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Buzzle – Zoology Terms – Glossary of Biology Terms and Definitions Http
Buzzle – Zoology Terms – Glossary of Biology Terms and Definitions http://www.buzzle.com/articles/biology-terms-glossary-of-biology-terms-and- definitions.html#ZoologyGlossary Biology is the branch of science concerned with the study of life: structure, growth, functioning and evolution of living things. This discipline of science comprises three sub-disciplines that are botany (study of plants), Zoology (study of animals) and Microbiology (study of microorganisms). This vast subject of science involves the usage of myriads of biology terms, which are essential to be comprehended correctly. People involved in the science field encounter innumerable jargons during their study, research or work. Moreover, since science is a part of everybody's life, it is something that is important to all individuals. A Abdomen: Abdomen in mammals is the portion of the body which is located below the rib cage, and in arthropods below the thorax. It is the cavity that contains stomach, intestines, etc. Abscission: Abscission is a process of shedding or separating part of an organism from the rest of it. Common examples are that of, plant parts like leaves, fruits, flowers and bark being separated from the plant. Accidental: Accidental refers to the occurrences or existence of all those species that would not be found in a particular region under normal circumstances. Acclimation: Acclimation refers to the morphological and/or physiological changes experienced by various organisms to adapt or accustom themselves to a new climate or environment. Active Transport: The movement of cellular substances like ions or molecules by traveling across the membrane, towards a higher level of concentration while consuming energy. -
Distance Learning Program Anatomy of the Human Brain/Sheep Brain Dissection
Distance Learning Program Anatomy of the Human Brain/Sheep Brain Dissection This guide is for middle and high school students participating in AIMS Anatomy of the Human Brain and Sheep Brain Dissections. Programs will be presented by an AIMS Anatomy Specialist. In this activity students will become more familiar with the anatomical structures of the human brain by observing, studying, and examining human specimens. The primary focus is on the anatomy, function, and pathology. Those students participating in Sheep Brain Dissections will have the opportunity to dissect and compare anatomical structures. At the end of this document, you will find anatomical diagrams, vocabulary review, and pre/post tests for your students. The following topics will be covered: 1. The neurons and supporting cells of the nervous system 2. Organization of the nervous system (the central and peripheral nervous systems) 4. Protective coverings of the brain 5. Brain Anatomy, including cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and brain stem 6. Spinal Cord Anatomy 7. Cranial and spinal nerves Objectives: The student will be able to: 1. Define the selected terms associated with the human brain and spinal cord; 2. Identify the protective structures of the brain; 3. Identify the four lobes of the brain; 4. Explain the correlation between brain surface area, structure and brain function. 5. Discuss common neurological disorders and treatments. 6. Describe the effects of drug and alcohol on the brain. 7. Correctly label a diagram of the human brain National Science Education -
Biological Membranes and Transport Membranes Define the External
Biological Membranes and Transport Membranes define the external boundaries of cells and regulate the molecular traffic across that boundary; in eukaryotic cells, they divide the internal space into discrete compartments to segregate processes and components. Membranes are flexible, self-sealing, and selectively permeable to polar solutes. Their flexibility permits the shape changes that accompany cell growth and movement (such as amoeboid movement). With their ability to break and reseal, two membranes can fuse, as in exocytosis, or a single membrane-enclosed compartment can undergo fission to yield two sealed compartments, as in endocytosis or cell division, without creating gross leaks through cellular surfaces. Because membranes are selectively permeable, they retain certain compounds and ions within cells and within specific cellular compartments, while excluding others. Membranes are not merely passive barriers. Membranes consist of just two layers of molecules and are therefore very thin; they are essentially two-dimensional. Because intermolecular collisions are far more probable in this two-dimensional space than in three-dimensional space, the efficiency of enzyme-catalyzed processes organized within membranes is vastly increased. The Molecular Constituents of Membranes Molecular components of membranes include proteins and polar lipids, which account for almost all the mass of biological membranes, and carbohydrate present as part of glycoproteins and glycolipids. Each type of membrane has characteristic lipids and proteins. The relative proportions of protein and lipid vary with the type of membrane, reflecting the diversity of biological roles (as shown in table 12-1, see below). For example, plasma membranes of bacteria and the membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts, in which many enzyme-catalyzed processes take place, contain more protein than lipid. -
Glossary of Seed Biology and Technology
Glossary of seed biology and technology Jøker, Dorthe Publication date: 2001 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (APA): Jøker, D. (2001). Glossary of seed biology and technology. Danida Forest Seed Centre. Technical Note no. 59 Download date: 29. Sep. 2021 TECHNICAL NOTE NO. 59 August 2001 GLOSSARY OF SEED BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY compiled by Lars Schmidt and Dorthe Jøker Titel Glossary of seed biology and technology Authors Lars Schmidt and Dorthe Jøker Publisher Danida Forest Seed Centre Series - title and no. Technical Note no. 59 DTP Melita Jørgensen Citation Schmidt. L. and D. Jøker. 2001. Glossary of seed biology and technology Citation allowed with clear source indication Written permission is required if you wish to use Forest & Landscape's name and/or any part of this report for sales and advertising purposes. The report is available free of charge [email protected] Electronic Version www.SL.kvl.dk PREFACE This glossary was compiled to meet an expressed need for a concise, precise glossary of terms of seed biology and practical seed handling to be used, e.g. during translation of technical papers. This glossary is based on the glossary of a new seed handbook published by Danida Forest Seed Centre. A number of terms, specifically related to the text of that book (e.g. ecological terms), have however been omitted in the present glossary in order to keep it strictly to seed biology and seed technology. In order to avoid too much overlap with the already existing Tree Improvement Glossary (published as DFSC Technical Note No. -
The Activator Protein-1 Transcription Factor in Respiratory Epithelium Carcinogenesis
Subject Review The Activator Protein-1 Transcription Factor in Respiratory Epithelium Carcinogenesis Michalis V. Karamouzis,1 Panagiotis A. Konstantinopoulos,1,2 and Athanasios G. Papavassiliou1 1Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece and 2Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Abstract Much of the current anticancer research effort is focused on Respiratory epithelium cancers are the leading cause cell-surface receptors and their cognate upstream molecules of cancer-related death worldwide. The multistep natural because they provide the easiest route for drugs to affect history of carcinogenesis can be considered as a cellular behavior, whereas agents acting at the level of gradual accumulation of genetic and epigenetic transcription need to invade the nucleus. However, the aberrations, resulting in the deregulation of cellular therapeutic effect of surface receptor manipulation might be homeostasis. Growing evidence suggests that cross- considered less than specific because their actions are talk between membrane and nuclear receptor signaling modulated by complex interacting downstream signal trans- pathways along with the activator protein-1 (AP-1) duction pathways. A pivotal transcription factor during cascade and its cofactor network represent a pivotal respiratory epithelium carcinogenesis is activator protein-1 molecular circuitry participating directly or indirectly in (AP-1). AP-1–regulated genes include important modulators of respiratory epithelium carcinogenesis. The crucial role invasion and metastasis, proliferation, differentiation, and of AP-1 transcription factor renders it an appealing survival as well as genes associated with hypoxia and target of future nuclear-directed anticancer therapeutic angiogenesis (7). Nuclear-directed therapeutic strategies might and chemoprevention approaches. -
Human Anatomy (Biology 2) Lecture Notes Updated July 2017 Instructor
Human Anatomy (Biology 2) Lecture Notes Updated July 2017 Instructor: Rebecca Bailey 1 Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation • Terms - Anatomy: the study of body structure and relationships among structures - Physiology: the study of body function • Levels of Organization - Chemical level 1. atoms and molecules - Cells 1. the basic unit of all living things - Tissues 1. cells join together to perform a particular function - Organs 1. tissues join together to perform a particular function - Organ system 1. organs join together to perform a particular function - Organismal 1. the whole body • Organ Systems • Anatomical Position • Regional Names - Axial region 1. head 2. neck 3. trunk a. thorax b. abdomen c. pelvis d. perineum - Appendicular region 1. limbs • Directional Terms - Superior (above) vs. Inferior (below) - Anterior (toward the front) vs. Posterior (toward the back)(Dorsal vs. Ventral) - Medial (toward the midline) vs. Lateral (away from the midline) - Intermediate (between a more medial and a more lateral structure) - Proximal (closer to the point of origin) vs. Distal (farther from the point of origin) - Superficial (toward the surface) vs. Deep (away from the surface) • Planes and Sections divide the body or organ - Frontal or coronal 1. divides into anterior/posterior 2 - Sagittal 1. divides into right and left halves 2. includes midsagittal and parasagittal - Transverse or cross-sectional 1. divides into superior/inferior • Body Cavities - Dorsal 1. cranial cavity 2. vertebral cavity - Ventral 1. lined with serous membrane 2. viscera (organs) covered by serous membrane 3. thoracic cavity a. two pleural cavities contain the lungs b. pericardial cavity contains heart c. the cavities are defined by serous membrane d. -
Membrane Transport, Absorption and Distribution of Drugs
Chapter 2 1 Pharmacokinetics: Membrane Transport, Absorption and Distribution of Drugs Pharmacokinetics is the quantitative study of drug movement in, through and out of the body. The overall scheme of pharmacokinetic processes is depicted in Fig. 2.1. The intensity of response is related to concentration of the drug at the site of action, which in turn is dependent on its pharmacokinetic properties. Pharmacokinetic considerations, therefore, determine the route(s) of administration, dose, and latency of onset, time of peak action, duration of action and frequency of administration of a drug. Fig. 2.1: Schematic depiction of pharmacokinetic processes All pharmacokinetic processes involve transport of the drug across biological membranes. Biological membrane This is a bilayer (about 100 Å thick) of phospholipid and cholesterol molecules, the polar groups (glyceryl phosphate attached to ethanolamine/choline or hydroxyl group of cholesterol) of these are oriented at the two surfaces and the nonpolar hydrocarbon chains are embedded in the matrix to form a continuous sheet. This imparts high electrical resistance and relative impermeability to the membrane. Extrinsic and intrinsic protein molecules are adsorbed on the lipid bilayer (Fig. 2.2). Glyco- proteins or glycolipids are formed on the surface by attachment to polymeric sugars, 2 aminosugars or sialic acids. The specific lipid and protein composition of different membranes differs according to the cell or the organelle type. The proteins are able to freely float through the membrane: associate and organize or vice versa. Some of the intrinsic ones, which extend through the full thickness of the membrane, surround fine aqueous pores. CHAPTER2 Fig. -
THE CASE AGAINST Marine Mammals in Captivity Authors: Naomi A
s l a m m a y t T i M S N v I i A e G t A n i p E S r a A C a C E H n T M i THE CASE AGAINST Marine Mammals in Captivity The Humane Society of the United State s/ World Society for the Protection of Animals 2009 1 1 1 2 0 A M , n o t s o g B r o . 1 a 0 s 2 u - e a t i p s u S w , t e e r t S h t u o S 9 8 THE CASE AGAINST Marine Mammals in Captivity Authors: Naomi A. Rose, E.C.M. Parsons, and Richard Farinato, 4th edition Editors: Naomi A. Rose and Debra Firmani, 4th edition ©2009 The Humane Society of the United States and the World Society for the Protection of Animals. All rights reserved. ©2008 The HSUS. All rights reserved. Printed on recycled paper, acid free and elemental chlorine free, with soy-based ink. Cover: ©iStockphoto.com/Ying Ying Wong Overview n the debate over marine mammals in captivity, the of the natural environment. The truth is that marine mammals have evolved physically and behaviorally to survive these rigors. public display industry maintains that marine mammal For example, nearly every kind of marine mammal, from sea lion Iexhibits serve a valuable conservation function, people to dolphin, travels large distances daily in a search for food. In learn important information from seeing live animals, and captivity, natural feeding and foraging patterns are completely lost. -
Cellular Transport Notes About Cell Membranes
Cellular Transport Notes @ 2011 Center for Pre-College Programs, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey About Cell Membranes • All cells have a cell membrane • Functions: – Controls what enters and exits the cell to maintain an internal balance called homeostasis TEM picture of a – Provides protection and real cell membrane. support for the cell @ 2011 Center for Pre-College Programs, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 1 About Cell Membranes (continued) 1.Structure of cell membrane Lipid Bilayer -2 layers of phospholipids • Phosphate head is polar (water loving) Phospholipid • Fatty acid tails non-polar (water fearing) • Proteins embedded in membrane Lipid Bilayer @ 2011 Center for Pre-College Programs, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey Polar heads Fluid Mosaic love water Model of the & dissolve. cell membrane Non-polar tails hide from water. Carbohydrate cell markers Proteins @ 2011 Center for Pre-College Programs, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 2 About Cell Membranes (continued) • 4. Cell membranes have pores (holes) in it • Selectively permeable: Allows some molecules in and keeps other molecules out • The structure helps it be selective! Pores @ 2011 Center for Pre-College Programs, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey Structure of the Cell Membrane Outside of cell Carbohydrate Proteins chains Lipid Bilayer Transport Protein Phospholipids Inside of cell (cytoplasm) @ 2011 Center for Pre-College Programs, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 3 Types of Cellular Transport • Passive Transport celldoesn’tuseenergy 1. Diffusion 2. Facilitated Diffusion 3. Osmosis • Active Transport cell does use energy 1. -
Bioenergetics and Metabolism Mitochondria Chloroplasts
Bioenergetics and metabolism Mitochondria Chloroplasts Peroxisomes B. Balen Chemiosmosis common pathway of mitochondria, chloroplasts and prokaryotes to harness energy for biological purposes → chemiosmotic coupling – ATP synthesis (chemi) + membrane transport (osmosis) Prokaryotes – plasma membrane → ATP production Eukaryotes – plasma membrane → transport processes – membranes of cell compartments – energy-converting organelles → production of ATP • Mitochondria – fungi, animals, plants • Plastids (chloroplasts) – plants The essential requirements for chemiosmosis source of high-energy e- membrane with embedded proton pump and ATP synthase energy from sunlight or the pump harnesses the energy of e- transfer to pump H+→ oxidation of foodstuffs is proton gradient across the membrane used to create H+ gradient + across a membrane H gradient serves as an energy store that can be used to drive ATP synthesis Figures 14-1; 14-2 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) Electron transport processes (A) mitochondrion converts energy from chemical fuels (B) chloroplast converts energy from sunlight → electron-motive force generated by the 2 photosystems enables the chloroplast to drive electron transfer from H2O to carbohydrate → chloroplast electron transfer is opposite of electron transfer in a mitochondrion Figure 14-3 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) Carbohydrate molecules and O2 are products of the chloroplast and inputs for the mitochondrion Figure 2-41; 2-76 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland -
1 [ Reading for Lecture 7] (1) 2Nd Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy
[ Reading for lecture 7] (1) 2nd law of thermodynamics: Entropy Increases Life Decreases it’s own entropy – at the expense of the rest of the universe Most globally – takes photons (low entropy – straight line !) and converts them ultimately into heat (high entropy), with all of life in- between. To do this, life needs to gather, store and manipulate sources of Free-Energy Free energy can be thought of as the “currency” of life. Any reaction that requires free energy input (eg. making DNA from nucleic acids, doing mechanical work, building a protonmotive force) must be “paid for” by coupling to a reaction that releases free energy. This lecture: Types of biological free-energy, ways and mechanisms in which they are interconverted. These processes are essentially what life is. 1 Types of biological free-energy 2 Protonmotive force (pmf) [Protonmotive Force] (3) Electrical potential plus concentration gradient, H+ or “protons”. (see lecture 6) nb. Nernst potential is the voltage when pmf is zero, at equilibrium. Pmf is a measure of how far from equilibrium the membrane is –the “driving force” for proton transport across the membrane. Generated by active transport of protons across the membrane Free-energy sources: absorption of photons, break-down of food. pH gradient (chemical potential) is necessary if the pmf is to do significant work Very few protons need to be pumped to establish the membrane voltage, BUT… Just like charging a battery, you need to provide current as well as voltage. pH gradient also increases the free energy per proton –diffusion as well as voltage drives protons. -
Formation of the Secondary Abscission Zone Induced by the Interaction of Methyl Jasmonate and Auxin in Bryophyllum Calycinum: Relevance to Auxin Status and Histology
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Formation of the Secondary Abscission Zone Induced by the Interaction of Methyl Jasmonate and Auxin in Bryophyllum calycinum: Relevance to Auxin Status and Histology Agnieszka Marasek-Ciolakowska 1,* , Marian Saniewski 1, Michał Dziurka 2 , Urszula Kowalska 1, Justyna Góraj-Koniarska 1, Junichi Ueda 3 and Kensuke Miyamoto 4,* 1 Research Institute of Horticulture, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland; [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (U.K.); [email protected] (J.G.-K.) 2 The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland; [email protected] 3 Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; [email protected] 4 Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.M.-C.); [email protected] (K.M.); Tel.: +48-46-8346783 (A.M.-C.); +81-72-254-9741 (K.M.) Received: 16 March 2020; Accepted: 14 April 2020; Published: 16 April 2020 Abstract: The interaction of methyl jasmonate (JA-Me) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to induce the formation of the secondary abscission zone in the middle of internode segments of Bryophyllum calycinum was investigated in relation to auxin status and histology. When IAA at 0.1% (w/w, in lanolin) was applied to the segments, the formation of the secondary abscission zone at a few mm above the treatment in the apical direction was observed.