Anatomy and Physiology ¨ Most of the cells of your body are locked in G0 ¨ What does that mean? Uncontrolled cellular division!

Results in growth of a cellular mass if not stopped.

¨ Everyone and everything except for……. Second leading cause of death for both males and females world wide.

Increased risk as you age

If you live long enough cells will become cancerous.

Not all tumors are dangerous Cancer Risk and Aging

Cancer Risk and Aging 400 Colon

300 Breast Number of Cancer Cases 200 (per 100,000

people)

100

0 20 40 60 80 Age of Person (in years)

DNA Structure

Chemical bases

A T C G

DNA molecule

Tumor Suppressor Genes Act Like a Brake Pedal

Tumor Suppressor Gene Proteins Growth factor

Receptor

Signaling enzymes Transcripon factors Cell nucleus DNA

Cell proliferaon p53 Tumor Suppressor Protein Triggers Cell Suicide

p53 protein

Normal cell Excessive DNA damage Cell suicide (Apoptosis) Tumor Suppressor Genes

Normal cell Normal genes prevent cancer

Remove or inacvate tumor suppressor genes

Cancer cell Damage to **Suppressor Gene both genes leads to Will Not Inhibit cancer Cell Growth

Mutated/inacvated tumor suppressor genes DNA Mutaon

Risk Factors such as toxins, radiaon mutate DNA DNA C A A G C T A A C T in several places causing the cell to not Normal gene funcon properly

C A A G C G A A C T

Family History/ Single base change Genec mutaons are found within C A A G G C G C T A A C T every cell of the body Addions C T C A A G A A C T

Deleons Mutaons and Cancer

Genes Implicated in Cancer Proto-Oncogenes and Normal Cell Growth

Normal Growth-Control Pathway

Growth factor

Receptor Signaling enzymes

Transcripon factors

DNA Cell nucleus

Cell proliferaon Oncogenes

• When oncogenes arise in normal cells, they can contribute to the development of cancer by instrucng cells to make proteins that smulate excessive cell growth and division.

Normal cell Normal genes regulate cell growth

Oncogenes Cancer cell accelerate cell growth and division

Mutated/damaged oncogene Oncogenes are Mutant Forms of Proto-Oncogenes

Inacve growth factor receptor Inacve intracellular signaling protein

Signaling protein from acve oncogene

Acvated gene regulatory protein

Transcripon

Cell proliferaon driven by internal oncogene signaling Cancer Tends to Corrupt Surrounding Environment The 20 Most Common Cancers in 2011! Number of New Cases, UK! ¨ Excision ¨ Radiaon ¨ Chemotherapy ¨ When the cancer invades other ssue Cancer Tends to Involve Mulple Mutaons

Benign tumor cells Malignant cells invade neighboring grow only locally and ssues, enter blood vessels, and cannot spread by invasion metastasize to different sites or metastasis

Time Mutaon Cells Mutaons Proto-oncogenes More mutaons, inacvates proliferate inacvate mutate to oncogenes more genec suppressor DNA repair instability, gene genes metastac disease