Glossary of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering 1
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A Review on Revolutionary Natural Biopolymer-Based Aerogels for Antibacterial Delivery
antibiotics Review A Review on Revolutionary Natural Biopolymer-Based Aerogels for Antibacterial Delivery Esam Bashir Yahya 1 , Fauziah Jummaat 2,*, A. A. Amirul 3,* , A. S. Adnan 2, N. G. Olaiya 1 , C. K. Abdullah 1 , Samsul Rizal 4, M. K. Mohamad Haafiz 1 and H. P. S. Abdul Khalil 1,* 1 School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; [email protected] (E.B.Y.); [email protected] (N.G.O.); [email protected] (C.K.A.); mhaafi[email protected] (M.K.M.H.) 2 Management Science University Medical Centre, University Drive, Off Persiaran Olahraga, Section 13, Shah Alam, Selangor 40100, Malaysia; [email protected] 3 School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia 4 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (F.J.); [email protected] (A.A.A.); [email protected] (H.P.S.A.K.) Received: 10 September 2020; Accepted: 27 September 2020; Published: 28 September 2020 Abstract: A biopolymer-based aerogel has been developed to become one of the most potentially utilized materials in different biomedical applications. The biopolymer-based aerogel has unique physical, chemical, and mechanical properties and these properties are used in tissue engineering, biosensing, diagnostic, medical implant and drug delivery applications. Biocompatible and non-toxic biopolymers such as chitosan, cellulose and alginates have been used to deliver antibiotics, plants extract, essential oils and metallic nanoparticles. Antibacterial aerogels have been used in superficial and chronic wound healing as dressing sheets. This review critically analyses the utilization of biopolymer-based aerogels in antibacterial delivery. -
A Comparative Review of Natural and Synthetic Biopolymer Composite Scaffolds
polymers Review A Comparative Review of Natural and Synthetic Biopolymer Composite Scaffolds M. Sai Bhargava Reddy 1 , Deepalekshmi Ponnamma 2 , Rajan Choudhary 3,4,5 and Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni 2,* 1 Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Institute of Science and Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad 500085, India; [email protected] 2 Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; [email protected] 3 Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Riga Technical University, Pulka St 3, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; [email protected] 4 Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia 5 Center for Composite Materials, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Tissue engineering (TE) and regenerative medicine integrate information and technology from various fields to restore/replace tissues and damaged organs for medical treatments. To achieve this, scaffolds act as delivery vectors or as cellular systems for drugs and cells; thereby, cellular material is able to colonize host cells sufficiently to meet up the requirements of regeneration and repair. This process is multi-stage and requires the development of various components to create the desired neo-tissue or organ. In several current TE strategies, biomaterials are essential compo- nents. While several polymers are established for their use as biomaterials, careful consideration of the cellular environment and interactions needed is required in selecting a polymer for a given Citation: Reddy, M.S.B.; Ponnamma, application. -
Buzzle – Zoology Terms – Glossary of Biology Terms and Definitions Http
Buzzle – Zoology Terms – Glossary of Biology Terms and Definitions http://www.buzzle.com/articles/biology-terms-glossary-of-biology-terms-and- definitions.html#ZoologyGlossary Biology is the branch of science concerned with the study of life: structure, growth, functioning and evolution of living things. This discipline of science comprises three sub-disciplines that are botany (study of plants), Zoology (study of animals) and Microbiology (study of microorganisms). This vast subject of science involves the usage of myriads of biology terms, which are essential to be comprehended correctly. People involved in the science field encounter innumerable jargons during their study, research or work. Moreover, since science is a part of everybody's life, it is something that is important to all individuals. A Abdomen: Abdomen in mammals is the portion of the body which is located below the rib cage, and in arthropods below the thorax. It is the cavity that contains stomach, intestines, etc. Abscission: Abscission is a process of shedding or separating part of an organism from the rest of it. Common examples are that of, plant parts like leaves, fruits, flowers and bark being separated from the plant. Accidental: Accidental refers to the occurrences or existence of all those species that would not be found in a particular region under normal circumstances. Acclimation: Acclimation refers to the morphological and/or physiological changes experienced by various organisms to adapt or accustom themselves to a new climate or environment. Active Transport: The movement of cellular substances like ions or molecules by traveling across the membrane, towards a higher level of concentration while consuming energy. -
Mapping the Past, Present and Future Research Landscape of Paternal Effects Joanna Rutkowska1,2* , Malgorzata Lagisz2 , Russell Bonduriansky2 and Shinichi Nakagawa2
Rutkowska et al. BMC Biology (2020) 18:183 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-020-00892-3 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Mapping the past, present and future research landscape of paternal effects Joanna Rutkowska1,2* , Malgorzata Lagisz2 , Russell Bonduriansky2 and Shinichi Nakagawa2 Abstract Background: Although in all sexually reproducing organisms an individual has a mother and a father, non-genetic inheritance has been predominantly studied in mothers. Paternal effects have been far less frequently studied, until recently. In the last 5 years, research on environmentally induced paternal effects has grown rapidly in the number of publications and diversity of topics. Here, we provide an overview of this field using synthesis of evidence (systematic map) and influence (bibliometric analyses). Results: We find that motivations for studies into paternal effects are diverse. For example, from the ecological and evolutionary perspective, paternal effects are of interest as facilitators of response to environmental change and mediators of extended heredity. Medical researchers track how paternal pre-fertilization exposures to factors, such as diet or trauma, influence offspring health. Toxicologists look at the effects of toxins. We compare how these three research guilds design experiments in relation to objects of their studies: fathers, mothers and offspring. We highlight examples of research gaps, which, in turn, lead to future avenues of research. Conclusions: The literature on paternal effects is large and disparate. Our study helps in -
Glossary of Seed Biology and Technology
Glossary of seed biology and technology Jøker, Dorthe Publication date: 2001 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (APA): Jøker, D. (2001). Glossary of seed biology and technology. Danida Forest Seed Centre. Technical Note no. 59 Download date: 29. Sep. 2021 TECHNICAL NOTE NO. 59 August 2001 GLOSSARY OF SEED BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY compiled by Lars Schmidt and Dorthe Jøker Titel Glossary of seed biology and technology Authors Lars Schmidt and Dorthe Jøker Publisher Danida Forest Seed Centre Series - title and no. Technical Note no. 59 DTP Melita Jørgensen Citation Schmidt. L. and D. Jøker. 2001. Glossary of seed biology and technology Citation allowed with clear source indication Written permission is required if you wish to use Forest & Landscape's name and/or any part of this report for sales and advertising purposes. The report is available free of charge [email protected] Electronic Version www.SL.kvl.dk PREFACE This glossary was compiled to meet an expressed need for a concise, precise glossary of terms of seed biology and practical seed handling to be used, e.g. during translation of technical papers. This glossary is based on the glossary of a new seed handbook published by Danida Forest Seed Centre. A number of terms, specifically related to the text of that book (e.g. ecological terms), have however been omitted in the present glossary in order to keep it strictly to seed biology and seed technology. In order to avoid too much overlap with the already existing Tree Improvement Glossary (published as DFSC Technical Note No. -
The Activator Protein-1 Transcription Factor in Respiratory Epithelium Carcinogenesis
Subject Review The Activator Protein-1 Transcription Factor in Respiratory Epithelium Carcinogenesis Michalis V. Karamouzis,1 Panagiotis A. Konstantinopoulos,1,2 and Athanasios G. Papavassiliou1 1Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece and 2Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Abstract Much of the current anticancer research effort is focused on Respiratory epithelium cancers are the leading cause cell-surface receptors and their cognate upstream molecules of cancer-related death worldwide. The multistep natural because they provide the easiest route for drugs to affect history of carcinogenesis can be considered as a cellular behavior, whereas agents acting at the level of gradual accumulation of genetic and epigenetic transcription need to invade the nucleus. However, the aberrations, resulting in the deregulation of cellular therapeutic effect of surface receptor manipulation might be homeostasis. Growing evidence suggests that cross- considered less than specific because their actions are talk between membrane and nuclear receptor signaling modulated by complex interacting downstream signal trans- pathways along with the activator protein-1 (AP-1) duction pathways. A pivotal transcription factor during cascade and its cofactor network represent a pivotal respiratory epithelium carcinogenesis is activator protein-1 molecular circuitry participating directly or indirectly in (AP-1). AP-1–regulated genes include important modulators of respiratory epithelium carcinogenesis. The crucial role invasion and metastasis, proliferation, differentiation, and of AP-1 transcription factor renders it an appealing survival as well as genes associated with hypoxia and target of future nuclear-directed anticancer therapeutic angiogenesis (7). Nuclear-directed therapeutic strategies might and chemoprevention approaches. -
Biotechnology: Answers to Common Questions
FSR0030 Biotechnology: Answers to Common Questions Kevin Keener, Assistant Professor of Food Science Thomas Hoban, Professor of Sociology and Food Science N.C. Cooperative Extension Service N.C. State University We are entering the “Century of Biology.” Recent developments in the biological sciences are giving us a better understanding of the natural world. At the same type we are developing new tools that are collectively referred to as “biotechnology.” These help us address problems related to human health, food production, and the environment. Any new technology – particularly one as far-reaching as biotechnology – will generate interest, as well as concerns. Because the science behind biotechnology is complex, misconceptions arise over its impacts and implications. In this publication we will answer questions many people have about biotechnology. These questions are organized along the lines of a news story: what, when, who, where, why, and how. We also provide a list of additional information sources available on the Internet. Our primary focus will be on the uses of biotechnology in agriculture and food production since these appear to be more controversial than other applications (at least up until this time). What is Biotechnology? In its broadest sense, biotechnology refers to the use of living systems to develop products. New scientific discoveries are allowing us to better understand fundamental life processes at the cellular and molecular level. Now we can improve selected attributes of microbes, plants, or animals for human use by making precise genetic changes that were not possible with traditional methods. All living organisms contain genes that carry the hereditary traits between generations. -
The Kennel Club Breed Health Improvement Strategy: a Step-By-Step Guide Improvement Strategy Improvement
BREED HEALTH THE KENNEL CLUB BREED HEALTH IMPROVEMENT STRATEGY: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE IMPROVEMENT STRATEGY WWW.THEKENNELCLUB.ORG.UK/DOGHEALTH BREED HEALTH IMPROVEMENT STRATEGY: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE 2 Welcome WELCOME TO YOUR HEALTH IMPROVEMENT STRATEGY TOOLKIT This collection of toolkits is a resource intended to help Breed Health Coordinators maintain, develop and promote the health of their breed.. The Kennel Club recognise that Breed Health Coordinators are enthusiastic and motivated about canine health, but may not have the specialist knowledge or tools required to carry out some tasks. We hope these toolkits will be a good resource for current Breed Health Coordinators, and help individuals, who are new to the role, make a positive start. By using these toolkits, Breed Health Coordinators can expect to: • Accelerate the pace of improvement and depth of understanding of the health of their breed • Develop a step-by-step approach for creating a health plan • Implement a health survey to collect health information and to monitor progress The initial tool kit is divided into two sections, a Health Strategy Guide and a Breed Health Survey Toolkit. The Health Strategy Guide is a practical approach to developing, assessing, and monitoring a health plan specific to your breed. Every breed can benefit from a Health Improvement Strategy as a way to prevent health issues from developing, tackle a problem if it does arise, and assess the good practices already being undertaken. The Breed Health Survey Toolkit is a step by step guide to developing the right surveys for your breed. By carrying out good health surveys, you will be able to provide the evidence of how healthy your breed is and which areas, if any, require improvement. -
Contextual Factors Affecting
University of Pretoria etd – Van den Berg, D N CONTEXTUAL FACTORS AFFECTING ADOLESCENTS’ RISK FOR HIV/AIDS INFECTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATION Dirk Nicolaas van den Berg 2004 University of Pretoria etd – Van den Berg, D N CONTEXTUAL FACTORS AFFECTING ADOLESCENTS’ RISK FOR HIV/AIDS INFECTION: IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATION by Dirk Nicolaas van den Berg Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree: MASTER OF EDUCATION In the Faculty of Education, School of Educational Studies Department of Curriculum Studies University of Pretoria Promoter: Professor Doctor Linda van Rooyen University of Pretoria etd – Van den Berg, D N DECLARATION I, Dirk Nicolaas van den Berg, declare that this dissertation is my own work. It is submitted for the Degree of the Master of Education at the University of Pretoria. This dissertation has not been submitted before for any degree or examination at any other university. _______________ D.N. van den Berg 2004-10-28 University of Pretoria etd – Van den Berg, D N DEDICATION This study is dedicated to my parents Dirk and Beryl van den Berg, my wife Helga van den Berg and two children, Marianné and Dirk. Your encouragement, sacrifice and love made the completion of this study possible. University of Pretoria etd – Van den Berg, D N ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I thank my heavenly Father for the opportunity, courage, strength and guidance that made this study possible. My sincere gratitude and appreciation to the following people that made the successful completion of this study possible: My promoter, Professor Doctor Linda van Rooyen, who guided me with positive criticism, persistent motivation, and endless patience towards producing high quality work. -
Dog Breeds of the World
Dog Breeds of the World Get your own copy of this book Visit: www.plexidors.com Call: 800-283-8045 Written by: Maria Sadowski PlexiDor Performance Pet Doors 4523 30th St West #E502 Bradenton, FL 34207 http://www.plexidors.com Dog Breeds of the World is written by Maria Sadowski Copyright @2015 by PlexiDor Performance Pet Doors Published in the United States of America August 2015 All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including photocopying, recording, or by any information retrieval and storage system without permission from PlexiDor Performance Pet Doors. Stock images from canstockphoto.com, istockphoto.com, and dreamstime.com Dog Breeds of the World It isn’t possible to put an exact number on the Does breed matter? dog breeds of the world, because many varieties can be recognized by one breed registration The breed matters to a certain extent. Many group but not by another. The World Canine people believe that dog breeds mostly have an Organization is the largest internationally impact on the outside of the dog, but through the accepted registry of dog breeds, and they have ages breeds have been created based on wanted more than 340 breeds. behaviors such as hunting and herding. Dog breeds aren’t scientifical classifications; they’re It is important to pick a dog that fits the family’s groupings based on similar characteristics of lifestyle. If you want a dog with a special look but appearance and behavior. Some breeds have the breed characterics seem difficult to handle you existed for thousands of years, and others are fairly might want to look for a mixed breed dog. -
Allele Frequency–Based and Polymorphism-Versus
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE Allele Frequency–Based and Polymorphism-Versus- provided by PubMed Central Divergence Indices of Balancing Selection in a New Filtered Set of Polymorphic Genes in Plasmodium falciparum Lynette Isabella Ochola,1 Kevin K. A. Tetteh,2 Lindsay B. Stewart,2 Victor Riitho,1 Kevin Marsh,1 and David J. Conway*,2 1Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi, Kenya 2Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]. Associate editor: John H. McDonald Research article Abstract Signatures of balancing selection operating on specific gene loci in endemic pathogens can identify candidate targets of naturally acquired immunity. In malaria parasites, several leading vaccine candidates convincingly show such signatures when subjected to several tests of neutrality, but the discovery of new targets affected by selection to a similar extent has been slow. A small minority of all genes are under such selection, as indicated by a recent study of 26 Plasmodium falciparum merozoite- stage genes that were not previously prioritized as vaccine candidates, of which only one (locus PF10_0348) showed a strong signature. Therefore, to focus discovery efforts on genes that are polymorphic, we scanned all available shotgun genome sequence data from laboratory lines of P. falciparum and chose six loci with more than five single nucleotide polymorphisms per kilobase (including PF10_0348) for in-depth frequency–based analyses in a Kenyan population (allele sample sizes .50 for each locus) and comparison of Hudson–Kreitman–Aguade (HKA) ratios of population diversity (p) to interspecific divergence (K) from the chimpanzee parasite Plasmodium reichenowi. -
Microevolution and the Genetics of Populations Microevolution Refers to Varieties Within a Given Type
Chapter 8: Evolution Lesson 8.3: Microevolution and the Genetics of Populations Microevolution refers to varieties within a given type. Change happens within a group, but the descendant is clearly of the same type as the ancestor. This might better be called variation, or adaptation, but the changes are "horizontal" in effect, not "vertical." Such changes might be accomplished by "natural selection," in which a trait within the present variety is selected as the best for a given set of conditions, or accomplished by "artificial selection," such as when dog breeders produce a new breed of dog. Lesson Objectives ● Distinguish what is microevolution and how it affects changes in populations. ● Define gene pool, and explain how to calculate allele frequencies. ● State the Hardy-Weinberg theorem ● Identify the five forces of evolution. Vocabulary ● adaptive radiation ● gene pool ● migration ● allele frequency ● genetic drift ● mutation ● artificial selection ● Hardy-Weinberg theorem ● natural selection ● directional selection ● macroevolution ● population genetics ● disruptive selection ● microevolution ● stabilizing selection ● gene flow Introduction Darwin knew that heritable variations are needed for evolution to occur. However, he knew nothing about Mendel’s laws of genetics. Mendel’s laws were rediscovered in the early 1900s. Only then could scientists fully understand the process of evolution. Microevolution is how individual traits within a population change over time. In order for a population to change, some things must be assumed to be true. In other words, there must be some sort of process happening that causes microevolution. The five ways alleles within a population change over time are natural selection, migration (gene flow), mating, mutations, or genetic drift.