DOCSLIB.ORG

Bio T2, Unit 5: Cell Growth and Reproduction (Mitosis & Meiosis)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bio T2, Unit 5: Cell Growth and Reproduction (Mitosis & Meiosis) Bio T2, Unit 5: Cell Growth and Reproduction (Mitosis & Meiosis) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Biology: Term 2, Unit 5 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Topic: Cell Growth and Reproduction (Mitosis & Meiosis) ​ ​​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Duration: Traditional (50 minute periods): 13 - 17 days (adjust to student needs using professional discretion) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Block (90 minute periods): 6 - 8 days (adjust to student needs using professional discretion) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Eligible Content ​ ​ This is what the State of Pennsylvania wants your students to know and be able to do by the end of the unit. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 1. Cell Cycle--BIO.B.1.1.1 Describe the events that occur during the cell cycle: interphase, nuclear division (i.e., mitosis or ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ meiosis), cytokinesis. ​ ​ 2. Mitosis and Meiosis--BIO.B.1.1.2 Compare the processes and outcomes of mitotic and meiotic nuclear divisions. ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 3. DNA Replication--BIO.B.1.2.1 Describe how the process of DNA replication results in the transmission and/or ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ conservation of genetic information. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 4. Genes, Alleles, and Chromosomes--BIO.B.1.2.2 Explain the functional relationships between DNA, genes, alleles, and ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ chromosomes and their roles in inheritance. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Performance Objectives ​ ​ These are examples, created by SDP teachers, of how you may translate the eligible content into learning goals for your ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ classroom. 1. SWBAT use models IOT illustrate the role of the cell cycle, cellular division (mitosis), and differentiation in producing ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ and maintaining complex organisms. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2. SWBAT compare mitotic and meiotic nuclear divisions IOT differentiate between their processes and outcomes. ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 3. SWBAT describe the process of DNA replication IOT explain the conservation of genetic information. ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 4. SWBAT explain the functional relationships between DNA, genes, alleles, and chromosomes IOT articulate their roles ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ in inheritance. ​ ​ Key Terms and Definitions ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ All key terms and definitions come from the document Keystone Exams: Biology Assessment Anchors and Eligible Content with ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Sample Questions and Glossary, PDE 2011. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 1. Cell Cycle: The series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication. The main phases of the ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ cell cycle are interphase, nuclear division, and cytokinesis. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2. Chromosomes: A single piece of coiled DNA and associated proteins found in linear forms in the nucleus of ​ ​​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ eukaryotic cells and circular forms in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells; contains genes that encode traits. Each species ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ has a characteristic number of chromosomes. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 3. Crossing-over: An exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during anaphase I of meiosis; ​ ​​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ contributes to the genetic variability in gametes and ultimately in offspring. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 4. Cytokinesis: The final phase of a cell cycle resulting in the division of the cytoplasm ​ ​​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 5. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA): A biological macromolecule that encodes the genetic information for living organisms ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ and is capable of self replication and the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA). ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ - ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 6. DNA Replication: the process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself. ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 7. Gamete: a specialized cell (egg or sperm) used in sexual reproduction containing half the normal number of ​ ​​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ chromosomes of a somatic cell. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 8. Gene recombination: A natural process in which a nucleic acid molecule (usually DNA but can be RNA) is broken and ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ then joined to a different molecule; a result of crossing over. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ - 9. Interphase: The longest lasting phase of the cell cycle in which a cell performs the majority of its functions, such as ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ - ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ preparing for nuclear division and cytokinesis. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Bio T2, Unit 5: Cell Growth and Reproduction (Mitosis & Meiosis) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 10. Meiosis: A two phase nuclear division that results in the eventual production of gametes with half the normal number ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ - ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ of chromosomes. ​ ​ 11. Mitosis: A nuclear division resulting in the production of two somatic cells having the same genetic complement as ​ ​​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ the original cell ​ ​ ​ ​ 12. Semiconservative replication: The process in which the DNA molecule uncoils and separates into two strands. Each ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ original strand becomes a template on which a new strand is constructed, resulting in two DNA molecules identical to ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ the original DNA molecule. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Starting Points ​ ​ An overview of how the content and skills of this unit connect to students' prior knowledge. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 1. Cell Cycle--BIO.B.1.1.1 ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ Students should already know (from Unit 1) that systems of specialized cells within organisms help them perform the essential ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ functions of life. In this unit, students will learn that cellular division and differentiation produce and maintain a complex ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ organism composed of systems of tissues and organs that work together to meet the needs of the whole organism. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2. Mitosis and Meiosis--BIO.B.1.1.2 ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ This unit covers both mitosis and meiosis. Students should already know that organisms reproduce, either sexually or ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ asexually, and transfer their genetic information to their offspring. In this unit, they will learn how the replication of DNA before ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ cell division ensures the production of two genetically identical daughter cells and how meiosis leads to the genetic ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ recombination necessary for sexual reproduction. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 3. DNA Replication--BIO.B.1.2.1 ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ Students may have learned about the role of DNA in Unit 1, and the structure of the DNA molecule (or nucleotides in general) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ in Unit 2,. In this unit students will learn how the structure of DNA allows for it to be easily and accurately replicated. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 4. Genes, Alleles, and Chromosomes--BIO.B.1.2.2 ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Students should already know that genes are located on chromosomes, but the physical and functional relationships between ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ genes, alleles, DNA, and chromosomes is something most students need to review frequently. By the end of the unit, students ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ should know that each chromosome consists of a single very long DNA molecule, each gene on the chromosome is a particular ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ segment of that DNA, and alleles are different variations of a gene. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 1. 1 Instructional Resources ​ ​ Learning activities and resources targeted to the eligible content of this unit. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 1. SWBAT use models IOT illustrate the role of the cell cycle, cellular division (mitosis), and differentiation in producing ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ and maintaining complex organisms. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ a. Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis from CK-12. (Video, practice questions) ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ b. Cell Cycle tutorial from Cells Alive. Animation, powerpoint, Cancer Cell Cam, worksheets, quiz. ​ ​
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Revised Glossary for AQA GCSE Biology Student Book
    Biology Glossary amino acids small molecules from which proteins are A built abiotic factor physical or non-living conditions amylase a digestive enzyme (carbohydrase) that that affect the distribution of a population in an breaks down starch ecosystem, such as light, temperature, soil pH anaerobic respiration respiration without using absorption the process by which soluble products oxygen of digestion move into the blood from the small intestine antibacterial chemicals chemicals produced by plants as a defence mechanism; the amount abstinence method of contraception whereby the produced will increase if the plant is under attack couple refrains from intercourse, particularly when an egg might be in the oviduct antibiotic e.g. penicillin; medicines that work inside the body to kill bacterial pathogens accommodation ability of the eyes to change focus antibody protein normally present in the body acid rain rain water which is made more acidic by or produced in response to an antigen, which it pollutant gases neutralises, thus producing an immune response active site the place on an enzyme where the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) an increasing substrate molecule binds problem in the twenty-first century whereby active transport in active transport, cells use energy bacteria have evolved to develop resistance against to transport substances through cell membranes antibiotics due to their overuse against a concentration gradient antiretroviral drugs drugs used to treat HIV adaptation features that organisms have to help infections; they
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to the Cell Cell History Cell Structures and Functions
    Introduction to the cell cell history cell structures and functions CK-12 Foundation December 16, 2009 CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-content, web-based collaborative model termed the “FlexBook,” CK-12 intends to pioneer the generation and distribution of high quality educational content that will serve both as core text as well as provide an adaptive environment for learning. Copyright ©2009 CK-12 Foundation This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/us/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Contents 1 Cell structure and function dec 16 5 1.1 Lesson 3.1: Introduction to Cells .................................. 5 3 www.ck12.org www.ck12.org 4 Chapter 1 Cell structure and function dec 16 1.1 Lesson 3.1: Introduction to Cells Lesson Objectives • Identify the scientists that first observed cells. • Outline the importance of microscopes in the discovery of cells. • Summarize what the cell theory proposes. • Identify the limitations on cell size. • Identify the four parts common to all cells. • Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Introduction Knowing the make up of cells and how cells work is necessary to all of the biological sciences. Learning about the similarities and differences between cell types is particularly important to the fields of cell biology and molecular biology.
    [Show full text]
  • Cell Growth-Regulated Expression of Mammalian MCM5 and MCM6 Genes Mediated by the Transcription Factor E2F
    Oncogene (1999) 18, 2299 ± 2309 ã 1999 Stockton Press All rights reserved 0950 ± 9232/99 $12.00 http://www.stockton-press.co.uk/onc Cell growth-regulated expression of mammalian MCM5 and MCM6 genes mediated by the transcription factor E2F Kiyoshi Ohtani1, Ritsuko Iwanaga1, Masataka Nakamura*,1, Masa-aki Ikeda2, Norikazu Yabuta3, Hiromichi Tsuruga3 and Hiroshi Nojima3 1Human Gene Sciences Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan 2Department of Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; 3Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan Initiation of DNA replication requires the function of family (MCM2-7) that have been identi®ed in yeast, MCM gene products, which participate in ensuring that Xenopus, and human. Mcm proteins seem to regulate DNA replication occurs only once in the cell cycle. the initiation at the replication origin where the loading Expression of all mammalian genes of the MCM family of the proteins onto the origin recognition complex is induced by growth stimulation, unlike yeast, and the (ORC) is regulated by Cdc6 and cyclin-dependent mRNA levels peak at G1/S boundary. In this study, we kinases (Donovan et al., 1997; Tanaka et al., 1997). examined the transcriptional activities of isolated human However, the mechanism(s) by which Mcm proteins MCM gene promoters. Human MCM5 and MCM6 control the initiation of DNA replication remains promoters with mutation in the E2F sites failed in unclear. promoter regulation following serum stimulation and Xenopus Mcm proteins seem to be able to access exogenous E2F expression.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductive Ecology & Sexual Selection
    Reproductive Ecology & Sexual Selection REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY REPRODUCTION & SEXUAL SELECTION • Asexual • Sexual – Attraction, Courtship, and Mating – Fertilization – Production of Young The Evolutionary Enigma of Benefits of Asex Sexual Reproduction • Sexual reproduction produces fewer reproductive offspring than asexual reproduction, a so-called reproductive handicap 1. Eliminate problem to locate, court, & retain suitable mate. Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Generation 1 2. Doubles population growth rate. Female Female 3. Avoid “cost of meiosis”: Generation 2 – genetic representation in later generations isn't reduced by half each time Male 4. Preserve gene pool adapted to local Generation 3 conditions. Generation 4 Figure 23.16 The Energetic Costs of Sexual Reproduction Benefits of Sex • Allocation of Resources 1. Reinforcement of social structure 2. Variability in face of changing environment. – why buy four lottery tickets w/ the same number on them? Relative benefits: Support from organisms both asexual in constant & sexual in changing environments – aphids have wingless female clones & winged male & female dispersers – ciliates conjugate if environment is deteriorating Heyer 1 Reproductive Ecology & Sexual Selection Simultaneous Hermaphrodites TWO SEXES • Advantageous if limited mobility and sperm dispersal and/or low population density • Guarantee that any member of your species encountered is the • Conjugation “right” sex • Self fertilization still provides some genetic variation – Ciliate protozoans with + & - mating
    [Show full text]
  • Cellular Reproduction
    572 14 Cellular Reproduction 14.1 The Cell Cycle According to the third tenet of the cell theory, new cells 14.2 M Phase: Mitosis and Cytokinesis originate only from other living cells. The process by which this cell division 14.3 Meiosis occurs is called . For a multicellular organism, such as a human or an oak tree, countless divisions of a single-celled THE HUMAN PER SP ECTIVE: Meiotic Nondisjunction zygote produce an organism of astonishing cellular complexity and Its Consequences and organization. Cell division does not stop with the formation of EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS: The Discovery and the mature organism but continues in certain tissues throughout Characterization of MPF life. Millions of cells residing within the marrow of your bones or the lining of your intestinal tract are undergoing division at this very moment. This enormous output of cells is needed to replace cells that have aged or died. Although cell division occurs in all organisms, it takes place very differently in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. We will restrict discussion to the eukaryotic version. Two distinct types of eukaryotic cell division will be discussed in this chapter. Mitosis leads to production of cells that are genetically identical to their parent, whereas meiosis leads to production of cells with half the genetic content of the parent. Mitosis serves as the basis for producing new cells, meiosis as the basis for producing new Fluorescence micrograph of a mitotic spindle that had assembled in a cell-free extract prepared from frog eggs, which are cells that lack a centrosome. The red spheres consist of chromatin-covered beads that were added to the extract.
    [Show full text]
  • Cell Life Cycle and Reproduction the Cell Cycle (Cell-Division Cycle), Is a Series of Events That Take Place in a Cell Leading to Its Division and Duplication
    Cell Life Cycle and Reproduction The cell cycle (cell-division cycle), is a series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication. The main phases of the cell cycle are interphase, nuclear division, and cytokinesis. Cell division produces two daughter cells. In cells without a nucleus (prokaryotic), the cell cycle occurs via binary fission. Interphase Gap1(G1)- Cells increase in size. The G1checkpointcontrol mechanism ensures that everything is ready for DNA synthesis. Synthesis(S)- DNA replication occurs during this phase. DNA Replication The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself. Semiconservative Replication The process in which the DNA molecule uncoils and separates into two strands. Each original strand becomes a template on which a new strand is constructed, resulting in two DNA molecules identical to the original DNA molecule. Gap 2(G2)- The cell continues to grow. The G2checkpointcontrol mechanism ensures that everything is ready to enter the M (mitosis) phase and divide. Mitotic(M) refers to the division of the nucleus. Cell growth stops at this stage and cellular energy is focused on the orderly division into daughter cells. A checkpoint in the middle of mitosis (Metaphase Checkpoint) ensures that the cell is ready to complete cell division. The final event is cytokinesis, in which the cytoplasm divides and the single parent cell splits into two daughter cells. Reproduction Cellular reproduction is a process by which cells duplicate their contents and then divide to yield multiple cells with similar, if not duplicate, contents. Mitosis Mitosis- nuclear division resulting in the production of two somatic cells having the same genetic complement (genetically identical) as the original cell.
    [Show full text]
  • Deciphering Genetic Determinants of Cell Growth by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Deregulated Growth Is a Hallmark of Human Diseases
    Deciphering genetic determinants of cell growth by single-cell RNA sequencing Deregulated growth is a hallmark of human diseases such as cancer. A wide range of therapeutic approaches target proliferating cells effectively through inhibition of pathways related to growth and division. However, cells can often escape arrest due to the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity present in cancer cell populations leading to relapse of the disease. Likewise, heterogeneity in gene expression makes treatment of persistent microbial infections an important challenge for human health. Identifying genetic and non-genetic features that can drive individual cells to overcome growth inhibition is therefore required to understand disease progression and resistance. Recent experimental protocols made it possible to characterise the transcriptomes and genotypes of single cells simultaneously. These opened the door to investigate the dynamics and heterogeneity of gene expression in population of cells with variable genotypes. These methods are technically challenging, generate large amounts of complex data, and require the development of state-of-the-art computational methods for their analysis. Yet, when coupled with mathematical modelling of cell physiology, these single cells approaches have an unprecedented potential to unravel complex genetic and gene expression programmes that underlie growth dynamics of cell populations. This project aims at: i) understanding the genetic basis of cell growth under conditions were gene expression or proliferation are compromised by associating high fitness genotypes to transcriptome signatures in single cells, ii) develop computational tools to integrate single-cell and population level genotyping and gene expression data, iii) improve selected aspect of the laboratory single-cell RNA-seq protocol to improve data quality.
    [Show full text]
  • How Genes Work
    Help Me Understand Genetics How Genes Work Reprinted from MedlinePlus Genetics U.S. National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health Department of Health & Human Services Table of Contents 1 What are proteins and what do they do? 1 2 How do genes direct the production of proteins? 5 3 Can genes be turned on and off in cells? 7 4 What is epigenetics? 8 5 How do cells divide? 10 6 How do genes control the growth and division of cells? 12 7 How do geneticists indicate the location of a gene? 16 Reprinted from MedlinePlus Genetics (https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/) i How Genes Work 1 What are proteins and what do they do? Proteins are large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body. They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of thebody’s tissues and organs. Proteins are made up of hundreds or thousands of smaller units called amino acids, which are attached to one another in long chains. There are 20 different types of amino acids that can be combined to make a protein. The sequence of amino acids determineseach protein’s unique 3-dimensional structure and its specific function. Aminoacids are coded by combinations of three DNA building blocks (nucleotides), determined by the sequence of genes. Proteins can be described according to their large range of functions in the body, listed inalphabetical order: Antibody. Antibodies bind to specific foreign particles, such as viruses and bacteria, to help protect the body. Example: Immunoglobulin G (IgG) (Figure 1) Enzyme.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy and Physiology Cell Cycle and Cancer Study Guide
    Anatomy and Physiology Cell Cycle and Cancer Study Guide Use this guide to direct your attention toward the information to be covered by the test. 1. Which phase of mitosis has the chromosomes being pulled apart toward opposite ends? 16. What stage is when the nucleus divides? 2. Which stage of cell division involves the forming 17. What stage is when the cytoplasm divides? of two new daughter cells? 18. What is a chromatid? 3. The basic unit of structure and function in the human body is the: 19. What is a centromere? a. cell b. organ c. atom d. tissue e. system 4. Mitosis occurs after what stage of the cell cycle? 20. What are stem cells? How many phases does it have? 21. The process that ensures duplication of DNA molecules during cell reproduction is 5. List in order the phases of mitosis and tell the ___________________________. main events that occur in each phase. 22. Match these events in cell reproduction with the correct description: a. Prophase b. Metaphase 6. What is the centriole and the spindle and what is c. Anaphase their role in cellular reproduction? d. Telophase i. Microtubules shorten and pull chromosomes toward centrioles 7. Draw a diagram for: ii. Chromatin forms chromosomes; a. Prophase nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear iii. Chromosomes elongate, and b. Metaphase nuclear membranes form around each chromosome set iv. Chromosomes become arranged c. Anaphase midway between centrioles; duplicate parts of chromosomes become separated d. Telophase 23. What is a tumor? Explain what causes it to form. 8. What is the smallest living unit? 24.
    [Show full text]
  • Fishery Science – Biology & Ecology
    Fishery Science – Biology & Ecology How Fish Reproduce Illustration of a generic fish life cycle. Source: Zebrafish Information Server, University of South Carolina (http://zebra.sc.edu/smell/nitin/nitin.html) Reproduction is an essential component of life, and there are a diverse number of reproductive strategies in fishes throughout the world. In marine fishes, there are three basic reproductive strategies that can be used to classify fish. The most common reproductive strategy in marine ecosystems is oviparity. Approximately 90% of bony and 43% of cartilaginous fish are oviparous (See Types of Fish). In oviparous fish, females spawn eggs into the water column, which are then fertilized by males. For most oviparous fish, the eggs take less energy to produce so the females release large quantities of eggs. For example, a female Ocean Sunfish is able to produce 300 million eggs over a spawning cycle. The eggs that become fertilized in oviparous fish may spend long periods of time in the water column as larvae before settling out as juveniles. An advantage of oviparity is the number of eggs produced, because it is likely some of the offspring will survive. However, the offspring are at a disadvantage because they must go through a larval stage in which their location is directed by oceans currents. During the larval stage, the larvae act as primary consumers (See How Fish Eat) in the food web where they must not only obtain food but also avoid predation. Another disadvantage is that the larvae might not find suitable habitat when they settle out of the ~ Voices of the Bay ~ [email protected] ~ http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/education/voicesofthebay.html ~ (Nov 2011) Fishery Science – Biology & Ecology water column.
    [Show full text]
  • Cellular Reproduction Vocabulary Date:______Use Page Numbers! Assignment #______Block #____ WORD DEFINITION
    Name:_________________________ Cellular Reproduction Vocabulary Date:_________________________ Use Page Numbers! Assignment #_________ Block #____ WORD DEFINITION 1. Cell Cycle The life cycle of a cell Pg 92 2. The structures that DNA is organized into Chromosomes Pg 92 Cellular reproduction in prokaryotic cells. Means “Splitting into two 3. Binary Fission parts” Pg 92 Each chromosome of a pair of similar chromosome 4. Homologous Chromosomes Pg 93 The two copies of the chromosome once it is duplicated 5. Chromatids Pg 93 Where the chromatids are connected 6. Centromere Pg 93 7. Mitosis The complicated process of separating duplicated chromosomes Pg 93 8. Cytokinesis The process where the cytoplasm splits in two Pg 95 WORD DEFINITION 9. Budding A type of asexual reproduction, where a piece of the parents body Pg 612 develops into an independent organism 10. A type of asexual reproduction, where the organism breaks into two or Regeneration more parts, each growing into a new organism that is genetically identical (fragmentation) to the parent Pg 612 The production of offspring by combining the genetic material of more 11. Sexual than one parent reproduction Pg 613 A single parent has offspring that are identical to itself 12. Asexual reproduction Pg 613 The male sex cell 13. Sperm Pg 613 The female sex cell 14. Egg Pg 613 The new type of cell that is made when an egg’s nucleus fuses with a 15. Zygote sperm’s nucleus Pg 613 16. Spores Small reproductive cells that are protected by a thick cell wall Pg 256 WORD DEFINITION 17. Sex Cells Specialized cells that combine to form a zygote, they have half the normal Pg 114 number of chromosomes, one of each pair.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cell Cycle: Myths and Realities Renato Baserga1
    [CANCER RESEARCH 50, 6769-6771, November 1, 1990] Perspectives in Cancer Research The Cell Cycle: Myths and Realities Renato Baserga1 Department of Pathology and the Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140 A number of startling discoveries in the past few years have simply overexpression, the regulation of cell growth is affected. given us a picture of the cell cycle that is solidly based on Indeed, even now, despite antioncogenes and yeast genes, one molecular biology and genetics. Growth factors (both stimula cannot disregard protooncogenes in any rational scheme of tory and inhibitory), oncogenes and antioncogenes, the bio animal cell proliferation. The extent of their role may be chemistry of DNA replication, the animal homologues of yeast debatable, but they do have a role. However, their putative cell cycle genes, cyclins, the use of antisense strategies, and growth-regulatory role is based on their relationship to viral many others have opened new vistas to our understanding of transforming genes and not on the fact that they are growth cell cycle controls (1). This perspective, however, is not dedi regulated. cated to a eulogy of these seminal findings; they speak for In the meantime, scores of laboratories (including mine, I themselves. I will, in fact, be the devil's advocate and do the admit) have been picking out, through differential screening of opposite, i.e., have a critical look, not at the findings (they are complementary DNA libraries, an embarrassing number of unarguable), but at some of the conclusions that have been growth-regulated genes.
    [Show full text]