NPS and usersof and the American populations, expand opportunities for learning and conservation, and public. It isto inform the members of USCongress and the President as identifying gaps and opportunities to seek new ways to protect important beyond. This plan setsforth strategies for establishing amore inclusive 5 One Hundred Years ARCTIC OCEAN Beaufort Sea Total Designation Types for the Chukchi Sea 413 System Units

11 national battlefield 04 national battlefield park 01 national battlefield site 09 national military park 50 national historical park 78 national historic site 01 international historic site 04 national lakeshore Bering Sea Gulf of Alaska 30 national memorial 84 national monument 59 national park PACIFIC OCEAN 04 national parkway 0 250 500 19 national preserve Miles 02 national reserve 18 national recreation area 05 national river 10 national wild and scenic rivers and riverways 03 national scenic trail American Samoa Guam 10 national seashore 11 other designations

Philippine PACIFIC OCEAN Sea

PACIFIC OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN

Hawaii Puerto Rico Virgin Islands

ATLANTIC OCEAN

PACIFIC OCEAN Caribbean Sea

0 250 500 Miles National Park Service System Units

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Gulf of Mexico

0 250 500 Miles National Park Service System Plan 8 Vail Agenda,” areport that provided direction for charting the future That plan provided ananalysis the of state the of national park system The last National Park System Service Plan was written by the in1972. NPS evaluate the significance these of resources for potential addition to the course the of NPS. The first recommendation outlined in the report was environment and made recommendations for the to NPS effectively serve 2001 “Rethinking the National Parks for the 21st Century,” reexamined National Park System Advisory Board with the tasktaking of along-range Background the System of Plan as astarting point.” Then in1994,the developed NPS anew thematic at that time, and identified thematic gaps. In 1990, updatedthe NPS the a growing American public. framework for cultural resources, which was intended to beusedto national park system. InDirector 1999,NPS Robert Stanton charged the scholarly look at the future the and of the NPS national park system by to “revise the ‘National Park System Service Plan’ using previous studies the national park system. In 1992,the 75th NPS Anniversary Symposium to evaluate the significance these of resources for potential addition to thematic framework for natural resources, which was intended to beused the relationship between the nation’s social, cultural, and political preparing areport with its findings and recommendations. The board’s in Vail, Colorado, ledto the “National Parks for the 21st Century: The 9 One Hundred Years – Identify a national system of parks of parks system a national – Identify landmarks) that fully represents the nation’s natural natural nation’s the represents fully that landmarks) protected and interpreted. and protected that delineates the ecological regions, cultural themes, themes, cultural regions, ecological the delineates that resources and cultural experience. To achieve this we we this achieve To experience. cultural and resources Congress a comprehensive National Park System Plan Plan System Park National a comprehensive Congress and stories of diverse communities that are not currently not currently are that communities of diverse stories and Fill in the Blanks Blanks in the Fill and trails, areas, heritage (rivers, sites protected and will work with communities and partners to submit to to submit partners to and communities with work will the future of the NPS. In 2010, NPS Director Jonathan Jarvis asked the the asked Jarvis Jonathan NPS 2010, NPS. Director of In the future the for strengthening NPS work in stewardship, education, relevancy, and the the and relevancy, education, in stewardship, NPS work strengthening for plan system new a developing for guidance offer to a committee formed for the American people. The commission consisted of a diverse group group of a diverse consisted commission The people. American the for the “Advancing report, on 24, 2009.That September report in a findings Call to Action—Preparing for a Second Century of Stewardship and and Century of Stewardship a Second for Action—Preparing to Call Century Commission, and charged it with developing a 21st century century a 21st developing with it charged and Century Commission, In 2011, the NPS issued its strategic plan for the next century titled “A “A century titled next the for plan strategic NPS its issued the 2011, In a shared partners toward and NPS employees unite to Engagement” as one of 10 tasks in this effort. in this of 10 tasks as one In 2008, the nonprofit National Parks Conservation Association Association Conservation Parks National nonprofit 2008, the In vision of the future of the NPS. Action #1 addressed the need for a a for need the #1 addressed Action NPS. of the future of the vision vision for the NPS, and for the collection of unique places it holds in trust in trust holds it of places unique collection the NPS, for and the for vision National Park System Plan: System Park National National Park System Advisory Board to support actions and priorities priorities and actions support to Board Advisory System Park National Board Advisory System Park National of the Members NPS workforce. National Park Idea,” suggested the development of a system plan for for plan of a system development the suggested Idea,” Park National of nearly 30 national leaders and experts. The Commission released its its released Commission The experts. and leaders 30 national of nearly convened an independent commission, the National Parks Second Second Parks National the commission, an independent convened 10 National Park Service System Plan “Revisiting Leopold: Resource Stewardship inthe National Parks.” That dispersal corridors, and strengthening the resilience park of ecosystems.” continuous and dynamic change and the goal preserving ecological of and ecosystems inthe “Crown the of Continent” British (Alberta, For example, protecting the complex array sensitive of resources a geographic scope beyond park boundaries to larger landscapes and In 2012, the National Park System Advisory Board issued areport titled Columbia, and Montana) isonly possible through collaboration at the refugia (or refuges), ensuring the maintenance critical of migration and report emphasized the importance landscape of connectivity and system, prioritizing the protection habitats of that may serve asclimate the representation unique ecosystem of typeswith the national park to consider longer time horizons. Specific tactics include improving local, regional, and international collaboration: “Confronted with integrity, management NPS strategies must beexpanded to encompass large landscape scale the of Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park. Wildlife today move freely through the “Crown of the Continent,” thanks to collaborative efforts to maintain migration corridors, despite numerous It canand must be both core and essential to a seascapes most capable sustaining of ecological park system contains many the of land and integrity and cultural and historical authenticity. in the “Revisiting Leopold” report, the national jurisdictional boundaries. As also emphasized larger national vision, with the national parks and historic sites aspermanent serving anchors conservation of ina continuum uses. of 11 One Hundred Years provided invaluable insight and advice to the steering committee and and committee steering the to advice and insight invaluable provided teleconference sessions comprised the 24 scoping sessions held across the the across held sessions 24 scoping the comprised sessions teleconference and managers program superintendents, with Office, Washington the specialists, rangers, and other field staff participating. These comments comments These staff participating. field other and rangers, specialists, summarize their progress toward advancing the director’s priority priority director’s the advancing toward progress their summarize plan. system members and Denver Service Center staff conducted internal scoping scoping internal Serviceconducted staff Center Denver and members recommendations that informed the development of this System Plan. System of this development the informed that recommendations from October 2013 through January 2014. Face-to-face meetings and and meetings Face-to-face 2014. January through 2013 October from a wide cross-section of the NPS, including staff from parks, regions, and and regions, parks, staff from NPS, of including the cross-section a wide In July 2013, a steering committee composed of 12 members representing of representing 12 members composed committee a steering 2013, July In committee steering The Division. Service Planning Center Denver In 2013, the National Park System Advisory Board published “Engaging “Engaging published Board Advisory System Park National the 2013, In to System” Park National 21st-Century a for Perspectives Independent were integral in the development of plan. this development in the integral were National Park System,” detailing their findings and guidance for for guidance and findings their detailing System,” Park National country, in all NPS regions. More than 700 people participated in these in these participated people 700 than More NPS in all regions. country, represented and comments 428 provided staff hundred Five discussions. each NPS region and several Washington Office programs formed to formed programs Office Washington several and NPSeach region the from support with Plan, Service System Park a National develop objectives. Soon after, the NPS responded to the call for a comprehensive a comprehensive for call the to NPS responded the after, Soon objectives. committee report in November 2012, titled “Planning for a Future a Future for “Planning titled 2012, in November report committee of a summary major included report The plan. system a new developing The National Park System Advisory Board published a planning a planning published Board Advisory System Park National The 12 National Park Service System Plan As the looks NPS forward to its next 100years, it recognizes that working exist. Chapter 4setsforth recommendations for achieving an opportunities for future preservation, conservation, or interpretation conservation system. This plan presents aconceptual framework for Planning for the Future with others will bethe key to successfully establishing acollaborative In this document, chapter 2provides anoverview how the of national Charting the future course for the national park system and ensuring for meeting shared purposesand goals inthe stewardship nationally of most treasured places. regional, national, and international contexts. Chapter 3identifies the gaps and missing links inthe national park system for which understanding where of the system fitswithin the broader spectrum of treasures the of United States long into the future requires afirm that the continues NPS to protect and maintain the natural and cultural travel industry interests. The plan also isintended to serve asacatalyst park system has evolved aswell asthe role the plays NPS inlocal, state, proactively identify and define the NPS role within that spectrum. protected lands and places. A key component the of System Plan is to people of ourpeople past, of present, and future while safeguarding the nation’s plan, the canstrive NPS for anational park system that fully reflects the important resources and the enjoyment future of generations. With this how the will work NPS with communities, concessioners, partners, and interconnected and inclusive future national park system. 13 One Hundred Years

The System & The Service Today Two 16 National Park Service System Plan US history that extends from the oldest documented human remains Hemisphere inDeath Valley National Park. It represents collective Denali National Park and Preserve, to the lowest point inthe Western in North America to solemn landscapes the of recent past such asthe Flight 93National Memorial inPennsylvania. Woven inthe fabric the of T​ national park system are opportunities for visitors to experience the caves extending deep inside the earth; visit homes presidents, of poets, writers, and civil rights activists; examine ancient fossils that dwellings and pueblos of American Indians; explore networks of primordial forces active of volcanoes; walk through ancient cliff capture more than 500 million years history; of or hike along a national scenic trail. In addition to protecting these resources and values, the has anequally NPS important role inproviding visitors outstanding recreational opportunities and facilitating a broad public understanding and appreciation the of unique natural and cultural history this of country and its people. The protects NPS places where Americans canengage their sense of whatsense of it means to bean American by examining the nation’s evolving definitions freedom, of liberty, and national identity. These places include more than 27,000 from Denali, the highest peak inNorth America in he the tapestry of national park system spans the nation historic structures, 3,500 historic statues and monuments, an estimated 2million archeological sites, and more than 123 million museum items. 17 One Hundred Years are Service and the National Park Park National the and system bureau can protect in achieving its its in achieving can protect bureau beyond the “system” itself; and although although and itself; “system” the beyond important points of this chapter are that the the that are of chapter points this important important places and stories. It briefly outlines the roles roles the outlines briefly It stories. and places important most The not synonymous. but integrated protect its park units as well as areas beyond beyond as areas as well units park its protect national the how explains It boundaries. park park the activities of the NPS extend well well NPS of extend the activities the the protect to much NPS done has the the growth of the national park system; system; park national of the growth the nationally significant resources the the resources significant nationally nation’s natural and cultural resources resources cultural and natural nation’s be additional may there resources, national park system is much larger and and larger is much system park national an realize; people most than diverse more multifaceted agency that protects this mosaic of nationally of mosaic nationally this protects that agency multifaceted and provide for the enjoyment of these of these enjoyment the for provide and and responsibilities that the NPS assumes today to to NPS today assumes the that responsibilities and ongoing mission. ongoing overarching vision did not always guide guide not always did vision overarching This chapter revisits the history of how the NPS developed into a a into NPS of developed the how history the revisits chapter This 18 National Park Service System Plan The Beginning of the National of The Beginning Park System Attention was first drawn to the Yellowstone area by members the of Three common themes are present throughout the history the of national The bill to establish Yellowstone National Park soon passedCongress control. passionateA number of citizen-advocates rallied around the park Yellowstone,of the first national park, established in1872. establishment the of park did notmean that the work was done; instead, an increased willingness to forego extractive the useof land—logging, Folsom, Washburn, and Hayden expeditions in1869–1871 when they and the reality that the establishment anational of park isanearly chapter assigned to care for the park and hence, poaching and vandalism were For instance, at first, there was no one agency or organization directly and President Ulysses S.Grant signed it into law on March 1,1872. The and pushed their elected officials to take action. access to the early parks by providing transportation, supplies, and as apublic destination. Concessioners played a key role indeveloping mining, hunting—and to instead appreciate its intrinsic value and its value mountains, and lakes. Some the members of expeditions suggested that scenery and aesthetics was relatively new in the United States. It signaled services. Parkservices. advocates rallied support from avariety interest of groups the area besetaside for public userather than transferred to private there were serious challenges regarding the stewardship Yellowstone. of published their findings about the area’s magnificent geysers, wildlife, park system: passionate citizen-advocates, adesire to preserve aplace, problematic. Other difficulties arose when visitors began toarrive, idea 1991). (NPS This notion preserving aplace of for qualities such as in along history stewardship. of These themes are illustrated inthe story 19 One Hundred Years begins—the challenge of taking care of it. care of taking challenge begins—the its creation are not unique. In fact, the stories behind the creation of each of each creation the behind stories the fact, In not unique. are creation its landscape or a place with spectacular outdoor recreation opportunities. opportunities. recreation outdoor spectacular with a place or landscape park unit are often very similar: passionate citizen-advocates who desire desire who citizen-advocates passionate similar: very often are unit park park and its resources. Today, these partners provide important support support important partners provide these Today, resources. its and park to see such places protected in perpetuity identify a site of a nationally of a nationally a site identify in perpetuity protected places see such to the surge of auto tourism following World War II. It responded by adding adding by responded II. It War World following tourism of auto surge the significant historic event or an inspiring and ecologically valuable valuable ecologically and or an inspiring event historic significant research at Yellowstone and beyond. and Yellowstone at research new types of park infrastructure and architecture, including the NPS the including architecture, and infrastructure types ofnew park for education, sustainability initiatives, management solutions, and park park and solutions, management initiatives, sustainability education, for and services. Over time, Yellowstone adapted to these demands by by demands these to adapted Yellowstone services. time, and Over visitor center. At the same time, the park gained the support of a network ofnetwork a support the gained park the time, same the At center. visitor with stewardship. with later, and, automobile of the invention the by spurred patterns visitation which in turn led to complex issues concerning park access, facilities, facilities, access, park concerning issues complex led to in turn which President to create a national park. When they succeed, a new chapter chapter a new succeed, they When park. a national create to President of volunteers, friends groups, neighboring public land agencies, and other other and agencies, land public neighboring groups, friends of volunteers, the for NPS care the helping in interested individuals and organizations of visitor experiences while seeking to balance resource enjoyment enjoyment resource balance to seeking while experiences of visitor developing an approach to park management that allowed a variety a variety allowed that management park to approach an developing They engage in long, hard-fought campaigns to urge Congress or the the or Congress urge to campaigns hard-fought in long, engage They As Yellowstone gained global recognition, it attracted more people, both both people, more attracted it recognition, global gained As Yellowstone changing to adapted park The visitors. international and Americans Yellowstone was the first national park but the key themes in the story of story the in themes key the but park national first the was Yellowstone 20 National Park Service System Plan The Park System Today Today, the national park system iscomposed 413park of units managed The manages NPS the national park system, and also has management offer the American people a chance to explore nature and history, relax, of the istoof NPS preserve, unimpaired, the natural and cultural resources across the United States and its territories. Units are typically established and recreate. Collectively, the units protect more than 84 million acres and values the of national park system for the enjoyment, education, and Organic Act 1916, of other pertinent statutes, administrative and NPS for managing anarray national of and international programs designed financial obligations to the federal budget. facilities for and services visitor enjoyment, while also protecting the responsibilities for programs NPS and some related areas. The mission system asawhole. First, the system isacollection individual of park units that represent different aspects US natural, of cultural, and recreation through legislation enacted by Congress or by presidential proclamation. to help extend the natural benefits of and cultural resource conservation the anannual NPS, budget that supports management, visitor use,and terms funding, of units receive aportion the of federal appropriation for policies asoutlined inNPS preservation-related activities. New units may create additional long-term park’s resources to ensure they canbeenjoyed by future generations. In Several key points are important for understanding the national park inspiration this of and future generations. The isalso responsible NPS implications. Legally, apark unit must bemanaged according to the include national forests, wildlife refuges, and other public lands. Second, history. This system amuch of ispart larger network public of lands that becoming aunit the of system has legal, regulatory, policy, and budgetary by the inaccordance NPS with the Organic Act 1916. of These units Management Policies 2006. The provides NPS 21 One Hundred Years includes interpretation, education, facility development and maintenance, maintenance, and development facility education, interpretation, includes Sites Act), while others are entered into under the discretion of the of the discretion the under into entered are others while Act), Sites Some of these programs are required by law (i.e., management of the of the (i.e., management law by required are programs of these Some patterns, and uses, the overall contiguous nature of units creates a much a much creates of units nature contiguous overall uses, the and patterns, partnership, community, cultural, heritage, and conservation assistance assistance conservation and heritage, cultural, community, partnership, the outside (NPS of activities units. NPS system the beyond programs to prevent habitat fragmentation, preserve corridors, protect watershed watershed protect corridors, preserve fragmentation, habitat prevent to related to nearby lands owned or administered by other federal, state, state, federal, other by administered or owned lands nearby to related needs; in other places, the NPS provides critical support to partners for partners for to support critical NPS provides the places, in other needs; research, and administration. Partnerships may work to build capacity capacity build to work may Partnerships administration. and research, allow necessary to connectivity landscape the promote and resources, national park system are described in more detail in the section titled The The titled section in the detail in more described are system park national fulfillment of their conservation goals. In many areas of the country, there there country, of the areas many In goals. ofconservation their fulfillment greater ecological whole than the sum of their individual parts. individual of sum their the than whole ecological greater goals and objectives that might not be attainable by the bureau acting acting bureau the by not be attainable might that objectives and goals are NPS-administered lands that are geographically and ecologically ecologically and geographically are that lands NPS-administered are alone. The NPS works with partners on a full range of activities. This This of activities. range a full partners on with NPS works The alone. agencies, and nonprofit organizations have been important in meeting the the meeting in been important have organizations nonprofit and agencies, and outdoor recreation throughout the United States and the world. world. the and States United the throughout recreation outdoor and various units may have different missions, jurisdictions, ownership ownership jurisdictions, missions, different have may units various wildlife to adjust to shifts in habitats and range and adapt to climate climate to adapt and range and in habitats shifts to adjust to wildlife NPS mission. These partnerships enable the NPS to achieve conservation conservation achieve NPS to the enable partnerships These NPS mission. NPS. This includes administration and oversight of a broad range of range of a broad oversight and administration includes This NPS. chapter.) in this later of Units, System Service—Beyond the Park National National Historic Landmarks Program, established by the 1935 Historic 1935 Historic the by established Program, Landmarks Historic National county, municipal, or nonprofit agencies and organizations. While these these While organizations. and agencies nonprofit or municipal, county, change. In some places, the NPS depends on partners to fulfill these these fulfill partners to on NPS depends the places, some In change. The NPS does not manage the national park system without assistance. assistance. without system park national the NPS manage not does The government organizations, NPS, of other the history the Throughout 22 National Park Service System Plan equaling more than 18volunteers for eachthe of 22,000permanent, theseof together partners contribute over $150 million annually to the enhance park educational and interpretive experiences 2016). (NPS All Park Foundation, chartered by Congress, raises funds, creates agencies play acritical role inpark stewardship aswell, especially in Individual volunteers, community organizations, and local and state recreation areas, scenic trails, and wild and scenic rivers. In 2015 more national park system (NPS Advisory Board 2014). sponsored programs where the isjust amuch NPS one of part larger temporary, and seasonal employees NPS 2016). (NPS than 400,000 volunteers assisted park sites, programs, and offices, the national park system and the while NPS, 72 cooperating associations time and to expertise national parks across the country. The National team effort. More than 200nonprofit park friends groups contribute parks that cross numerous geopolitical boundaries such asnational partnerships, distributes grants, and increases public awareness about Successful partnerships exist at many national park units and NPS- MISSION STATEMENTS FROM KEY FEDERAL PARTNERS

Each of the federal agencies listed below plays an important role in managing US natural, cultural, and outdoor recreation resources for future generations. The National Park Service currently works with the following federal agencies, among others, to meet 23 its mission. One Hundred Years

Department of the Interior - Bureau of Land Management It is the mission of the Bureau of Land Management to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations.

Department of the Interior - US Fish and Wildlife Service The mission of the US Fish and Wildlife Service is working with others to conserve, protect, and enhance fish, wildlife, plants, and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people.

Department of Agriculture - US Forest Service The mission of the USDA Forest Service is to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the nation’s forests and grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations.

Department of Commerce - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration The mission of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is to understand and predict changes in climate, weather, oceans, and coasts; to share that knowledge and information with others; and to conserve and manage coastal and marine ecosystems and resources.

Department of Defense - US Army Corps of Engineers The mission of the US Army Corps of Engineers is to deliver vital public and military engineering services; partnering in peace and war to strengthen our nation’s security, energize the economy, and reduce risks from disasters. 24 National Park Service System Plan Angeles, California. These cooperative management scenarios require ahigh degree of The also cooperatively NPS manages some park units asone agency of apark.of In some cases,the isnotthe NPS largest landowner within entity with management responsibility. This ownership typeof provides Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, California, the NPS Park units in the system are managed across abroad continuum of within alarger network entities of that own land and have management need for collaborative solutions to management challenges. Complex responsibility. For example, private landowners, nonprofits, as well as management structures. In some instances, the manages NPS adefined shares management responsibilities public amosaic of of and private the park. the most extensive involvement the asaland of manager. NPS patterns within the boundary are relatively simple and the isthe NPS sole property with fixed boundaries. In most these cases, landof ownership lands across 153,000acres extending from the western edge Los of land ownership patterns are common insuch parks. At the Santa local and state governments, may all have adirect role inthe stewardship interdependence among managing organizations and anextensive Spectrum of ParkSpectrum of Unit Management 25 One Hundred Years land managers to identify and cooperatively cooperatively and identify to managers land property from other organizations for the purposes of visitor facilities. facilities. purposes of visitor the for organizations other from property themselves as one integrated piece of piece integrated as one themselves the Organic Act and other NPS legislation and policy is is policy and NPS legislation other and Act Organic the units all 413 park NPS same. in staff leaders the and Orleans, Louisiana. Louisiana. Orleans, and initiatives. This paradigm paradigm This initiatives. and or ecosystem, community, a larger and engaging in complementary projects projects in complementary engaging and are increasingly focused on consultation with other other with consultation on focused increasingly are are primarily focused on interpretive programming, planning and and planning programming, interpretive on focused primarily are work toward achieving common goals for the the for goals common achieving toward work encourages park managers to see see to managers park encourages landscape. cultural overall landscape. Great emphasis is placed is placed emphasis Great landscape. overall with relationships productive establishing on landowners, neighboring and communities stakeholders, among objectives shared creating ownership patterns, the NPS management philosophy under under philosophy NPS management the patterns, ownership of leased performance and recording sites throughout the city of New of New city the throughout sites recording and of leased performance own or directly manage real property. In such cases, NPS activities cases, NPS activities such In property. real manage directly or own lease may A park resources. and infrastructure than rather coordination The national park system also includes parks where the NPS does not NPS not does the where parks includes also system park national The At New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park, park staff use a variety variety staff use a park Park, Historical National Jazz Orleans New At land and of management NPS spectrum park wide this Across 26 National Park Service System Plan The 28different park unit titles can reflect the laws and authorities used This proliferation names causes of confusion for citizens, who do not circumstances inwhich they were designated. The park unit titles may or “unit.” However, there isgreat variation inthe official titleof each unit. 14% of NPS units NPS actually14% of bearthe title NPS refersNPS to each the of 413units inthe system by the shorthand “park,” also reflect differences in geographicof size, type resources, and allowed Every unit the of national park system ismanaged under aunifiedagency always understand that the cares NPS for sites with titles other than One common misconception isthat the national park system consists framework according to the same NPS-wide laws and policies. In fact, the national park. recreation areas, seashores, and parkways. solely beautiful of natural landscapes inthe western United States with Park Unit Nomenclature Today uses. Because of this of rangeuses. Because factors, of the overall trend has beenan to create each place and sometimes the unique cultural and political units include historic sites, national monuments, battlefields, preserves, the system, and parks are present inevery state inthe United States. Only the title “national park.” In fact, there are 28different parks types of in increase inthe total titles number of usedwithin the national park system. national park. Other titles for park 27 One Hundred Years national preserve national recreation area national wild and scenic national seashore other designations national parkway national reserve national river national scenic trail rivers and riverways 04 02 05 03

19 18 10 10 11 national battlefield national battlefield national monument national park national historical park national historic site national military park site international historic national lakeshore national battlefield park national battlefield national battlefield site national memorial 84 09 01 04 04 01 Listed below are the current titles for the 413 parks in the system, and the the and system, in the 413 parks the for titles current the are below Listed 59 50 30 corresponding number of units (NPS of 2016): number units corresponding See appendix A for the complete list of the different types of units in the national park system. A for the complete list of the different types of See appendix 78 11 28 National Park Service System Plan The Evolution the National of Park System 1 established national anumber of parks, national monuments, and other on how the current system came to be. expanded considerably, progressing through several major periods of 19 national monuments, and the Hot Springs and CasaGrande Ruin Prior to the establishment the Congress of NPS, and presidents By August 1916 the the of Department Interior oversaw 12national parks, growth. review thisA brief of evolution, much it of excerpted from the for it lacked systematic management. reservations. This collection areas of was notatruepark system, however, reservations that would later become the of national part park system. more detailed discussion in“Shaping the System” 2005),sheds (NPS light Since the establishment the of first parks, the national park system has Citation forstatistics throughouttheEvolutionof NationalPark Systemsection: irma.nps.gov/Stats/ 1

! ! 29 ! One Hundred Years

! ! !

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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

! Unit Establishment Beginning–1916

33 new units Alaska

Hawaii

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

Alaska

! ! ! ! ! ! !

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30 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Hawaii ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! National Park Service System Plan Service System Park National

In 1916, the NPS was created and the agency assumed management Unit Establishment responsibility for the existing system. The NPS gradually built up capacity 1917–June 1933 and expertise in park management and worked to promote the parks to the American public. 35 new units 33 previous units !

!

Alaska

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! 31 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! One Hundred Years Hawaii ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!! !

The system grew dramatically two decades later in 1933 when President August 1933 Franklin Roosevelt issued a reorganization order that brought the parks Reorganization and monuments that had been administered by the War Department, the national monuments that had been administered by the US Forest 53 new units Service, and the National Capital Parks all under the administration of 68 previous units the NPS. This reorganization order expanded the system to 121 units, and shifted the composition of the system such that it was no longer primarily a collection of western landscapes. US military sites, cemeteries, and other historic sites now represented a substantial portion of the national park system. !

!

Alaska

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! 32 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! Hawaii ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Puerto Rico ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! Virgin Islands ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

National Park Service System Plan Service System Park National ! !

! In the years that followed, the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and the Works Progress Administration (WPA) built a significant amount of Unit Establishment infrastructure and completed many conservation projects in parks. The 1934–1951 system also continued to grow during this time. From the reorganization to 1951, 55 of today’s units were added to the rolls. Forty-one of them 55 new units were historical areas, increasing the numerical majority attained by this 121 previous units category in the reorganization. Nine were predominantly natural in character, and five would be classified as recreational.

With NPS facilities becoming overwhelmed by surging visitation, in 1956 the NPS launched Mission 66, a 10-year program to upgrade facilities, staffing, and resource management throughout the system by the 50th anniversary of the NPS in 1966. In 1964, the NPS instituted a new organizational framework for the national park system that !

!

Alaska

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 33 ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! One Hundred Years Hawaii ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Puerto Rico ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Virgin Islands ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! recognized three categories of units in the system—natural, historical, and recreational. For the first time, recreation areas became a legitimate portion of the system. Unit Establishment 1952–1973 In 1970, Congress enacted the General Authorities Act, which for the first 98 new units time legally defined NPS-administered areas as a single “National Park System.” The three-category system begun in 1964 was causing problems 176 previous units by the mid-1970s, because it inadequately recognized the diversity of many if not most parks. The NPS responded in 1975 by replacing its separate natural, historical, and recreational area policy manuals with a single management policy compilation addressing the range of characteristics each park possessed. With this advance in planning and management sophistication, the assignment of each park to a single management category was no longer appropriate, and in 1977 NPS officially abolished the area categories. 34 National Park Service System Plan 413 units are present inall 50 states plus Washington, USVirgin DC; Alaska in1978and 1980,the system’s total land area more than doubled. The creation and expansion the of system ultimately comes down to commemorate dark times in American history, or they want to paddle events and places. They are inspired by the valor soldiers of under enemy one simple truth—people have powerful emotional reactions to certain demand for close-to-home recreation inmajor urban centers. One- quietly down ariver after along day inabustling city. These are some of New units reflecting a variety localities, of ecosystems, and stories were Meanwhile, the system continued to undergo large-scale expansion in Islands; Puerto Rico; Guam; American Samoa;and Saipan. The national and new parks were born. fire; they find personal strength from the courageof a civil rights leader; foreseeable future. regularly added throughout the 1990sand into the 21st century. Today, number does nottell the full story, for asaresult huge of additions in response to increased support for environmental protection and growing they are awed by the silent song the of stars over adesertcanyon; they the emotions that spurred citizen-advocates inthe past to rally around park system continues to grow and will likely continue to expand for the political arena; and ultimately, the nations’ elected officials took action ideas for parks; the advocates then expressed their passion through the hundred-thirty-nine new parks were created from 1974 through 2016. This !

! !

! !

Alaska

! 35 ! !

! ! One Hundred Years !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Guam ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Hawaii ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! American Samoa ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! Puerto Rico !!! Virgin Islands

! !

!!!

Unit Establishment 1974-Present

139 new units

274 previous units 36 National Park Service System Plan There are two administrative processes that the employs NPS to evaluate ownership or control. Often, the early momentum for anew national park Congress,of though insome cases,the President candesignate aunit (national monuments) under the Antiquities theAct lands if are infederal 1980 Congress directed the to NPS prepare asystem plan. This direction National Park System Units Usually, anew unit the of national park system isestablished by anact Evaluation andDesignation of Potential new units are also identified in Departmentthe the of Interior’s was withdrawn in1998and replaced with amandate only to provide annual legislative program. Congress with aprioritized listpotential of candidates for study each year. Congress directed the to NPS provide alistpotential of new units and in they support. These individuals and groups enlist the support the of local unit starts with individuals and local grassroots groups promoting areas public, stakeholders, and their congressional representatives. In 1976, proposed new units to the system: Special places canbecome park units through two different processes. 2 1 established criteria for potential inclusion inthe national park Reconnaissance surveys assessments, determine the likelihood anarea of meeting Congress with adetermination whether of the study area meets for whether or notaspecial resource study iswarranted. national park system. Special resource studies are transmitted to Special resource studies system. Reconnaissance surveys conclude with arecommendation the criteria for inclusion inthe national park system. , usedto evaluate potential new units the of , which include preliminary resource

37 One Hundred Years legal mandates that sometimes accompany the designation, such as as such designation, the accompany sometimes that mandates legal park system. park partnerships, and particular allowed uses (e.g., hunting, livestock grazing, grazing, livestock uses (e.g., hunting, allowed particular and partnerships, place. first in the act to Congress prompted presents the study finding to Congress, which may designate a unit by by a unit designate may which to Congress, finding study the presents Congress unit. that for legislation” “enabling the termed a law, passing the describes typically This legislation finding. a negative produced the NPS, Congress, the public, and stakeholders to ensure the continued continued the ensure to stakeholders and public, the NPS, Congress, the national in the representation expanded or inclusion warrant may that success of a future national park system. These are outlined in chapter 4. 4. in chapter outlined are These system. park national of a future success system. Substantial changes to the processes are not warranted or needed. needed. or not warranted are processes the to changes Substantial system. may also reflect the values brought forth by grassroots efforts that that efforts grassroots by forth brought values the reflect also may may also choose to designate a unit when a special resource study has has study resource a special when a unit designate to choose also may other and management, location, the system, in the inclusion for reasons Congress make informed decisions about additions to the national park park national the to additions about decisions informed make Congress However, some aspects of these processes can be better employed by by employed can be better processes of these aspects some However, the chapter, in this contained ideas process-related the to addition In and special resource studies—are already well-established tools to help help to tools well-established already studies—are resource special and designation of a new unit should reflect the themes described in chapter 3 chapter in described themes the reflect should of unit a new designation or utility easements). The enabling legislation can include documentation documentation can include legislation enabling The easements). utility or legislation enabling The unit. the for of Congress goal long-term of the These administrative evaluation processes—reconnaissance surveys surveys processes—reconnaissance evaluation administrative These After completion of a special resource study with a positive finding, NPS finding, a positive with study resource of special a completion After 38 National Park Service System Plan or decision. Usually, surveys take lessthan one year to complete. the If (NEPA) compliance because they do notmake afinal determination NPS surveyNPS team finds that any one the criteriaof for a special resource No public meetings are required areconnaissance of aspart survey, and usestoNPS determine whether aspecial resource study iswarranted. In as aneconomical and efficient way toassess the likelihoodof a resource Reconnaissance surveys are preliminary resource assessments that the resource study or designate the resource asaunit the of national park meeting the criteria for designation. uses staff the same NPS criteria as survey recommends that nofurther action betaken to authorize aspecial study isunlikely to bemet with further study, then the reconnaissance surveys has riseninthe past few decades because Congress views them survey, or the may NPS initiate the study. The reconnaissance number of study. A single Congress member of may request areconnaissance some, but notall cases,reconnaissance surveys precede aspecial resource system. the If survey team finds the resource would likely meet the criteria Reconnaissance Surveys the surveys are notsubject to National Environmental Policy Act 1969 of the resource beevaluated inaspecial resource study. potential for aresource to beadded to the national park system. in aspecial resource study, then the reconnaissance survey recommends in special resource studies (seenext page) to determine whether there is One Hundred Years 39 , section 1.3, “Criteria for Inclusion,” Inclusion,” for “Criteria 1.3, , section be a suitable addition to the system the to addition be a suitable system the to addition be a feasible public agencies or the private sector private the or agencies public possess nationally significant natural or cultural resources resources or cultural natural significant possess nationally require direct NPS management instead of protection by other other by of protection instead NPS management direct require Management Policies 2006 Policies Management 3 1 2 4 Special Resource Studies Resource Special in the area under consideration before passing legislation to create a a create to legislation passing before consideration under area in the Special resource studies are undertaken only when authorized by by authorized when only undertaken are studies resource Special law (PL 91-383, sections 1216 and 1217 of PL 101-628, and PL 105-391). and of 1217 1216 and PL 101-628, sections 91-383, (PL law the resource being studied must: studied being resource the the NPS. the stipulates that in order to qualify as a new unit of the national park system system park national of the unit as a new qualify to in order that stipulates new unit. The NPS collects this information and reports its findings to to findings its reports and information this NPS collects The unit. new for studies are established chronologically, based on the date of date the based on chronologically, established are studies for Congress. Funding comes from the planning program. Priorities Priorities program. planning the from comes Funding Congress. Congress requires reliable information about the quality of resources of resources quality the about information reliable requires Congress in public grounded are which studies, resource special through Congress as funds become available. Each study is completed in compliance with with in compliance is completed study Each available. become as funds with other agencies. The studies are conducted by the professional staff of staff professional the by conducted are studies The agencies. other with NPS NEPA, and includes public involvement and appropriate consultation consultation appropriate and involvement public includes and NEPA, congressional legislation authorizing the study, with study funds allocated allocated funds study with study, the authorizing legislation congressional 40 National Park Service System Plan These criteria are designed to ensure that the national park system Evaluation national of significance isanimportant step on which following criteria: resources. Positive findings must be made for all four criteria in order for section 1.3.1, “National Significance,” directs that potential new units subsequent stages the of process depend. NPS to the national park system must possesssignificance at the national the to NPS propose an area for inclusion inthe national park system. level. An area isconsidered nationally significant it meets if all the of includes only outstanding examples the of nation’s natural and cultural • • • • It offers superlative opportunities for public enjoyment or for It possessesexceptional value or quality in illustrating or It isanoutstanding example aparticular resource. of typeof It retains ahigh degree integrity of asatrue,accurate, and relatively scientific study. unspoiled or restorable example aresource. of interpreting the natural or cultural themes our nation’s of heritage.

Management Policies 2006

, 41 One Hundred Years (CFR) Part 65. (CFR) Part Code of Federal Regulations Federal Code of into the national park system. If a special resource study results in a in a results study resource If special a system. park national the into necessarily vote on recommendations immediately and many changes can can changes many and immediately recommendations on vote necessarily recommendation for what, if any, legislative action should be taken. be taken. should action legislative if what, any, for recommendation finalization the with complete considered is process the finding, negative must be evaluated according to national historic landmark criteria criteria landmark historic national to according be evaluated must Congress may then deliberate and decide whether the area will be added be added will area the whether decide and deliberate then may Congress If a special resource study results in a positive finding, it is sent to the the to it is sent finding, in a positive results study resource If a special Historic properties considered for inclusion in the national park system system park national in the inclusion for considered properties Historic with a recommendation to not create a new unit. Congress does not not does Congress unit. a new not create to recommendation a with NPS director for approval and then to the Secretary of the Interior. Interior. Secretary of the the to then and approval for NPS director occur to resources between the transmission of a recommendation and and of a recommendation transmission the between resources to occur deliberation. congressional of the document. The negative finding is transmitted to Congress, but but to Congress, is transmitted finding negative The document. of the contained in 36 contained The Secretary then transmits the study to Congress with his/her his/her with Congress to study the transmits Secretary then The 42 National Park Service System Plan The National Park –Beyond Service the Another important role the isasacooperator of NPS and for partner The outreach the extends of NPS well beyond its unit boundaries to other of theof national park system, yet they preserve important segments the of More detailed descriptions related of areas and programs follow. For a and propel local and regional efforts. Efforts are not confined to areas administered by the park service. These programs offer a number of and outdoor recreation throughout the nation via many programs and providing outstanding recreation opportunities for all visitors. grants, financial incentives, technical assistance, and recognition to full listall related of areas, seeappendix A. nation’s heritage beyond what the manages. NPS related areas including affiliated areas, national heritage areas, national support citizens and communities asthey engage inconservation, supporting the preservation nationally of significant places and stories similar objectives asthe designation units of inthe park system—namely, System of Units of System trails, and national wild and scenic rivers. These areas are notall units preservation, and recreation projects. Support isdesigned to initiate promoting and supporting natural and cultural resource conservation legislative acts. These programs and associated activities accomplish in or near park units. Many assistance programs are aresult specific of

One Hundred Years 43 been designated national historic sites by the Secretary of the Interior Interior Secretary of the the by sites historic national been designated in Wisconsin. Although the US government does not own, nor does the the does nor not own, does US government the Although in Wisconsin. under authority of the Historic Sites Act of 1935. Examples of affiliated of of affiliated 1935. Examples Act Sites Historic of the authority under system. There are 25 officially designated affiliated areas (NPS 2016). Some areas 2016). (NPS affiliated designated officially 25 are There system. neither federally owned nor directly administered by the NPS, but use NPS, use but the by administered directly nor owned federally neither financial aid from the NPS.the from aid financial Canada that preserve significant properties outside the national park park national the outside properties significant preserve that Canada areas include the Pineland National Reserve in New Jersey, Jamestown Jamestown Jersey, in New Reserve National Pineland the include areas National Historic Site in Virginia, and Ice Age National Scientific Reserve Reserve Scientific National Age Ice and in Virginia, Site Historic National limited and/or technical on draw they areas, affiliated these NPS manage, NPS assistance. Legally, they are not units of the national park system. system. park national of the not units are they Legally, NPS assistance. of these have been recognized by acts of Congress, and some others have have others some and of acts Congress, by been recognized have of these Affiliated areas comprise a variety of locations in the United States and and States United the in of locations variety a comprise areas Affiliated Affiliated areas are a select group of nationally significant areas. They are They areas. significant group nationally of select a are areas Affiliated Affiliated Areas Affiliated 44 National Park Service System Plan development, national heritage areas further the mission the by of NPS community-driven approach to heritage conservation and economic cultural, and historic resources combine to form acohesive, nationally approach allows national heritage areas to achieve both conservation and Congress designates national heritage areas asplaces where natural, fostering community stewardship at alarge landscape scale. The areas are NationalHeritage Areas universities, state agencies, or municipal authorities. This cooperative the management responsibility federal of commissions, nonprofit groups, under its own individual enabling legislation. There are 49 national heritage areas across the 2016). country (NPS Through agrassroots, important landscape. Each national heritage area isdesigned by Congress economic growth in ways that do notcompromise local land use controls. Participating areas realize significant benefits from this partnership strategy. These include resource conservation, community attention to quality life of issues, and help in developing asustainable economy. National heritage areas the are of national notpart areas. The federal government does notassume planning, and limited financial assistance to these park system. Rather, the provides NPS technical, ownership land of inside national heritage areas or imposeland usecontrols. Examples of national heritage areas include Rivers Steel of National Heritage Area inPennsylvania and South Park National Heritage Area inColorado. One Hundred Years 45 base budget. The NPS provides program leadership in developing the the developing in leadership program NPS provides The base budget. partnership training, financial assistance, technical assistance, research, research, assistance, technical assistance, financial training, partnership trails system through interagency coordination, policy development, development, policy coordination, interagency through system trails trails, national recreation trails, national water trails, and side and and side and trails, water national trails, recreation national trails, trails in both urban and rural settings for people of all ages, interests, interests, of ages, people all for settings rural and urban both in trails scenic and historic trails, the NPS administers or coadministers 23 (NPS 23 coadministers or NPS administers the trails, historic and scenic Service and US Forest the with comanaged or by managed are system specifically legislated as such. Of the 30 federally administrated national national administrated federally Of 30 the such. as legislated specifically skills, and physical abilities. The act promotes the enjoyment and and enjoyment the promotes act The abilities. physical and skills, National Trails System National Trails and communications, networking, mapping, and reporting. and mapping, networking, communications, and Bureau of Land Management.) Each NPS-administered trail has its own own its has trail NPS-administered Each of Land Management.) Bureau appreciation of trails while encouraging greater public access. It It access. public greater encouraging while of trails appreciation NPS generally does not treat them as separate “units” of the system unless unless system of the “units” as separate them not treat does NPS generally 2014b). (The other national scenic and historic trails in the national trails trails national in the trails historic and scenic national other (The 2014b). establishes five classes of trails: national scenic trails, national historic historic national trails, scenic national of classes trails: five establishes but part system of the considered are trails National trails. connecting The National Trails System Act of 1968, as amended, calls for establishing establishing for calls of 1968, as amended, Act System Trails National The 46 National Park Service System Plan The Wild and Rivers Scenic Act provides for the establishment asystem of considered the of national part park system unlessspecifically excluded developing goals for river protection. Rivers administered by the are NPS component the of national wild and scenic rivers system, the managing or recreational rivers. Once ariver (or portion ariver) of isdesignated a riversof to bepreserved asfree-flowing streams accessible for public use wild and scenic river responsibilities with asapartner states or tribes Rivers Coordinating Council, policy development and guidance, training, activities include program leadership for the Wild NPS and Rivers Scenic agency preserves and enhances the features that qualified the river for and enjoyment. Components the of system are classified as wild, scenic, National Wild andScenic Rivers System technical assistance, research and communication, and reporting. that administer other wild and scenic rivers. coordination Servicewide the system, which of 30are national park system units. also has NPS that crosses political boundaries and promotes public participation in Steering Committee, participation inthe Interagency Wild and Scenic in their enabling legislation. has responsibilities NPS for 59rivers in inclusion within the system. The system encourages river management One Hundred Years 47 interagency cooperation in ecosystem management. The untrammeled untrammeled The management. in ecosystem cooperation interagency including the NPS, to study lands they administer for their suitability for for suitability their for administer they lands study NPS, to the including has Congress System. Preservation Wilderness National in the inclusion system, national wildlife refuge system, and national conservation lands lands conservation national and system, refuge wildlife national system, rather than what is there. what than rather now designated wilderness areas in 61 units of the national park system. system. park national of the in 61 units areas wilderness designated now In the Wilderness Act of 1964, Congress directed certain federal agencies, agencies, certain federal directed of 1964, Congress Act Wilderness the In wilderness exists on lands of the national park system, national forest forest national system, park national of the lands on exists wilderness (Bureau of Land Management), it offers a common statutory basis for for basis statutory common a offers it of Land Management), (Bureau quality of wilderness is a unique legislative requirement among all types types all among requirement legislative is a unique of wilderness quality managed ofit is terms how in wilderness defining management, of land ensures they are managed to retain their wilderness character. Because character. wilderness their retain to managed are they ensures Wilderness Wilderness designation does not remove these lands from the parks, but but parks, the from lands these not remove does designation Wilderness 48 National Park Service System Plan The National Register Historic of Places isthe official listof the nation’s classified local, asbeing state,of regional, and national significance. coordinate and support public and private efforts to identify, evaluate, Program; and Land Water Conservation Fund; and Rivers, Trails, ww and protect America’s historic and archeological resources. It lists more Historic Preservation Act anational 1966,it of of ispart program to and Conservation Assistance Program. These are just afew of Historic Landmarks Program; National Natural Landmarks Included here are: National Register Historic of Places; National Descriptions five of important programs are described below. Benefits of registrationBenefits of include access to federal preservation tax credits, research databases, and NPS-administered grant programs. Tax credit Programs than 90,000properties that represent 1.6million individual resources— the many programs administered by the More NPS. details can the rehabilitation historic of properties and landscapes 2013c). (NPS National RegisterofHistoricPlaces programs have leveraged more than $45billion inprivate investment for historic places worthy preservation. of Authorized by the National buildings, sites, districts, structures, and objects. These properties are be found inappendix Bor by visiting the following website: w.nps.gov/policy/NPSPrograms_September2013_small.pdf

One Hundred Years 49

2

http://www.nps.gov/nhl/learn/intro.htm by the Secretary of the Interior because they possess exceptional value value possess exceptional they because Interior Secretary of the the by National Historic Landmarks Program Historic Landmarks National they are invited to accept a plaque to display at the landmark site. landmark the at display to a plaque accept to invited are they through the Historic Preservation Fund; tax incentives for easements easements for incentives tax Fund; Preservation Historic the through structures, objects, and districts. Designation provides access to grants grants to access provides Designation districts. and objects, structures, many national historic landmarks properties remain private and are not not are and private remain properties landmarks historic national many register properties) are nationally significant historic places designated designated places historic significant nationally are properties) register assistance through the NPS program Technical Preservation Services, Preservation Technical NPS program the through assistance The NPS. the by administered databases technical other to access and and rehabilitation through federal historic preservation tax incentives; incentives; tax preservation historic federal through rehabilitation and National Historic Landmarks Program does not own or manage sites; sites; manage or not own does Program Landmarks Historic National National historic landmarks come in many forms: historic buildings, sites, sites, buildings, historic forms: in many come landmarks historic National National historic landmarks (which are all automatically listed as national as national listed automatically all are (which landmarks historic National 2 open to the public. However, if owners wish to advertise their designation, designation, their advertise if to wish owners However, public. the open to or quality in illustrating or interpreting the heritage of the United States. States. United of the heritage the interpreting or illustrating in quality or Today, more than 2,500 historic places bear this national distinction. national bear this places historic 2,500 than more Today, 50 National Park Service System Plan The National Natural Landmarks Program recognizes and advocates for outstanding sites that illustrate the rich and diverse tapestry of America’s partnerships, theof and its NPS cooperatively partners conserve the diversity, and value to science and education. To date, nearly 600natural theof Interior for their outstanding condition, illustrative character, rarity, publicof and private land stewards, and participation inthe program is NPS administersNPS the program and works cooperatively with landowners, 3 voluntary. National natural landmark sites are designated by the Secretary appreciation natural of heritage. Through the creation and cultivation areas, inboth rural and urban landscapes, have beendesignated. geological history. National natural landmarks are owned by avariety natural landscape. managers, and to partners promote landscape conservation and the conservation sites of that best illustrate the nation’s biological and National NaturalLandmarksProgram http:///www.nature.nps.gov/nnl/

3 The 51 One Hundred Years

by energy companies drilling for oil and gas on the Outer Continental Continental Outer the on gas and oil for drilling companies energy by Shelf finance the fund. The Land and Water Conservation Fund helps helps Fund Conservation Water and The Land fund. the Shelf finance preserve, develop, and ensure access to outdoor recreation resources; resources; recreation outdoor to access ensure and develop, preserve, vistas; scenic enhance habitat; wildlife preserve water; clean provide nature pristine the maintain and sites; historical and archeological protect Land and Water Conservation Fund Water Land and the State Conservation Assistance Grant Program. Royalty revenues paid paid revenues Royalty Program. Grant Assistance Conservation State the for outdoor recreation activities by states and local governments through through governments local and states by activities recreation outdoor for and partner funding, and aligns conservation efforts across jurisdictions jurisdictions across efforts conservation aligns and partner funding, and agencies. management land federal other with in conjunction and activities, and provides grants for land acquisition through the American American the through acquisition land for grants provides and activities, of land development and purchase the and Program Protection Battlefield of wilderness by providing funds for federal land acquisition and grants. grants. and acquisition land federal for funds providing by of wilderness The Land and Water Conservation Fund allows for leveraging of state of state leveraging for allows Fund Conservation Water Land and The The Land and Water Conservation Fund supports NPS land acquisition NPS acquisition land supports Fund Conservation Water Land and The 52 National Park Service System Plan The Rivers, NPS Trails, and Conservation Assistance Program (RTCA) environment, and foster the next generation conservation of stewards. or improving more than trails, 28,000miles of conserving more than opportunities through locally ledpartnerships. It has provided assistance 50 states and many territories. The program has beenacatalyst increating 17,000 protected miles of river corridors, and preserving more than one and support to more than 7,000 urban and rural communities across all and improve access to rivers and natural areas, and create recreation million acres2014b). openspace RTCA (NPS of projects have connected state and local governments, and tribesplan parks and trails, conserve parks, waterways, and natural areas to people who might nototherwise provides to expertise help NPS community groups, units, NPS nonprofits, Rivers, Trails, andConservationAssistanceProgram helped make communities more livable, create new jobs,restore the have access. This program has assisted awide range projects of that have

53 One Hundred Years 54 National Park Service System Plan The continues NPS to seek ways to extend outstanding and accessible The national park system has grown and evolved considerably since its considerably since the establishment the of agency in1916. Each diverse communities. disconnectionof between the current system NPS and opportunities for theof nation’s most significant landscapes and resources, the incremental Beyond the 413park units, the programs the have of NPS also expanded alignment programs of toward and services overarching goals iscritical resources currently underrepresented inthe system. recreation opportunities to all Americans. The nation’s changing more fully represent America’s collective natural and cultural heritage. nature the of system’s growth and development has leftopportunities to significant challenge the NPS facesin its next 100 years is managing Summary the nation’s elected officialsof on thebehalf American people. One urban areas, many which of lack national park units, highlights adegree to the continued success conservation of for all stories, ecosystems, and these different roles and programs in complementary ways. The strategic program arose inresponse to specific authorities and actions taken by parks and programs to become more relevant to the nation’s growing and population and demographics and its decades-long migration into major inception. While the protects NPS and supports the preservation much of 55 One Hundred Years hip s artner P

ervation s on C apeake s he C he landscapes throughout the region to benefit landscapes throughout the region to benefit including economic sustainability; multiple values, working heritage; and cultural historic, scenic, quality water wildlife habitat; important lands; quality of life. overall and and supply; T Service the National Park An example of how connectivity is the is promoting landscape The Partnership. Conservation Chesapeake is working with a coalition Service National Park and of more than 50 diverse organizations and state agencies, including federal agencies, conservation-focused and land trusts, tribes, within engaged in conservation nonprofit groups, partners The Bay watershed. the Chesapeake of large are working to extend the conservation beneficial relationship that exemplifies exemplifies that relationship beneficial private investments. The result is a mutually is a mutually result The investments. private the best path forward for conservation conservation for forward path best the technical assistance with the skills, passion, and support of partnerships. of support partnerships. and passion, skills, the with assistance technical maintenance for assistance technical receive to stories and resources of the American people, people, American of the resources and stories significant support and is able to leverage to leverage able is and support significant more nimbly to conservation needs. Benefits to partners include eligibility eligibility to partners include Benefits needs. conservation to nimbly more managing all existing tools available to leverage federal investments and and investments federal leverage to available tools existing all managing funding by combining federal dollars with with dollars federal combining by funding financial assistance. In turn, the NPS receives receives NPSthe In turn, assistance. financial alternatives such as related areas, programs, programs, areas, as related such alternatives within of interpretation expansion and Related areas and programs offer an exciting and forward-thinking forward-thinking and an exciting offer programs and areas Related in NPS of resides the success future The designation. unit to alternative Private landowners, partner groups, and nonprofits are often able to react react to able often are nonprofits and partner groups, landowners, Private establishing new park units. park new establishing efforts. When contemplating more robust robust more contemplating When efforts. all includes fully more that conservation to prior be considered should units, existing or conservation activities and/or receipt of receipt and/or activities conservation or

Potential for Greater Preservation Three 58 National Park Service System Plan As noted previously, the national park system isone among many typesof collaborative decision making, and the sharing funding, expertise, of and ecosystems and resources that are notbeing protected or are vulnerable diversity and processes; and to include significant and vulnerable values that the system does notcurrently protect, while also working within the system, including identifying the gaps inresources and and this nation’s larger system protected of areas. In this chapter and inthe following chapter, the focus ison future efforts Conservancy, the National Trust for Historic Preservation, and both focused on resources within their respective boundaries. However, land representation the of American story; to protect the nation’s biological managers today are placing greater emphasis on connecting resources, restore connectivity. states, local government, and private organizations such as The Nature the cantake NPS to maintain and enhance both the national park system to current and emerging threats. to reflect the diversity the nation,of inclusive all of Americans; to expand protected areas was lessfocused on collaborative management and more private and public landowners. Until recently, this larger network of protected areas inthe United States, managed by other federal agencies, information. The intent additions of and changes proposed inthis plan is beyond boundaries to enhance relationships and preserve and C​ effective preservation, conservation, and recreation hapter 3focuses on opportunities for greater and more One Hundred Years 59

not

the public to promote history, protect resources, learn, recreate, learn, recreate, resources, protect history, promote to public the are recognized in the NPS Organic Act of 1916 and the NPS mission. NPS mission. the and of 1916 Act NPS Organic in the recognized are be important to continue will values human and Recreational Every unit in the national park system provides opportunities for for opportunities provides system park national in the unit Every needs legitimate important, These culture. American our link to and considerations within the NPS. the within considerations • identified in this chapter, several key points should be kept in mind: be should points key several chapter, this in identified interpretation of missing themes within existing units; partnering with with partnering units; existing within themes of missing interpretation States. The NPS does not, and cannot, protect all of America’s important important America’s of all cannot, protect NPS not, and does The States. local conservation groups to use NPS facilities to share those stories; or or stories; those share to use NPS facilities to groups conservation local private entities protect and conserve public land throughout the United United the throughout land public conserve and protect entities private possible additions to the system. For instance, an identified gap does gap an identified instance, For system. the to additions possible using technology to highlight missing pieces. missing highlight to technology using the NPS can and should acknowledge critical cultural and natural natural and cultural critical acknowledge NPS should can and the necessarily mean a new unit is required. Other federal, state, local, and and local, state, federal, Other is required. unit a new mean necessarily However, system. park national the within stories and resources future for those protect to strive and opportunities, and gaps resource generations where feasible. Additional protections can include expanded expanded can include protections Additional feasible. where generations In considering underrepresented and missing resources and stories stories and resources missing and underrepresented considering In Before looking at possible additions to the national park system, it is is it system, park national the to additions possible at looking Before Important Resource Gaps Gaps Resource Important Opportunities to Highlight Highlight to Opportunities critical to note several important factors that guided the identification of identification the guided that factors important several note to critical 60 National Park Service System Plan • • • Washington’s historic home inVirginia, isfully protected by the America’s oldest state park. Mount Vernon, President George The possible additions to the national park system identified on the entities. For example, the story space exploration of istold well by chapter asbeing underrepresented or missing inthe national park tellingof missing stories using existing units, programs, or on the importance or priorities for action on any the of possible NPS units.NPS Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association, aprivate nonprofit organization. Before seeking designation anew unit, of consider the possibility and the President when they are considering modifications to the additions. The listpossible of additions should assist Congress Other than noting that resources and stories are underrepresented, following pages are intentionally general and broad. Specific details, recognizes that only Congress or the President candesignate new national park system. The iskeenly NPS aware its of authorities and missing, or unprotected, this plan does notmake any judgments related areas. system because they are well protected and interpreted by other the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Smithsonian Institution. The magnificent Niagara Falls is protected Some important stories and resources were notincluded inthis including site locations and ownership, have notbeendetermined. by the State New of York Niagara of aspart Falls State Park—

61 One Hundred Years

in history, recreation, science and knowledge, population population knowledge, and science recreation, in history, park national the expand and shape, alter, continually all interests perpetuity. History is ongoing; cultural change and natural resource resource natural and change cultural is ongoing; History perpetuity. the national park system, but would strive toward a more fully fully a more toward strive would but system, park national the subject are and date experts to by studied concepts and themes further All need process. subjective of any shortcomings the to science, culture, and theory. and culture, science, stories. The cultural and natural resource gaps listed represent the the represent listed gaps resource natural and cultural The stories. in gap possible every represent cannot, not, and do lists The study. system. Therefore, the suggested additions would not “complete” not “complete” would additions suggested the Therefore, system. representative system, including important themes, values, and and values, themes, important including system, representative frequently updated and revised to meet the standards of evolving of evolving standards the meet to revised and updated frequently National park sites are influenced by continuous change: changes changes change: continuous by influenced are sites park National evolution will continue to progress. These lists will need to be be to need will lists These progress. to continue will evolution demographics, climate, technology, and Americans’ views and and views Americans’ and technology, climate, demographics, • implications before further obligating the taxpayer. Increasingly, the NPS the Increasingly, taxpayer. the obligating further before implications leverage to models other and partnerships in public/private is engaging is required for park creation, operations, and long-term management management long-term and operations, creation, park for is required philanthropy, and/or a park-specific endowment. endowment. a park-specific and/or philanthropy, system, and Congress will continue to consider legislation for new units. units. new for legislation consider to continue will Congress and system, budgetary the understand fully to made be must effort every system, funding opportunities. Consideration for additional units should identify identify should units additional for Consideration opportunities. funding Citizens will continue to advocate for additions to the national park park national the to additions for advocate to continue will Citizens and analyze funding alternatives and strategies such as partnerships, as partnerships, such strategies and alternatives funding analyze and of visitation and resources. When considering such increases to the the to increases such considering When resources. and of visitation When a new park unit is added to the national park system, funding funding system, park national the to is added unit park a new When 62 National Park Service System Plan Underrepresented Cultural Resources andValues organized according to cultural and historic themes, some themes categorization schemes, and the fact that many stories do notfit Park System Advisory Board 2012): Identifying patterns incultural themes isinherently difficult due to neatly into one category. Nonetheless, when the 413park units are stand out asmore heavily represented inthe existing system (National the subjective nature many of topics, differences opinion of regarding • • • White House, the site the of Gettysburg Address, the site his of Thirty-six units total) (9%of preserve remarkable architecture. An This amounts to the 33%of total units. The vast majority of Thirty-five units (9% total)of celebrate the lives US Presidents. of designs and styles. (5% of total).(5% of Four parks focus on armed conflict after World War II. with President Abraham Lincoln’s life and death are protected assassination, and hisnational memorial. and accomplishments. For instance, many locations associated architecture. These units highlight awide variety architectural of additional 12units include places important inthe fieldlandscape of Of the 413unitsOf inthe system, 135focus on war and armed conflict. represented: (1)the Civil War, which accounts for 54units (13%of total), and (2)the Revolutionary War, which accounts for 20units these 135units are dedicated to wars and conflicts that occurred Some Presidents have more than one unit dedicated to their life before World War II. Two particular conflicts are the most heavily by park units, including hisbirthplace, hischildhood home, the

One Hundred Years 63 which identified identified which 4 https://www.nps.gov/nhl/learn/themes/ThematicFramework.pdf by commenters and the steering committee were included below as as below included were committee steering the and commenters by be adequately represented, the existing national park system does not not does system park national existing the represented, be adequately in the National Park Service: Themes and Concepts,” and Themes Service: Park National in the internal scoping effort for this plan were reviewed. were plan this for effort scoping internal include all important cultural and historical resources and values that that values and resources historical and cultural important all include possible additions to the system. the to additions possible topics the NPS could consider in proposing additions to the system. the to additions in proposing consider NPS could the topics system, recommendations from both the National Park System Advisory Advisory System Park National the both from recommendations system, from NPS staff from all parks, regions, and programs from October October from programs and regions, all parks, NPS staff from from Ideas on additions to the national park system were also solicited solicited also were system park national the to additions on Ideas are part of America’s heritage. To identify possible cultural resources resources cultural possible identify To heritage. partAmerica’s ofare park national present the in units specific by unrepresented values and Cultural Advisory Board’s System Park National the (specifically Board of the results the C]), and [appendix report 2012 Committee’s Resource 4 2013 through January 2014. Cultural resources and values identified identified values and resources Cultural 2014. January through 2013 on these eight themes as well as the authors’ knowledge and insights of insights and knowledge authors’ as the as well themes eight these on of a number suggested committee The values. and resources cultural eight major themes and concepts that help conceptualize US history. US history. conceptualize help that concepts and themes major eight The committee looked at the NPS’ 1994 thematic framework, “History “History framework, NPS’ thematic 1994 the at looked committee The based system park national the in gaps some identified committee The While this short analysis sheds some light on areas that may already already may that areas on light some sheds analysis short this While 64 National Park Service System Plan These resources and values are notlisted inany order priority. of captured here. consigns groups people to of specific events inhistory, it is recognized or redundancy, or missing inthe present system. Although the list below were identified asbeing underrepresented, greater in need of emphasis Based on theBased above sources, historical anumber of and cultural topics that individuals and groups are notrelegated to only the events • • and society: Immigration and migration shape American culture, economy, Social organizations history: ------World War II,with public attitudes toward labor organizations of USindustrialof and economic development from the end of conditions inhospitals and prisons; abolition; civil rights; and culture, attitudes, and communities. Nationally important of Newof England farmers to the West and Midwest, Asian continues through the decline the of Detroit auto industry and changing throughout that time. The changing union story Unions and organized labor movements have their own unique Nationally important topics include the 20th “great century Professional organizations, fraternal orders, and reform groups each played arole inthe transformation of American migrant workers. migration” of African Americans northward, the movements social transformations communities, of and inthe larger story the care the of poor, the elderly, and the infirm. topics include the change ingender roles and responsibilities; the unionized firing of airtraffic controllers. the Civil War to the economic period of prosperity following immigration, immigration Latino from south to north, and history. They played arole inthe political, economic, and

One Hundred Years 65

people, reflect the American political and social landscape. landscape. social and political American the reflect people, the establishment of the Society for Gay Civil Rights in 1919. Rights Civil Gay for Society of the establishment the tribal economic development, the American Indian Movement, Movement, Indian American the development, economic tribal southwestern US, the ‘No Irish Need Apply’ movement, and and movement, Apply’ Need Irish ‘No US, the southwestern such as research, exploration, government, and the arts. the and government, exploration, as research, such mines and US railroads, the role of Spanish land grants in the the in grants land of Spanish role the US railroads, and mines rights, interactions between tribes, past and ongoing lawsuits, lawsuits, ongoing and tribes, past between interactions rights, Latino, and lesbian, gay, transgender, bisexual, and queer queer and bisexual, transgender, gay, lesbian, and Latino, and Malcolm X), the exchange and evolution of music within within of music evolution and exchange X), the Malcolm and universities. and Indian education, and 20th century federal Indian policy. Indian century federal 20th and education, Indian History of native people begins before European settlement settlement European begins before people of native History and accomplishments modern through continues and Nationally important topics include specific historic figures figures historic specific include topics important Nationally Nationally important topics include pioneers in movements in movements pioneers include topics important Nationally (e.g., W.E.B. Du Bois, Shirley Chisolm, Fannie Lou Hamer, Hamer, Lou Fannie Chisolm, Du Bois, Shirley (e.g., W.E.B. events such as Chinese labor in mining and the development of development the and in mining labor as Chinese such events of newspapers and publications, the environmental ethic ethic environmental the publications, and of newspapers colleges of black history the and Americans, African of concerning health, changing roles of women in work and family, family, and in work of women roles changing health, concerning fields to contributions women’s and women, for rights equal challenges. Significant topics include Indian treaties and treaty treaty and treaties Indian include topics Significant challenges. The experience of minority groups, such as Asian Americans, Americans, Asian as such groups, of minority experience The and places, figures, important include enlighten that Topics African American groups, housing discrimination, the role role the discrimination, housing groups, American African ------America’s diversity: America’s African American American history: African American Indians, Alaska Natives, and Pacific Islanders history: Islanders Pacific and Natives, Alaska Indians, American Women in American history: American in Women • • • • 66 National Park Service System Plan • • • Music and arts: History of American industry: History education: of ------American culture and artistic creativity has had aninternational American industry, and how industry built the US. The development the of USeconomy, including covered include forestry, cattle grazing, the USmilitary industry, Maya Angelou). we know today. Important topics include the riseand decline of world, and influential artists (e.g., Ansel Adams, Andy Warhol, western, rap, hip-hop),the export of American music to the and schools for theand blind. deaf Education isimportant to ademocratic society. Nationally and the history extraction of natural of resources, including frontier schools, segregated schools, urban schools, mission mines, oil and gas, and lumber. Other topics that could be schools, Indian schools, Rosenwald schools, public education, system and higher education (colleges and universities), school diploma, the evolution the of USpublic education the automobile industry and transportation, outsourcing of haul trucking industry; the “industrialized” riseof agriculture; heavy industry, such asthe steel industry; creation the of long- industrialization and de-industrialization, molded the America important topics include the increased necessity the of high history and innovation (e.g.,blues, bluegrass, country- influence. Topics that could be covered here include music

One Hundred Years 67

black codes; and carpetbaggers. and codes; black been repealed. innovations and inventors, new stories of advances in in of advances stories new inventors, and innovations in recent times. Telecommunications and the development of development the and Telecommunications times. in recent include: abolition of slavery; civil rights; reactionary forces; forces; reactionary rights; civil of slavery; abolition include: Science, technology, engineering, and math are key forces forces key are math and engineering, technology, Science, technological contexts for the beginnings of the current current of the beginnings the for contexts technological the sciences, (including emphasis on women and minorities), minorities), and women on emphasis (including sciences, the technology, to unrelated achievements science pure technology, that have shaped American society and culture, particularly particularly culture, and society American shaped have that on influences been huge have Internet the and computer the the Reconstruction period. Congress and Presidents Abraham Abraham Presidents and Congress period. Reconstruction the movement in the 1830s through the passage of the 21st 21st of the passage the through 1830s the in movement Lincoln and Andrew Johnson took a number of actions that that of number a actions took Johnson Andrew and Lincoln Topics Americans. of African rights the and South the affected amendment in 1933, changed and challenged social norms norms social challenged and changed in 1933, amendment communications explosion. communications changing American values about science, and the historic, historic, the and science, about values American changing of drugs and alcohol on society, the growth of organized of organized growth the society, on alcohol of and drugs has amendment a constitutional time only the and crime, during this time and had lasting social and political political and social lasting had and time this during impacts the warfare, class include Topics consequences. The period following the Civil War, from 1865-1877, was called called was 1865-1877, from War, Civil the following period The The Prohibition Era, from the beginning of the temperance temperance of beginning the the from Era, Prohibition The American culture and society. Topics include unsung heroes in in heroes unsung include Topics society. and culture American ------Science, technology, engineering, and math: and engineering, technology, Science, Reconstruction period: Reconstruction Prohibition Era: Prohibition • • • 68 National Park Service System Plan • • History USdiplomacy: of History land of conservation and environmental awareness: - - - - The national park system currently does little to address This theme directly relates to the mission the of NPS. Topics decides to go to war; peacediplomacy issues of including US environmental ethic, Americans’ values and relationship to the conservation movement figures (e.g., Aldo Leopold, Henry conservation, environmental ethic indigenous of cultures, nationalof significance include the evolving history of US inthe world community throughout history. This could and others; and the existing influence treaties.of David Thoreau, Edward Abbey), the an riseof American Civilian Conservation Corps, the history wilderness, of and relationships with the Nations, League of the United Nations multipurpose, and multi-stakeholder). the history USdiplomacy of and the changing role the of the 21st paradigm century for conservation (multijurisdictional, landscape, the transformation the of American landscape, the include topics such asthe history when of and how the US

One Hundred Years 69 is needed to understand whether these resources and values are are values and resources these whether understand to is needed potential inclusion in the national park system. Further information information Further system. park national in the inclusion potential represent that if places groups, the other by addressed and protected these should be added to the national park system. Wherever possible, possible, Wherever system. park national the to be added should these these values are currently protected by other organizations, or if any of of if or any organizations, other by protected currently are values these should be stressed that the above underrepresented cultural resources resources cultural underrepresented above the that be stressed should new themes should be incorporated into existing units or affiliates. It It affiliates. or units existing into incorporated be should themes new and values reflect this point in time, and this list will continue to to continue will list this and in time, point this reflect values and National Park System Advisory Board reports warrant further study for for study further warrant reports Board Advisory System Park National change as US population, society, and culture change. culture and society, as US population, change All of these topics identified by NPS staff scoping comments and the the and comments NPS scoping staff by identified topics All of these 70 National Park Service System Plan There are important natural resources and ecosystems representative Underrepresented Natural Resources ecological systems, topography, elevation, acoustic resources, water theof important natural features the of United States (e.g.,land cover, theof nation’s natural heritage and biodiversity that are notyet fully or owned conservation areas. ecosystems that have essentially zero conservation protection by the ecosystems (55%)are underrepresented inthe national park system completely unrepresented inthe national park system, and 392 (underrepresented isdefined asanecosystem with lessthan 5%of (Sayre, Nations, 2012; Benson staff andscoping). NPS This data (National Park System Advisory Board 2012), gap analyses by the 2013). Additionally, there are other important natural resources and 2012, appendix B,page 1). NPS orNPS any other federal agency, state, local government, or privately National Park Conservation Association and the USGeological Survey Multiple investigations have helped inform our identification and and ecological integrity the of landscape surrounding many park argues, “the current national park system isnotfully representative adequately protected inthe national park system or by other partners. Of the primary terrestrialOf ecosystems inthe United States, 111are resources, and species). Additionally, the size, spatial distribution, units leaves the ‘scenery, natural objects, and wildlife’ our national of understanding these of underrepresented resources and ecosystems, pollution, nonnative species invasions, and land-use change (NPSAB park system increasingly vulnerable” to stressors such asclimate, air its total land mass held in protection) (Sayre etal. 2012a; NPCA including assessment by the National Park System Advisory Board 71 One Hundred Years being proposed for addition to the national national the to addition for proposed being itself, it can work with many partner agencies to help achieve achieve help to partner agencies many with can work it itself, and groups private with partnerships innovative listed in any order of priority. order in any listed park system or in partnership for a national a national for in partnership or system park protection, either as part of the national as part national of the either protection, preservation. The National Park System System Park National The preservation. park system. Where these ecosystems ecosystems these Where system. park total area protected should be considered be considered should protected area total (NPSAB protection future for priority top this goal. Considerations for additional representation representation additional for Considerations goal. this the world’s terrestrial and inland water areas and 10% of coastal and and of 10% and coastal areas water inland and terrestrial world’s the should be considered when new areas are are areas new when be considered should should include alternatives to unit status such as as such status unit to alternatives include should network of conservation areas. of conservation network needed to prioritize these ecosystems for for ecosystems these prioritize to needed management should prioritize their their prioritize should management marine areas by 2020. While the NPS cannot achieve this goal by by goal this NPS cannot achieve the While 2020. by areas marine organizations. nonprofit Unprotected and underrepresented ecosystems ecosystems underrepresented and Unprotected 2012). It is clear that additional work is still is still work additional that is clear It 2012). 206 ecosystems with less than 5% of their 5% of their less than with 206 ecosystems currently exist within the NPS, park NPS, park the within exist currently and status protected without ecosystems countries to strive to achieve a target of conserving at least 17% of 17% of of least at conserving a target achieve to strive to countries The resources on the following page are not not are page following the on resources The The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) urges urges (IUCN) of Nature Conservation for Union International The Advisory Board recommended that 20 20 that recommended Board Advisory 72 National Park Service System Plan Underrepresented Categories Ecosystems of • • Freshwater biodiversity hotspots: Estuarine environments: - - - - communities. Unfortunately, these hotspots are often deserve additional consideration for protection because extremely important ecosystems their because of ability to filter United States and elsewhere globally, few freshwater sources Priorities [BioFresh], 2010–2014). Lakes, rivers, and wetlands yet these areas provide habitat for over all animals 10%of adjacent terrestrial habitats. The headwaters major of rivers Ecosystems: Status, Trends, Pressures, and Conservation and over all vertebrates 35%of (Biodiversity Freshwater of and mitigate human impacts, such aswater pollution. Including Estuaries, areas where freshwater and marine habitats meet, are are protected. Only the 1%of earth’s surface iscovered with freshwater freshwater and marine habitats meet. Estuaries serve asthe more than three-quarters the of fish that humans catch for such asclean water, healthy plant and wildlife populations, they support awide array human of and ecosystem services tidal zones and mangroves, these areas support some the of power generation, and economic benefits for downstream provide countless and invaluable benefits. Freshwater habitats highest levels biodiversity of because they are areas where increasingly, by the effects climateof change. Freshwater influenced to a heightened degree by human pressures and, have inherently higher biodiversity and species richness than biodiversity hotspots require heightened protection, yet inthe breeding and grounds nursery for marine wildlife, and support

73 One Hundred Years Sea level Sea level 5

but only a small percentage of the ecosystems in the ocean ocean in the ecosystems of the percentage a small only but buffers between the land and ocean, absorbing floodwaters and and floodwaters absorbing ocean, and land the between buffers have received protection. Marine environments support some some support environments Marine protection. received have protection because they will be future estuaries. be future will they because protection underrepresented ecosystems into the national park system system park national the into ecosystems underrepresented representative habitats is essential to ensure long-term survival survival long-term ensure to is essential habitats representative water, of the surface the beneath ecosystems different many reef systems, are highly illustrative of the need for inclusion of inclusion for need of the illustrative highly are reef systems, rise projections should be used to determine what areas need need areas what determine be used to should rise projections food or recreational purposes. Estuaries also serve as natural as natural serve also purposes. Estuaries recreational or food Century”). Currently, national marine sanctuaries, national national sanctuaries, marine national Century”). Currently, as resilience to climate change, sources for medical research, research, medical for sources change, climate to as resilience as valuable real estate from storm and flood damage. flood and storm from estate real as valuable whose habitats are being affected by climate change and and change climate by affected being are habitats whose wildlife refuges, and national parks cover only a small fraction fraction a small only cover parks national and refuges, wildlife (see NPSAB 1999 “Rethinking the National Parks for the 21st 21st the for Parks National the (see NPSAB 1999 “Rethinking ocean acidification. of the largest ecosystems on earth, and provide services such services such provide and earth, on ecosystems largest of the organisms marine for support and of species, new discovery of the marine environment in need of protection. A strategically A strategically of in need protection. environment marine of the of range a broad covering of reserves marine system designed are there ecosystems, terrestrial As with species. of myriad dissipating storm surges. This protects upland habitat as well as well habitat upland protects This surges. storm dissipating Marine ecosystems, including deep open water and shallow shallow and open water deep including ecosystems, Marine - - Marine ecosystems: Marine http://water.epa.gov/type/oceb/nep/about.cfm • 5 74 National Park Service System Plan 6 • • http://www.longleafs.info/pages/ecosystem.html Terrestrial ecosystems dependent on maritime climate: Grasslands: - - - - Also known asprairies, perennial bunchgrasses and, to alesser These terrestrial ecosystems are highly dependent on maritime drought-deciduous shrubs adapted to the semi-arid climate of community ischaracterized by low-growing aromatic and climate, including wind and fog. A prominent example is covered by grasslands. Today, approximately grasslands 5%of degree, forbs comprise these areas. Grasslands are invaluable dependent on maritime climate include California chaparral, US, 5% of originalUS, 5%of prairies remain intact (National Geographic which asfew as1,500 acres old growth of forest remain. and urbanization. For those grasslands notyet protected, the are protected globally. Protected grasslands are threatened by and declining wildlife species. theA quarter of earth was once adapted to aspecific fireof infrequent, regime high-intensity Located on high-value coastal zone real estate, chaparral frequency inchaparral, especially insouthern California. Fire fire. Human-caused fires have dramatically increased fire for abroad spectrum reasons, of including habitat for migrating relatively high incidence threatened of or endangered species suppression may further erode this community. There isa the California coastal scrub community. The coastal scrub through the restoration disturbed of lands. the Atlantic coastal plain and longleaf pine woodlands, of the coastal lowlands. Other examples terrestrial of ecosystems primary threat isconversion to farmland. In the continental population expansion. This community isdrought tolerant and Society. 1996-2015). Grassland units could beestablished is particularly vulnerable to threats associated with human invasive species and fire suppression, as well asfragmentation

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75 One Hundred Years

buffer environmental change, such as sea level rise, when when rise, as sea level such change, environmental buffer insects, have affected other components of the ecosystem. of ecosystem. the components other affected have insects, include examples such as the Mojave or Great Basin Deserts. Great or Mojave as the such examples include highly desirable locations for residential and commercial uses, uses, commercial and residential for locations desirable highly Coastal environment. dynamic a naturally is normally in what proximity to human population centers, and their ability to to ability their and centers, population human to proximity protection due to their high diversity and productivity, productivity, and diversity high their to due protection threaten high deserts and exacerbate the impacts of climate of impacts climate the exacerbate deserts and high threaten tidal flats, and along the Pacific northwest coastline, to name a name to coastline, northwest Pacific the along and flats, tidal seeking refuge in higher elevations because of the effects of effects of because the elevations in higher refuge seeking functioning naturally. functioning few. These areas provide important habitat for plants, wildlife, wildlife, plants, for habitat important provide areas These few. Coastal ecosystems in need of protection are located on the the on located are of in need protection ecosystems Coastal Arctic along Alaska, in Keys, Florida in the Gulf of Mexico, During this same period, winter snows have melted earlier. earlier. melted have snows winter period, same this During as predatory such species, native some and species Invasive those and/or as sagebrush), (such desert species Declining High deserts are generally over 2,000 feet in elevation and and in elevation 2,000 feet over generally are deserts High and fisheries, and help protect communities from the impacts impacts the from communities protect help and fisheries, and were built in the wildland urban interface of the western US. US. western of the interface urban wildland in the built were which have resulted in hardened surfaces and development development and surfaces in hardened resulted have which Urban encroachment and the associated wildfire suppression suppression wildfire associated the and encroachment Urban change. Between 1990 and 2007, more than eight million homes homes million eight than more 2007, Between 1990 and change. ecosystems deserve close consideration for additional future future additional for consideration close deserve ecosystems of storms, sea level rise, and climate change. They are often often are They change. climate rise, and sea level of storms, dependent on chaparral habitat. This habitat also serves as an as an serves also habitat This habitat. chaparral on dependent rapidly on infringing growth population of human example ecosystems. diminishing - - - - Coastal ecosystems: Coastal High elevation desert: elevation High • • 76 National Park Service System Plan Additional Natural Resource Gaps Another example isthe broad category highly of productive ecosystems, corridors are conservation tools that enable land managers to restore and corridors, migratory avian stopovers, highly productive ecosystems, dark commercial and housing development. These communities were once on the landscapes inwhich they occur. which have beenlargely eliminated in the United States through In addition to the underrepresented ecosystems mentioned, other natural as viewing astarry sky, but are also critical for maintaining nocturnal and sound. Natural lightscapes are critical for nighttime scenery, such Dark skies or natural lightscapes, and natural soundscapes, describe a and abundance. among the most productive intermsplant of and animal species diversity Corridors were once thought to belinear strips premier of habitat but found inavariety ecosystem of typesand locations. For example, habitat natural resource value that exists inthe absence human-caused of light needs and characteristics the of species for which they are designed and maintain habitat connectivity for species. They are important features resources, systems, and ecological processes are underrepresented in skies, and/or geological features. They support key ecological functions this strict interpretation has beenproven too narrow from abiodiversity that facilitate the movement species of between areas core of habitat. the national park system. These invaluable resources include habitat perspective. The size, shape, and quality acorridor of depend on the habitat. Many wildlife species rely on natural patterns light of and dark desert, some which of isprotected by other federal and deserts. Much the of western United States has high elevation climate change, are becoming increasingly dependent on high state agencies.

77 One Hundred Years in conserving natural resources, systems, and ecological processes. processes. ecological and systems, resources, natural in conserving Scientists generally agree that several examples of diverse species and and species of diverse examples several that agree generally Scientists place. When thinking about gaps in the national park system, it is critical critical is it system, park national in the gaps about thinking When place. to consider these more abstract types of gaps that serve to fill certain certain fill to serve that types of gaps abstract more these consider to resources to the system is the need to ensure some level of redundancy of redundancy level some ensure to need is the system the to resources for navigation, to cue behaviors, or hide from predators. Lightscapes Lightscapes predators. from hide or cue behaviors, to navigation, for One more important consideration in adding underrepresented natural natural underrepresented in adding consideration important more One events (including climate change). climate (including events ecosystems need to be preserved to weather potentially catastrophic catastrophic potentially weather to be preserved to need ecosystems can be cultural as well, and may be integral to the historical fabric of a fabric historical the to be integral may and as well, can be cultural services. or functions ecosystem 78 National Park Service System Plan of species,of habitat, overall biodiversity, and landscape conservation are conservationof area designs for more than 20years, current applications connectivity means collaborative conservation istargeted at ensuring that described above, it iscritical to protect what the national park system well-being, but landscape attributes are challenging to protect compared Landscape connectivity isawell-established principle supported by the and historical authenticity. It canand must beboth core and essential to a and seascapes most capable sustaining of ecological integrity and cultural across park boundaries, including international boundaries. Landscape already includes through “landscape connectivity” at spatial scales In addition to protection important of natural resources and ecosystems failing to implement the extensive connectivity needed. scientific community. This landscape function iscritical for many species’ Landscape Connectivity to parcels the of landscape. Although connectivity has beenanattribute term conservation. The national park system contains many the of land permanent anchors conservation of inacontinuum uses. of protection isenacted at the appropriate spatial scales that ensure long- larger national vision, with the national parks and historic sites as serving One Hundred Years 79 is vital to reducing impacts on people and natural ecosystems through through ecosystems natural and people on impacts reducing to is vital loss of species—are dire, the second-order consequences—the loss of consequences—the second-order the dire, loss of species—are to stressors such as climate change and alternative energy development development energy alternative and change as climate such stressors to species interactions—may be more ominous. It is widely agreed that that agreed is widely It ominous. be more interactions—may species strategic approaches. The upslope and latitudinal shifting of biomes of biomes shifting latitudinal and upslope The approaches. strategic natural resource conservation at all levels. levels. all at conservation resource natural more important to conserving plants and animals under potential future future potential under animals and plants conserving to important more major large-scale stressors such as climate change, air pollution, land use use land air pollution, change, as climate such stressors large-scale major Landscape connectivity is key to addressing the interactive effects of effects interactive the addressing to is key connectivity Landscape (major ecosystem types) due to climate change makes connectivity even even connectivity makes change climate to due types) ecosystem (major connectivity identification, preservation, and restoration is important for for is important restoration and preservation, identification, connectivity conditions. Although the first-order effects of the biodiversity crisis—the crisis—the biodiversity the of effects first-order the Although conditions. change, and invasive species. Understanding and managing our response response our managing and Understanding species. invasive and change, 80 National Park Service System Plan While the mission NPS isgenuinely embraced, our nation’s population, economic benefits parks provide. The future system should bemindful of will continue to shape and influence our system. Parks and protected with its changing communication and lifestyles, and diversity cultures, of areas will likely become increasingly valued for the societal and human responsiveness to achanging population and environment, and the ability Summary to remain relevant. to the environmental and resource conservation benefits they provide. potential additions that offer and serve these multiple benefits in addition Success the will of depend NPS on the agency’s flexibility and in their awareness and understanding the of health, recreation, and benefits they provide. Communities and researchers alike are growing 81 One Hundred Years

A Vision for Success: The National Park Service in the Second Century Four 84 National Park Service System Plan These broad-reaching goals canbest beachieved through the support The goals and key actions inthis plan will bereevaluated and updated The goals and proposals inthis plan should be viewed asaframework of local communities,of state and national government agencies, explored, developed, and elaborated on with scientific rigor. work toward the common, shared goals this of plan. In addition, different groups canusethis plan indifferent ways, to all for future action—it isintended that the proposals will befurther friends groups and other long-standing newand partners, suggested follow-up actions under each goal. periodically by the Park NPS Planning and Special Studies Program. individuals. The plan includes the identification challenges of and • • • • T Bringing Parks to People Embracing New Conservation Roles Consideration New of Units ContinuousGap Analysis ​ following categories: he goals the of plan are organized inthe

85 One Hundred Years 86 National Park Service System Plan C continue to evolve. our interpretation it of isdynamic; therefore, these lists gaps of must also expansion interpretation of within existing units. However, history and F Goal #1:Support Continuous Gap Analysis gaps that are unrepresented or underrepresented inthe current national Chapter 3provides detailed information on cultural and natural resource park system. These should bepriorities for inclusion inthe system or ollow hallen • • • • conservation needs will continue to evolve. Any list of companies willing to donate mapping to services ensure anupdated cultural themes and studies. Use GIS and other databases to facilitate adynamic evaluation of and needs to include natural systems and resources, aswell as and theory. and revised to meet the standards evolving of science, culture, History isongoing. Cultural values and natural resource gaps inthe national park system over time. Build partnerships with Cultural stories should beconnected across themes; examples Connectivity needs to beexamined across abroader perspective represented throughout many layers history. of underrepresented resources will need to befrequently updated picture ecosystems of and cultural resources inNorth America. include civil rights stories and immigration stories that are - u g p es

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parks to ensure they are balanced and historically correct. Explore Explore correct. historically and balanced are they ensure to parks park units, categorize fundamental resources and values in order in order values and resources fundamental categorize units, park Provide underrepresented. are themes what and system, park priorities for underrepresented areas every five years. The The years. five every areas underrepresented for priorities this analysis to partners and Congress for use when identifying identifying use when for Congress partners and to analysis this to identify which themes are adequately addressed in the national national in the addressed adequately are themes which identify to to gather authentic and valid preservation needs. If there are are If needs. there preservation valid and authentic gather to areas. underrepresented new units. new Once park foundation documents have been completed for all all for been completed have documents foundation park Once Convene discussions with other experts, authors, and advocates for for advocates and experts, authors, other with discussions Convene and of natural analysis additional provide to a CESU with Contract gaps in the system. the in gaps group would connect with the American public, scientists, and and scientists, public, American the with connect would group Enlist an objective, professional organization, such as the National National as the such organization, professional an objective, Enlist Board or appropriate professional organizations to examine examine to organizations professional appropriate or Board ways to include missing themes within existing units. existing within themes missing include to ways cultural resource gaps in the system. in the gaps resource cultural different segments of the American population to identify possible possible identify to population American ofthe segments different conservation organizations such as the National Trust (and others) others) (and Trust National as the such organizations conservation advocacy grassroots through proposed candidates outstanding additional recommend may board the of a member Congress, or cultural and natural resource gaps in the system and recommend recommend and system the in gaps resource natural and cultural The NPS director could request a committee of the NPS Advisory Advisory NPSof the committee a request could NPS director The Association for Interpretation, to evaluate the stories being told in in told being stories the evaluate to Interpretation, for Association • • • • • 88 National Park Service System Plan • or degraded. depending on whether resources/stories were being preserved existing data to create anindex rating number for major natural and cultural themes. The index number would change over time, representation aparticular resources of setof or stories. Correlate system by auniversity research group to identify the quality of Support the development ascientifically of basedindexing

• of Natural Landmarks describe themes and gaps inthe system 1994) and Concepts Update older documents NPS that Park System andontheNational Registry Report 2003). NPS, Updated documents as needed. These include the National Park Service, Themes and rather than static papers. should bemaintained asliving documents (Cultural Resource Report NPS, Natural History intheNational (Natural Resource History in One Hundred Years 89

Resource Studies . It is recommended that that is recommended . It Management Policies 2006 Policies Management is required. Special resource studies should first and foremost address address foremost and first should studies resource Special is required. potential units, national suitability should also include an analysis an analysis include also should suitability national units, potential NPS Agenda”—an “Urban the under efforts to connect and populations protection efforts in partnership with others. As stated elsewhere in this this in elsewhere stated As others. with in partnership efforts protection several improvements be made in the analysis of the four criteria, which which criteria, four of the analysis in the be made improvements several relevancy for all Americans. all for relevancy resources in the face of climate change. In addition, it should include include should it addition, In change. of face climate in the resources recommendation or denial when applicable. Alternative conservation conservation Alternative applicable. when denial or recommendation for potential new unit designation. unit new potential for and how the potential unit would provide redundancy or protection of protection or redundancy provide would unit potential the how and some For context. landscape as part of unit a larger of the analysis all possible ways to incorporate new themes into existing units or other other or units existing into themes new incorporate to ways possible all finding a positive recommending before options conservation alternative an affiliated area, national historic area, and national natural landmark), landmark), natural national and area, historic national area, an affiliated as stipulated in NPS as stipulated The system. park national the in be included should theme or area will allow Congress and the public to better consider whether a particular a particular whether consider better to public the and Congress allow will Goal #2: Improve Process for Consideration of Consideration for Process #2: Improve Goal NewUnits of the provision of appropriate recreational opportunities for urban urban for opportunities recreational of appropriate provision of the to build programs and parks many its organize strategically to effort document a cultural or natural resource gap does not mean a new unit unit a new not mean does gap resource natural or a cultural document outcomes of a study should continue to include alternatives to unit status status unit to alternatives include to continue should of a study outcomes as (such status area related recommend to potential the include options leverage and bolster will that NPSprograms specific with participation or criteria should all continue to be evaluated in special resource studies studies resource in special be evaluated to continue all should criteria The analysis of suitability should include a discussion of climate change, change, of climate a discussion include should of suitability analysis The The national significance, suitability, feasibility, and direct management management direct and feasibility, suitability, significance, national The A. Enhanced Assessment of Criteria during Special of Criteria during Special A. Enhanced Assessment 90 National Park Service System Plan This analysis feasibility of needs to include an investigation the of Thoughtful reflection upon the missing resources, values, and stories opportunity to provide visitor technological services, and other carefully weighed, and funding alternatives explored, before anew unit constraints, the ability the of agency to acquire the land or resources, management.of This will enable Congress and the public to more of constrainedof funding, this analysis isbecoming increasingly important developmentof and operational alternatives, and associated funding NPS needs toNPS improve its analyses the of required details on the feasibility roleNPS inpreserving values or systems asawhole; exploration should and other resources), and the difficultyof oreaseprotection of the and thematic stories. about suitability. Investigations should include considerations the of and should beamore developed element special of resource studies. and philanthropy should also beaconsideration feasibility of for funding strategy recommended prior to designating anew unit. In anera fully consider aspects management of such asoperations, management requirements. Alternative funding sources and strategies should be start-up costs, total cost ownership, of commitment partner funding (of presented inchapter 3should the beanimportant of deliberation part potential new park units. Funding should beidentified and a preferred land or resources inthe future. Budgetary considerations should be identified and analyzed for feasibility. The potential partnershipsrole of infrastructure needs. Study evaluation should include adetailed analysis is recommended. include the significance creating of connections across physical landscape 91 One Hundred Years

: es g Suitability, feasibility, and direct NPS management need to be be to need NPS management direct and feasibility, Suitability, prior to resource protection or unit designation. unit or protection resource to prior study analysis. analysis. study Conditions of resources during the time of study efforts may change change may efforts of time study the during of resources Conditions Consistent application of study criteria across the nation is needed. nation the across criteria of study application Consistent analyzed with the same vigor as national significance as national vigor same the with analyzed Availability of financial resources is needed to complete thorough thorough complete to needed is resources of financial Availability • • • • hallen by another governmental entity, partner, or private sector. Considerations Considerations sector. private or partner, entity, governmental another by partnership opportunities may be considered, such as a national heritage heritage a national as such be considered, may opportunities partnership some cases, state or local agencies, nonprofit partners, and other groups groups other partners, and nonprofit agencies, local or cases, state some may be identified as the better direct manager of a resource. In this case, case, this In ofresource. a manager direct better the as identified be may requires NPS direct management that cannot or will not be accomplished not be accomplished will cannot or that management NPS direct requires In provide. can agency the benefits the outline clearly and management area, landmark site, or affiliated area. area. affiliated or site, landmark area, Finally, NPS needs to improve its analyses of whether the resource resource the of whether analyses its improve NPS to needs Finally, For example, consider sea level rise projections in evaluating potential potential in evaluating rise projections sea level consider example, For Feasibility analysis should consider climate change projections in in projections change climate consider should analysis Feasibility of direct management should identify the strengths brought by NPS by brought strengths the identify should management of direct evaluating potential effects on the NPS’s ability to maintain the area and and area the maintain to NPS’sthe ability on effects potential evaluating visitation. and operations park support necessary to infrastructure the on area. the on effects C 92 National Park Service System Plan F ollow • • • • • • • • Take into consideration the opportunities for appropriate evaluation techniques and study suitability, feasibility, and the other stressors. other visitor experiences that may beaffected by climate change or Use special resource studies to identify alternatives to aproposed and experiences, asaway to better connect to new visitors and Include physical and emotional connectivity to urban communities, Reassess the current criteria to incorporate more consistent area, related area (such asanational heritage area), or connections as anaffiliate or national heritage area). Establish consistent and clear guidelines for related area status (such Continue to seek legislation or other means that clearly defines the Consider units that provide redundancy, and resiliency, to protect Consider the relationship the of resource or theme to human values national scenic and historic trails, to the national park system. relationship related of areas, such asnational heritage areas and natural resources, cultural resources, recreational amenities, and recreational experiences that anew unit may provide. requirement for direct management, ingreater depth. users of NPS programs. NPS users of to cultural resources, to other programs and units, and to other to ecological systems, to large-scale landscape conservation efforts, to conservation NPS programs. unit when applicable. This may include designation asanaffiliated protected areas outside the national park system. - u p

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highest priority projects and initiatives. Like the NPS, the the the NPS, Like highest priority projects and initiatives. fulfill critical funding needs. Each year the National Park Park Each year the National fulfill critical funding needs. Foundation also provides broader support for initiatives that provides broader support for initiatives that also Foundation Key partners like the National Park Foundation help help Foundation the National Park partners like Key millions of dollars to the NPS for its contributes Foundation to take action. to take practices, inspire innovative solutions, and motivate citizens citizens and motivate solutions, inspire innovative practices, demonstrate environmental leadership, promote sustainable promote sustainable environmental leadership, demonstrate

provide long-term operational support for a new unit. Identify Identify unit. a new for support operational long-term provide taxpayer by rigorous analysis of funding needed to create and and create to needed of funding analysis rigorous by taxpayer funding alternatives for development and operations. and development for alternatives funding Carefully consider new and long-term financial obligations to the the to obligations financial long-term and new consider Carefully • be a leader in safeguarding our national resources, and providing providing and resources, national our in safeguarding be a leader high investment returns that flow flow that returns investment high B. Seek Sustainable Funding B. Seek Sustainable park units in 2015. During this time, time, this During in 2015. units park the national park system is promoting awareness and appreciation of appreciation and awareness is promoting system park national the in this is a step Foundation, Park National of the support the through throughout the country requires the NPS to be proactive in addressing in addressing be proactive NPS to the requires country the throughout second century. High returns are are returns High century. second million recreation visits to national national to visits recreation million range of public benefits and the the and benefits of public range from the NPS as it approaches its its approaches NPS as it the from financial sustainability. financial an effort is the need to collaborate collaborate to need the is an effort promote to partners nonprofit and wide of the an understanding visitors generated $32 billion in in $32 billion generated visitors with other agencies and private private and agencies other with what America’s national parks and NPS programs have to offer. The The offer. to have NPS and programs parks national America’s what Maintaining a high quality national park system, continuing to to continuing system, park national quality a high Maintaining 295,000 jobs (NPS 2015c). 2015–2016 NPS “Find Your Park” campaign, which was made possible possible made was which campaign, Park” Your NPS “Find 2015–2016 economic activity and supported supported and activity economic demonstrated by the more than 307.2 307.2 than more the by demonstrated direction. Complementing such such Complementing direction. continued programmatic support and leadership for communities communities for leadership and support programmatic continued Another important step in ensuring the long-term financial viability of viability financial long-term the in ensuring step important Another 94 National Park Service System Plan C eight million hours, estimated at atotal value to more the of NPS than entrance fees, new models for concession operations, new partnership who usethe parks, fees from concessioner operations, and through a role inpromoting and supporting amore integrated system. Congress charged the with NPS protecting units the of park system maintaining and protecting existing park resources and being able to play models public-private of land management, and increasing our capacity opportunitiesnumber of to develop additional funding sources through $182 million, easing the financial operations burden for hundreds of to leverage resources. partner Funding for the national park system to manage these special places. Additionally, the has embraced NPS a parks 2016). Financial (NPS sustainability isfundamental to sufficiently philanthropy. Additionally, in2015, volunteers contributed approximately primarily comes from congressional appropriations, fees from visitors in perpetuity. The annual appropriations Congress of allow the NPS hallen • Without aclear understanding the of economic benefits generated funding needed to conserve and protect units and programs of the service. by the the NPS, public and Congress may not fully support the g es : One Hundred Years 95

: ons i ct A p u - into all major planning activities that involve capital investment, investment, capital involve that activities planning major all into designation. unit new or expansion, unit infrastructure, parks and programs, in perpetuity, similar to the Smithsonian Smithsonian the to similar in perpetuity, programs, and parks philanthropic assistance by individuals and organizations; monetary monetary organizations; and individuals by assistance philanthropic national park programs to provide assistance and services including services and including assistance provide to programs park national governments, and other partners and programs. partners and other and governments, Implement a policy inclusion of total cost of ownership principles principles of ownership cost of total inclusion a policy Implement and nonmonetary contributions from nonprofits, states, local local states, nonprofits, from contributions nonmonetary and support to funded structure endowment an independent Establish endowment. Institution’s Explore alternative and creative funding models to meet the needs needs the meet to models funding creative and alternative Explore of the national park system as well as enhance the capacity of capacity the as enhance as well system park national of the • • • ollow F 96 National Park Service System Plan Additional designations are usedfor places affiliated withNPS butnotthe As discussed inchapter 2, The numerous designations national of park units confuse staff, visitors, cemeteries, national recreation areas, unitsof inthe national park different labels. The National ParksSecond Commission Century in2009 National Wild and Rivers. Scenic These designations are notsubject to Park nomenclature should bestreamlined. Ideally, all existing park also recommended simplifying the designations number of to enhance and the public, and diminish the identity. NPS Commenters during the C. SimplifyParkNomenclature most there part, isnofunctional difference in these units. All the unitsof national parkways, national rivers, and national trails. For the national seashores, national lakeshores, national national preserves, subject to the management same NPS policies. system, including: national scoping process for this plan noted the national park system has too many the same laws and are managed by different entities. there are 28different types units should update their names to reflect the following streamlined list. part of the of nationalpart park system, such asnational heritage areas and some parks, national battlefields, national parks, national monuments, public awareness the of unity the of system. in the national park system have equal legal standing, and them all of are historic sites, national historical

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: ons i ct : A

National Recreational Park Recreational National National Historical Park Park Historical National Park Memorial National Monument National Park National es p g u ------identify a preferred name for the proposed new unit. new proposed the for name a preferred identify system should be limited to the following five titles: five following the to be limited should system nomenclature. At a minimum, future additions to the national park park national the to additions future a minimum, At nomenclature. During the special resource study process, the planning team should should team planning the process, study resource special the During Different titles diminish NPS identity and lead to perceptions that that to perceptions lead and NPS identity diminish titles Different Preferably, all units should be updated to a streamlined a streamlined to be updated should units all Preferably, Numerous designations confuse visitors and the public. the and visitors confuse designations Numerous different areas are managed under different policies. different under managed are areas different • • • • hallen ollow implement. Therefore all new units should be limited to one of five titles titles of five one to be limited should units new all Therefore implement. However, it is recognized that such a change may result in even more more in even result may change a such that is recognized it However, below. as listed F confusion for the public, and would be very costly and time consuming to to consuming time and costly be very would and public, the for confusion C 98 National Park Service System Plan effectiveness toward meeting shared goals and ultimately they advance opportunities to increase partnerships. The and its NPS already partners conservation and preservation. Alignment parks, all NPS of programs, effective cooperative arrangements and collaboration with others. The essential to establishing, managing, monitoring, and acquiring protected Goal #3:Embrace New Conservation Roles with international collaboration, continental and oceanic) network of work that benefits the public good. This will bea cornerstone of and long-time Focusing partners. additional effort on partnerships and and the proactively NPS works with avariety groups of including other and partnerships would leverage existing efforts and provide new In addition to the procedural modifications outlined in the previous areas and historic sites throughout the United States. For these reasons, Collaborative partnerships with others result ingreater efficiency and federal agencies, local governments, the private sector, and both new national park system should become the core element anational of (and relationships with new groups and agencies will become even more section, new approaches for parks and protected areas will becritical to the success the of agency and its inachieving partners shared goals in the long-term viability the of national park system, and the broader platform inwhich its parks and programs play akey role, depends on lands and waters. Where terrestrial and aquatic protected areas share implementation efforts that stem from the System Plan. arePartners often important inthe second NPS’ century. have successful tools to support conservation and preservation goals, One Hundred Years 99 borders, such as Olympic National Park and the Olympic Coast National National Coast Olympic the and Park National as Olympic such borders, including stewardship and civic engagement. civic and stewardship including imperative of protecting the distinctive role and future of the national national of the future and role distinctive the of protecting imperative park system within the broader American landscape and consciousness. consciousness. and landscape American broader the within system park unit and programmatic efforts, a renewed emphasis on partnerships on partnerships emphasis renewed a efforts, programmatic and unit structure that extends beyond park boundaries. This may require a a require may This boundaries. park beyond extends that structure they how and manage, they set, how they objectives includes This success. national heritage areas; connections across landscapes such as wildlife as wildlife such landscapes across connections areas; heritage national managed for resiliency and connectivity, guided by scientific research, and and research, scientific by guided connectivity, and resiliency for managed conservation a fulfilling thereby stewardship, cycle life for responsible focus more on working within an increasingly integrated structure—a structure—a integrated an increasingly within working on more focus actively cultivating partnerships and building reciprocal relationships relationships reciprocal building and partnerships cultivating actively and appreciation for national park system connections among other other among connections system park national for appreciation and and collaboration marks a shift in the way the NPS operates. Internally, Internally, NPS operates. the way in the a shift marks collaboration and with communities and other agencies to achieve multiple public goals, goals, public multiple achieve to agencies other and communities with within the NPS, this shift requires that all park units and program staff program and units park all that requires NPS, shift this the within vision across ecologically connected boundaries. This network should be be should network This boundaries. connected ecologically across vision NPS programs and park units; connections within landscapes such as as such landscapes within connections units; park and NPS programs Marine Sanctuary, unique opportunities exist to embrace this holistic holistic this embrace to exist opportunities unique Sanctuary, Marine (“Revisiting Leopold” report, 2012.) report, Leopold” (“Revisiting corridors; and connections with communities and partners. It means means partners. It and communities with connections and corridors; change in the way park and program managers define and measure measure and define managers program and park way in the change understanding a broader requires also It stakeholders. with communicate While partnerships have always been an important component of park of park component an important been always have partnerships While 100 National Park Service System Plan While the has made NPS great strides inthese areas over the years, NPS The canperform NPS avariety roles of with to partners achieve its equitable footing. Partnerships should bebasedon acommon desire to essential to success these of models aslong-term solutions to preservation conserving resources and histories beyond park boundaries. Interagency and conservation. The intends NPS to build relationships partner on and other land management organizations. As with all partnerships, research, and interpretation. mission. By working with others, the isacatalyst NPS and aleader in solve issues related to conservation, cultural preservation, education, thoughtful consideration both capacity and of partner NPS will be parks and programs should strive to: pathway to successful conservation efforts with local communities planning efforts and collaboration are, and will continue to be,acritical • • • • • • explore ways to better integrate and connect existing park units, conservation, education, economic, and recreation efforts develop new, innovative, and collaborative approaches to park and natural landmarks) related areas, and conservation program lands (e.g., national regional planning ,and landscape-scale resource protection members and partners nurture and sustain reciprocal relationships with community seek new and more meaningful methods engaging of support the principle, One NPS engaging incoordinated promote, build upon, and expand already successful partnerships park stakeholders

One Hundred Years 101

local communities, and increasingly, private and nonprofit groups to to groups nonprofit and private increasingly, and communities, local ecosystems larger public outreach and engagement to build relationships with diverse diverse with relationships build to engagement and outreach public partner more broadly with other federal, state, and local agencies, agencies, local and state, federal, other with broadly partner more test innovative new approaches for more expansive and effective effective and expansive more for approaches new innovative test of land ownership of land of society segments demographic and communities conserve important wildlife corridors, historic places and trails, and and trails, and places historic corridors, wildlife important conserve mixes and partnerships more featuring of parks models new explore • • • preservation of the historical development of US agriculture and its its and of US agriculture development historical of the preservation the NPS provides technical assistance, planning, and limited financial financial limited and planning, assistance, technical NPS provides the that connects visitors to nationally important cultural, natural, and and natural, cultural, important nationally to visitors connects that share stories about a region’s history and character, and often contain contain often and character, and history a region’s about stories share scenic resources across large-scale landscapes. By encompassing large large encompassing By landscapes. large-scale across resources scenic resources along the Atchafalaya River across 14 parishes in south-central in south-central 14 parishes across River Atchafalaya the along resources natural assets of a region. These community-based efforts preserve and and preserve efforts community-based These assets of a region. natural global significance across a 37-county area in northeastern Iowa. Iowa. in northeastern area 37-county a across significance global geographic areas, national heritage areas have the ability to promote and and promote to ability the have areas heritage national areas, geographic Louisiana to tell the stories of the culturally rich Cajun culture as well as well culture Cajun rich culturally of the stories the tell to Louisiana American Caribbean, and African, of European, population as a diverse not NPS units, are areas heritage national Although descent. Indian country. the around areas heritage national with in partnership assistance a mixture of public and private property. National heritage areas also also areas heritage National property. private and of public a mixture the promotes and interprets Area Heritage National Stacks Smoke and work to support conservation, community revitalization, and economic economic and revitalization, community conservation, support to work development across these lived-in landscapes. For example, the Silos Silos the example, For landscapes. lived-in these across development encourage the protection of the interconnected historic, cultural, and and cultural, historic, interconnected of the protection the encourage The Atchafalaya National Heritage Area connects cultural and natural natural and cultural connects Area Heritage National Atchafalaya The As an example, national heritage areas are one partnership model model partnership one are areas heritage national As an example, 102 National Park Service System Plan C hallen • • • As agovernment agency, the faces NPS limitation interms legal of There isaneed for of protectionof systems that conservation do nothave the same level oversight of or necessity for public develop and maintain exist to help employees theof organization. No employees at all levels conservation agencies, a global network of authority to enter into and maintain partnerships. It canbedifficult Increasingly, partnership formal program or steps related areas and skills are needed by to recognizing partners and valuing the responsibility the NPS to develop and sustain partnerships with other organizations that these essential skills. programs, and all other park management. partners andpartners nonprofits. legal authority to developing partnership skills employees NPS of including units, NPS includes aspectrum has to engage allthe members of public inproviding input on involvement asthe federal government. Issues range from NPS g es :

12,000 squaremilesonthecoastinfourstates: The GullahGeecheeCultural HeritageCorridoris The GullahGeecheeCultural HeritageCorridoris and celebrates theongoingcultural andlinguistic a nationalheritageareathatencompassesover Carolina andSouth Carolina. Corridor Commission. Commissionersworkin T managed bytheGullahGeechee Cultural Heritage partnership withtheNPSand theStateHistoric traditions ofdescendantsenslaved Africans from various ethnicgroupsofwesternandcentral Africa. Preservation OfficesofFlorida, Georgia, North Florida. The corridorcommemorates thehistory North Carolina, SouthCarolina, Georgia, and he G u llah G ee c hee C u lt u ral

H erita g e C orridor

One Hundred Years 103

: ons i ct A p u - benefits of designation are strong and clearly defined. clearly and strong are of benefits designation become part of a greater preservation and conservation vision. conservation and preservation part of a greater become Strengthen related area evaluations so that study for inclusion as as inclusion for study so that evaluations area related Strengthen Seek better and more innovative training that will assist NPS staff assist in will that training innovative more and Seek better Seek to clarify and expand NPS authority to enter into and support support and into enter to NPS expand authority and clarify Seek to protection with partner-supported management under limited limited under management partner-supported with protection procedures are regarding resource protection. resource regarding are procedures partners, and take steps to develop partnership knowledge skills skills knowledge partnership develop to steps take partners, and partnerships. Currently legal and policy authorities limit NPS access NPS access limit authorities policy and legal Currently partnerships. that include partnership and joint management in which partners in which management joint and partnership include that to tools used by states and nongovernmental organizations. By By organizations. nongovernmental and states used by tools to national wild and scenic river) is consistently applied and so that so that and applied is consistently river) scenic and wild national nonfederal partners with a realistic view of what NPS policies and and NPS of policies view what a realistic partners with nonfederal federal funding. federal a related area (affiliate, national heritage area, national trail, or trail, national area, heritage national (affiliate, area a related Explore new preservation models that combine federal ownership ownership federal combine that models preservation new Explore Engage in a study of new and emerging management paradigms paradigms management emerging of and new in a study Engage and abilities throughout the NPS workforce. the throughout abilities and with partner management as a way to leverage federal legal legal federal leverage to a way as partner management with working with a more diverse public and, at the same time, provide provide time, same the at and, public diverse a more with working expanding NPS authorities we can more easily move in sync with with in sync move easily can more we NPS authorities expanding • • • • • ollow F 104 National Park Service System Plan • • • • • Assistance Program. connecting people to openspace. exist to support landscape connectivity, conservation, and/or outside park of boundaries. development outside apark that canaffect visitor enjoyment of connections around nationally significant resources, stories, Provide integration parks of and programs that enhance community Promote alandscape-level approach to conservation that Program, and National Register Historic of Places sothe public approaches or designations such asthe Chesapeake Bay Gateways Historic Landmarks Program, National Natural Landmarks Landmarks Program, the Japanese American Confinement and Watertrails Network and the Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor, which are nottraditional units NPS but are successful Conduct agap analysis that includes current landmark sites, park Clarify other benefits programs NPS of such as the National models partnerships. of fornecessary long-term protection. staff staff fundsto useNPS to support landscape-level conservation units and other protected lands to understand where opportunities unimpaired vistas, night skies, or natural sounds. Encourage park understands why anational park unit designation isnotimplicitly Site Grants Programs, and the Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Some examples current of programs include the National Natural Support the development heritage of areas and other collaborative history, or opportunities beyond traditional boundaries. NPS incorporates both biological and cultural systems, and considers

One Hundred Years 105

historical authenticity, provide transformative visitor experiences, experiences, visitor transformative provide authenticity, historical and manage the national park system as the core of a national of a national core as the system park national the manage and 2012.) report, Leopold” and improve coordination among units in telling these stories, stories, these in telling units among coordination improve and Examine and apply new ways to present multiple stories in parks, in parks, stories multiple present to ways new apply and Examine conservation network of connected lands and waters. (“Revisiting (“Revisiting waters. and lands of connected network conservation ensuring the stories of all Americans are being told. being are Americans of all stories the ensuring and cultural and integrity ecological preserve to of resources park The NPS should make as its central resource policy the stewardship stewardship the policy resource central as its make NPS should The • • 106 National Park Service System Plan The envisions NPS expanded opportunities for improved engagement The first the century NPS was of about bringing people to parks and the of urban communities,of rural communities, and new and more diverse could share resources and programming to connect visitors with other embrace this evolution. For example, parks that are thematically linked cooperative agreements, and partnerships to come together inurban example, the Urban NPS Agenda suggests using the full array NPS of can beusedwhere possible, but perhaps combined innovel ways. For Goal #4:BringParks to People visitors. For example, the canexplore NPS opportunities to restore with parks and other protected areas, the will build NPS astronger areas such asDetroit. programs NPS and resources need to continue to as away to engage local youth inthe park unit. Existing programs also far from park units. In these areas, programs NPS allow it to still have a relationship with individuals and communities across awide spectrum of second will century bemore about bringing parks to the people. The NPS support for tax credits, national historic landmarks, heritage areas, to homes and communities. Technology has changed our communication providing both physical and emotional connections for people to connect park units that are physically distant from the one they are visiting. By presence inthese communities. landscapes near urban areas inpark units and usethe restoration work locales and demographics. is increasingly concentrated inurban areas with many people located in ways that we could never have imagined and the needs to NPS has aunique opportunity to bring wide-open spaces and national stories be integrated to better reach diverse audiences. The nation’s population One Hundred Years 107

property is located in Alaska. in is located property units located within them. within located units to urban citizens, as they are more likely to have connections to to connections have to likely more are as they citizens, urban to same criteria, there are 133 NPS units (32%) that are within 50 miles miles 50 within are (32%) that 133 NPS units are there criteria, same most populated US cities. Sixty-six percent of all national park park of national all percent Sixty-six US cities. populated most majority of NPS land is distant from major cities. For instance, 95% 95% instance, For cities. major from of is distant NPS land majority In total, 40 of the 50 most populated urban areas have national park park national have areas urban populated most 50 of 40 the total, In Inside the city limits of these same 20 cities, there are 80 NPS units. 80 NPS units. are there 20 cities, same of these limits city the Inside Examining population and proximity shifts the story. Using the the Using story. the shifts proximity and population Examining www.nps.gov/urban within a short drive of an NPS unit. drive a short within More than 80% of Americans live in urban areas. areas. in urban live Americans 80% of than More education programs through schools and to public transportation. public to and schools through programs education of those same city boundaries; so 31.9% of the US population is is US population of the so 31.9% boundaries; city same of those of all national park property is outside a 50-mile radius of the 20 20 of the radius a 50-mile is outside property park of national all Thirty-six percent of all NPS visitation occurs in urban areas. areas. in urban occurs of NPS all visitation percent Thirty-six These units offer the largest existing opportunity for outreach outreach for opportunity existing largest the offer units These An analysis of acreage protected by NPS units reveals that the vast vast the that reveals NPS units by protected of acreage An analysis • • • • • •

National Park Units in Vicinity of Major Cities Number Including park units within a 50-mile radius. of Units 50-mile St. Louis radius 108 City Seattle

Minneapolis Boston New York Detroit Philadelphia

National Park Service System Plan Service System Park National Chicago Baltimore Washington, DC San Francisco Denver Bay Area St. Louis Los Angeles San Diego Phoenix Atlanta Dallas

Houston Tampa Miami One Hundred Years 109 Seattle San Francisco Bay Area Bay San Francisco Phoenix St. Louis St.

Tampa San Diego

5 8 3 2 3 national monument 1 1 2 national historic site 2 national historical park 2 national park 1 national monument 1 national recreation area 1 national monument 1 national seashore 1 national memorial 1 national reserve 1 national historical park 1 national historic site 1 national memorial 1 national historic site 1 national memorial

New York | Philadelphia York New Miami Miami Minneapolis

Baltimore | Boston national historical park national memorial

8 national monument 94 2 2 Washington, DC Washington,

3 national recreation area 2 national seashore 2 national wild and scenic river 2 national battlefield 2 national battlefield park 24 national historic site 2 national military park 2 national scenic trail 11 other designation 1 parkway 16 17 1 national park 1 national scenic river 1 national preserve 1 national park 1 national river 1 national wild and scenic river Atlanta N/A Los Angeles Detroit Detroit Denver Houston Dallas

Chicago

0 6 2 2 2 2 1 1 national park 1 national recreation area 1 national memorial 1 national battlefield park 1 national preserve 1 national monument 1 national park 1 national lakeshore 1 national monument 1 national scenic trail 1 national recreation area 1 national battlefield park 1 national preserve 1 national historic site 1 national monument 110 National Park Service System Plan Another way to connect visitors to natural and cultural resources across diverse stories already present inparks. communities across the country. There isalso aneed to better tell the communities, and areas with previously low exposure to the agency, the NPS will strengthenNPS community outreach inthe future. with states and other authorities. In addition to acting on these opportunities, the will beproactive NPS It isfederal policy to recognize and promote trails and riverways by agencies and states have along history cooperative of development and and encompass all generations diverse of populations inall typesof and work toward interpretation, education, and other opportunities across the United States. The should NPS identify these populations alone, asmany diverse populations exist insuburban and rural locations Efforts to engage diverse audiences should notbelimited to urban areas management river of and trail corridors pursuant to the National Trails to engage adiverse range visitors. of These efforts will embrace youth providing financial assistance, support volunteers,of and coordination practice and to expertise work effectively inurban communities, rural large landscapes isvia river and trail corridors. The and other NPS federal System Act 1968and the of National Wild and Rivers Scenic Act 1968. of in engaging with communities. By developing astrong community of 111 One Hundred Years

: : es ons g i ct be undertaken in a way that engages community partners, NPS community engages that in a way be undertaken increasingly diverse communities. diverse increasingly have limited access to areas preserved by the NPS others. and the by preserved areas to access limited have participate in educational programming outside park units or visit visit or units park outside programming in educational participate virtually. parks parks and why, what groups are using NPS programs, and how how and NPS programs, using are groups what why, and parks programs) to understand what the demographics of the second second of the demographics the what understand to programs) to engage these underrepresented groups. This effort should should effort This groups. underrepresented these engage to to invigorate the approaches used to bring resources of the NPS to NPS of to the resources bring used to approaches the invigorate to related disciplines. related Collect existing data and new study data on park visitors (units and and (units visitors park on data study new and data existing Collect Government agencies are historically slow to adopt quickly quickly adopt to slow historically are agencies Government Reassess the way the NPS counts visitors, including those who who those including visitors, NPS counts the way the Reassess and partner programs, and cutting-edge social science and and science social cutting-edge and partner programs, and Increasingly, the American population is concentrated in urban in urban is concentrated population American the Increasingly, may and transportation public on rely often citizens These areas. visiting parks now, what groups or demographics are not visiting not visiting are demographics or groups what now, parks visiting younger demographics that quickly embrace these technologies. these embrace quickly that demographics younger century will include. A comprehensive study and subsequent subsequent and study A comprehensive include. century will is of who understanding a better allow will plan development changing technologies; this hinders the ability for outreach to to outreach for ability the hinders this technologies; changing Work to find methods to integrate system units and NPS programs NPSprograms and units system to integrate methods find to Work A

• • • • • ey hallen K C 112 National Park Service System Plan • • • • • • • Work to ensure that physical connections to parks and other connect people to openspace. exist to support landscape connectivity, conservation, and/or create opportunities for underserved areas and populations. online media and applications. cannot only consume new content, but contribute their stories Use new technologies to reach youth populations where they Develop agap analysis that includes current landmark sites, park Invest inmore mobile and distributed digital visitor experiences to Develop themes and interpretive programming inother languages Reach out to youth by using popular platforms and interactive and perspectives. Connect visitors to parks virtually through new digital experiences units, and other protected lands, to understand where opportunities that incorporate wearable, mobile simulated experiences. programming and facilities to accommodate visitors all abilities. of protected areas are accessible to all visitors. This includes accessible in addition to English.

One Hundred Years 113

incorporation of health considerations in planning, interpretation, interpretation, in planning, considerations of health incorporation Support park managers and partners who wish to use creative use creative to wish partners who and managers park Support park boundaries. park to national parks or open spaces. Work with partners to explore explore partners to with Work spaces. open or parks national to the national trail system and connected trail network, especially especially network, trail connected and system trail national the areas. in urban connections account into taking methods to provide technical assistance and funding outside of outside funding and assistance technical provide to methods and researchers to identify locations where significant portions portions significant where locations identify to researchers and and management. Work with nonprofit organizations, universities, universities, organizations, nonprofit with Work management. and Provide technical assistance to encourage parks to consider better better consider to parks encourage to assistance technical Provide Undertake a trail system assessment to identify needs and gaps in in gaps and needs identify to assessment system a trail Undertake of the American population do not have any reasonable access access reasonable any have not do population American of the gaps. these bridging for opportunities • • • 114 National Park Service System Plan Whether connecting people to the outdoors, providing federal matching The Path Forward As we look to the future, there are considerations, anumber of challenges, Today, more than ever, Americans have reason to beproud their of enriching the lives all of Americans. continue to empower communities and further promote conservation continue to inspire present and future generations, programs and NPS come from, and our connection to the natural world. The national parks our heritage and learnmore about who we are asapeople, where we outdoor recreation efforts among its partners, it will need to strike a National Register Historic of Places) to coordinate and support public and archeological resources, the has played NPS animportant role in and private efforts to identify, evaluate, and protect America’s historic and connections to our natural and cultural heritage. as continue to foster broader conservation, historic preservation, and and opportunities that will influence the extent to which willthe NPS grants to states to beused for community trails via the and Land Water Conservation Fund, or administering anational program (such asthe national parks. The national park system inspires usto connect with in order to simultaneously balance needs within the system, aswell balance with many internal and external (often competing) factors. be able to successfully achieve its mission. The understands NPS that One Hundred Years 115 benefits of the NPS mission are often integral to improving the quality quality the to improving integral often are of NPS the benefits mission intersect with other ongoing efforts throughout the country that align align that country the throughout efforts ongoing other with intersect linked to the success of its partners and the breadth of its partnerships. partnerships. of its breadth the partners and of its success the to linked shared understanding of these evolving responsibilities and how they they how and responsibilities evolving of these understanding shared strengthening communities, extending economic benefits, improving improving benefits, economic extending communities, strengthening national park system. park national and ensure that the vibrancy of these places is reflective of our nation’s of nation’s our is reflective places of these vibrancy the that ensure and agencies. By identifying and promoting wider conservation initiatives initiatives conservation wider promoting and identifying By agencies. in role an important play to NPS can continue the partnerships, and with the NPS mission. In considering these and other factors, the System System the factors, other and these considering In NPS mission. the with Plan identifies strategies, goals, and actions that will strengthen the system system the strengthen will that actions and goals, strategies, identifies Plan cultural and natural heritage for the next 100 years. next the for heritage natural and cultural of life everywhere touched by the national park idea. An important An important idea. park national the by touched everywhere of life a generate is to Plan Service System Park National of the component catalyst, and collaborator with citizens groups and other government government other and groups citizens with collaborator and catalyst, our by represented values the preserving ultimately and of life, quality The NPS recognizes that its future viability and success is inextricably is inextricably success and viability future its that NPS recognizes The as a convener, serve to NPS continue the that requires forward path The While evolving responsibilities present new challenges to the NPS, the NPS, the the to challenges new present responsibilities evolving While Appendixes Appendixes

Contributors

Glossary

Selected References

Appendix A: Units in the national park system and related areas as of December 2016

Appendix B: NPS Programs Appendixes 118 National Park Service System Plan Vic Knox Contributors Patrick Gregerson B.J. Johnson Debora Cooper Elaine Leslie Laura Joss KodakDon Sarah Craighead Shawn Benge System PlanSteering Committee Name Washington Office Washington Office Washington Office Alaska Region Assistant Regional Director, Associate Director, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky Mammoth Cave National Park Natural Resource Stewardship and Park Planning, Facilities and Lands, Pacific West Region Park Planning, Facilities and Lands, Fort Collins, Colorado Biological Resources, Regional Director, Harpers Ferry Center Former Director, Former AssociateDirector, Denver Center Service Former Planning, of Chief Resources and Subsistence, Chief of Planning, of Chief Chief, Superintendent, Science Directorate, Title/Program, Location

One Hundred Years 119

Title/Program, Location Title/Program, Superintendent, Superintendent, Area Recreation National Monica Santa Superintendent, State and Local Assistance Programs Division, Division, Programs Assistance Local and State Cultural Resources, Partnerships, and Science, Science, and Partnerships, Resources, Cultural Chief, Program, Recreation Outdoor and Conservation Chief, Chief, Chief, Former Director, Director, Former Service Center Denver Director, Director, Service Center Denver Director, Regional Deputy Former Deputy Associate Director, Associate Deputy Former Information, Planning, Compliance, and Geographic Geographic and Compliance, Planning, Partnerships and Civic Engagement, Engagement, Civic and Partnerships National Capital Region Capital National Region Midwest Parks, Memorial and Mall National Washington, DC Washington, Washington Office Washington Office Washington Washington Office Washington Name Sam Whittington Sande McDermott Sande Gay Vietzke Gay Ray Todd David Szymanski David Bob Ratcliffe Joel Lynch Joel Patricia Trap Patricia Tammy Stidham Tammy 120 National Park Service System Plan Warren Brown Tamara Delaplane Nell Conti Jonathan Jarvis Joan Harn Kerri Cahill Laura Babcock Kassandra Hardy Christina Goldfuss Document Contributors, Preparers andReviewers Shalanda Grier Babcock Scott Name Washington, DC Washington Office Washington Office Washington Office National Park Service, NRSS-Biological Resource Management Division Management Assistant, Program Manager, Planning Project Manager, Planning Branch Chief, Project Manager, Former Director, Hydropower AssistanceProgram, Fort Collins, Colorado Large Landscape Initiatives, Denver Center Service FormerStudent Trainee, Former Deputy Director, Denver Center Service Denver Center Service Denver Center Service Former Supervisory Technical GIS Specialist, Former Planning, of Chief NPS Denver Center Service Denver Center Service GIS Specialist, Congressional and External Relations, Title/Program, Location

One Hundred Years 121

Title/Program, Location Title/Program, Superintendent, Superintendent, GIS Supervisor, Supervisor, GIS Chief of Staff, Operations, Operations, Cultural Resource Specialist, Specialist, Resource Cultural Denver Service Center Denver Service Center Denver Denver Service Center Denver Service Center Denver Manager, Project Former Rivers, Trails and Conservation Assistance, Assistance, Conservation and Trails Rivers, Director, Deputy Former Manager, Project Former Service Center Denver Denver Service Center Denver Service Center Denver Service Center Denver Program Manager, Manager, Program Project Manager, Manager, Project Chief, Branch Planning National Park Service, Park National Parkway, Trace Natchez Natural Resource Specialist, Specialist, Resource Natural Tupelo, Mississippi Tupelo, Acting Director, Director, Acting Washington, DC Washington, Washington Office Washington Office Washington Name Samantha Richardson Samantha Stephan Nofield Stephan Cynthia Nelson Cynthia Carrie Miller Carrie Brenda Todd Brenda Doug Wilder Larissa Read Ray McPadden Ray Peggy O’Dell Peggy Mary Risser Michael Rees Michael Reynolds Michael 122 National Park Service System Plan * Wanda Lafferty National Park artist Ángel Service López. a breath the of National Park All original Service. artwork created by About the artwork Ángel López Melody Bentfield Philip Viray James Corbett Laura WattLaura Danielle Stevens Kelly Hatton Ken Bingenheimer Publications Services, Denver Service Center Service Denver Services, Publications Name . The drawings throughout this System Plan catch Publications Supervisor Former Contract Editor Former Visual Information Specialist Former Contract Editor Former Editor Former Publications Supervisor Former Editor Former Contract Librarian Contract Editor Title One Hundred Years 123 ) Management Policies 2006. Policies Management — NPS management in partnership with with in partnership — NPS management — An aspect of a cultural system that is valued by by is valued that system of a cultural An aspect — — Affiliated areas are neither federally owned nor directly nor directly owned federally neither are areas Affiliated — — A methodology used to identify gaps in a system. in a system. gaps identify used to A methodology — information about a culture. A cultural resource may be a tangible entity entity be a tangible may resource A cultural a culture. about information interdependence among managing organizations and extensive need for for need extensive and organizations managing among interdependence Sites Act of 1935. Act Sites structures, museum objects, and ethnographic resources for NPS for resources ethnographic and objects, museum structures, significant properties outside the national park system, some of which ofwhich some system, park national the outside properties significant management purposes. (NPS management national historic sites by the Secretary of the Interior under the Historic Historic the under Interior Secretary of the the by sites historic national for a park; for example, private landowners, nonprofits, as well as local as local well as nonprofits, landowners, private example, for a park; for Gap Analysis Gap Cultural Resource Cultural Cooperative Management Cooperative and state governments may all have a direct role in the stewardship of stewardship in the role a direct have all may governments state and of degree a high by is characterized management Cooperative a park. administered by the NPS, but use NPS assistance. These areas preserve preserve areas These NPS, use NPS but assistance. the by administered were recognized by acts of Congress and others which were designated as as designated were which others and of acts Congress by recognized were Glossary of Historic Places, and as archeological resources, cultural landscapes, landscapes, cultural resources, as archeological and Places, of Historic or significantly representative of a culture, or that contains significant significant contains that or of a culture, representative significantly or as categorized are resources cultural Tangible practice. a cultural or Register National the for objects and structures, buildings, sites, districts, collaborative solutions to management challenges. challenges. management to solutions collaborative other entities that may own land and have management responsibility responsibility management have and land own may that entities other Affiliated Area Affiliated 124 National Park Service System Plan Advisory Board, authorized in1935,advises the Director the and of NPS Management Policies 2006 characteristics such asscenic views. (Largely taken from NPS erosion, cave formation, wildland fire); biological resources (e.g., native over the landscape. The term includes physical resources (e.g., water, air, or impede movement between resource patches.” (Taylor etal. 1993.) connectivity canbedefined as“the degree to which landscapes facilitate 2006 as part of the of nationalas part park system. The term isusedinterchangeably in Natural Resource National Park System Advisory Board night skies and acoustic resources); physical processes (e.g.,weather, succession, and evolution]); ecosystems; and highly valued associated soils, topographic features, geologic features, paleontological resources, systems, and values that would occur in the absence human of dominance Park Landscape Connectivity the the of Secretary Interior on matters relating to the the NPS, national this document with “unit,” and “park unit.” (NPS plants, animals, communities, biological processes [e.g.,photosynthesis, park system, and programs administered by the NPS. , Glossary.) — Any one the of hundreds areas land of of and water administered —Term that encompasses natural resources, processes, , Chapter 4.) — In anatural resource context, landscape — The National Park System Management Policies One Hundred Years 125 Management Management , Glossary.) — Partners are individuals, organizations, and agencies that that agencies and organizations, individuals, are — Partners — Anyone who physically visits a park for recreational, recreational, for a park visits physically who Anyone — interpretive and educational services, regardless of where such use use such of where services, regardless educational and interpretive produce greater results than one entity could achieve alone. achieve could entity one than results greater produce play a crucial role in the stewardship of individual national parks or the the or parks national of individual stewardship in the role a crucial play Partners stewardship or advancing outdoor recreation. Partnerships allow allow Partnerships recreation. outdoor advancing or stewardship national park system as a whole. Partner organizations and agencies agencies and organizations Partner as a whole. system park national Policies 2006 Policies occurs (e.g., via Internet access, library, etc.). (NPS etc.). library, access, Internet (e.g., via occurs common goals. The relationships are mutually beneficial and ultimately ultimately and beneficial mutually are relationships The goals. common otherwisewho a park’s uses or purposes, scientific or educational, often have complementary missions to the NPS, such as environmental as environmental NPS, such the to missions complementary have often of achievement the toward resources their to pool organizations different Visitor 126 National Park Service System Plan Selected References 2009a 2006 2005 2012 2013b 2013a 2011 2009b 1994 1992 1991 National Park (NPS) Service Harmon, David “National Park System: 2009Visitor Survey Card “History inthe National Park Service: Themes and Concepts” “National Parks for the 21st Century: The Vail Agenda.” “Beyond the 59 “National Park Overview.” Service Washington, DC “Engaging Independent Perspectives for a21st-Century “A Call to Action –Preparing for aSecond of Century The National Parks The National Parks Index 2009-2011 Available online at: Affairs and Harpers Center,Ferry Washington,DC The National Parks: Shaping the System. Washington, DC US National Park System,” NPS NPS National Park System” vol. 29. Data Report” Center, West Virginia. salespub-feature.cfm themes_concepts.htm Stewardship and Engagement” http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/hisnps/NPSThinking/ Management Policies th Park: Reforming the Nomenclature the of : ShapingtheSystem http://www.nps.gov/hfc/products/pubs/ The George Wright Forum . Office of Public Office . 3 rd ed.Harpers Ferry

,

One Hundred Years 127

http://www.nps.gov/aboutus/ http://www.nps.gov/aboutus/ https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/ ) http://www.nps.gov/policy/ ) ) go.nps.gov/vse budget.htm budget.htm news/upload/Site_Designations_02-23-16.pdf for the 21st Century” 21st the for Contributions to Local Communities, States, and the the and States, Communities, Local to Contributions Large Landscape Conservation” Landscape Large Nation.” Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/EQD/NRR- Report Resource Natural Nation.” NPSPrograms_September2013_small.pdf 2016/1200. ( 2016/1200. Areas.” Available online at: at: online Available Areas.” Available online at: at: online Available “Planning for a Future National Park System: A Foundation A Foundation System: Park National a Future for “Planning Idea” Park National the “Advancing “Rethinking the National Parks for the 21st Century”21st the for Parks National the “Rethinking “FY 2016 NPS Greenbook” ( NPS“FY 2016 Greenbook” Economic Effects. Spending Visitor Park National “2015 “FY 2015 NPS Greenbook” ( NPS“FY 2015 Greenbook” Affiliated and Service Units Park of National List “Complete “National Park Service Programs.” Washington, DC Washington, ServicePrograms.” Park “National to Approaches Collaborative Up: 22, Scaling Action to “Call National Parks Second Century Commission Second Parks National National Park System Advisory Board. Advisory System Park National National Park Service (NPS) Park National 1999 2012 2009 2015b 2015c 2014b 2016 2013c 2014 128 National Park Service System Plan Taylor, P. D., L.Fahrig, K.Henein, and G. Merriam 2012 2012 1993 National Parks Conservation Association and National Park Hospitality Association Sayre, Roger, James D. Nations, Laurence Benson “Connectivity isaVital Element Landscape Structure.” of “New Poll Likely of Voters Finds Unity inPublic Support for Oikos USGS-NCPA Ecosystem Gap Analysis National Parks.” ( press-releases/2012/poll_parks_support_080712.html 68:571-573 http://www.npca.org/news/media-center/

) One Hundred Years 129 7 Kalaupapa Kaloko-Honokohau Keweenaw Gold Rush Klondike Kings Mountain Ridge Pea National Historical Parks Blackstone River Valley Boston Dayton Aviation Heritage First State Harpers Ferry Underground Railroad Tubman Harriet Hopewell Culture Independence Cane River Creole Cedar Creek and Belle Grove Chaco Culture & Ohio Canal Chesapeake Colonial Cumberland Gap Vicksburg Shiloh George Rogers Clark Abraham Lincoln Birthplace Abraham Adams Court House Appomattox Jean Lafitte NHP and Preserve Source: NPS 2016. Source: related areas as of as 2016 areas December related Wilson’s Creek Wilson’s Horseshoe Bend National Military Parks County and Spotsylvania Fredericksburg Battlefields Memorial Manassas Richmond River Raisin National Battlefield Site Brices Cross Roads National Battlefield Parks National Battlefield Mountain Kennesaw Fort Donelson Fort Necessity Fort Monocacy Moores Creek Petersburg National Battlefields Big Hole 7 Chickamauga and Chattanooga Cowpens Guilford Courthouse Gettysburg Stones River Antietam Tupelo Appendix A: Units in the national park system and and system park national the in A: Units Appendix Units in the National Park System

130

Alaska National Park Service System Plan Service System Park National Guam Puerto Rico & Virgin Islands

Hawaii

American Samoa One Hundred Years 131 Herbert Hoover Roosevelt D. Home of Franklin Hopewell Furnace Post Hubbell Trading Villages Knife River Indian Edgar Allan Edgar Allan Poe Eisenhower Eleanor Roosevelt Eugene O’Neill First Ladies Theatre Ford’s Bowie Fort Davis Fort Laramie Fort Larned Fort Point Fort Raleigh Fort Scott Fort Smith Fort Post Trading Union Fort Vancouver Fort Douglass Frederick Law Olmsted Frederick Hill Friendship Hampton Truman Harry S. Carter G. Woodson Home Woodson Carter G. Charles Pickney Christiansted Barton Clara Golden Spike Ranch Grant-Kohrs James A. A. James Garfield Jimmy Carter Kennedy John Fitzgerald John Muir naunau ō War in the Pacific War Rights Women’s Bent’s Old Fort Bent’s Boston African American Board of Education Brown v. National Historic Sites Pecos Pu’uhonua o H II Home Front War World Rosie the Riveter / Natchez New Bedford Whaling New Orleans Jazz Nez Perce Alto Palo Battlefield Great Falls Paterson Lowell Johnson B. Lyndon Project Manhattan Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller Minute Man Morristown Lewis and Clark Lewis and Carl Sandburg Home Valley Forge Valley San Juan Island Saratoga Sitka Salt River Bay NHP and Ecological Preserve San Antonio Missions Maritime San Francisco Andersonville Andrew Johnson Allegheny Portage Railroad Allegheny Portage Thomas Edison Thomas Tumacacori 132 National Park Service System Plan BirthplaceHome Tuskegee Institute Tuskegee Airmen Thomas Stone Theodore RooseveltInaugural Theodore RooseveltBirthplace Steamtown Springfield Armory Iron Works Saugus Sand CreekMassacre San Juan Salem Maritime Saint Paul’s Church Saint-Gaudens Sagamore Hill Vanderbilt Mansion Puukohol President William JeffersonClinton Pennsylvania Avenue Ninety Six Nicodemus Minuteman Missile Minidoka Mary McLeodBethuneCouncilHouse Buren Martin Van Martin LutherKing, Jr. Manzanar L. WalkerMaggie Headquarters Longfellow House– Washington’s Little RockCentral HighSchool Lincoln Home Ulysses S. Grant Weir Farm Washita Battlefield ā Heiau Johnstown Flood Jefferson NationalExpansionMemorial Arlington House, The RobertE. LeeMemorial Arkansas Post Apostle Islands General Grant Sleeping BearDunes Saint CroixIsland Coronado Chamizal International HistoricSite Indiana Dunes Port Chicago Naval Magazine Perry’s Victory &International Peace Mount Rushmore Martin LutherKing, Jr. Lyndon BainesJohnsonMemorialGroveon Lincoln Memorial Lincoln Boyhood Korean War Veterans Hamilton Grange Franklin DelanoRooseveltMemorial Fort Caroline Flight 93 Federal Hall De Soto National Memorials Pictured Rocks National Lakeshores the Potomac William Howard TaftWilliam Whitman Mission One Hundred Years 133 Lava Beds Lava Little Bighorn Battlefield Montezuma Castle Muir Woods Bridges Natural Navajo Florissant Fossil Beds Florissant Fossil Frederica Fort Matanzas Fort Shrine McHenry NM and Historic Fort Monroe Fort Pulaski Fort Stanwix Fort Sumter Fort Union Fort Butte Fossil Beds Hagerman Fossil Hohokam Pima America Homestead National Monument of Honouliuli Hovenweep Katahdin Woods and Waters Dinosaur Effigy Mounds El Malpais El Morro Ocmulgee Oregon Caves Organ Pipe Cactus George Washington George Washington Birthplace George Washington Carver Gila Cliff Dwellings Governors Island Portage Grand Jewel Cave Beds John Day Fossil World War War World II Wright Brothers Washington Monument Washington War World I Devils Postpile Devils Tower Buck Island Reef Bandelier Equality Women’s Belmont-Paul Washington T. Booker National Monuments National Monuments Roger Williams Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers Young Charles Chiricahua Colorado of the Moon Craters Castillo de San Marcos Castle Clinton Castle Mountains Cedar Breaks Chávez César E. Cabrillo Canyon de Chelly Cape Krusenstern Capulin Volcano Ruins Casa Grande Vietnam Veterans Alibates Flint Quarries Aniakchak Aztec Ruins African Burial Ground Beds Agate Fossil Thaddeus Kosciuszko Thaddeus Island Roosevelt Theodore Jefferson Thomas 134 National Park Service System Plan Yucca House Tuzigoot Tule SpringsFossil Beds Tonto Timpanogos Cave Arches Acadia Stonewall Crater VolcanoSunset Statue ofLiberty Scotts Bluff Salinas PuebloMissions Virgin IslandsCoral Reef Channel Islands Carlsbad Caverns Capitol Reef Canyonlands Russell Cave Rainbow Bridge Pullman Poverty Point Pipestone Pipe Spring Petroglyph Bryce Canyon Black CanyonoftheGunnison Biscayne Big Bend Badlands National Parks Wupatki World War II Valor inthePacific White Sands Walnut Canyon Waco Mammoth Joshua Tree Guadalupe Mountains Great SmokyMountains Great SandDunesNPandPreserve Great Basin Grand Teton Grand Canyon Glacier Bay Glacier Gates ofthe Arctic Cuyahoga Valley Crater Lake Congaree Olympic Isle Royale Death Valley Redwood Pinnacles Petrified Forest North Cascades National Park of American Samoa Mount Rainier Mesa Verde Mammoth Cave Lassen Volcanic Lake Clark Kobuk Valley Kings Canyon Kenai Fjords Katmai Hot Springs Hawai’i Volcanoes Haleakal Everglades Dry Tortugas Denali ā One Hundred Years 135 8 with other federal agencies. with other federal Administered under cooperative agreements agreements Administered under cooperative Whiskeytown Unit Whiskeytown Wrangell-Saint Elias Wrangell-Saint Ross Lake 8 National Reserves Landing National Historic Reserve Ebey’s National Recreation Areas Bighorn Canyon Boston Harbor Islands Water Delaware Gap Chelan Lake Mead Lake Meredith Lake Roosevelt Lake Noatak City of Rocks Chattahoochee River Chickasaw Curecanti Valles Caldera Valles Santa Monica Mountains Gateway Gauley River Glen Canyon Golden Gate Amistad Tallgrass Prairie Tallgrass & Historic Ecological Timucuan Yukon-Charley Rivers Yukon-Charley Wind Cave Elias Wrangell-Saint Lake Clark Lake Little River Canyon Mojave Denali Katmai National Preserves Bering Land Bridge Big Cypress Big Thicket National Parkways Blue Ridge Parkway Parkway Natchez Trace Rocky Mountain Craters of the Moon Craters Virgin Islands Voyageurs Gates of the Arctic Gates of the Glacier Bay Great Sand Dunes George Washington Memorial Parkway Washington George Saguaro Sequoia Shenandoah Aniakchak Zion John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway Jr. Rockefeller John D. Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Yellowstone Yosemite 136 National Park Service System Plan andRecreation Areas andRecreation Area Appalachian Trail River Alagnak Wild Saint CroixNationalScenicRiverway Great EggHarborNationalScenicand Obed Wild andScenicRiver Ozark NationalScenicRiverways Recreational River Upper Delaware NationalScenicand Rio Grande Wild &ScenicRiver Niobrara NationalScenicRiver Missouri NationalRecreationalRiver Recreational River Delaware NationalScenicRiver Bluestone NationalScenicRiver National Wild andScenicRivers New RiverGorge Mississippi NationalRiver Buffalo Big SouthFork NationalRiver National Rivers Potomac Heritage Natchez Trace Scenic TrailsNational forthePerforming Arts Assateague Island Greenbelt Park Gulf Islands Cape Cod Canaveral Constitution Gardens Catoctin MountainPark Cumberland Island Cape Lookout Cape Hatteras Other Designations National Seashores Rock CreekPark Prince William Forest Park Piscataway Park National Mall National CapitalParks FortPark Washington Point Reyes Padre Island Fire Island Wolf Trap NationalPark White House One Hundred Years 137 National Heritage Corridor Arm National Mountains-Turnagain Kenai Valley National Lackawanna Heritage Area Baltimore National Heritage Area Baltimore National Heritage Area Blue Ridge National Heritage National Heritage Area and Lehigh National Delaware National Heritage Corridor Erie Canalway Area Essex National Heritage Area National Heritage Frontier Freedom’s Way National Heritage Area Freedom’s Area National Heritage Valley Hudson River National Areas Heritage Illinois & Michigan Canal National Illinois & Michigan Canal National (Silos & Smokestacks National Heritage Area) Heritage National (Silos & Smokestacks Chache La Poudre River Corridor Chache La Poudre Area Cane River National Heritage Champlain Valley National American Revolution Crossroads of the Great Basin National Heritage Area Great Basin National Heritage Heritage Corridor Gullah Geechee Cultural America’s Agricultural Heritage Partnership Heritage Partnership Agricultural America’s Area Mountain National Heritage Arabia Area National Heritage Atchafalaya Area Heritage Augusta Canal National Abraham Lincoln National Heritage Area Heritage Lincoln National Abraham John H. Chafee Blackstone River Valley Valley Chafee Blackstone River John H. Hallowed Ground National Through Journey Heritage Area Heritage Area Heritage Heritage Partnership Heritage Corridor Heritage Corridor Wing Luke Museum of the Asian Pacific Asian Pacific Museum of the Wing Luke Pinelands National Reserve Henry National Memorial Red Hill Patrick Roosevelt Campobello International Park Kate Mullany National Historic Site Tenement Lower East Side Route Trail New Jersey Coastal Heritage Historic Camden Revolutionary War Site War Historic Camden Revolutionary Fallen Timbers Battlefield and Fort Miamis Fort Miamis Battlefield and Timbers Fallen Marquette National Father Benjamin Franklin National Memorial Benjamin Franklin Inupiat Heritage Center Ice Age National Scientific Reserve Ice Garden International Peace Oklahoma City National Memorial Chimney Rock National Historic Site Chimney Rock National Chicago Portage National Historic Site National Historic Chicago Portage Related Areas Related Green Springs National Historic Historic Green Springs National Gloria Dei (Old Swedes’) Church National Church National Gloria Dei (Old Swedes’) American Experience Affiliated Areas Affiliated War II Aleutian World National Historic Area Park American Memorial Jamestown National Historic Site Jamestown Thomas Cole National Historic Site Thomas Synagogue National Historic Site Touro National Historic Site Historic Site Landmark District National Historic Site Michigan Memorial, 138 National Park Service System Plan Heritage Area HeritageCorridor HistoricDistrict Yuma CrossingNationalHeritage Area The LastGreen Valley National Tennessee Civil War NationalHeritage Area Arizona NationalScenic Trail Appalachian NationalScenic Trail Ala KahakaiNationalHistoric Trail South Park NationalHeritage Area South CarolinaNationalHeritageCorridor Shenandoah Valley BattlefieldsNational Schuylkill River Valley NationalHeritage Area Sangre deCristoNationalHeritage Area California NationalHistoric Trail Oil RegionNationalHeritage Area Ohio andErieNationalHeritage Area Rivers ofSteelNationalHeritage Area Northern RioGrande NationalHeritage Area Northern PlainsNationalHeritage Area Niagara Falls NationalHeritage Area National CoalHeritage Area Heritage Area National Aviation Muscle ShoalsNationalHeritage Area MotorCities NationalHeritage Area Mormon PioneerNationalHeritage Area Mississippi HillsNationalHeritage Area Mississippi GulfCoastNationalHeritage Area Mississippi DeltaNationalHeritage Area National TrailsSystem Upper Housatonic Valley National Wheeling NationalHeritage Area Historic Trail RouteNationalHistoric Trail Historic Trail Historic Trail Trail of Tears NationalHistoric Trail Juan Bautistade Anza NationalHistoric Trail Star-Spangled BannerNationalHistoric Trail Selma toMontgomeryNationalHistoric Trail Santa Fe NationalHistoric Trail Continental DivideNationalScenic Trail Captain JohnSmithChesapeake National Overmountain Victory National Historic TrailNational Overmountain Victory Oregon NationalHistoric Trail Old SpanishNationalHistoric Trail Iditarod NationalHistoric Trail Historic TrailNational Ice Age El CaminoRealdelos Tejas National Potomac HeritageNationalScenic Trail Pony ExpressNationalHistoric Trail Pacific NorthwestNationalScenic Trial Pacific CrestNationalScenic Trail North CountryNationalScenic Trail Nez Perce (Nee-Me-Poo) NationalHistoric Trail New EnglandNationalScenic Trail Scenic TrailNatchez TraceNational Mormon PioneerNationalHistoric Trail Lewis andClarkNationalHistoric Trail Florida NationalHistoric Trail El CaminoRealde Tierra Adentro National Washington-Rochambeau Revolutionary One Hundred Years 139 Wekiva National Wild and Scenic River National Wekiva Wild and Scenic River National Westfield Wild White Clay Creek National Noatak Wild Noatak Wild River Wild River of the Koyukuk North Fork Wild and Scenic River Rio Grande Wild and Scenic River River Styx Scenic and Recreational River Upper Delaware Missouri National Recreation River Missouri National Wild Mulchatna River and Scenic River Wild National Musconetcong Scenic River National Niobrara Obed Wild and Scenic River Obed Virgin Wild and Scenic River Virgin Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway Saint Croix National Scenic Salmon Wild River Wild and Scenic River River Headwaters Snake Wild National Assabet and Concord Sudbury, Taunton National Wild and Scenic River National Taunton Wild Tinayguk River Tlikakila Wild River California River, Toulumne and Scenic River and Scenic River Maurice Scenic and Recreational River Merced River River Middle Delaware Missisquoi Wild National and Trout Kern River Kern Kings River Wild Kobuk River Wild and Scenic River Lamprey Wild and Scenic River Lower Delaware Eightmile National Wild and Scenic River Eightmile National Wild and Scenic River National Farmington Wild and Scenic River Flathead Bluestone National Scenic River Bluestone National Wild & Scenic Rivers System Wild & Scenic Rivers National Chilikadrotna Wild River Cache la Poudre Wild and Scenic River Cache la Poudre Charley Wild River Great Egg Harbor Scenic Great Egg Harbor Scenic Alagnak Wild Alagnak Wild River Alatna Wild River Wild Aniakchak River John Wild River and Scenic River and Recreational River 140 National Park Service System Plan Appendix B: NPS ProgramsAppendix B:NPS The following list was compiled from the “Budget Justifications and categorization, order and duplicative/similar entries istaken directly from Management, Strategic Planning), Centennial initiatives, basefunding for Performance Information FY2015” (the “Greenbook”). organization NPS www.nps.gov/aboutus/budget.htm managing specific national park units. Organization thislist,of including supports conservation, interpretation, and education efforts outside of andstaff the 413-unit system are notincluded in this list. The intention of the Greenbook. For more details on these programs, seethe Greenbook. this appendix isto illuminate the many ways the National Park Service programs, such asthose under Workforce Management or Administrative Support (e.g.,Human Resources, Pathways Program, Budget, Financial One Hundred Years 141 Social Science Social trails, and connecting/side trails) connecting/side and trails, national scenic trails, national historic trails, national recreation recreation national trails, historic national trails, scenic national Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Units (CESUs) Units Studies Ecosystem Cooperative Conservation Landscape Cooperative Resources Geologic Initiative Restoration Lakes Great Cave Research Cave Research Learning Centers Learning Research Environmental Response, Damage Assessment, and Restoration and Assessment, Damage Response, Environmental (I&M) & Monitoring Inventory Biological Resource Management Resource Biological National Trails System (including the national water trails system, system, trails water national the (including System Trails National Sounds Natural Air Resource Management and Research and Management Air Resource Water Resources Water Scenic Rivers and Wild ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° Natural Resource Stewardship Natural Park Management – Resource Stewardship – Resource Management Park 142 National Park Service System Plan Cultural ResourceStewardship Everglades RestorationandResearch ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° Youth Programs (e.g.,Cultural Resources Diversity Archeological Resources (NAGPRA) Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Program National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom Program Museum Collections Internship Program) Historical Research (park history) Historic and Prehistoric Structures Ethnographic Resources Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan Critical Ecosystems Studies Initiative Cultural Resource Projects Cultural Resource Centers Cultural Landscapes One Hundred Years 143 Commercial Services Management Commercial Groundwork USA Youth Development Partnership Development USA Youth Groundwork Historically Black Colleges and Universities Internship Program Internship Universities and Colleges Black Historically Employment Programs) Programs) Employment Partnership America of Scouts Boy Junior Ranger Junior Public Land Corps Public Parks as Classrooms Programs as Classrooms Parks Mosaics in Science Internship Program Internship in Science Mosaics National Council for the Traditional Arts Assistance (NCTA) Assistance Arts Traditional the for Council National Program Publications Unigrid National 2013 NPS Academy: Connecting Youth to NPS Careers to Youth Connecting Academy: NPS2013 Teacher-Ranger-Teacher Program Teacher-Ranger-Teacher WebRangers Volunteers-in-Parks (VIP) Program Volunteers-in-Parks Youth Partnership Program Partnership Youth Youth Conservation Corps (YCC) Corps Conservation Youth Youth Programs (NPS Youth Involvement and and Involvement (NPS Youth Programs Youth ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° Interpretation and Education Interpretation Park Management – Visitor Services – Visitor Management Park Commercial Services 144 National Park Service System Plan

Cultural Programs Grants Administration National Recreation andPreservation Natural Programs ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° Archeological AssistanceProgram American Battlefield Protection Program Assistance Grants American Battlefield Protection Program Grants Administration Technical Preservation Services Native American Graves Protection Grants Administration National Register Programs National Register Historic of Places National Historic Landmarks Program National Center for Preservation Technology and Training National Natural Landmarks Japanese American Confinement Site Grants Japanese American Confinement Sites Grants Administration Heritage Education Services Heritage Documentation Programs Federal Preservation Institute HydropowerRecreation Assistance Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Historic Preservation Fund Administration Cultural Resourcesof Outreach Office and Diversity Cultural Resources-GIS Program Chesapeake Bay Gateways and Watertrails Network One Hundred Years 145 State and Local Conservation Grants Conservation Local and State State Conservation Grants Administration Grants Conservation State Southwest Border Resource Protection Program Protection Resource Border Southwest Competitive State Conservation Grants Conservation State Competitive Grants-in-Aid to States and Territories and States to Grants-in-Aid Tribes Indian to Grants-in-Aid Communities Underrepresented to Grants Competitive Commissions and Grants and Commissions Office of International Affairs International Office of Land Acquisition and State Assistance Program Assistance State and Acquisition Land Administrative Support Administrative ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° State and Local Conservation Grants State and Local Conservation State Conservation Grants International Park Affairs International Land Acquisition and Land Assistance Acquisition State Historic Preservation Fund Preservation Historic Heritage Partnership Programs (National Heritage Areas) Programs (National Heritage Heritage Partnership Grants-in-Aid

This document represents a snapshot in time and is based on the best information available to date. As the National Park Service evolves and resources change, it will be appropriate to revisit the recommendations and gaps contained within this document on an as-needed basis.

As the nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering sound use of our land and water resources; protecting our fish, wildlife, and biological diversity; preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historic places; and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to ensure that their development is in the best interests of all our people by encouraging stewardship and citizen participation in their care. The department also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in island territories under U.S. administration.

WASO 909/133283 January 2017