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A Review on Revolutionary Natural Biopolymer-Based Aerogels for Antibacterial Delivery

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A Review on Revolutionary Natural Biopolymer-Based Aerogels for Antibacterial Delivery antibiotics Review A Review on Revolutionary Natural Biopolymer-Based Aerogels for Antibacterial Delivery Esam Bashir Yahya 1 , Fauziah Jummaat 2,*, A. A. Amirul 3,* , A. S. Adnan 2, N. G. Olaiya 1 , C. K. Abdullah 1 , Samsul Rizal 4, M. K. Mohamad Haafiz 1 and H. P. S. Abdul Khalil 1,* 1 School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; [email protected] (E.B.Y.); [email protected] (N.G.O.); [email protected] (C.K.A.); mhaafi[email protected] (M.K.M.H.) 2 Management Science University Medical Centre, University Drive, Off Persiaran Olahraga, Section 13, Shah Alam, Selangor 40100, Malaysia; [email protected] 3 School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia 4 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (F.J.); [email protected] (A.A.A.); [email protected] (H.P.S.A.K.) Received: 10 September 2020; Accepted: 27 September 2020; Published: 28 September 2020 Abstract: A biopolymer-based aerogel has been developed to become one of the most potentially utilized materials in different biomedical applications. The biopolymer-based aerogel has unique physical, chemical, and mechanical properties and these properties are used in tissue engineering, biosensing, diagnostic, medical implant and drug delivery applications. Biocompatible and non-toxic biopolymers such as chitosan, cellulose and alginates have been used to deliver antibiotics, plants extract, essential oils and metallic nanoparticles. Antibacterial aerogels have been used in superficial and chronic wound healing as dressing sheets. This review critically analyses the utilization of biopolymer-based aerogels in antibacterial delivery. The analysis shows the relationship between their properties and their applications in the wound healing process. Furthermore, highlights of the potentials, challenges and proposition of the application of biopolymer-based aerogels is explored. Keywords: nanocellulose; aerogel; biopolymer; antibacterial; drug delivery; wound healing 1. Introduction The aerogel is a novel material formed by replacing the liquid of a gel with gas without changing its structure. Aerogels were first prepared with a supercritical drying technique using alcohol as a liquid [1]. A few years later, this material was further experimented and utilized in different applications. Abdul Khalil et al. [2] describe an aerogel as a material which contains more than 99% air and can be prepared from various precursor material. Often, aerogel is manufactured in multi-shape structures to serve different needs. The first aerogel was produced from silica gel as a precursor material [3]. Aerogel has since been prepared from organic, inorganic, and even composites of different materials. At present, biopolymers have attracted a lot of research work for aerogel preparation with a focus in biomedical applications. Biomedical application of aerogel includes wound healing, tissue engineering scaffolds and drug delivery [4]. Biopolymers have properties desirable for potential materials used in biomedical applications. These properties include biocompatibility, non-toxic, hemostasis and antibacterial properties. The antimicrobial properties of some biopolymers Antibiotics 2020, 9, 648; doi:10.3390/antibiotics9100648 www.mdpi.com/journal/antibiotics Antibiotics 2020, 9, 648 2 of 25 Antibiotics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 26 makesome thembiopolymers desirable make materials them indesirable wound materials healing applications in wound healing [5]. Much applications research has [5]. been Much conducted research onhas the been preparation conducted of on biopolymer-based the preparation of aerogels biopolymer-based and its characterization. aerogels and its characterization. Furthermore,Furthermore, in vitrovitro andand inin vivovivo analysisanalysis havehave beenbeen conductedconducted toto evaluateevaluate its use in didifferentfferent applications,applications, including antibacterial delivery. Even with thethe considerableconsiderable developmentsdevelopments inin aerogelaerogel preparation,preparation, itsits commercializationcommercialization isis stillstill relativelyrelatively slow.slow. The number ofof companiescompanies producingproducing aerogelsaerogels withwith desireddesired propertiesproperties for for di differentfferent applications applications is is low. low. Many Many authors authors have have proposed proposed with with a convictiona conviction that that a lota lot of of newer newer aerogels aerogels are are going going to to be be prepared prepared in in the the next next few few years. years. TheThe interestinterest inin biopolymer-basedbiopolymer-based aerogelsaerogels hashas grown,grown, asas indicatedindicated byby thethe numbernumber ofof publicationspublications eacheach yearyear asas FigureFigure1 1 presents. presents. FigureFigure 1.1.Number Number of scientificof scientific publications publications in the lastin the ten years,last ten contributing years, contributing to the subject to “biopolymers the subject aerogels”“biopolymers by year aerogels” (Search by conducted year (Search through conducted Science through Direct onScience 9 September Direct on 2020 9 September (From 2009 2020 to 2019)).(From 2009 to 2019)). There are already several excellent review articles and books about the history, properties, medicalThere and are non-medical already several applications excellent of review aerogels arti [6cles–9]. and Also, books the chemistry,about the history, physics, properties, synthesis, andmedical their and diff non-medicalerent applications applications have of been aerogels extensively [6–9]. Also, discussed the chemistry, [2,10,11]. physics, However, synthesis, not much and hastheir been different done applications explicitly regarding have been the extensively utilization discussed of biopolymer-based [2,10,11]. However, aerogels not for much antibacterial has been delivery.done explicitly This review regarding selectively the utilization examined of biopol biopolymer-basedymer-based aerogels aerogels for used antibacterial in antibacterial delivery. delivery. This Biopolymer-basedreview selectively aerogelsexamined such biop asolymer-based chitosan-based, aerogels cellulose-based used in an andtibacterial alginate-based delivery. aerogels Biopolymer- were discussedbased aerogels extensively. such as This chitosan-based, review includes cellulose- an overviewbased ofand their alginate-based properties and aerogels the most were recent discussed works utilizingextensively. these This aerogels review in includes antibacterial an overview delivery of applications. their properties Additionally, and the most the study recent further works discusses utilizing thethese role aerogels of biopolymer-based in antibacterial aerogels delivery in applications superficial and. Additionally, deep wound the healing study and further to stop discusses hemorrhaging. the role Theof biopolymer-based study also highlighted aerogels some in of superficial the challenges and d andeep propositionswound healing of these and biopolymer-basedto stop hemorrhaging. aerogels The instudy antibacterial also highlighted delivery some applications. of the challenges and propositions of these biopolymer-based aerogels 2.in Biopolymer-Basedantibacterial delivery Aerogels applications. 2. Biopolymer-BasedBiopolymers defined Aerogels as naturally occurring materials consist of repetitive monomeric units that covalently bonded to form larger molecules, such as cellulose, collagen, and alginates, etc. In the past Biopolymers defined as naturally occurring materials consist of repetitive monomeric units that few years, biopolymers have been extensively used in aerogel preparation for different biomedical covalently bonded to form larger molecules, such as cellulose, collagen, and alginates, etc. In the past applications due to their unique properties [7]. Aerogel was defined as a solid, ultra-lightweight and few years, biopolymers have been extensively used in aerogel preparation for different biomedical lucid open porous network, obtained from gel following the removal of the pore liquid without any applications due to their unique properties [7]. Aerogel was defined as a solid, ultra-lightweight and significant modification in the network structure [12]. Traditional materials for aerogel preparation lucid open porous network, obtained from gel following the removal of the pore liquid without any like silica, carbon, metals, and synthetic polymers present some drawbacks that limit their use in significant modification in the network structure [12]. Traditional materials for aerogel preparation biomedical applications. These drawbacks include immunological rejection by the body and their high like silica, carbon, metals, and synthetic polymers present some drawbacks that limit their use in cytotoxicity, which may cause undesirable immunogenic response [13]. The studies on biopolymers are biomedical applications. These drawbacks include immunological rejection by the body and their high cytotoxicity, which may cause undesirable immunogenic response [13]. The studies on biopolymers are motivated by the search for sustainable precursors instead of using traditional oil- Antibiotics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 26 Antibiotics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 26 AntibioticsAntibiotics 20202020, 9, 9x, FOR 648 PEER REVIEW 3 of3 of26 25 basedbased oror syntheticsynthetic materialsmaterials [[10].10]. Furthermore,Furthermore,
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