american academy of arts & sciences fall 2003 Bulletin vol. lvii, no. 1 Page 1 American Academy Welcomes New Members On Saturday, October 11, the Academy inducted its 223rd class of members.

Stated Meeting Report, Page 24 Environmental Change and the Human Condition John P. Holdren

Stated Meeting Report, Page 32 Race, Art, and Integration: The African American Soldier During the Korean War Gerald Early

inside: Academy Projects, Page 2 Visiting Scholars, Page 6 From the Archives, Page 7 Calendar of Events

Saturday, Saturday, Wednesday, September 13, 2003 November 1, 2003 February 11, 2004 1871st Stated Meeting, 1874th Stated Meeting, 1878th Stated Meeting– Contents Western Center–Los Angeles Midwest Center–Chicago Cambridge Academy News Induction 1 “Impressionists and Moderns: “The Absurd Universe” “What’s the Point of Democracy?” French Masterworks from the State Talcott Parsons Prize 1 Speaker: Michael Turner, Speaker: Amartya Sen, Harvard Pushkin Museum, Moscow: A Study University of Chicago University Academy Projects 2 of Collecting” Selected Grants and Gifts 5 Location: Adler Planetarium Location: House of the Academy Speaker: Stephanie Barron, Los and Astronomy Museum Visiting Scholars Program 6 Angeles County Museum of Art Time: 5:30 p.m. Academy Trust 7 “Collecting and Display as Subjects Monday, From the Archives 7 of History” Wednesday, November 3, 2003 March 10, 2004 New Inductees 11 Speaker: Thomas Crow , Getty 1875th Stated Meeting– Regional Events 23 1879th Stated Meeting– Research Institute New York Cambridge Stated Meetings Location: Los Angeles County “The Economic Outlook and Current John P. Holdren 24 Museum of Art “Voting with Dollars” Gerald Early 32 Policy Issues” Speakers: Bruce Ackerman, Noteworthy 39 Speaker: Robert E. Rubin, Saturday, Yale Law School, with response Citigroup, Inc. October 11, 2003 by Barney Frank, U.S. House of National Induction Ceremony Memorial Tribute to Daniel Representatives Patrick Moynihan by Nathan and 1872nd Stated Meeting– Location: House of the Academy Cambridge Glazer, Harvard University Time: 5:30 p.m. Location: New York Speakers: Tom Leighton, mit and Akamai Technologies, uc Wednesday, Wednesday, Carolyn Bertozzi, Berkeley, April 14, 2004 William H. Gates, Sr., Bill and November 12, 2003 Joint Meeting of the Academy Melinda Gates Foundation, and 1876th Stated Meeting– and the Boston Athenaeum– Michael Wood, Princeton Uni- Cambridge versity, with a musical perform- Cambridge ance by Sherrill Milnes, North- “In Memory of Robert K. Merton” Speaker: Peter L. Galison, western University Speakers: Robert M. Solow, Harvard University Location: Sanders Theatre, mit, and Robert C. Merton, Location: House of the Academy Harvard University Harvard University Time: 5:30 p.m. Presentation of the 2003 Talcott Wednesday, Parsons Prize in Social Sciences to October 29, 2003 William Julius Wilson, Harvard Wednesday, 1873rd Stated Meeting– University May 12, 2004 Research Triangle Park Location: House of the Academy Stated Meeting and 224th Annual Meeting–Cambridge “The Supreme Court and American Democracy 2004” Wednesday, “Insects, Molecules, and Biodiversity” December 3, 2003 Speaker: Walter E. Dellinger, Speakers: Tom Eisner, Cornell III, Duke University; Introduc- 1877th Stated Meeting and University, John G. Hildebrand, tion by John Hope Franklin, Holiday Concert–Cambridge University of Arizona, and Jerrold Duke University Meinwald, Cornell University “Beethoven and His Royal Disciple” Location: National Humanities Location: House of the Academy Speaker: Lewis Lockwood, Center Harvard University; Introduction Time: 5:30 p.m. by Jessie Ann Owens, Brandeis University For information and reservations, Performance by The Boston Trio, contact Sheri Landry (phone: 617-576- “Archduke” Trio, Opus 97 5032; email: [email protected]). Location: House of the Academy Academy News William Julius Wilson Awarded the Talcott Parsons Prize American Academy ne of the most distinguished Oscholars in America on is- sues of urban poverty, race and Welcomes New Members class relations, and social inequal- ity, William Julius Wilson has n Saturday, October 11, 2003, the Academy inducted its been named the 2003 recipient O223rd class. With over 400 current Fellows and their of the Academy’s Talcott Parsons guests attending, Academy officers welcomed 153 new Fellows Prize, awarded for outstanding and Foreign Honorary Members–70 percent of the 2003 elec- contributions to the social sci- tees. Induction speakers included Tom Leighton (mit and ences. The Lewis P. and Linda uc L. Geyser University Professor Akamai Technologies), Carolyn R. Bertozzi ( Berkeley), at Harvard University, and a Fel- William H. Gates, Sr. (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation), low of the Academy since 1988, Michael Wood (Princeton University), and Sherrill Milnes Wilson received the prize at (Northwestern University). the 1876th Stated Meeting of the Academy in Cambridge on The day began with an orienta- Vice President Louis Cabot November 12. llc tion session at the House of the (Cabot-Wellington, ) observed The author of Power, Racism, and First awarded in 1974, the Talcott Academy. President Patricia that the Academy is one of the few Privilege (1973), The Declining Sig- Parsons Prize was established to Meyer Spacks (University of Vir- interdisciplinary institutions in nificance of Race (1978), The Truly honor the noted sociologist who ginia) greeted and congratulated the nation whose members repre- Disadvantaged (1987), When Work served as President of the Acad- the new members, and then gave sent every field and profession, and Disappears (1996), and The Bridge emy from 1967 to 1971. Over the Racial Divide (1999), a brief account of the Academy’s he called intellectual collabora- Previous recipients include: history, institutional character, tion the “hallmark” of the Acad- Wilson was a MacArthur Fellow • and mission. Highlighting the emy’s projects and studies. Secre- from 1987 to 1992. He was award- Clifford Geertz (Institute for Academy’s independence from tary Emilio Bizzi (mit) reviewed ed the National Medal of Science Advanced Study, anthropology, in 1998. the pressures and constraints that the rights and privileges of Acad- 1974), Doug McAdam (Stanford Uni- affect government and the uni- emy membership and invited the • Robert Dahl (Yale University, versity), chair of this year’s versity, she stated that “such free- new class’s “active involvement political science, 1977), dom has enabled the Fellows to with all aspects of our work.” Talcott Parsons Prize Commit- shape the Academy’s agenda,” tee, noted that Wilson “brings • Robert K. Merton (Columbia Executive Officer Leslie Berlowitz the highest level of empirical adding that “their distinction, University, sociology, 1979), spoke of the Academy’s “dedica- social science to bear on ques- integrity, and wide range of in- tion to advancing scholarship as tions of demonstrable social • Albert Hirschman (Institute terests provide the impetus for the critical basis for thoughtful and scholarly importance. His for Advanced Study, economics, ever new forms of thought and action.” Then, in introducing the work has served to sustain a tra- 1983), action.” dition of engaged, real-world leaders of several current Acad- scholarship that, for many peo- • C. Vann Woodward (Yale Continued on page 8 ple, speaks to the ultimate value University, history, 1988), of the social sciences. He should be credited with almost single- • Daniel Bell (Harvard Uni- handedly resuscitating the study versity, sociology, 1992), and of race and urban inequality and • putting a host of related issues Joseph H. Greenberg (Stanford back on the public agenda.” University, anthropology and linguistics, 1997). Along with McAdam, members of the selection committee were John Mark Hansen (University of Chicago), Nannerl Keohane (Duke University), John Reed (New York Stock Exchange), Robert Solow (mit), Eric Wan- ner (Russell Sage Foundation), and Harriet Zuckerman (Andrew W. Mellon Foundation). Induction Ceremony speakers Tom Leighton (MIT and Akamai Technologies), Carolyn Bertozzi (UC Berkeley), William H. Gates, Sr. (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation), Michael Wood (Princeton University), and operatic baritone Sherrill Milnes (Northwestern University), who performed for the attendees

Bulletin Fall 2003 1 Project Update

Congress, the Supreme Court, and Judicial Independence

t a time of increasingly con- gether scholars, members of Con- Atentious hearings over federal gress, Supreme Court justices, and judicial appointments and grow- federal judges for discussion and ing disagreements about the fun- analysis of the issues underlying damental roles of the legislative this increasingly adversarial rela- and judicial branches of the fed- tionship. eral government, the Academy Last spring, the second in a series continues its exploration of the of public meetings and private changing relationship between conversations about Congress and Congress and the Court. the Court took place in Washing- Attending the May Stated Meeting: Supreme Court Justices Ruth Bader Gins- As co-chairs of the project Jesse ton, D.C. On May 25, 2003, Fellows burg and David Souter, President of the Academy Patricia Meyer Spacks, Choper (Boalt Hall School of Law, and guests attended a meeting on Supreme Court Justice Stephen G. Breyer, and President of the Carnegie uc Berkeley) and Robert Post “The Independence of the Federal Institution of Washington Richard Meserve (Yale Law School) have observed: Judiciary,” held at the Library of tive agencies that has made the Congressman Berman–while “When the framers of the U.S. Congress. Speakers included Pro- federal judiciary increasingly re- asserting that there is no “bright Constitution separated the feder- fessor Judith Resnik (Yale Law liant on Congress for its staffing line” between “appropriate and al government into three distinct School), Judge Danny Boggs (U.S. and funding needs. In particular, inappropriate” forms of regula- branches, Congress and the Su- Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit), she pointed to the large numbers tion–maintained that “it’s appro- preme Court were designed to face and Representative Howard Ber- d of judges who have neither life priate for Congress to regulate each other at arm’s length. Follow- man ( -California), with former tenure nor protected salaries– the administration of the judicial ing a period of considerable ten- White House Counsel, Congress- two conditions established by the branch, but not so appropriate sion and conflict, the relationship man, and Federal Judge Abner Constitution as what she termed for it to try to regulate the judicial between the federal legislature Mikva (University of Chicago) “hallmarks of judicial indepen- function.” As an example of un- and judiciary stabilized in the last serving as moderator. Panelists dence.” At the same time, she warranted congressional interfer- years of the New Deal. Although considered whether, how, and to noted that the federal judiciary, ence in judicial matters he cited it has subsequently encountered what extent Congress has recently through the Judicial Conference mandatory minimum sentencing, various periods of discord, the used its constitutional preroga- of the United States (a group of which substitutes uniform, exter- equilibrium has been significantly tives to encroach on judicial inde- fewer than thirty life-tenured nally imposed rules for the exer- disrupted since the mid-1990s. pendence. judges), now collectively “edu- cise of discretion by individual The controversy now building Professor Resnik focused on the cates, plans, lobbies, and opines” judges. between Congress and the Court on behalf of “the Judiciary” on proliferation of federal judges in Also in May, a second off-the- could reach historic proportions.” issues including whether Congress both courthouses and administra- record conversation between The Academy project brings to- should create new federally en- Supreme Court Justices Stephen forceable rights. Despite the new G. Breyer, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, challenges they pose, neither the Sandra Day O’Connor, and David many judges who lack life tenure Souter, as well as federal judges, nor the changing activities of members of Congress, legal schol- judges who have life tenure have ars, and political scientists, was become a focus of discussions held at the Supreme Court. This about judicial independence. exchange was intended to facili- Judge Boggs expressed confidence tate communication between Con- that the “independence of the ju- gress and the federal courts and to diciary remains intact and largely develop an agenda for future schol- unthreatened.” The chief perils arly research. to judicial independence, he said, A full account of the May 2003 stem from administrative encroach- panel will appear in the Bulletin’s ments by Congress–notably, its Winter 2004 issue. Speakers at the May 2003 Congress and the Court Stated Meeting: Judith refusal to raise judges’ pay in pace Resnik (Yale Law School), Abner Mikva (moderator, University of Chicago), with inflation–and the increasing Judge Danny Boggs (U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit), and Representative Howard Berman (D-California) politicization of the confirmation process. 2 Bulletin Fall 2003 Fostering Corporate Responsibility

n the wake of the recent scan- Two of the co-chairs Idals at Enron, WorldCom, Tyco, of the Corporate and many other large publicly held Responsibility proj- Energy, Ecology, American corporations, Congress ect: Martin Lipton passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of (Wachtell, Lipton, and Security 2002, and the stock exchanges be- Rosen & Katz) and Jay Lorsch (Harvard gan amending their listing require- cientists know a good deal Business School) ments to provide new protections Sabout the overall nature, direc- for investors. Yet in the view of tion, and significance of human- many scholars and practitioners, induced climate change, and about regulation alone will not suffice the patterns of global energy use to make corporate America and that appear to be causing it. Ex- its related institutions more trust- perts on energy and global secu- worthy. pointed interim chair of the New and the need for greater profes- York Stock Exchange, attributed sionalism among groups such as rity have studied the economic This spring, the Academy’s proj- and security ramifications of cur- today’s failures of “integrity and auditors and lawyers. ect Corporate Responsibility: Be- responsibility” in corporate Amer- rent patterns of oil production The project’s second workshop, yond Regulation sponsored work- ica to an overemphasis on short- and demand. Yet no one so far has held at nyu’s Center for Law & shops focused on two key topics: term shareholder value. As an al- Business on May 19 –20, 2003, examined the complex interac- the importance of values in guid- ternative he proposed a standard consisted of panel discussions on tions among energy use, climate ing corporate conduct, and the of “evolutionary success,” a way each of six “gatekeeper” profes- change, economic development, roles of various groups in uphold- of evaluating corporate perform- sions and profession-like groups: and security that any comprehen- ing or, in many recent cases, fail- ance that considers not just the regulators, auditors, journalists, sive response to the problem of ing to uphold basic values. The immediate interests of sharehold- lawyers, investment bankers, and Corporate Responsibility project ers, but also a firm’s place within global warming must consider. corporate directors. Workshop is co-chaired by Fellows Martin a broader “environment” of cus- participants addressed such top- A new Academy project aims to Lipton (Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen tomers, competitors, regulators, ics as the links between lax pro- lay the groundwork for just such & Katz) and Larry Sonsini (Wil- and society at large. Reed also fessional conduct and confusion a comprehensive approach. Co- son Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati) addressed the responsibilities of about who the “client” is (e.g., and Professor Jay Lorsch of Har- boards of directors; structural chaired by John Steinbruner (Uni- auditors serving management vard Business School. risks to corporate integrity, such versity of Maryland) and John rather than boards or sharehold- as the links between the under- Holdren (Harvard University), the In a paper presented at the House ers); the distorting effects of writing and retail distribution project on Energy, the Environ- of the Academy on April 28, 2003, market-based relationships and functions of investment banks; ment, and Global Security will Fellow John Reed, the recently ap- incentives on professional values; bring together experts on climate and the meaning of professional- change, ecology, energy, econom- ism in a business context. ics, and global security to address The Academy will publish the es- one of the most urgent and com- says developed in connection with plex problems facing the world the spring workshops as an Occa- community today. (See page 24 for sional Paper. It also plans to issue the Stated Meeting Report “Envi- a set of recommendations for prac- ronmental Change and the Hu- tice and an agenda for future re- man Condition,” based on John search. Lead papers are being pre- Holdren’s address at the 1864th pared by John Reed, William Kin- ney, Donald Langevoort, Geneva Stated Meeting of the Academy Overholser, William Allen and in November 2002.) Geoffrey Miller, Felix Rohatyn, and Martin Lipton and Jay Lorsch, A steering committee, consisting William Allen (NYU School of Law), Geoffrey Miller (NYU School of among others. of Steinbruner, Holdren, Ralph Law), Richard Painter (University of Illinois Law School), and other Cicerone (uc Irvine), and William members of the New York workshop on Corporate Responsibility Schlesinger (Duke University), has agreed that the project should “We know that we will need pro- growth, social equity, environmen- ject of this new project is exactly focus on the varying regional im- tective policies. We do not yet tal impact, and security policy.” the kind of complex, politically pacts of climate change, their like- know enough to devise them,” said difficult problem that the Acade- ly socioeconomic effects, and the Previous work in this area by the Steinbruner regarding the effects my, with its interdisciplinary focus political and security questions Academy and its Committee on of human activity on the global and reputation for non-partisan- that will arise from efforts to miti- International Security Studies has environment. “In this situation, ship, is especially well positioned gate and distribute the resulting helped to broaden the definition it will be important to develop a to address,” said Neal Lane (Rice burdens. Steinbruner is currently of “international security” to re- much better understanding of the University), one of the project’s supervising a survey of existing flect the changed realities of the relationships between economic advisors. research in these relevant areas. post–cold war world. “The sub- Bulletin Fall 2003 3 The Humanities Reconsidered

ccording to Patricia Meyer collection efforts of the national In early November Academy Fel- ASpacks (University of Virgin- service organizations in the hu- low David Hollinger (uc Berke- ia), president of the Academy and manities. ley) convened an authors’ confer- co-chair of the Humanities and ence for the second volume in the As part of the Humanities Indica- Culture Initiative, “There is a real series, The Humanities and the Dy- tors project, the Academy has also need to explain the humanities namics of Inclusion: 1945–2000. commissioned in-depth studies to to people who are not directly or This study, to which sixteen hu- Patricia Meyer review existing research and the Spacks professionally concerned with manities scholars are contributing limitations of current databases them, just as there is a need to re- essays, examines the role played in three areas: the career paths mind ourselves of the enormous by the humanities in incorporat- of undergraduate humanities ma- diversity of what constitutes the ing diverse cultural and ethnic jors, curricular and department- humanities in practice in this groups, as well as new ideas, dis- al changes in the liberal arts, and country.” Two projects in the Ini- ciplines, and subject matter, into changing patterns of financial tiative–one focused on gathering American universities. Topics to support for the humanities with- data about the current state of the be considered include the entry of in universities. humanities, the other on explor- women, Jews, African Americans, David ing their development over the Mapping the Humanities, a sec- and Catholics into college and uni- Hollinger course of the twentieth century– ond project in the Initiative, is versity faculties; the relationship are advancing knowledge about developing research studies on between demographic and curric- the role of the humanities in con- the evolution of humanities dis- ular change; and European intel- temporary American life. ciplines and the broad social and lectual influences on humanities intellectual changes that affected disciplines in America. The Humanities Indicators proj- these fields in the twentieth cen- ect, led by co-chairs Francis Oak- Other projects and lectures are also tury. The first volume, to be edit- ley (Williams College) and Ste- being developed as part of the Ini- ed by Patricia Meyer Spacks, will phen Raudenbush (University tiative. In an effort to improve pub- consider how seven core disci- Denis of Michigan), has been designed lic understanding of the humani- plines–American literature, com- Donoghue to provide educators, policymak- ties, the Academy is constructing parative literature, history, African ers, and the public with reliable an online Humanities Resource American studies, philosophy, art data on topics such as funding Center, which will appear as a sep- history, and law–have responded (public and private), faculty posi- arate section on the Academy’s to the pressures of specialization tions, undergraduate and graduate website. Users will be able to and the fragmentation of knowl- interests, curricula, enrollments easily access information about edge. At a workshop in June 2003, and degrees, and prospective job the Humanities and Culture Ini- essayists considered how the study markets. In October, a small advi- tiative, about current databases in of their respective disciplines sory committee met to review two the humanities, and about other would help to clarify both the Francis survey instruments developed by organizations working in the hu- causes and consequences of trans- Oakley the Academy to bring consistency manities. The online resource will formation in the humanities. and structure to the future data also serve as a clearinghouse for information about fellowships and other funding opportunities and will provide a bibliography of work on the development of the humanities disciplines.

In addition to Patricia Meyer Leslie C. Spacks and Francis Oakley, the Berlowitz Executive Committee of the Hu- manities and Culture Initiative includes Denis Donoghue (nyu), Steven Marcus (Columbia Uni- versity), and Leslie C. Berlowitz (American Academy). Malcolm Richardson (American Academy) Two participants at the November authors’ conference: Rolena Adorno (Yale directs the Initiative. University) and David Engerman (Brandeis University) Malcolm Richardson

4 Bulletin Fall 2003 Aaron Benavot Examining the History of Education and Julia Resnick

s of early 2000, 113 million around the world to discuss the Achildren of primary school history of educational expansion age remained out of school, accord- and its significance for ongoing ef- ing to the unesco Institute for forts to achieve universal education. Statistics. Meanwhile, “the total In the past, the project of nation- number of young people aged 6 building and economic develop- to 17 in the less-developed regions ment provided the political ener- is expected to grow by more than gy for expanding education sys- 100 million in the next quarter tems. But today the political and century,” observes Joel E. Cohen economic rationales of the past (Rockefeller and Columbia Uni- sizing social justice and, more re- ing every child in the world with are proving inadequate for mobi- versities), co-chair of the Acade- cently, national security. an education of high quality. The lizing the political will necessary study will produce a series of Oc- my’s Universal Basic and Second- At the workshop, Aaron Benavot ubase to reach universal enrollment, ob- casional Papers and other commu- ary Education ( ) project. and Julia Resnick (both of the served Academy Fellow Kenneth nications on topics ranging from “The challenge of educating all Hebrew University of Jerusalem) Prewitt (Columbia University). the cost of achieving universal ed- the world’s children will not get presented a paper examining the This is especially true in countries ucation to the use of new technol- smaller soon.” origins of compulsory education where only a minority of children ogies for educational expansion. and the means by which the rela- On September 6–7, 2003, the still lack access to schools. Several A forthcoming paper, “Assess- tively standard model of educa- Academy’s ubase project con- participants noted a shift in the ment: Measuring Progress Toward tion emerged and spread globally. vened a group of historians, econ- discourse among education advo- Universal Education,” by Henry Benavot and Resnick also consid- omists, sociologists, anthropolo- cates. Past arguments linking edu- Braun (Educational Testing Ser- ered the role of international and gists, educational policymakers, cation to economic development vice) and Anil Kanjee (Human nongovernmental organizations and public health experts from have given way to those empha- Sciences Research Council, South in promoting the spread of educa- Africa), examines the way in which tion. The group discussed the rel- Co-chair of the standardized evaluative tools af- UBASE project evance of historical experience to fect contemporary efforts at edu- Joel E. Cohen solving contemporary problems cational expansion. The first Oc- (Rockefeller and such as restricted access to school Columbia Univer- casional Paper published by the caused by poverty, gender, race, sities) with Javier project, “The Consequences of ethnicity, and rural locale. Corrales (Amherst Global Educational Expansion: College) The ubase project, co-chaired by Social Science Perspectives,” ap- Cohen and David E. Bloom (Har- peared in April 2003 and can be vard School of Public Health), is downloaded from the Academy’s investigating the rationale, feasi- website at www.amacad.org/ bility, and consequences of provid- publications/occasional.htm. Selected Grants and Gifts n the fiscal year that ended $548,500 grant to support “In- Visiting Scholars Program Other March 31, 2003, the Academy ternational Security in the Post- I 41 University Affiliates–$600,000 to Elizabeth and Stephen Bechtel, Jr. continued to receive important Soviet Space.” support the program. Foundation–$250,000 for renova- support for its projects and other National Science Foundation– tion and improvements to the first activities from foundation grants The Annenberg Foundation– $118,318 to support the Interna- floor of the House of the Academy. and restricted gifts from individ- $250,000 to support the program. tional Institute for Applied Sys- uals. Selected recent grants and Restricted Individual Gifts–$149,423. tems Analysis. The Virginia Wellington Cabot gifts to program areas (for the Foundation–$200,000 installment University of California, Irvine– 2002–2003 and 2003–2004 fis- Humanities and Culture of a four-year $500,000 grant in $50,000 for the Western Center. cal years) include: The William and Flora Hewlett support of the program and com- With Special Thanks To Science and Global Security Foundation–$155,000, second in- munity outreach. stallment of a four-year $750,000 Fidelity Investments and Carnegie Corporation of New York– The Charles and Suzanne Haar Fund grant to support the development the Microsoft Corporation. $168,740, second installment of at The Jerusalem Foundation, Inc.– of humanities indicators. a three-year $497,000 grant for $25,000 to establish the Esther “Governance of the Military and The Rockefeller Foundation– Haar Scholar Exchange Program Commercial Uses of Space.” $125,000, second installment of a within the Visiting Scholars Pro- two-year $250,000 grant to sup- gram. Carnegie Corporation of New York– port the development of humani- $135,606, final year of a three-year ties indicators.

Bulletin Fall 2003 5 Visiting Scholars Program

he Academy welcomed its dation, the Virginia Wellington Tsecond group of Visiting Cabot Foundation, and the Charles Scholars to its headquarters in and Suzanne Haar Fund at The Je- Cambridge in September 2003. rusalem Foundation. The Acade- In characterizing the new class, my is grateful to Marjorie Garber, the Chair of the Visiting Scholars Director of the Harvard Humani- Program (vsp), novelist and his- ties Center, for providing library torian James Carroll, observed, privileges for the scholars, and to “The 2003–2004 group of post- other Boston institutions, includ- doctoral fellows and junior facul- ing the Boston Public Library and ty exhibit a broad range of inter- the Boston Athenaeum, that have ests as well as a deep level of en- joined with the Academy to en- gagement with some of the most rich the experience of the Visit- important issues in their fields. ing Scholars during their year in Their presence at the House in residence. Cambridge will be stimulating Front (left to right): Robert Chodat, Eileen Babbitt, Ann Mikkelsen, Matthew for all of us, while their projects Lindsay, Crystal Feimster; back (left to right): Adam Webb, Jonathan Hansen, will make significant contribu- James Carroll tions to scholarship in areas of vital concern to the Academy.” Profiles of the Visiting Scholars Representing the fields of inter- national relations, law, political Eileen Babbitt–Assistant Pro- Jonathan Hansen–Postdoctoral Adam Webb–Postdoctoral Schol- science, African American stud- fessor of International Politics, Scholar, Boston University. Apos- ar, Princeton University. A World, Fletcher School, Tufts University. tate’s Return: American Expatriates Not a Globe: Towards an Alternative ies, American history, and Ameri- Refugee Repatriation after Civil War: and the Dilemmas of National and Vision of Intercivilizational Dialogue can literature, the Visiting Schol- The Tension between Coercion and Ethnoracial Identity. An exploration and Political Cosmopolitanism. An ars will carry out research on a Trust. An examination of whether of the cultural criticism of twenti- exploration of encounters among variety of topics ranging from race coercive laws and structures are eth-century American expatriates the major premodern civiliza- and ethnicity in modern America the only way to keep “enemies” whose return home reveals the in- tions, and of the lessons they pro- to intercultural dialogue and co- together when refugees return eluctable grip of national allegiance vide for an ethically richer view of existence. and try to reintegrate into com- on twentieth-century selfhood, cross-cultural collaboration and a vsp munities where they are not wel- while providing a fresh perspective future world order. Now in its second year, the come, and whether this coercive on American national identity. Chair of the vsp was founded to stimulate and sup- strategy leads to voluntary coexis- Matthew Lindsay–J.D. Yale Law port research by promising schol- tence or undermines peace-build- James Carroll–Historian and col- School, Ph.D. candidate, Univer- ars and practitioners in the early ing efforts. umnist for The Boston Globe. Books sity of Chicago. Equal Protection in include An American Requiem, Con- stages of their careers, and to fos- Robert Chodat–Postdoctoral the Age of “Ethnicity”–Racial Equal- stantine’s Sword, the Church and the ter ties between an emerging gen- Scholar, Stanford University. The ity and the “Colorblind” Constitution- Jews: A History, and, most recently, eration of scholars and Academy Patterns of Persons: Ideas of Agency alism Since the Second Reconstruction. the novel Secret Father. During his members with shared scholarly in American Literature and Philoso- A historical analysis of the con- tenure at the program, he is work- and social concerns. As Executive phy. A study of meaning and ac- striction of citizenship rights post ing on a history of the Pentagon. Officer Leslie Berlowitz notes, tion in twentieth-century Amer- Reconstruction, leading to insight vsp “The Visiting Scholars work in a ican literature and philosophy, into the retrenchment of anti- The will be hosting two genuinely interdisciplinary cen- focusing on how certain writers, discrimination law since 1970. Senior Scholars in spring 2004: including Gertrude Stein, Don Israeli novelist and Foreign Hon- ter, with all the opportunities this Ann Mikkelsen–Lecturer, Com- DeLillo, and Saul Bellow, articu- orary Member Aharon Appelfeld brings for their intellectual devel- mittee on Degrees in History and late competing pictures of mind, and Academy Fellow Jerrold opment and future careers. At the Literature, Harvard University. intention, and personhood. Meinwald, Goldwin Smith Pro- Voices from the Field: Pastoral, Prag- same time, the Academy benefits fessor of Chemistry at Cornell Crystal Feimster–Assistant Pro- matism, and Twentieth-Century Amer- from having scholars in residence University. to add to the intellectual vitality fessor of African American His- ican Poetry. A project on twentieth- of its studies and activities.” tory, Boston College. Lynching century poets who called attention Women: Racial and Sexual Violence to social, economic, and political The Academy’s 41 University Af- in the American South. An analysis inequities and attempted to rec- filiates are providing crucial sup- of the varied roles played by black oncile these with their own rela- port and guidance for the vsp. and white women in the history tively privileged, but simultaneous- The program is also funded by of lynching in the southern re- ly marginal, status as representa- gions of the United States. tive voices of a democratic society. grants from the Annenberg Foun-

6 Bulletin Fall 2003 Academy Trust From the Archives

our years ago, a strategic plan ing of the current and long-term t a meeting held on May 29, 1781, Fellows heard a report F–2000 and Beyond–called for needs of nonprofit associations, Afrom a committee that had been appointed “to arrange the Academy to expand its project their goals, and their management. the several subjects which . . . should principally engage the and outreach activities, create a attention of the Academy.” The committee’s recommenda- Meeting for the first time on April Visiting Scholars Program, revital- tions were: 27–28, 2003, the Trust reviewed ize its publications, and enhance the Academy’s overall operations its national visibility. Over the and finances and met with pro- past several years, the American 1. That one class examine the various soils of the gram directors to learn about their Academy has made significant Country . . . . Also what have been and are the objectives. Cabot described the progress in advancing all aspects various methods of culture . . . . session as “an excellent opportu- of this work. It has become in- nity to talk about where the Acad- 2. That a second class examine the growth of creasingly national and diverse, emy is now and how we can help vegetables . . . . and a growing number of Fellows it achieve its long-term aspira- throughout the country are now 3. That a third class collect samples of the various tions.” Executive Officer Leslie involved directly in Academy minerals and fossils in the country . . . . Berlowitz said that she was “de- programs and activities. lighted by the enthusiasm of the 4. That a fourth class make a chemical analysis of Last year, the Council establish- Trust members for this special vegetables, minerals and fossils and ascertain ed an Academy Trust to help institution” and that she looks their medicinal and other properties. strengthen the Academy’s stew- forward to benefiting from their 5. That a fifth class examine the various diseases ardship and its financial and re- expertise in advancing an organi- of the Country . . . . source development strategies. zation’s mission. The Trust plans The Trust will provide critical to meet two or three times annu- 6. That a sixth class attend to mathematical disqui- advice and guidance for Officers, ally. Its second meeting was held sitions and astronomical observations . . . . Councilors, and the Executive Of- in October. fice. Vice President Louis Cabot 7. That a seventh class make meteorology their chairs the group, which includes special object . . . . Academy leaders and major sup- 8. That an eighth class examine into the progress porters with a deep understand- of the mechanical arts in America . . . . 9. That the object of a ninth class be the rationale of Language, particularly the rationale, genius and idiom of the English language. 10. That it be the business of a tenth class to attend to the subject of the Commerce of America . . . . 11. That the Antiquities of the Country . . . be sub- jects of special enquiry by the eleventh class.

Over the past 223 years, the “several subjects” recommended for Academy study have grown and changed but, now as in the past, the rich insights and perspectives the Academy provides reflect the historic collaboration of distinguished individuals working at the interface of thought and action.

Front (left to right): John S. Reed (New York Stock Exchange), Michael E. Gellert (Windcrest Partners), Vice President Louis W. Cabot (chair of the Trust), Executive Officer Leslie C. Berlowitz, and E. John Rosenwald (Bear Stearns Companies); back (left to right): Peter Nicholas (Boston Scientific Corporation), Secretary Emilio Bizzi (mit), Richard Meserve (Carnegie In- stitution of Washington), and Arthur Gelb (Four Sigma Corporation); absent: President Patricia Meyer Spacks, William T. Golden (New York City), and Walter B. Hewlett (William and Flora Hewlett Foundation)

Bulletin Fall 2003 7 Induction • Robert Post (Yale Law School) • Mathematician and computer surface interactions in cancer, in- continued from page 1 and Linda Greenhouse (The New scientist Tom Leighton spoke flammation, and bacterial infec- York Times) described the study about how the same underlying tions. Yet the practical value of emy projects, she emphasized that on Congress and the Court, which protocols that have enabled the such knowledge, Bertozzi said, Academy studies focus on long- is exploring the tensions under- Internet to serve hundreds of mil- should not blind us to the impor- term societal and scholarly chal- lying the changing relationship lions of users around the world tance of “fundamental scientific lenges and are addressed to both between the federal legislature have rendered it increasingly vul- discovery” as part of “our natural policymakers and the broader in- and the judiciary. nerable to misuse. Leighton out- drive to make sense of the world.” tellectual community (see pages lined the challenge of protecting 2–5 for more on these projects). • Joel Cohen (Rockefeller and • Lawyer and philanthropist Wil- society from the malevolent ex- Columbia Universities) provided liam H. Gates, Sr., addressed the • Patricia Meyer Spacks (Uni- ploitation of the Internet: “Today, an overview of the project on Uni- current debate about the federal versity of Virginia) described the we worry about spam, viruses, versal Basic and Secondary Educa- estate tax and how it relates to three aspects of the Academy’s and e-crime. Soon, we will need tion (ubase) and gave a detailed “fundamental national axioms.” Humanities and Culture Initia- to worry about the possibility that description of this project’s efforts Noting that American entrepre- tive: the development of a sys- a government or a terrorist will to calculate the cost of achieving neurs benefit significantly from a tematic approach to databases in use the Internet to attack critical universal education. market economy protected by the the humanities; the publication infrastructure, with far more seri- rule of law and subsidized by $96 of research studies on the evolu- In addition, Carl Kaysen (mit), ous effect than an overflowing billion in annual federal support tion of the humanities in the co-chair of the Academy’s Com- mailbox or a loss of money or of for basic research, Gates asserted twentieth century; and the cre- mittee on International Security confidentiality.” that one way some Americans ation of an online Humanities Studies, and writer James Carroll, • Calling herself “a chemist who “manage to get so rich” is simply Research Center. a Committee member, discussed studies biological systems,” Caro- by “being born in the United the policy issues involved in the • New Fellow William Allen lyn R. Bertozzi explained that the States.” Under these circum- Academy’s program on security (nyu) outlined the work of the new field of chemical biology is stances, he asked, “Can there be a and international relations, in- Academy’s project on Corporate using tools developed by other serious question about the recti- cluding its study on the commer- Responsibility: Beyond Regula- disciplines to study the body from tude of society recovering from its cial and military uses of space. tion. He focused on its investiga- the standpoint of individual atoms most successful citizens a signifi- tion of the responsibilities of key At the Induction Ceremony held and molecules. She pointed out cant fraction of the fortune they “gatekeepers”–auditors, regula- at Harvard University’s Sanders that, in her own research, the leave at the time of their death?” tors, journalists, lawyers, invest- Theatre, five Academy Inductees newfound ability to “study cell • Literary scholar and critic ment bankers, and corporate addressed the audience. Full texts surfaces just like we explore the Michael Wood discussed the kind directors–in promoting ethical of their remarks will be reprinted landscape of the planet Earth” of knowledge that literature offers corporate conduct. in the Winter 2004 Bulletin. is illuminating the role of cell-

1. Orientation speakers Joel E. Cohen (Rockefeller and Columbia Universi- ties), Linda Greenhouse (The New York Times), William Allen (NYU), and Robert Post (Yale Law School) 2. Academy President Patricia Meyer Spacks (University of Virginia)

1 2

3. Arthur Levitt, Jr. (The Carlyle Group), Sidney Harman (Harman Interna- tional Industries), Jane Harman, and Sharon Percy Rockefeller (WETA) 4. Archie H. Brown (St. Antony’s College, University of Oxford) and Kenneth L. Judd (Stanford University)

34 8 Bulletin Fall 2003 1. Hue - Tam Ho Tai (Harvard University) 2. Adele Bacow, Lawrence S. Bacow (Tufts University), and John S. Reed (New York Stock Exchange)

1 2

3. Linda Hutcheon (University of Toron- to) and Elizabeth F. Loftus (UC Irvine) 4. Kenneth L. Sokoloff (UCLA), Bruce Mazlish (MIT), Secretary Emilio Bizzi (MIT), and Louis Sokoloff (National Institutes of Health)

3 4

5. William G. Unruh (University of British Columbia), Henry Petroski (Duke University), and Dennis A. Ausiello (Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hos- pital) 6. Zena Werb (UC San Francisco) and Samuel C. Silverstein (Columbia University)

5 6 by proposing that there are things Music Department, sang two Following these presentations, that works of literature “know” pieces, “Surely the Presence of Academy officers welcomed the but do not explicitly tell us. He the Lord is in this Place” by the new inductees by class. Each affirmed the value of “soft” and contemporary Gospel composer member was called forward to “silent” knowledge. “Every story Lanny Wolfe, and an arrangement sign the members’ book–a tradi- has a story it is not telling,” Wood of “At the River” by Aaron Cop- tion that goes back to the Acade- declared, “and if we listen, we can land (Academy Fellow, 1951– my’s founding. President Spacks hear it in the silence, and we can- 1990). On concluding his perfor- closed the ceremony by quoting not only guess what it means, we mance, Milnes spoke about his John Adams’s exhortation “Let us can know what it knows. We can ancestor Matthew Lyon–the first dare to read, think, speak, and hear the kindness in the anger; the American to be indicted under write,” and urging the new mem- generosity in the rage; the certain- the Alien and Sedition Acts signed bers to play an active role in the ty in the doubt; and the hope in by U.S. President and Academy “community of daring” that is the very articulations of despair.” co-founder John Adams. “I am not central to the mission of the sure how Matthew Lyon would Academy. • World-renowned operatic bari- feel about my being inducted into tone Sherrill Milnes, accompa- this Academy, but I am extremely nied on piano by Assistant Profes- honored,” Milnes remarked. sor Sean Gallagher of the Harvard

Bulletin Fall 2003 9 Induction 2003

1. 2003 Nobel Prize Laureate Peter C. Agre (Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine) and Mary Agre 2. Laura L. Kiessling (University of Wisconsin, Madison) and Carolyn R. Bertozzi (UC Berkeley)

1 2

3. Sir Anthony Kenny (St. John’s College, University of Oxford), Lawrence S. Bacow (Tufts University), and Robert A. Katzmann (U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit) 4. Corinne Schelling (American Acade- my) and Bernd Giese (University of Basel)

3 4

5. The Honorable Richard W. Fisher and Nancy Fisher (Kissinger McLarty Associates) 6. Friedrich Katz (University of Chicago), Thongchai Winichakul (University of Wisconsin, Madison), and Harry D. Harootunian (NYU)

5 6

7. Steven B. Sample (University of Southern California), Katherine Sample, and Larry William Swanson (University of Southern California) 8. Vinay Chowdhry and Uma Chowdhry (DuPont Engineering)

7 8

10 Bulletin Fall 2003 New Members: Class of 2003

related monodromy groups and Donald Glaser uniformly accelerating observers Class I: their scaling limits. University of California, Berkeley, CA feel themselves to be immersed in a thermal bath at a nonzero tem- Wilfried Schmid Professor of Physics and Neuro- Mathematical and biology. Invented the bubble perature. Made numerous other Harvard University, Cambridge, MA chamber to detect and study the contributions to general relativity, Physical Sciences Dwight Parker Robinson Profes- properties of elementary particles. cosmology, quantum gravity, and sor of Mathematics. Leader in Developed automatic systems to quantum measurement theory. the representation theory of Lie Section 1: Mathematics find genetic mutants of microbial groups. Gave the first construction and mammalian cells. Co-founded of the discrete series and proved Section 3: Chemistry Percy A. Deift the biotech company Cetus, now Blattner’s conjecture. Work on Courant Institute of Mathematical merged with Chiron. Received the Fred Colvig Anson Hodge theory has produced wide- Sciences, New York University, Nobel Prize in physics in 1960. California Institute of Technology, New York, NY ranging applications. Pasadena, CA Randall Gardner Hulet Professor of Mathematics. Made James Grieg Arthur (fhm) Elizabeth W. Gilloon Professor Rice University, Houston, TX seminal contributions to the theo- University of Toronto, of Chemistry Emeritus. Electro- ry of integrable systems and their Toronto, Ontario, Canada Fayez Sarofim Professor of Phys- chemist recognized for the inven- applications in spectral theory, ics and Astronomy. Leader in the University Professor of Mathe- tion of chronocoulometric meth- mathematical physics, combina- development of laser cooling and matics. Research focuses on uni- ods for analysis of adsorbed layers torics, and probability theory. the trapping of atoms. Achieved fying the mathematical fields of on electrodes, for the demonstra- the first Bose-Einstein condensa- Lawrence Craig Evans algebra and analysis. Invented the tion (together with James Collman) tion in a gas with attractive inter- of the four-electron reduction of University of California, Berkeley, CA “trace formula,” which, along actions (7Li). Produced a degen- dioxygen to water, and for the Professor of Mathematics. Lead- with one of its products, the so- erate Bose-Fermi mixture of 7Li development of the principles for er in the field of nonlinear partial called Arthur packets, is recog- and 6Li atoms, and demonstrated predicting and manipulating the differential equations. Establish- nized as an important step in the matter wave soliton trains of Bose- adsorption of species on elec- ed key estimates, regularity, exis- ongoing development of Robert Einstein condensates. trodes. tence, and other properties of solu- Langlands’s theories. tions important to applications in R. G. Hamish Robertson Phaedon Avouris many fields such as control, geo- Section 2: Physics University of Washington, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research metric motion, level set methods, Seattle, WA Center, Yorktown Heights, NY the calculus of variations, and ho- Paul M. Chaikin Professor of Physics. Made con- Manager of Nanometer Scale Sci- mogenization. Princeton University, Princeton, NJ tributions to direct mass meas- ence and Technology. Performed Henry DeWolf Smyth Professor of urements and to the Sudbury Richard Hamilton the first atomically resolved sur- Physics. Experimentalist working Neutrino Observatory that led face chemistry study, developed Columbia University, New York, NY in condensed matter physics. Dis- to a demonstration that the ori- techniques to selectively break Professor of Mathematics. Made covered field-induced spin density gin of the solar neutrino problem individual covalent bonds, and contributions to geometry, partial waves. Co-authored a text that is neutrino oscillations. dissociated individual molecules differential equations, and applied summarizes the “modern synthe- using the scanning tunneling mathematics. Did influential work Ellen Dudley Williams sis” in that field. microscope. Demonstrated the on mean curvature flow and har- University of Maryland, first atomic-scale device, pio- monic maps. Solved outstanding Michel Henri Devoret College Park, MD neered the fabrication and study problems, including the topology Yale University, New Haven, CT Distinguished University Profes- of carbon nanotube transistors, and geometry of manifolds with Professor of Applied Physics and sor; Director of the Materials Re- and was first to fabricate a fully positive curvature and Kahler- Physics. Condensed matter physi- search Science and Engineering functional logic circuit on a single Einstein metrics. cist. Demonstrated macroscopic Center. Provided a quantitative quantum effects in superconduct- thermodynamic analysis of facet- carbon nanotube molecule. Iain M. Johnstone ing devices. Pioneer of the experi- ing transitions on stepped crystal Carolyn R. Bertozzi Stanford University, Stanford, CA ment and theory of the single elec- surfaces through tunneling micro- University of California, Berkeley, CA Professor of Statistics. With collab- set tron transistor ( ), electron scopy and low-energy electron Associate Professor of Chemistry orators, introduced wavelets into set pump, and superconducting . diffraction. Developed a general and Molecular and Cell Biology; the field of statistics and developed Leader in the field of solid-state experimental and theoretical ap- Investigator, Howard Hughes Med- concepts, such as that of statistical devices for quantum computing. proach describing surface growth ical Institute. Made contributions “oracle,” that have since become and evolution under a variety of to the understanding of biological fundamental in prediction more Matthew P. A. Fisher nonequilibrium driving forces. sulfation pathways. Developed generally. University of California, Santa Barbara, CA William G. Unruh (fhm) “metabolic interference” tech- Nicholas M. Katz Professor of Physics. Condensed University of British Columbia, niques for perturbing cell surface Princeton University, Princeton, NJ matter theorist. Made seminal con- Vancouver, British Columbia, glycosylation with unnatural sug- Professor of Mathematics. Made tributions to the vortex-glass phase, Canada ars in order to study their func- contributions to number theory the superconductor-insulator Founding Director of the ciar tion. Demonstrated that Golgi and arithmetical geometry, partic- transition, and the theory of elec- Cosmology Program; Professor of localization of polysaccharide ularly with work on p-adic inter- tron fractionalization. Deepened Physics and Astronomy. Changed biosynthetic enzymes deter- polation, exponential sums and our understanding of strongly cor- our understanding of the notion mines their in vivo substrate L-functions over finite fields, and related electron materials. of “particles” by discovering that specificity.

Bulletin Fall 2003 11 Charles H. DePuy molecular dynamics simulations landscape development rates in vanced statistical and computa- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO by raising them to the limits of studies of runoff processes, land- tional techniques, including the Professor Emeritus of Chemistry. obtaining realistic descriptions sliding,soil formation,and stream- introduction of powerful database Made contributions to the funda- of complex condensed phases. channel networks. software to cosmology and astro- Work has led to physically signifi- physics. mental understanding of organic Joseph L. Kirschvink reaction mechanisms, especially cant and predictive descriptions California Institute of Technology, Lynne Talley those involving strained rings. of hydrogen-bonded liquids, self- Pasadena, CA University of California, Provided detailed mechanisms, assembled monolayers, super- Professor of Geobiology. Mag- San Diego, CA kinetics, stereochemistry, and cooled liquids, conducting fluids, netogeobiologist with research Professor of Oceanography. Made thermochemistry of many im- and biological membranes. interests focusing on geomagnetic fundamental contributions to both portant processes. Applied mass David Charles Clary (fhm) reversals, paleomagnetism and the theory and observation of large- spectrometric flow techniques University of Oxford, magnetostratigraphy, geomagnet- scale ocean circulation. Former to the study of ionic organic Oxford, United Kingdom ic sensitivity in animals, the bio- co-chairperson of the internation- reactions. Professor of Chemistry; Head of logical effects of electromagnetic al working group planning global Paul Lyon Houston Mathematical and Physical Sci- fields, and the biomineralization observations as part of the World Cornell University, Ithaca, NY ences. Developed new quantum of ferromagnetic materials. Ocean Circulation Experiment. theories for predicting the rates of Professor of Chemistry. Innovator Donald Quincy Lamb, Jr. J. Richard Bond (fhm) chemical reactions and the struc- in the field of molecular reaction University of Chicago, Chicago, IL University of Toronto, dynamics. Performed seminal tures of molecules with weak bonds. Louis Block Professor in Astron- Toronto, Ontario, Canada work on vector correlations in Editor of Chemical Physics Letters. omy and Astrophysics. Contrib- University Professor; Director of photodissociation dynamics, co- Bernd Giese (fhm) uted to our understanding of the the Canadian Institute for Theoret- invented the product imaging University of Basel, structure and evolution of white ical Astrophysics. Made contribu- technique, and discovered a new Basel, Switzerland dwarfs and neutron stars; the tions to physical cosmology and channel in the ultraviolet photo- Professor of Organic Chemistry. physics of X-ray and gamma-ray astrophysics through seminal re- dissociation of ozone. Contributed to the modern appli- bursts; and fundamental physical search that has improved our under- Thomas Joseph Katz cation of free radical chemistry to processes at high densities, tem- standing of supermassive objects, Columbia University, New York, NY stereoselective organic synthesis, peratures, and magnetic field the nature of dark matter in the to the fundamental understanding strengths. Applied advanced sta- universe, and the origin and growth Professor of Chemistry. Performed dna the first syntheses of 10-pi aromat- of radical-induced strand tistical methods to the analysis of a large-scale structure. Developed ics, prismane, pentaalkylphospho- scission, and to the action of ribo- of astronomical data. the fluctuations in cosmic back- rus compounds, helical and oligo- nucleotide reductase. Discovered ground radiation into a cosmolog- that electron transfer in dna S. George H. Philander ical tool of exceptional power. meric metallocenes, and helicenes Princeton University, Princeton, NJ and benzvalene in quantity; the occurs by a multistep charge- Professor of Geosciences. Theo- Konrad Mauersberger (fhm) first demonstrations of isolable hopping mechanism. retician of tropical ocean circula- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, metal-carbenes alone initiating tion and dynamics. Contributed Heidelberg, Germany olefin metatheses and acetylene Section 4: Astronomy new information to our present Director of the Division of Atmo- polymerizations, enyne metathe- (including Astrophysics) understanding of the complex spheric Physics. Leading research- sis, rhodium catalyzed cycloaddi- oceanic-atmospheric phenome- er in the mass-spectrometric anal- tions, the current photocycliza- and Earth Sciences non known as El Niño, La Niña, ysis of ozone and other gases in the tion procedure, and columnar Alan Paul Boss and the Southern Oscillation. stratosphere and phases in polar helicene aggregates; and the first stratospheric clouds. Discovered mechanistic analyses of olefin Carnegie Institution of Washington, George H. Rieke Washington, DC unexpected isotope effects in ozone metathesis regiochemistry and University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ Research Staff Member. Astro- formation leading to new mecha- metal-catalyzed cycloadditions. Professor of Astronomy and Plan- physical theorist in the area of nisms causing isotopic shifts. etary Sciences; Deputy Director Laura L. Kiessling star and planet formation. Dem- of the Steward Observatory. Infra- University of Wisconsin, onstrated that binary star forma- Section 5: Engineering red astronomer. Co-discoverer of Madison, WI tion can be a common outcome ultraluminous and starburst galax- Sciences and Technologies Professor of Chemistry and Bio- of the fragmentation that accom- ies. Carried out pioneering infra- chemistry. Applied organic syn- panies the collapse of an inter- red observations of active galactic Uma Chowdhry thesis, particularly ring-opening stellar molecular cloud. Revived nuclei, the Galactic Center, low DuPont Engineering, metathesis polymerization, to and developed the hypothesis mass stars, brown dwarfs, and the Wilmington, DE construct defined multivalent that Jupiter-mass planets form solar system. Developed methods Vice President of Central Research ligands used to solve biological from gravitational instabilities for infrared telescope optimiza- and Development. Made contri- problems. Known for work on in the circumstellar nebular disk. tion and many instruments for butions in the fields of catalysis/ L-selection inhibitors, which William Eric Dietrich ground-based telescopes. Leader surface science, electronic ceram- defined new strategies for anti- of space instrumentation pro- ics, high-temperature supercon- inflammatory drugs and the University of California, Berkeley, CA grams for sirtf and jwst. ductors, and electronic packaging. biological effects of multiva- Professor of Geography; Chair of lency. the Department of Earth and Plan- Alexander Sandor Szalay Ray Dolby etary Science. Leader in the quan- Dolby Laboratories, Inc., Michael Lawrence Klein Johns Hopkins University, titative study of Earth-surface Baltimore, MD San Francisco, CA University of Pennsylvania, processes. Combined field obser- Alumni Centennial Professor of Founder and Chairman. Known Philadelphia, PA vations, laboratory experiments, Physics and Astronomy. Astro- for innovations in the quality of Hepburn Professor of Physical and numerical modeling to devel- physicist and leader in the study audio and video recording. Recip- Sciences; Director of the Ma- op a mechanistic understanding of of large-scale structure in the uni- ient of the National Medal of terials Research Science and landform evolution. Applied cos- verse and the application of ad- Technology. Engineering Center. Advanced mogenic radionuclides to measure 12 Bulletin Fall 2003 James Economy Section 6: Computer Leonard Kleinrock University of Illinois at Urbana- University of California, Class II: Champaign, Urbana, IL Sciences (including Los Angeles, CA Biological Sciences Professor of Materials Science Artificial Intelligence and Professor of Computer Science. and Engineering. Developed orig- Information Technologies) Developed the basic principles inal ideas for endowing compos- that led to packet switching, the Section 1: Biochemistry and ite materials with important prop- Alfred V. Aho technology underpinning the In- Molecular Biology erties for engineering applications. Columbia University, New York, NY ternet. Led the laboratory where Materials include boron nitride, Professor of Computer Science at the Internet was born and directed Philip Beachy metal matrix composites, and the Fu Foundation School of En- the transmission of the first mes- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD high-performance aromatic co- gineering and Applied Science; sage to pass over the Internet. In- polyesters. Designed advanced Chair of the Department of Com- troduced and extended the theory Professor of Molecular Biology and materials for electronic applica- puter Science. Authority in the of queuing systems to model, ana- Genetics; Investigator, Howard tions and environmental con- field of computer science. Re- lyze, design, and optimize packet Hughes Medical Institute. Eluci- trol. search contributions include both switching networks. dated the structure and processing Morris E. Fine theoretical results and associated Frank Thomson Leighton of the hedgehog signaling protein and its modification by cholesterol, Northwestern University, applications. Managed R&D at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and demonstrated its role as a cru- Evanston, IL Bell Laboratories and Bellcore. and Akamai Technologies, cial developmental morphogen. Authored or co-authored ten text- Cambridge, MA Walter P. Murphy and Techno- Conducted studies of signal trans- books. Professor of Applied Mathemat- logical Institute Professor Emer- duction and of pathway inhibition ics; Chief Scientist. Co-founder itus. Created the first materials Paul Baran by the potent teratogen cyclopa- of Akamai Technologies. Special- science department. Played a key Novo Ventures, Inc., Milpitas, CA mine, which have provided a foun- ist in algorithms for network ap- role in transforming materials Founder. Made contributions to dation for future mechanism- plications. Author of research research and education by em- the technique for data transmis- based therapies in human cancer. papers, patents, and a text on phasizing the common principles sion, which later came to be called parallel algorithms and architec- Jennifer A. Doudna Cate that govern the behavior of all packet switching, and to the build- tures. University of California, Berkeley, CA materials. ing of a distributed network that Julio Mario Ottino were significant in the develop- Silvio Micali Professor of Molecular and Cellu- arpanet lar Biology; Investigator, Howard Northwestern University, ment of the . Massachusetts Institute of Hughes Medical Institute. Solved Evanston, IL Technology, Cambridge, MA Thomas M. Cover the high-resolution X-ray struc- R. R. McCormick Institute Profes- Professor of Computer Science. Stanford University, Stanford, CA tures of large rna molecules: a sor; Walter P. Murphy Professor Provided the foundation for mod- Kwo-Ting Li Professor of Engi- group I intron fragment, the hepa- of Engineering. Launched the dis- ern cryptography, introducing neering; Professor of Statistics. titis delta virus ribozyme, and the cipline of modern mixing with a (with Goldwasser) probabilistic Contributed to the fields of infor- bacterial signal recognition parti- series of papers and a book that encryption and semantic security mation theory, mathematical sta- cle. Revealed novel principles of defined the field. Clarified impor- of encryptions. Invented (with tistics, pattern recognition, and rna folding (motifs such as aden- tant aspects of the dynamic behav- Goldwasser and Racoff) Zero investment theory. osine platforms and ribose zippers, ior of granular matter and the Knowledge Proofs. Created the how helices fold around a magne- competition between chaos and Solomon W. Golomb theory of pseudo-random genera- sium core) and provided insights order. tors central to cryptography. University of Southern California, into the basis of rna catalysis. Los Angeles, CA Henry Petroski Richard M. Stallman University Professor. Worked on Stephen Elledge Duke University, Durham, NC Free Software Foundation, Baylor College of Medicine, the theory of linear shift-register Boston, MA Aleksandar S. Vesic Professor of sequences (basic components in Houston, TX President. Launched the Free Civil Engineering, Department spread spectrum communication Robert A. Welch Professor of Bio- Software Movement, which ad- of Civil and Environmental En- systems) and on prime number chemistry; Investigator, Howard vocates users’ freedom to study, gineering; Professor of History. theory. Contributed to number Hughes Medical Institute. At the change, and redistribute soft- Authority on the failure of struc- theory (twin primes), combina- forefront of the field of cell cycle ware, and led the development tures. Has written about bridges, torics, error-correcting and cryp- checkpoints and dna damage of the gnu operating system. pencils, paper clips, books and tographic codes, digital commu- control. Discovered three related Widely used gnu/Linux variant bookshelves, engineering errors, nication, and academic adminis- but independent control systems of gnu, which uses Linux as the and delivering newspapers as a tration. key to the regulation of the cell kernel, is often inaccurately called boy. Latest book concerns why cycle. Developed several technolo- William Kahan “Linux.” Also developed Emacs there is no perfect design. gies, including the Univector plas- University of California, Berkeley, CA and gcc. Kathleen C. Taylor mid fusion system, the lambda-Yes Professor of Computer Science dna General Motors Research and Niklaus Wirth (fhm) c expression system, and a and Electrical Engineering. Math- Development Center, Warren, MI ETH Zentrum, Zurich, Switzerland membrane two-hybrid system. ematician. Led the design of a Former Director of the Materials Professor of Computer Science mathematically reliable “floating- Perry Allen Frey and Processes Laboratory. Devel- Emeritus. Designer of program- point” arithmetic standard built University of Wisconsin, oped automobile exhaust pollu- ming languages, including euler, into commercially significant fast Madison, WI tion control through research on algol-w, modula, pascal, computers since 1985. Honored by Professor of Biochemistry; catalysis, which resulted in the use and oberon. Had an impact on the Association for Computing Co-director of the Institute for of palladium and platinum in cat- language design and implementa- Machinery, the Society for Indus- Enzyme Research. Studied en- alytic converters. Served as presi- tion. trial and Applied Mathematics, zyme-catalyzed reactions using dent of the Materials Research and the Institute of Electrical and substrates chirally labeled with Society. Electronic Engineers. isotopic elements, site-directed

Bulletin Fall 2003 13 mutations, and substrate analogs. Section 2: Cellular and developed genetic tools to analyze lian gene families. Played a funda- Demonstrated chemical insight mechanisms regulating genetic mental role in defining the Pax that has defined the molecular Developmental Biology, recombination and chromosome gene, which encodes master regu- mechanism of many enzyme Microbiology, and segregation. Isolated key control- lators of the organogenesis of the functions. ling genes for meiotic progression, eyes, brain, and pancreas. Immunology (including established the requirement of Carol W. Greider Jules Alphonse Hoffmann (fhm) Genetics) recombination for chromosome Johns Hopkins University, Centre National de la Recherche segregation, and provided the Baltimore, MD Scientifique, Strasbourg, France Frederick M. Ausubel paradigm for further studies of Professor of Molecular Biology Massachusetts General Hospital and meiosis. Director of Research. Through and Genetics. Co-discoverer of Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA molecular and genetic studies of the enzyme telomerase, which is Professor of Genetics. Made sem- Thomas B. Kornberg Drosophila, has illuminated the responsible for the synthesis of inal contributions to the knowl- University of California, mechanisms leading to resistance the ends of chromosomes (telom- edge of the genetics and molecu- San Francisco, CA to microbial infection, providing eres). Analyzed many aspects of lar biology of nitrogen fixation Professor of Biochemistry and a model system of innate immu- the biochemistry of telomerase in plants and microorganisms. Biophysics. Researcher who has nity in animals. and provided insights into the role worked in several fields, includ- Opened the way to understanding Janet Rossant (fhm) of the enzyme in genome stability, ing dna replication and develop- the molecular and biochemical Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute cellular senescence, and tumori- mental biology. Has studied the interactions between plants and and University of Toronto, Toronto, genesis. function of Drosophila genes that microbial pathogens. Identified Ontario, Canada regulate patterning during embry- Peter Bartlett Moore common virulence factors between Senior Investigator; University ogenesis, such as engrailed and Yale University, New Haven, CT plant and animal pathogens. Professor of Medical Genetics and hedgehog. Sterling Professor of Chemistry Kathryn Lee Calame Microbiology. Studies the genetic with joint appointment in Molec- Columbia University, New York, NY Robert Eugene Krumlauf control of normal and abnormal ular Biophysics and Biochemistry. Professor of Microbiology and Bio- Stowers Institute for Medical development in the early mouse With colleagues, developed and chemistry. Leader in gene regula- Research, Kansas City, MO embryo. Uses new techniques to used neuron scattering procedures Scientific Director. Made contri- genetically manipulate the mouse nmr tion in lymphocytes. Discovered and methods to probe struc- the IgH intronic enhancer and butions to our understanding of genome to address problems that tural features of the ribosome. characterized its mechanism. Dis- the role of Hox master control may arise in development. Pro- With the recent discovery of the genes in patterning the basic body duced studies on early mamma- s covered the translocation of c-myc atomic structure of the 50 ribo- proto-oncogene to the IgH locus, plan of the vertebrate embryo. lian embryogenesis that will have somal subunit, has provided new studied the regulation of normal Helped to establish the structural an impact on studies of birth de- insights into the architecture of and translocated c-myc genes, and and regulatory conservation among fects. an rna-protein machine and the the Drosophila and mammalian rna identified regulatory cascades in role of in catalysis. terminal B-cell development. Hox genes. Identified upstream Section 3: Neurosciences, regulators of the Hox genes and Maynard V. Olson Martin Chalfie established a direct role for retino- Cognitive Sciences, and University of Washington, Columbia University, New York, NY ic acid in their regulation. Behavioral Biology Seattle, WA Professor of Biological Sciences. Director of the Genome Center. Revolutionized many aspects of Dan Littman Thomas D. Albright Invented techniques essential biological research by introducing New York University School of The Salk Institute for Biological to the completion of the genome the technique of vitally labeling Medicine, New York, NY Studies, San Diego, CA project, including novel imple- cells in intact organisms with the Professor of Pathology and Mi- Professor of Neurobiology; Inves- mentation of pulsed field gel jellyfish green fluorescent protein. crobiology; Investigator, Howard tigator, Howard Hughes Medical electrophoresis, determination Established the touch neurons Hughes Medical Institute. Leading Institute. Leader in the study of of physical maps based on clone of the nematode Caenorhabditis scientist in the field of immunol- brain systems underlying primate fingerprints, development of elegans as among the most fully ogy. Clarified our understanding visual perception. Emphasized yeast artificial chromosome clon- of the biology of T-cell develop- genetically characterized nerve hiv the importance of context in ing systems, and use of sequence cells in biology. ment and how infects im- sensory information processing tagged sites for mapping of mam- mune cells. and provided evidence for an malian genomes. Robert N. Eisenman object-based motion system in Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Andrew P. McMahon mt William Tobey Wickner Harvard University, Cambridge, MA area , based on both form and Center, Seattle, WA color. Dartmouth Medical School, Member. Studies cancer causation Frank B. Baird, Jr. Professor of Sci- Hanover, NH and progression, with a focus on ence; Chairman of the Department Allan Basbaum Chilcott Distinguished Professor the myc oncogene. Has shown of Molecular and Cellular Biology. University of California, of Biochemistry. Investigated the that the oncogenic myc protein is Identified the molecules responsi- San Francisco, CA biochemical dissection of two only one member of a network of ble for regulating the development Professor of Anatomy; Chairman essential membrane assembly interacting gene regulatory factors of the vertebrate body plan and of the Department of Anatomy. events: protein translocation and that act to control cell behavior. elucidated the diverse roles of the Performed studies leading to an bilayer fusion. Led the team that wingless and hedgehog signaling understanding of the mechanisms purified the bacterial Sec appara- Rochelle Easton Esposito pathways in the vertebrate embryo. that underlie the generation and tus required for protein assembly University of Chicago, Chicago, IL Peter Gruss (fhm) control of acute and persistent into the envelope and dissected Professor in the Department of Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, pain and to the development of the regulation and mechanism of Molecular Genetics and Cell Bio- Göttingen, Germany novel therapies for the treatment membrane fusion that accompa- logy and Professor in the Com- of these conditions. nies the segregation of vacuoles mittee on Genetics. Pioneered the President. Developmental biologist into daughter yeast cells. identification of genes required who has defined the function of for meiosis in budding yeast and Cdx, Evx, Hox, and Six mamma- 14 Bulletin Fall 2003 Michael Eldon Greenberg new four-system proposal for the Paul G. Falkowski scientific studies of biodiversity. Children’s Hospital and Harvard basic plan of the vertebrate nerv- Institute of Marine and Coastal Combines neural, muscular, and Medical School, Boston, MA ous system. Sciences, Rutgers University, osteological data with studies of New Brunswick, NJ development and reproduction to Professor of Neurology and Neuro- Alain Berthoz (fhm) biology. Discovered that the c-fos Professor of Biological Oceano- illuminate major evolutionary in- Collège de France, Paris, France proto-oncogene is induced rapidly graphy and Geobiology. Leader in novations. Expanded our under- by extracellular factors and con- Director of the Laboratory of shaping our understanding of the standing of the origin of live- trols programs of gene transcrip- Physiology of Perception. Exam- evolution of biogeochemical cycles bearing modes of reproduction tion that regulate the response of ined the neural mechanisms con- in the oceans and their coupling to in vertebrates. trolling gaze by focusing primari- cells to their environment. climate change. Co-authored the Osvaldo E. Sala (fhm) ly on the vestibular system and text Aquatic Photosynthesis and co- University of Buenos Aires, Jerome B. Posner demonstrated the way in which invented several novel instruments Buenos Aires, Argentina Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer moving visual scenes affect body that are used in oceanography to Center and Cornell University posture. Discovered the existence assess phytoplankton photosyn- Professor of Ecology. Research Medical College, New York, NY of eye position signals in second- thetic rates. focuses on a wide variety of top- Cotzias Chair of Neuro-Oncology. order vestibular neurons and that ics in plant physiological ecology, Leader in understanding para- the brainstem nuclear prepositus Stephen P. Hubbell ecosystem ecology, and the re- neoplastic neurological disorders is the site of the neural integrator University of Georgia, Athens, GA sponse of biological communities and their treatment. Author of responsible for holding gaze. Professor of Plant Sciences. Devel- to climate change. Leader in orga- books and articles about coma nizing and coordinating the scien- Geoffrey E. Hinton (fhm) oped a long-term global research and neurologically related cancer program on tropical forest ecology tific community’s responses to University of Toronto, problems. Trained many teaching and contributed to theoretical com- global change. Toronto, Ontario, Canada neurologists and oncologists to munity ecology, particularly the recognize and treat neurologic Professor of Computer Science. unified neutral theory of biodiver- Section 5: Medical Sciences complications of cancer. Developed the use of distributed sity and biogeography. Founder and representations and described (including Physiology Rae Silver chairman of the National Council how they can be used for semantic for Science and the Environment. and Pharmacology), Columbia University and Barnard knowledge representation. Intro- College, New York, NY duced the Boltzmann Machine, a Stephen W. Pacala Clinical Medicine, and Helene L. and Mark N. Kaplan neural network architecture for Princeton University, Princeton, NJ Public Health Professor of Natural and Physical finding globally optimal solutions Frederick D. Petrie Professor. Sciences. Leader in the study of to difficult constraint satisfaction Leader in ecological theory. Made Peter Courtland Agre circadian rhythmicity. Through problems, and proposed a learn- contributions in areas ranging Johns Hopkins University School of studies of neural tissue trans- ing algorithm for use in such from evolutionary biology to eco- Medicine, Baltimore, MD plants, gene activation, and for- networks. Introduced the back- system ecology. Has studied glo- Professor of Biological Chemistry mal modeling has contributed propagation learning algorithm. bal biogeochemistry and global and Medicine. Discovered the pro- to our understanding of how the change, spatial ecology, and the totype of a family of proteins called brain circadian clock functions Section 4: Evolutionary role of neighborhood interactions aquaporins, which function as to regulate biological processes. in community ecology. water channels in the membranes and Population Biology of animal and plant cells. Led ef- Mriganka Sur Craig Packer and Ecology forts to find new family members Massachusetts Institute of University of Minnesota, and to elucidate the structure, dis- Technology, Cambridge, MA St. Paul, MN William R. Atchley tribution, physiology, and path- Sherman Fairchild Professor of North Carolina State University, Distinguished McKnight Univer- ophysiology of the aquaporins. Neuroscience. Research centers Raleigh, NC sity Professor. Behavioral ecolo- Recipient of the Nobel Prize in on understanding how the cortex William Neal Reynolds Professor gist and field mammologist. Has chemistry in 2003. develops and changes. Defined the of Genetics and Statistics. Made studied the evolution of sociality mechanisms by which the envi- contributions in computational and cooperation in lions and ba- Dennis A. Ausiello ronment interacts with intrinsic biology, quantitative genetics, and boons and the dynamics of infec- Harvard Medical School and programs in order to regulate the evolutionary biology. Known for tious disease in social mammals. Massachusetts General Hospital, development of cortical areas. Boston, MA work in theoretical and computa- Douglas W. Schemske Combined a range of disciplines tional analyses of protein struc- Physician-in-Chief. Made contri- to examine how the pattern of Michigan State University, butions as a renal cell biologist, ture and evolution, developmental East Lansing, MI electrical activity in inputs to the quantitative genetics, epigenetic leading to a better understanding Hannah Professor in the Depart- cortex influences networks, func- maternal effects, experimental of diseases such as cystic fibrosis. ment of Plant Biology. Investigates tion, and plasticity in a cortical phylogenetics, and morphomet- Educator of M.D.–Ph.D.s and the ecological and genetic mech- area. rics. translational researchers. Has anisms of adaptation and specia- Larry William Swanson published widely on medicine in James Jeffrey Bull tion, and the origin of tropical the twenty-first century. University of Southern California, University of Texas at Austin, diversity. Received the Mercer Los Angeles, CA Austin, TX Award from the Ecological Society Barry Morton Brenner Milo Don and Lucille Appleman Professor of Integrative Biology. of America and the E. O. Wilson Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Professor of Biological Sciences; Professor of Medicine; Director nibs Developed the field of experimen- Naturalist Award from the Amer- Director of the Neurosci- tal molecular evolution. Devised ican Society of Naturalists. Emeritus of the Renal Division. ence Program. Developed a com- Benefited millions of patients with systems of investigation to enable Marvalee H. Wake prehensive description of the diabetes, hypertension, and other evolutionary processes and phe- University of California, Berkeley, CA organization of the hypothala- nomena that are typically studied in life-threatening kidney diseases by Professor of Integrative Biology. mus, produced the best brain at- the context of millions of years to elucidating the mechanisms of the Leader in the practice and promo- lases of both the developing and be studied in experimental settings progression of kidney disease and tion of integrative biology and adult rat brain, and developed a over a period of weeks or months. performing experimental and clin- Bulletin Fall 2003 15 ical studies demonstrating that Zena Werb Elizabeth F. Loftus Author of many scientific papers angiotensin blockade effectively University of California, University of California, Irvine, CA on these topics. Known for work stems this progression. San Francisco, CA Distinguished Professor in the De- on positive illusions, coping with stress, and psychosocial cofactors Samuel C. Silverstein Professor of Anatomy. Recognized partment of Psychology and Social for studies on extracellular matrix Behavior. Experimental research- in illness progression. Columbia University, New York, NY proteolysis. Defined the critical er who explores the reliability of Professor of Physiology and Cel- Martin Trow role of matrix metalloproteinases eyewitness testimony, the nature lular Biophysics and Professor University of California, Berkeley, CA in embryonic implantation, mam- of repressed memories about sig- of Medicine. Studies the roles of Emeritus Professor of Public Pol- mary and bone development, and nificant childhood events, and the phagocytic white blood cells in icy, Richard and Rhoda Goldman angiogenesis in vivo. Achieved a methods to induce false “memo- inflammation, immunity, infec- School of Public Policy. Leads re- new understanding of how mmps ries” with particular applicability tion, and chronic degenerative search in comparative studies of are central players in stem cell to legal decisions. diseases. Past president of the Fed- biology and neoplastic progression. national systems of higher educa- eration of American Societies for Tanya Marie Luhrmann tion, focusing on social trends and Experimental Biology, and founder University of Chicago, Chicago, IL public policies affecting access to and director of Columbia’s Sum- Class III: Professor in the Committee on and performance of universities mer Research Program for Sec- Human Development. Conducted in the United States, United King- ondary Science Teachers. Social Sciences important studies of witchcraft in dom, Sweden, Japan, and else- where. Member of numerous Patricia G. Spear contemporary London, the Parsi of India, and the current state of boards and commissions advising Feinberg School of Medicine of Section 1: Social Relations universities in the United States Northwestern University, Chicago, IL psychiatric practice in the United (Anthropology, Archaeology, States. and abroad, as well as ministries Guy and Anne Youmans Profes- of higher education. sor. Leader in studying the molec- Sociology, Social and Ellen M. Markman ular basis of infectious diseases. Developmental Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA Edward F. Zigler Research focuses on herpes sim- Education, Demography, Professor of Psychology. Author- Yale University, New Haven, CT plex virus. Identified viral proteins ity on the development of language Sterling Professor of Psychology and cell surface molecules that Geography) and communication in young chil- Emeritus. First director of the interact to enable viral entry into Office of Child Development and John T. Cacioppo dren. Performed theoretical and cells, and demonstrated that a cas- experimental studies of the whole chief of the U.S. Children’s Bureau. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL cade of receptor-ligand interac- object, taxonomic, and mutual Member of the planning commit- tions is required. Tiffany and Margaret Blake Dis- exclusivity constraints that guide tee of Head Start. Founder of the tinguished Service Professor. Ellen S. Vitetta the young child’s acquisition of Bush Center in Child Develop- Leader in the fields of social psy- ment and Social Policy and of the University of Texas Southwestern word meanings. Author of Cate- chophysiology and social neuro- gories and Naming in Children. School of the 21st Century. Medical Center, Dallas, TX science. Psychologist who has Professor of Microbiology. Dis- integrated social psychology and Doug McAdam Section 2: Economics covered a biochemical technique biology with studies relating phys- Stanford University, Stanford, CA to study surface molecules on iological processes to social atti- Professor of Sociology; Director Colin Camerer lymphocytes and characterized tudes, emotion, and cognition. of the Center for Advanced Study California Institute of Technology, the B cell antigen-specific receptor William A. V. Clark in the Behavioral Sciences. Theo- Pasadena, CA and peptide differences between retician and empirical researcher. University of California, Rea A. and Lela G. Axline Profes- membrane and secreted IgM. Co- Leading figure in the development Los Angeles, CA sor of Business Economics. Pio- discoverer of an important cyto- of the dominant approach to the il Professor of Geography. Provided neer in the area of behavioral eco- kine, -4. Leader in antibody- study of social movements, the fundamental insights into the role nomics, initially studying decision based strategies to treat B cell “political process” model. Ap- of preferences, discrimination, biases. Published numerous arti- lymphomas. Translated basic re- plied this model in several prize- and public intervention in gener- cles covering the areas of behav- search findings into clinical appli- winning studies of the civil rights ating ethnic and racial separation ioral economics, business strategy cations. movement. in America’s large urban regions. and organization, and laboratory Arthur Weiss Crafted multiple survey-based Adrian E. Raftery experimental research in games, University of California, tests of the Schelling segregation University of Washington, decisions, and markets. San Francisco, CA model and contributed innova- Seattle, WA David Cass Ephraim P. Engleman Distin- tive analyses of the connections Professor of Statistics and Sociol- University of Pennsylvania, guished Professor of Rheumatol- among mobility, migration, and ogy. Made fundamental contribu- Philadelphia, PA ogy; Investigator, Howard Hughes housing choice. tions to the application of Bayesian Paul F. and E. Warren Shafer Medical Institute. Demonstrated statistical methods in the social Miller Professor of Economics; that the T cell antigen receptor Richard J. Davidson sciences, including procedures for Director of the Center for Analytic initiates signal transduction via University of Wisconsin, model selection. Served as editor Research in Economics and the the cd3 and zeta chains. Identi- Madison, WI of major journals in statistics and Social Sciences. Deals with the fied the zap-70 cytoplasmic tyro- Vilas Research Professor of Psy- is the founding director of the careful refinement and extension sine kinase, defined its role in a chology and Psychiatry. Investiga- Center for Statistics and the Social of neoclassical theory, especially congenital immunodeficiency dis- tor of the psychobiology of affect, Sciences. the specification of utility func- ease, and delineated the mecha- affective style, and affective disor- nimh tions and conditions for existence nisms by which cytoplasmic tyro- ders. Director of the -fund- Shelley E. Taylor of general equilibrium. In collabo- sine kinases and the cd45 trans- ed center concerned with the social University of California, ration, investigated the existence membrane phosphase regulate and psychobiological substrates Los Angeles, CA of equilibrium under conditions tcr signaling. of affective styles. Organized the Professor of Psychology. Founder continuing series of Wisconsin and leader in the fields of health of overlapping generations. Symposia on Emotion. psychology and social cognition. 16 Bulletin Fall 2003 Vincent Paul Crawford ical economist who served on the Donald Philip Green Kay Lehman Schlozman University of California, Council of the Econometric Society Yale University, New Haven, CT Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA San Diego, CA and played a key role in the promo- Director of the Institution for So- J. Joseph Moakley Professor of Professor of Economics. Game tion of economic research in Latin cial and Policy Studies; A. Whit- Political Science. Has written on theorist whose analysis (with So- America. Early work on central ney Griswold Professor. Conducted a broad range of topics in Amer- bel) of strategic information trans- limit theorems in Banach spaces the first large-scale randomized ican politics, including interest mission has defined the direction is used in probability theory. Has field experiments in political sci- groups, elections, citizen partici- of subsequent research on commu- recently studied bankruptcy in in- ence. Contributed to the study of pation, and gender politics. Work nication in games. Has conducted complete markets and signaling voter turnout, hate crime, political on stratification in relation to in- research on contract theory with models without single crossing. partisanship, campaign finance, terest groups and citizen activity applications to international lend- Recipient of the Brazilian Presi- preelection polling, and response has been basic to the field. ing, bargaining, arbitration, match- dent’s Order of Scientific Merit. error in surveys. Invented the octi Archibald (Archie) H. ing, and learning. Recent work Martin F. Hellwig (fhm) strategy game , designed to fhm focuses on behavioral and experi- defy computer analysis. Brown ( ) University of Mannheim, mental game theory. St. Antony’s College, University of Mannheim, Germany John Mark Hansen Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom Boyan Jovanovic Professor of Economics. Chair- University of Chicago, Chicago, IL Fellow; Professor of Politics. Brings New York University, New York, NY man of the German Monopolies Dean of Social Sciences. Has together diverse academic and pol- Professor of Economics. Theorist Commission.Has written on many worked on the development of in- icy communities in the United King- in industrial organization and mac- topics in economic theory, includ- terest group activity in legislative dom, the United States, and Russia. roeconomics. Known for analyses ing dynamic debtor-creditor rela- politics, on mass participation Author of The Gorbachev Factor of turnover in the labor market tionships, aggregation of informa- in politics, and on congressional and co-editor of The British Study and wage mobility, entry and exit tion through market prices, the policy-making. Member and chair of Politics in the Twentieth Century. of firms incorporating liquidity asymptotic properties of Bertrand- of the National Election Studies Former chair of the Political Stud- constraints, mergers, technology Edgeworth equilibria, optimal Board of Overseers. ies Section of the British Academy. diffusion and adaptation, and the debt contracting, risk and regula- John J. Mearsheimer sources of technological progress. tion in banking, and the founda- Section 4: Law (including tions of the linear agency model. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL Kenneth L. Judd fhm R. Wendell Harrison Distinguish- the Practice of Law) Stanford University, Stanford, CA Guido Tabellini ( ) ed Service Professor. Exponent Senior Fellow of the Hoover Insti- Bocconi University, Milan, Italy of the realist approach to under- Thomas M. Franck tution. Has defined a new field that Professor of Economics; President standing international relations. New York University School of Law, of Innocenzo Gasparini Institute New York, NY makes dynamic theory operational, igier) Books and articles examine mili- and has written several influential for Economic Research ( . tary deterrence, military strategy, Murray and Ida Becker Professor papers about industrial organiza- Elucidated how the institutional, the end of the Cold War, interna- of Law Emeritus. Served as legal tion on patents, price dispersion, economic, and political features tional institutions, and ethnic par- advisor to eight countries and and credible entry deterrence. De- of a country determine economic tition. Author of The Tragedy of argued cases before international veloped the application of dynam- policy outcomes. Has done exten- Great Power Politics. tribunals. Former president of the ic models in public finance. sive work on the design of mone- American Society of International tary and fiscal institutions, espe- Benjamin Ingrim Page Law. Michael Kremer cially in the context of the Euro- Northwestern University, Thomas C. Grey Harvard University, Cambridge, MA pean Union. Evanston, IL Professor of Economics. Develop- Professor of Political Science. Stanford Law School, Stanford, CA ment economist who applies eco- Section 3: Political Science, Brings empirical evidence to bear Nelson Bowman Sweitzer and nomic theory to wide-ranging top- on rational choice theories. Helped Marie B. Sweitzer Professor of ics, such as the link between pop- International Relations, promote the view that collective Law. One of the foremost writers ulation and economic growth, the and Public Policy public opinion is considerably on American legal theory and transmission of aids, and the more stable and coherent than was history. Works in constitutional development of vaccines for dis- Henry E. Brady previously suggested by studies of law and torts. Editor of The Legal eases in poor countries. University of California, Berkeley, CA individual behavior. Provided some Enforcement of Morality. of the first solid evidence that col- Kenneth L. Sokoloff Professor of Political Science. Has Samuel Issacharoff studied campaigns and elections, lective public opinion has substan- University of California, Columbia Law School, New York, NY the media, political participation, tial effects on the making of both Los Angeles, CA Harold R. Medina Professor in mass mobilization, political atti- foreign and domestic policy. Professor of Economics. Economic Procedural Jurisprudence. Leading tudes, political and social inequal- historian who has enriched our un- Michael J. Sandel figure in the law governing the po- ity, democratic transitions, and derstanding of innovation, produc- Harvard University, Cambridge, MA litical process and in the law of em- welfare reform using innovative tivity growth, and democratization Anne T. and Robert M. Bass ployment. Work combines inno- methods. of inventive activity in early indus- Professor in the department of vative approaches to law with new- trial America and in East Asia. Re- James MacGregor Burns Government. Member of the er interdisciplinary scholarship. cent work clarifies the divergent University of Richmond, President’s Council on Bioethics. Louis Kaplow paths of development and equity Richmond, VA Political philosopher. Author of Harvard Law School, in North and South America. Democracy’s Discontent: America in Senior Scholar at the Jepson School Cambridge, MA of Leadership Studies. Author of Search of a Public Philosophy and Aloisio Araujo (fhm) Professor of Law. Scholar of eco- Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox, The Liberalism and the Limits of Justice. Institute for Pure and Applied nomics and law. Made contribu- Deadlock of Democracy, and Leader- Current work is on the moral lim- Mathematics and Getulio Vargas tions to antitrust, competition ship. Winner of the Pulitzer Prize its of markets. Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil policy, intellectual property, tax and the National Book Award. Past Professor of Mathematics and Pro- policy, and distributive justice. president of the American Politi- fessor of Economics. Mathemat- Recent co-authored work on nor- cal Science Association. Bulletin Fall 2003 17 mative foundations of social poli- Mary Mothersill modernism. Author of Overcome cy draws on philosophy, econom- Class IV: Barnard College and Columbia by Modernity: History, Culture, and ics, and psychology. Research University, New York, NY Community in Interwar Japan. associate at the National Bureau Humanities Professor of Philosophy Emeritus. Thomas C. Holt of Economic Research. Philosopher of art. Author of Beau- and Arts University of Chicago, Chicago, IL Robert A. Katzmann ty Restored, a discussion of art in analytic philosophy. James Westfall Thompson Distin- United States Court of Appeals, Section 1: Philosophy and guished Service Professor. Schol- Second Circuit, New York, NY Philip L. Quinn ar of African American history. U.S. Circuit Court Judge. Author Religious Studies University of Notre Dame, Transformed how a generation of of numerous books and articles on Notre Dame, IN scholars conceptualizes African David Carrasco a wide range of subjects, including John A. O’Brien Chair in Philoso- American history by situating it in the regulatory state and the rela- Harvard University, Cambridge, MA phy. Author of Divine Commands an international context that in- tionship between the legislative Neil Rudenstine Professor of Latin and Moral Requirements and nu- cludes the Caribbean as well as the and judicial branches. Formerly American Studies. Historian of merous articles and reviews in United States, and by locating free- Walsh Professor of Government, religion who specializes in Meso- philosophy of religion and phi- dom in a context of “race-making.” professor of law, and professor of american, Latin American, and losophy of science, and co-editor Friedrich Katz public policy at Georgetown Uni- Latino religions. Has written ex- and contributor to A Companion University of Chicago, Chicago, IL versity. Former senior fellow and tensively on the rituals and sacred to Philosophy of Religion and The acting program director of the sites of Mesoamerica. Served as Philosophical Challenge of Religious Morton D. Hull Distinguished Governmental Studies Program at editor in chief of the Oxford Ency- Diversity. Formerly Faunce Pro- Professor of History. Historian of the Brookings Institution. clopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures. fessor of Philosophy at Brown nineteenth- and twentieth-century apa Mexico. Writes on modern Mexi- Robert F. Nagel Fred Dretske University and chair of the National Board of Officers. can history, emphasizing agrarian University of Colorado, Boulder, CO Duke University, Durham, NC change and popular movements, Rothgerber Professor of Constitu- Senior Research Scholar. Intro- Ed Parish Sanders and studies ancient Aztec civiliza- tional Law. Leading scholar on the duced the distinction between Duke University, Durham, NC tions. Author of Ancient American United States Supreme Court. Au- non-epistemic and epistemic see- Arts and Sciences Professor of Civilizations and, most recently, of thor of numerous articles and three ing. Developed the relevant-alter- Religion. Author of nine mono- a biography of Pancho Villa. books: Constitutional Cultures: The natives approach to knowledge graphs on Jesus, Paul, and Juda- Hue-Tam Ho Tai Mentality and Consequences of Judi- and skepticism. Advocate of the ism. Holds honorary doctorates Harvard University, Cambridge, MA cial Review; Judicial Power and Amer- account of intentionality in terms from the Universities of Oxford ican Character: Censoring Ourselves of information. and Helsinki. Fellow of the Brit- Kenneth T. Young Professor of in an Anxious Age; and The Implosion ish Academy. Previously Dean Sino-Vietnamese History. Histo- Hartry Field rian of modern Vietnam. Publica- of American Federalism. New York University, New York, NY Ireland’s Professor of Exegesis at Oxford. tions include Millenarism and Antonin Scalia Professor of Philosophy. Special- Peasant Politics in Vietnam; Radi- izes in metaphysics, philosophy of Sir Anthony John Patrick Supreme Court of the United States, fhm calism and the Origins of the Viet- Washington, DC mathematics, philosophy of logic, Kenny ( ) namese Revolution; and The Country Associate Justice of the Supreme and philosophy of science. Author St. John’s College, University of of Memory: Remaking the Past in Court of the United States and, for of Science Without Numbers, which Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom Late Socialist Vietnam. more than three decades, leading won the Lakatos Prize, Realism, Emeritus Fellow. Authority on intellectual force in American ju- Mathematics and Modality, and Aquinas, Aristotle, Descartes, and Laurel Ulrich risprudence. Eloquent opinions Truth and the Absence of Fact. Cur- Wittgenstein. Served as Master Harvard University, Cambridge, MA and scholarly writings emphasize rent interests include objectivity of Balliol College, president of the James Duncan Phillips Professor the importance of text and of struc- and indeterminacy, a priori knowl- British Academy, and chairman of History; Director of the Charles ture in the Constitution. Previous edge, causation, and the semantic of the British Library. Warren Center for Studies in Amer- positions include Chairman of the and set-theoretic paradoxes. ican History. Author of three books Administrative Conference of the Section 2: History on colonial and women’s history, Stanley M. Hauerwas including A Midwife’s Tale: The Life United States, Assistant Attorney Duke University, Durham, NC General of the United States, and Thomas A. Brady, Jr. of Martha Ballard Based on Her Dia- Gilbert T. Rowe Professor of Theo- professor of law at the Univer- University of California, Berkeley, CA ry, which won the Pulitzer Prize. logical Ethics. Theologian who sities of Virginia and Chicago. Peder Sather Professor of History. Thongchai Winichakul challenges Christians to lead cou- Historian of the Protestant Refor- Harry N. Scheiber rageous and ethical lives. Numer- University of Wisconsin, mation. Author of many books Madison, WI University of California, Berkeley, CA ous books address systematic and and articles stretching back to the Professor of History and South- Director of the Earl Warren Legal philosophical theology, ethics, early 1970s, including Community, east Asian Studies. Model for the Institute; Stefan Riesenfeld Pro- political theory, social science, Politics, and Reformation in Early younger generation of Southeast fessor of Law and History. Cited and medical ethics. Modern Europe. Asia historians. Author of Siam for pathbreaking work in U.S. Thomas English Hill, Jr. constitutional and legal history. Harry D. Harootunian Mapped: A History of the Geo-Body University of North Carolina New York University, New York, NY of a Nation. With writings on government and at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC Professor of History; Chair of East the economy, federalism, freedom Kenan Professor of Philosophy. Lawrence Wolff Asian Studies. Brought the study of contract, and other subjects in Leading Kantian scholar. Has stud- Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA of Japanese intellectual history American economic and legal his- ied moral psychology and the Professor of History. Made contri- into dialogue with the concerns of tory has set a standard of research, moral dimensions of self-respect butions to the study of European scholars of modernity around the analysis, and interpretation that and has written extensively on history with The Vatican and Poland world. Writes on subjects as diverse has shaped the field. Honorary ethics and political philosophy. in the Age of Partitions; Postcards as samurai activism, early modern Fellow of the American Society from the End of the World; Inventing for Legal History. nativism, and twentieth-century 18 Bulletin Fall 2003 Eastern Europe; and Venice and the sive forms in poetry in English, other areas of modern fiction. Au- Pulitzer Prize for The Hours. Au- Slavs. Has published on a wide ranging from the sixteenth centu- thority on Hollywood and world thor of A Home at the End of the range of interests, from Mozart ry to the present. Author of seven cinema. Has written extensively World and Flesh and Blood. Prom- to Rebecca West. books, including Milton’s Epic on Latin American literature and inent for his work with pen. Voice, The “Inward” Language, and culture. Fergus Graham Burtholme Richard Ford The Title to the Poem, which won fhm Linda Hutcheon (fhm) Millar ( ) the Christian Gauss Prize. New Orleans, LA Oriental Institute, University of University of Toronto, Novelist. Recipient of the pen/ Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom Peter Uwe Hohendahl Toronto, Ontario, Canada Faulkner Award and Pulitzer Prize Camden Professor of Ancient His- Cornell University, Ithaca, NY University Professor. Literary the- for Independence Day. Other works tory Emeritus. Authority on Roman Jacob Gould Sherman Professor orist and prolific writer. Author of include The Ultimate Good Luck and and Near Eastern history. Fellow of German and Comparative Lit- more than a dozen books, ninety The Sportswriter. erature. Leader in German studies chapters in books, and a hundred of the British Academy and For- Charles Johnson eign Member of the Finnish and in the United States, expert on refereed articles. Expert on post- University of Washington, Russian Academies. Former Fellow Adorno and the Frankfurt School, modernism, opera, and Canadian Seattle, WA of All Souls College and Queen’s and historian of the institution literature. Past president of the mla S. Wilson and Grace M. Pollock College, Oxford, and former pro- of literary criticism in Germany. of America. Endowed Professor of English. fessor at University College London. Devoted a lifetime to the study Novelist, literary critic, screen- fhm of literature and literary criticism Section 4: Literature Lutz Niethammer ( ) as social and cultural phenomena. writer, philosopher, and cartoon- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Founder of the Institute for Ger- (Fiction, Poetry, Short ist. Works include Dreamer, Ox- Jena, Germany man Cultural Studies. Stories, Nonfiction, herding Tale, Faith and the Good Professor of Modern and Contem- Thing, and Middle Passage, which porary History. Founding presi- Geoffrey Keith Pullum Playwriting, Screenwriting) received the National Book Award; University of California, The Sorcerer’s Apprentice and Soul- dent of the Cultural Studies Insti- Paul Auster tute in Essen. Advisor to the Ger- Santa Cruz, CA catcher; and Africans in America: New York, NY man Chancellor on reparations for Professor of Linguistics. Co-author America’s Journey Through Slavery, Poet, novelist, and essayist. Vol- forced labor under the Nazi regime. of the encyclopedic Cambridge King: The Photobiography of Martin umes of poetry include Fragments Member of the Kuratorium for the Grammar of the English Language. Luther King Jr., and Turning the From Cold, Facing the Music, and Buchenwald Memorial. Has pub- Researches syntax, phonology, Wheel: Essays on Buddhism and Disappearances: Selected Poems. lished on oral history methods, mathematical linguistics, phonet- Writing. Recipient of the Acade- Nonfiction includes The Invention post-history theory, the industrial ics, computational linguistics, and my Award in Literature from the of Solitude and The Art of Hunger. life in the German Democratic the history and philosophy of lin- American Academy of Arts and Novels include City ofGlass, Ghosts, Republic, concentration camps, guistics. Advocate for endangered Letters. The Locked Room, In the Country of national memory, and the concept languages; observer and critic of Last Things, Moon Palace, The Music Sigrid Nunez of identity. the academic scene in linguistics. of Chance, Leviathan, Mr. Vertigo, New York, NY Andrew Baruch Wachtel Timbuktu, The Book of Illusions, and Novelist. Author of Feather on the Section 3: Literary Criticism Northwestern University, the forthcoming Oracle Night. Breath of God, Naked Sleeper, and Evanston, IL For Rouenna. Has won numerous (including Philology) Peter Carey Herman and Beulah Pearce Miller prizes, most recently the Rome Hunter College, New York, NY Rolena Adorno Research Professor in Literature; Prize for Literature. Yale University, New Haven, CT Chair of the Department of Slavic Director of Creative Writing. Nov- Reuben Post Halleck Professor of Languages and Literatures; Direc- elist. Author of Oscar and Lucinda, Alan Shapiro Spanish. Leading scholar in the tor of the Program in Comparative True History of the Kelly Gang, and University of North Carolina field of colonial Latin American Literary Studies. Conducted re- Jack Maggs. Two-time recipient of at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC literature. Specialist in seven- search on the breakup of Yugo- both the Booker and the Common- William R. Kenan, Jr. Distinguish- teenth-century Inca historian and slavia from a cultural perspective. wealth Writers Prizes. ed Professor. Poet, critic, trans- artist Felipe Guaman Poma de Contributed to Russian literary lator, and author. Wrote eight Robert Creeley books of poems including After the Ayala. Author of work on Álvar and cultural studies in longue durée Brown University, Providence, RI Núñez Cabeza de Vaca’s account historical perspectives and by Digging, The Courtesy, Happy Hour, Distinguished Professor of En- Mixed Company, The Dead Alive and of Spanish exploration in North focusing on the interrelationship glish. Key figure in twentieth- America. of literature and other arts. Busy, and Song and Dance. Author century American poetry. Has of three books of prose, In Praise Charles F. Altieri Michael Witzel published more than sixty books of the Impure: Poetry and the Ethi- University of California, Berkeley, CA Harvard University, Cambridge, MA of poetry, including Just in Time: cal Imagination, The Last Happy Professor of English; Director of Wales Professor of Sanskrit. Rec- Poems 1984–1994 and Life & Death. Occasion, and Vigil. Recipient of the Consortium for the Arts. Poet- ognized Sanskritist and Indologist. Honors include the Lannan Life- the Lila Wallace-Reader’s Digest ry critic. Created some of the Deals with the linguistic and text- time Achievement Award, the Writer’s Award. parameters by which we judge critical study and the analysis and Bollingen Prize, and the Before Dario Fo (fhm) twentieth-century poetry today. interpretation of Vedic texts and Columbus Lifetime Achievement Literary theorist concerned with pieces of evidence for early reli- Award. Was New York State Poet Milan, Italy links between the concepts of gious and social history. from 1989–1991 and is a member Playwright, director, stage and action, expression, and the nature of the American Academy of Arts costume designer, and occasional of affects. Michael Wood and Letters. musical composer. Often works Princeton University, Princeton, NJ in collaboration with Franca Rame. Anne Ferry Charles Barnwell Straut Professor Michael Cunningham Recipient of the Nobel Prize in Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA of English; Chair of the English Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY Literature in 1997. Professor of English Emeritus. Lit- Department. Has published books Distinguished Professor of En- erary critic and historian of expres- on Stendhal, Nabokov, Kafka, and glish. Novelist. Recipient of the Bulletin Fall 2003 19 Hermione Lee (fhm) and Beethoven, a catalogue of Joel L. Fleishman University of Oxford, eighteenth-century symphonies, Class V: Duke University, Durham, NC Oxford, United Kingdom and Guidelines for Style Analysis, a Professor of Law and Public Policy Goldsmiths’ Professor of English book on the analysis of Western Public Affairs, Studies; Director of the Heyman Literature; Fellow of New College European music. Developed Business, and Center for Ethics. Founding direc- Oxford. Writer, reviewer, and computer-assisted research in tor of the Terry Sanford Institute broadcaster. Publications include musicology. Administration of Public Policy at Duke. Served as critical studies of Virginia Woolf, Fred S. Licht university vice president and sen- Philip Roth, Elizabeth Bowen, and ior vice president. Former presi- Collezione Peggy Guggenheim,Venice, Section 1: Public Affairs, Willa Cather. Author of Virginia Italy; Boston University, Boston, MA dent and current senior advisor Woolf: A Biography, which received of Atlantic Philanthropies (usa). Curator; Professor Emeritus of Journalism, and the British Academy’s Rose Mary Author and editor of writings that Art History. Brought the eye of the Crawshay Award and was chosen Communications span public policy, the nonprofit humanist to bear on the work of as a New York Times Book Review sector, and ethics. Goya, Canova, Fuseli, and many William Allen Best Book of the Year. Fellow of other painters and sculptors rang- New York University School of Law William H. Gates, Sr. the British Academy and of the ing from the Renaissance to the and Stern School of Business, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Royal Society of Literature. present day. New York, NY Seattle, WA Nusbaum Professor of Law and Sherrill Milnes Co-Chairman. Known for civic con- Section 5: Visual and Business; Director of the nyu tributions. Serves on the board of Northwestern University, Center for Law & Business. Au- Performing Arts–Criticism Evanston, IL directors of United Way of Ameri- thor of many articles on corporate ca. Distinguished regent of the Uni- and Practice (including Art, John Evans Distinguished Profes- law and governance. Former chair versity of Washington. Provided sor of Music. Recognized as one of Architecture, Sculpture, of the Independence Standards the impetus for the creation of the the foremost operatic baritones of Music, Theater, Film, Board and former chancellor of Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. his generation. Made more than the Court of Chancery of the State Dance) eighty recordings and appeared of Delaware. Jeri Laber in all of the world’s major opera Human Rights Watch, New York, NY Robert A. Falls houses, including the Met, where John S. Carroll Founder and advisor. Former exec- Goodman Theatre, Chicago, IL; he gave more than six hundred Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles, CA utive director of Helsinki Watch. Northwestern University, fifty performances over a thirty- Executive Vice President and Edi- Author of The Courage of Strangers: Evanston, IL two-year span. A three-time tor. Set a standard of ethical probi- Coming of Age with the Human Rights Artistic Director of the Goodman Grammy winner. ty and journalistic excellence. For- Movement; co-author of A Nation is Theatre since 1986; Adjunct Pro- Jessie Ann Owens mer editor of the Baltimore Sun and Dying: Afghanistan Under the Soviets, fessor. Past artistic director of the Lexington [ky] Herald-Leader. Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 1979–1987 and of numerous arti- Northwestern University’s grad- As a reporter, served in Vietnam, cles on human rights issues. uate directing program. Recipi- Louis, Frances and Jeffrey Sachar the Middle East, and Washington. ent of Tony, Drama Desk, Obie, Professor of Music; former Dean Former member and chairman of Arthur Levitt, Jr. National Broadway Theatre, and of Arts and Sciences. Past presi- the Pulitzer Prize Board. The Carlyle Group, Washington, DC Joseph Jefferson Awards for direc- dent of the American Musicologi- Senior Advisor. Chairman of the tion. Directing work spans classic cal Society and vice president of Walter Cronkite Securities and Exchange Commis- and contemporary plays, as well the Renaissance Society of Ameri- CBS, Inc., New York, NY sion (1993–2001), the longest serv- as new American musicals and ca. Author of Composers at Work: Special correspondent. Covered ing official in this position. Mem- opera. The Craft of Musical Composition virtually every major news event ber of several advisory and pro- 1450–1600 and articles on Italian during his more than sixty-five bono boards. Previously chairman Martin Filler and English Renaissance music. years in journalism. Became a spe- and ceo of the American Stock New York, NY New work centers on early mod- cial correspondent for cbs News Exchange, as well as chairman of Architecture critic, historian, edi- ern English musical theory and when he stepped down as anchor- the Levitt Media Company and tor, lecturer, museum curator, and practice. man and managing editor of the owner of Roll Call, a Capitol Hill filmmaker. Longtime contributor Cindy Sherman Evening News after nineteen years. newspaper. to The New York Review of Books. Accomplishments–both on-air New York, NY fhm Known for broad perspective in and off–have won acclaim and Lloyd Axworthy ( ) evaluating both historical topics Photographer. Uses herself as the trust from journalism colleagues University of British Columbia, and contemporary developments model for most of her photographs. and the American public alike. Vancouver, British Columbia, in architecture and urban plan- Work is the subject of much writ- Canada ning. ing and many exhibits around the Gretchen C. Daily Director of the Liu Centre for the world. Recipient of the MacArthur Stanford University, Stanford, CA Study of Global Issues. Served as Eric Fischl Foundation Genius Award. Bing Interdisciplinary Research Canada’s Minister of Foreign Af- New York, NY Helmuth Rilling (fhm) Scientist. Pioneered the field of fairs (1996–2000), leading efforts Painter; sculptor. Has exhibited countryside biogeography to eval- to develop an international treaty Internationale Bachakademie internationally since the early uate and enhance the ability of to ban land mines, to focus world Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany 1980s. Work has been the focus of human-dominated ecosystems to attention on the need for an inter- Conductor. Interpreter of Bach. two monographs and numerous maintain biodiversity and deliver national criminal court, and to Established the Oregon Bach exhibition catalogues. ecosystem services. Leader in address the problem of children Festival, the Internationale Bach- interdisciplinary efforts to trans- affected by wars. First elected to Jan LaRue akademie Stuttgart, and Bach late scientific knowledge of the Parliament in 1979. Served as Min- New York University, New York, NY academies throughout the world. environment into sound policy ister of Employment and Immi- Ardent believer in the power of Professor of Music Emeritus. initiatives, and in bringing that gration, Minister of Transport, music to cross political and ethnic Author of fundamental articles knowledge to the public. and Minister of Human Resources boundaries. on the music of Haydn, Mozart, Development. 20 Bulletin Fall 2003 Section 2: Business, dation, the Los Angeles Philhar- Laurence Alan Tisch William R. Brody monic Association, and the Na- Loews Corporation, New York, NY Johns Hopkins University, Corporate, and tional Symphony Orchestra. Co-Chairman of the Board. Former Baltimore, MD cbs Philanthropic Leadership Robert P. Henderson chairman of and of New York President. Former head of the University. Philanthropic interests department of radiology at Johns (Private Sector) Greylock Management Corporation, Hopkins and provost of the Uni- Boston, MA include the arts, medical research, Jewish philanthropies, and educa- versity of Minnesota Academic James A. Block Special Limited Partner; Former tion. Trustee of the Metropolitan Health Center. Recognized for Block Asset Management, Inc., Chairman. As chairman of Grey- Museum of Art and the New York contributions to the literature in New York, NY lock (1992–1997), led the corpora- Public Library and past trustee of radiology, cardiology, and engi- President. Chairman of the board tion’s involvement in companies the Whitney Museum. Member of neering. of the publicly held Block Drug such as Numatics, Filene’s Base- the Council on Foreign Relations. Company, recently sold to Smith- ment, dbs, Simonds, and sdrc. Larry R. Faulkner Kline Beecham. Trustee of the Former ceo of Itek Corporation, Lord Browne of Madingley University of Texas at Austin, National Museum of the Amer- group vice president of Honey- (John Browne) (fhm) Austin, TX ican Indian and chairman of the well, chairman of Dartmouth’s BP plc, London, England President. Previously served as Museum’s development commit- Tuck Board of Overseers, and chair- Group Chief Executive. Non- provost, dean of liberal arts and tee. Recipient of the Smithsonian man of the board of the Boston executive director of Intel and sciences, and professor of chem- Institution’s James Smithson So- Federal Reserve Bank. Board mem- Goldman Sachs, and trustee of istry at the University of Illinois. ciety Founders Medal. Honorary ber of the Cabot Corporation, the British Museum. Fellow of Developed the field of electrogen- president of the Associated ym- ymha Allmerica Financial Corporation, the Royal Academy of Engineer- erated chemiluminescence, and ’s of Greater New York. and Filene’s Basement. ing. Knighted in 1998 and made helped to design a cybernetic elec- Lewis B. Cullman Martin L. Leibowitz a life peer in 2001. trochemical instrument, which marked a major step toward the Cullman Ventures, LLC, TIAA CREF, New York, NY - use of artificial intelligence in New York, NY Vice Chairman and Chief Invest- Section 3: Educational, ceo. Philanthropist and major cybernetic chemical instrumenta- ment Officer. Previously served Scientific, Cultural, tion. Recipient of the American benefactor and supporter of the at Salomon Brothers, devising arts and education. Senior vice and Philanthropic Chemical Society Award in ana- many new investment products. lytical chemistry. chairman of the New York Botan- Author of four books and more Administration ical Garden, honorary trustee of than one hundred forty published (Non-profit Sector) Paul Kellogg the Museum of Modern Art and articles. New York City Opera, New York, NY; the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Glimmerglass Opera,Cooperstown,NY Judy C. Lewent Drew E. Altman and vice chairman of the Neuro- Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, General Director; General and Merck & Company, Inc., sciences Research Foundation, Menlo Park, CA Artistic Director of Glimmerglass Inc. Chairman of Chess-in-the- Whitehouse Station, NJ President and ceo. Head of one Opera since 1979. Serves on the Schools, Inc. Executive Vice President, cfo, opera of the nation’s leading private boards of America, The and President of Human Health health foundations, supporting New York State Historical Associ- Richard W. Fisher Asia. Member of Merck’s senior efforts to improve health policy ation, and Shen Wei Dance Arts; Kissinger McLarty Associates, executive team that manages busi- and health care in the United on panels for the National En- Washington, DC ness operations and formulates States and abroad. Former direc- dowment for the Arts; and as an Vice Chairman. Served as deputy growth strategies and corporate tor of the Health and Human Ser- adjudicator for the Metropolitan U.S. trade representative with re- policies. Responsible for world- vices Program at the Pew Charita- Opera National Council Audi- sponsibility for Asia, Latin Ameri- wide finance, business develop- ble Trust. tions. ca, and Canada (1997–2001) and ment, licensing, joint ventures, and as chief operating officer of the nafta Asia human health. Life member Lawrence S. Bacow Sharon Percy Rockefeller U.S. government for . Had of the Corporation of the Massa- Tufts University, Medford, MA WETA, Arlington, VA oversight responsibilities for bilat- ceo chusetts Institute of Technology, President. Social scientist, attor- President and . Continues to eral trade issues in the Western weta a trustee of the Rockefeller Family ney, planner, and scholar. Con- guide , Washington, D.C.’s hemisphere, the development of Trust, and a member of the Na- tributed to environmental policy, flagship public television and ra- the Free Trade Area of the Amer- tional Bureau of Economic Re- bargaining and negotiation theory, dio stations, to accomplishments icas, the American deregulation of search. and university leadership through in broadcasting and production. the Japanese Economy, and the C. D. Spangler, Jr. scholarly work, teaching, and en- Chairman of the Corporation for U.S.-Singapore Free Trade Agree- Public Broadcasting for four years. University ofNorth Carolina atChapel gagement with civic and govern- ment. Active in a number of areas in- Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; National mental agencies. Author of four Sidney Harman Gypsum Company, Charlotte, NC books and numerous scholarly cluding education, fine arts, gov- ernment, and women’s issues. Harman International Industries, President Emeritus; Chairman. papers. Serves on the boards of PepsiCo, Inc., Washington, DC Played an active role in the expan- Catherine Ann Bertini Executive Chairman. Founder of Sotheby’s, the Public Broadcasting sion of the University of North United Nations, New York, NY Harman International, a major Service, the National Gallery of Carolina at Chapel Hill. Rose to Under-Secretary-General for Man- world manufacturer of audio equip- Art, and the Museum of Modern prominence in family’s construc- agement. As Chief Executive of ment. Awarded the Electronic In- Art. tion and real estate firm, and in the World Food Program, led one dustries Alliance Medal of Honor banking where he led a merger of the world’s largest efforts at Steven B. Sample and the Aspen Institute Award for in the early 1980s of the Bank of humanitarian intervention, target- University of Southern California, Corporate Leadership. Has served North Carolina with the North ing women and children in need Los Angeles, CA as a trustee of the Carter Center, suny Carolina National Bank Corpora- of food all over the globe. Honored President. Past president of the Aspen Institute, the Martin tion. President-elect of the Harvard as the 2003 World Food Prize lau- Buffalo (1982–1991). Credited Luther King, Jr. Center for Social University Board of Overseers. reate. with establishing the University Change, the Public Agenda Foun- Bulletin Fall 2003 21 of Southern California as a top- Provided leadership in biotech- One of the leading museum di- ranked research university and nology while senior vice president rectors in Europe. Champion of with leading suny Buffalo to for research and development at scholarship and public access to greater levels of academic excel- Genentech. museums. lence. Author of The Contrarian’s Kofi A. Annan (fhm) Lord Sainsbury of Turville Guide to Leadership. fhm United Nations, New York, NY (David Sainsbury) ( ) Ralph J. Snyderman Secretary-General. First Secretary- Parliament, London, United Kingdom Duke University, Durham, NC General to be elected from within Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Science and Innovation. Chancellor for Health Affairs; the staff, as well as the first black ceo President and ceo of Duke Uni- African to serve in this post. Has Formerly chairman and of versity Health System; James B. overseen growth in the size and J Sainsbury plc. Author of Govern- Duke Professor of Medicine, Duke scope of peacekeeping operations ment and Industry: A New Partner- University Medical Center. Phy- and worked to reestablish un ship. sician, scientist, administrator. centrality in emergencies across Conceptualized and developed the the globe. Duke integrated academic health Neil MacGregor (fhm) system as the model for prospec- British Museum, Bloomsbury, tive health care. Earlier career was London, United Kingdom distinguished by seminal research on the mechanisms of inflamma- Director. Immediate past director tion and leukocyte chemotaxis. of the National Gallery, London.

1. Marvalee H. Wake (UC Berkeley), Jules Alponse Hoffmann (Centre National de la Recherche Scienti- fique), and Daniele Hoffmann 2. Thomas B. Kornberg (UC San Francisco) and Robert Eugene Krumlauf (Stowers Institute for Medical Research)

1 2

3. Paul Baran (Novo Ventures, Inc.) and William Allen (NYU) 4. Kathryn Lee Calame (Columbia University) and Arthur Weiss (UC San Francisco)

3 4

5. Alexander Sandor Szalay (Johns Hopkins University) and Michael Eldon Greenberg (Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School)

6. Philip L. Quinn (University of Notre Dame), Stella Kleinrock, Leonard Kleinrock (UCLA), and Lynne Talley (UC San Diego)

5 6 22 Bulletin Fall 2003 Regional Events

Minneapolis 1. Midwest Center Vice President Mar- tin Dworkin (University of Minne- sota), George Schatz (Northwestern University), and President Patricia Meyer Spacks (University of Virginia) 2. Maria Antonia Calvo (Twin Cities artist), Gerald Early (Washington University in St. Louis), and Steven J. Rosenstone (University of Minne- sota)

1 2 Berkeley 3. Chancellor Robert Berdahl with Sung-Hou Kim and Daniel Koshland (all, UC Berkeley) 4. Erich Gruen and Anthony Long (both, UC Berkeley)

3 4 Stanford 5. Walter B. Hewlett (William and Flora Hewlett Foundation) and Louis W. Cabot (Cabot-Wellington, LLC) 6. President John Hennessy (Stanford University) and Jack W. Peltason (UC Irvine)

5 6 New York City 7. Richard Avedon (New York, New York) and Thomas P. Sakmar (Rockefeller University) 8. Executive Officer Leslie C. Berlowitz, William T. Golden (New York, New York), and Jean E. Taylor (Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences)

7 8 Bulletin Fall 2003 23 /Corbis AFP Photograph © 2003 by Environmental Change and the Human Condition John P. Holdren Introduction by Carl Kaysen This presentation was given at the 1864th Stated Meeting, held at the House of the Academy on November 13, 2002.

John P. Holdren, a Fellow of the American Academy Since receiving his B.S. and M.S. in aeronau- and Arms Control of the National Academy since 1983, is Teresa and John Heinz Professor of En- tics and astronautics at mit and his Ph.D. in of Sciences and was a member of President vironmental Policy and Director of the Program in aeronautics/astronautics and plasma physics Clinton’s Committee of Advisors on Science Science, Technology, and Public Policy at Harvard from Stanford, he has had two extraordinary and Technology (pcast), where he led stud- University’s Kennedy School. careers, one as an academic and one as a pub- ies for the White House on protection of nu- lic figure. After brief stints at the Lockheed clear bomb materials, the U.S. fusion-energy Carl Kaysen, a Fellow of the American Academy Corporation, the Lawrence Livermore Lab- r&d program, and energy r&d strategies for since 1954, is David W. Skinner Professor of Politi- oratory, and Caltech, he went to uc Berkeley meeting the climate change challenge. cal Economy Emeritus at mit. in 1973. There he cofounded and codirected I’ve worked with John on the Academy’s Com- a campuswide interdisciplinary program in mittee on International Security Studies and Carl Kaysen energy and resources for twenty-three years, in the Pugwash movement for many years, so before assuming his position at Harvard in I can add a few personal observations to his John Holdren has been a colleague of mine for 1996. His bibliography includes some three long public record. When Pugwash won the many years. He is the Teresa and John Heinz hundred articles and reports, and he has edit- Nobel Peace Prize in 1995, jointly with Joseph Professor of Environmental Policy and direc- ed, coedited, written, and contributed to four- Rotblat, John, as chair of the Pugwash Exec- tor of the Program in Science, Technology, and teen books on energy, environmental prob- utive Committee, addressed the Norwegian Public Policy at Harvard University’s Kennedy lems, nuclear weapons, and arms control. Nobel Committee in Oslo. His combination of School, as well as professor of environmental In 1981, John was one of the earliest recipients great energy, intellectual acuity, focus on the science and public policy in the department of of the MacArthur Prize Fellowship. He is chair task at hand, a calm and easy manner, and a earth and planetary science at Harvard Uni- of the Committee on International Security smile often hidden in the thickets of his facial versity. 24 Bulletin Fall 2003 adornments make him an invaluable colleague nologies, the fact is that civilization remains in any joint enterprise. The speed with which The problems we know best dependent on nature for most of the cycling of he can put together a comprehensive and bal- and fear most may not be nutrients on which food production depends, anced record of long and complicated discus- for most of the regulation of crop pests and sions never ceases to astonish all who work the most dangerous ones. agents and vectors of human disease, for most with him. of the detoxification and disposal of wastes, accidents, and mismanagement of nuclear and for the maintenance of climatic condi- John P. Holdren wastes–have historically received most of tions within limits conducive to all these other the attention, for reasons of the measurability environmental services and to the human en- Environment and Well-Being and visibility of harm, and the ready under- terprise more generally. standability of the mechanism. The “indirect” I think it is useful to consider the determinants threats–impacts of climate change, strato- Environment and Development of human well-being as falling into three broad spheric ozone depletion, biodiversity loss, and categories: economic conditions and process- alteration of geographic distribution and of Different types of environmental problems are es (such as markets, productive technologies, population dynamics between beneficial and associated with different phases of the socie- employment, income, wealth, and so on); so- destructive organisms–are harder to predict tal trajectory between poverty and wealth. In ciopolitical conditions and processes (such as and quantify, but they may prove to be more the poorest developing countries, where infra- self-determination, governance, personal and dangerous and less easily remedied. structure is largely absent and rapidly grow- national security, justice, education, health An important reason for the persistent under- ing populations using primitive technologies care, science, culture, and so on); and environ- estimation of threats in this “indirect” catego- must meet their basic needs with renewable mental conditions and processes (such as soils, ry is the widespread misimpression about the resources in their immediate surroundings, the biota, nutrient cycles, mineral resources, extent to which modern technology and medi- the biggest problems are (a) degradation of climate, and so on). cine have reduced the dependence of human those resources (e.g., deforestation, desertifi- cation, erosion); (b) bacterial contamination A key understanding in relation to these three well-being on environmental conditions and processes–above all on climate, which affects of waste-saturated water supplies; and (c) categories is that major failures in any one may acute indoor air pollution from inefficiently undermine the human enterprise. The condi- all the others. Notwithstanding the remark- able accomplishments of biomedical, agricul- burning biomass fuels in badly ventilated tions and processes in each of the three cate- dwellings. gories are indispensable to human well-being. tural, and environmental engineering tech- While some trade-offs around the edges are In the high-growth phase of economic devel- inevitable, it is a mistake to imagine that one Table 1. opment–with medium rates of population or the other of the categories is primary and Classification of Environmental Threats growth and rapid growth of gross domestic product (gdp) per capita, fed by a rapidly the others secondary. Human activities need Environmental threats from human activities to be managed in a way that preserves and en- rising use of energy and materials in manufac- • Direct loss of life, health, property, or in- turing, transport, and construction of build- hances the ingredients of well-being under all come from routine, accidental, or malicious three headings. A second important point is emissions: ings and infrastructure, with a low priority that the threats to human well-being arising given to efficiency and the environment–the –toxic from the environmental category remain less –carcinogenic characteristic environmental problems include well understood (by publics, policymakers, –mutagenic (a) massive urban and regional air pollution; and professors alike) and therefore less com- –teratogenic (b) acid precipitation; (c) industrial pollution prehensively addressed in politics and policy –corrosive of surface and ground water with hydrocar- than are the threats in the other two categories. • Loss of life, health, property, income, pleas- bons and metals; and (d) filling and pollution ure, or security as a result of a disruption of of estuaries by ports, freight terminals, and oil What are the threats in the environmental biological or geophysical resources or pro- refineries. category? As shown in Table 1, they can be cesses, including those of: divided into two groups: those arising from –soils The richest countries–where population human activities and those generated by natu- –vegetation growth rates are low, per capita economic ral processes. Of course, there is an interaction –nutrient cycles growth is moderate, and substantial invest- between natural hazards and human activi- –hydrology ments in pollution control have begun to curb –climate ties: human indirection and inattention often –the stratospheric ozone shield emissions to air, water, and soil of some of the lead to the magnification of natural hazards –population dynamics of valued or more easily captured pollutants–are respon- and to the general lack of priority we give to destructive organisms sible for (a) continuing high emissions to the protecting ourselves and our property from Natural hazards atmosphere of pollutants resistant to control these natural hazards. • Weather/climate: storms, floods, droughts, (notably greenhouse gases, nitrogen oxides, avalanches, ice ages very fine particles, and some toxic metals) The problems we know best and fear most • resulting from high levels of material con- may not be the most dangerous ones. Direct Geology: earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanoes sumption and personal mobility; (b) clean- health impacts from pollution–dirty air, toxic • up challenges of daunting magnitude from contamination of ground and surface water, Biology: die-offs, outbreaks of valued or destructive organisms the accumulated burden of past pollution of carcinogens in food, radioactivity from nuclear ground water, soil, and riverine and estuarine

Bulletin Fall 2003 25 nomic development. We cannot do without it. Figure 1. World Primary Energy Supply, 1850–2000 And because the environmental characteris- tics of the energy resources and technologies 500 on which society depends today can generally 450 be changed only slowly, and at considerable 400 cost, the dilemma embedded in energy’s dual roles in economic prosperity and environmen- 350 Gas tal disruption cannot be easily resolved. In light of all of this, it has become increasingly 300 Oil clear that energy is the core of the environ- 250 Coal ment problem; environment is the core of the

xajoules/Year energy problem; and the energy-environment E 200 Nuclear intersection is the core of the sustainable de- 150 Hydro + velopment problem. 100 Biomass Let me try to clarify the energy situation in 50 quantitative terms. Figure 1 shows world pri- mary energy supply for the period 1850–2000, 0 distributed according to fuel source. Note that 1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 150 years ago, in 1850, about 88 percent of the Year world’s energy was coming from the biomass sources–mostly fuelwood and charcoal, aug- sediments; (c) luxury levels of consumption Energy and the Environment mented by crop waste and dung. The remain- of meat, fish and shellfish, and tropical fruits ing 12 percent came from coal. In the ensuing and hardwoods, leading to deforestation by Many of the most difficult and dangerous en- century, from 1850 to 1950, world use of pri- lumbering, grazing, and plantation operations; vironmental problems at each of these levels mary energy grew by a factor of 4.3, and this to overharvesting of estuarine, open-ocean, of economic development–from the damage growth was supported mostly by a tremen- and coral reef environments; and to conver- that the very poor do to the immediate envi- dous expansion in the use of coal. The growth sion of mangrove swamps into aquaculture ronment, and thus to themselves, to the dam- of oil and natural gas became important only ponds (mostly beyond the borders of the con- age that the very rich do to the global environ- in the latter part of this period; by 1950, oil was suming countries). ment, and thus to everybody–arise from the supplying just over half as much energy as coal, harvesting, transport, processing, and conver- and natural gas was supplying only a sixth as Finally, the kinds of environmental problems sion of energy. Energy supply is the source of much as coal. that persist and grow at the highest levels of most indoor and outdoor air pollution, most economic development–where population radioactive waste, and much of the hydro- In the most recent half century, from 1950 to growth rates are low, per capita economic carbon and trace metal pollution of soil and 2000, world energy use grew at a little more growth is moderate, and substantial invest- groundwater. And energy-related operations than twice the rate that had characterized its ments in pollution control have begun to curb account for essentially all of the oil that hu- growth during the previous one hundred years. emissions to air, water, and soil of some of the mans have put into the oceans as well as for The increase in the last half of the twentieth more easily captured pollutants–tend to be most of the human-produced gases that are century was 4.7-fold, making the increase over those that (a) arise from renewable resource altering the global climate. the one hundred fifty years from 1850 to 2000 demands driven beyond thresholds of sus- a factor of 4.3 x 4.7, or 20-fold. As is clear from tainability by the growth of prosperity itself But, of course, energy is also an indispensable Figure 1, the great bulk of the growth of world (e.g., decimation of ocean fisheries and over- ingredient of material well-being and of eco- energy in the last half century came from the harvesting of tropical hardwoods for high- Table 2. World, U.S., and Chinese Energy Supply in 2000 income diets, homes, and furniture); or (b) are legacies of past carelessness in forms that World United States China are very costly to ameliorate after the fact and Primary energy (exajoules) 450 105 146 for which the “polluter pays” principle fails of which. . . oil 35% 38% 22% because the polluters have disappeared (e.g., natural gas 21% 25% 2% toxic contamination of groundwater); or (c) coal 23% 25% 49% arise from widely used, hard-to-replace pro- nuclear energy 6% 8% 0.4% ductive technologies in ways that are resistant biomass 13% 4% 25% co hydropower and other 2% 1% 2% to inexpensive technological fixes (e.g., 2 emissions from fossil-fuel combustion); or Electricity (billion kilowatt-hours, net) 14,700 3,800 1,300 (d) tend to export their environmental costs derived from. . . fossil fuels 64% 71% 82% and risks in space and time to an extent that nuclear energy 17% 20% 1.2% makes difficult their assessment and inter- hydropower 18% 7% 17% co nalization through price or policy (e.g., 2, wind, geothermal, solar, and biomass 1.6% 2.2% 0.1% biodiversity loss, nuclear proliferation and Note: 1 exajoule = 1018 joules = 1 billion gigajoules; hydropower is counted as energy content, not as fossil fuel equiva- nuclear terrorism risks from nuclear energy). lent; net electricity excludes the part of generated electricity that is used within the power plant. 26 Bulletin Fall 2003 trajectory through the twenty-first century of Table 3. World Energy and Economy by GDP per Person, 2000 the sort often described as a business-as-usual Poor Transition Rich scenario. This means not that nothing changes, Economy Economy Economy but rather that things change in roughly the Population (billions) 4.1 1.2 0.8 patterns that have recently been prevailing, gdp (trillion ppp-corrected 2000 us$) 11 11 23 with adjustments for demographic and eco- Industrial energy (terawatts) 2.9 3.2 6.3 nomic shifts that are more or less expected. Biomass energy (terawatts) 1.4 0.2 0.2 Thus, in the scenario portrayed in Table 4, Fossil carbon (billion metric tons of c per year) 1.6 1.7 3.1 population growth rates continue to fall, but per person gdp us the population nonetheless grows until it sta- (thousand ppp-corrected 2000 $) 2.7 9.2 29 bilizes by 2100 at about eleven billion people. Energy–industrial and biomass (kilowatts) 1.0 2.8 8.1 c Aggregate economic growth averages 2.8 per- Fossil carbon (metric tons of per year) 0.4 1.4 3.9 cent per year from 2000 to 2030, but only 2.3 Notes: 1 terawatt = 1 trillion watts = 1 billion kilowatts = 31.5 exajoules per year. 1 metric ton = 1,000 kilograms = 2205 percent per year for the whole century. The pounds = about 1.1 American tons. One ton of carbon in CO2 corresponds to 3.67 tons of CO2. Purchasing-power-parity corrections are from the World Bank. energy intensity of the world economy (ener- gy use divided by real gdp) falls throughout tremendous expansion in the use of oil and, economies. The country categories are based the century at the long-term average of 1.0 most recently, natural gas. By 2000, world oil on gdp per capita corrected for purchasing percent per year, and the carbon intensity of use was 1.6 times greater than coal use, and power parity (ppp), where countries averag- energy supply (carbon emissions divided by the energy coming from natural gas was about ing below us $5,000 ppp per year in 2000 are primary energy) falls at 0.2 percent per year. equal to that coming from coal. Altogether, classified as poor, those between $5,000 and In a simpler division than that of the snapshot fossil fuels were accounting for 78 percent of $20,000 as transition, and those above $20,000 for the year 2000, this scenario considers only world energy use in 2000, with the remainder as rich. With these definitions, Table 3 shows two country groups: industrialized and devel- coming from biomass fuels (13 percent), nucle- that the rich countries, with only 13 percent of oping. One sees from the table that in this busi- ar energy (6 percent), and hydropower, geo- the world’s population in 2000, accounted for ness-as-usual energy scenario (a) nearly all of thermal, solar, and wind energy combined 51 percent of the world economic product, 46 the population growth and most of the energy (3 percent). (The share attributed to biomass percent of the world’s energy, and 48 percent growth will occur in the developing countries; fuels is smaller than this in nearly all official of the carbon being added to the atmosphere (b) the industrialized-developing gap in gdp tabulations, because these tabulations leave in co from fossil fuel combustion. Looking at 2 per person will not disappear even by the end out the biomass energy forms–gathered fuel- the per capita numbers underlines the magni- of the century, although it will fall from a fac- wood, crop wastes, and dung–that are not ex- tude of the gap: gdp per person in the rich tor of 6.6 in 2000 to 3.8 in 2050 to 2.4 in 2100; changed in organized markets but that consti- countries is about eleven times higher than in (c) world economic product will increase near- tute the principal energy sources for the poor- the poor countries, energy use per person is ly tenfold over the century, while energy use est third of the world’s population.) eight times higher, and carbon emissions per will quadruple; and (d) carbon emissions from person are about ten times higher. Table 2 shows the energy picture in the year fossil fuel combustion will more than double 2000 in a bit more detail, comparing sources by 2050, and more than triple by 2100. and magnitudes for the United States and The Business-as-Usual Energy China as well as the world as a whole, and Future What, Us Worry? showing electricity generation as well as pri- mary energy. (Electricity is a “secondary” ener- Given these understandings of where we are The question then arises, is there anything gy form, which, like other secondary energy and where we have been in relation to world problematic about this? Should we worry forms such as gasoline, charcoal, biogas, and energy supply, let us look at where we are go- about proceeding along the business-as-usual hydrogen, comes from one or more of the pri- ing. Table 4 summarizes a middle-of-the-road trajectory? mary forms.) What is most striking in Table 2 is the high dependence on fossil fuels not only Table 4. A Business-as-Usual Economic and Energy Scenario, 2000–2100 of the whole world but of countries as diverse 2000 2030 2050 2100 in their stage of development as the United Population (billions) States and China. What is also striking are the industrialized countries 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 modest percentages of primary energy and developing countries 4.8 7.1 8.4 9.7 electricity supply that are accounted for by gdp (1,000 ppp-corrected 2000 us$) nuclear energy and by renewable energy forms industrialized countries 2.7 9.2 29 29 other than biomass, notwithstanding the high developing countries 1.0 2.8 8.1 8.1 prominence of these options in national and Energy/person (kilowatts) international energy debates. industrialized countries 6.3 7.5 8.0 8.3 1.3 2.2 2.9 4.7 In Table 3 the world energy picture in the year developing countries 2000 is portrayed in another way–namely, in gwp (trillion ppp-corrected 2000 us$) 45 105 171 438 relation to allocation of energy, economic ac- Carbon emissions (billion metric tons of C per year) 6.4 10.9 14.3 20.8 tivity, and emissions of fossil carbon to the Notes: gwp = gross world product. The carbon emissions listed are projected from fossil fuel burning only. atmosphere among poor, transition, and rich Bulletin Fall 2003 27 The first concern that most people raise when impacts of energy use and transformation is to look very different from today’s, you had they are shown a scenario in which energy being severely depleted. better start changing now, because the power use quadruples in the twenty-first century plants we build over the next decade are still We are running out of tolerance for inequity in is whether the world’s energy resources will going to be running in 2050. Another way of the energy-economic system–the inequity suffice to support such an increase. Will we looking at it is that the capital investment in depicted in Table 3 and destined, according to simply run out of energy? Table 5, which pres- the world energy system–the amount of mon- Table 4, to disappear only slowly under busi- ents rough estimates for the Earth’s endow- ey it would take to replace it–is about ten tril- ness as usual. It is not just the economic divi- ments of nonrenewable and renewable energy lion dollars. This huge investment cannot be sion that is problematic, moreover; it is that resources, indicates that the answer to this turned over quickly. If people suddenly decide the poor are more at risk from the environ- question is no. Particular energy forms may ten years from now that we’ve got the wrong mental problems than the rich are. be, or become, scarce in particular places, but energy system, it won’t be possible to have a the world is far from running out of energy in We are running out of money for better energy different one ten years after that. any absolute sense. The energy for business- options in two different respects. In the poor as-usual growth throughout this century, and countries, the question is where the money The Climate Change Core of the for quite some time beyond that, could be sup- will be found to deploy energy systems that Energy-Environment Dilemma plied by fossil fuels alone–if we are willing to are cleaner and more efficient than the less pay the monetary, environmental, and perhaps costly ones that are deployed now. In the rich The essence of the energy problem is the also political costs–even without turning in countries, there is more than enough money question of how to meet society’s energy any significant degree to nuclear and renew- to pay for these options, but we seem to have needs without undermining the environmen- able energy. run out of the willingness to pay: we are refus- tal foundations of well-being. And, within ing to make respectable investments in energy But, while civilization is not running out of the constellation of environmental problems research and development for better technol- energy resources per se, it is running out of a associated with energy, climate change will ogies, and we refuse to tolerate even the men- number of things related to energy that ought likely prove to be the most dangerous and tion of a carbon tax or other measures to inter- to concern us. intractable in the long run. nalize into the cost of energy the environmen- We are, for example, running out of cheap oil tal damage that is being done. It is not the most dangerous today in terms much more rapidly than we are running out of the number of premature deaths it is caus- And we are running out of time for a smooth of energy as a whole. As the world has already ing: indoor air pollution, outdoor air pollu- transition to an energy system that is both suf- learned, spikes in the oil price can be very dis- tion, and bacterial contamination of surface ficient to our needs and sustainable in the en- ruptive economically, and armed conflict over water are killing far more people. But climate vironmental sense. This matter of timing is access to the cheap oil that remains may be change will become the most dangerous over perhaps the least-understood dimension of even more disruptive. time, because climate profoundly influences the energy problem. The problem is that ener- all other environmental conditions and pro- We are running out of environment, in the gy systems–power plants, oil refineries, pipe- cesses; it is the envelope within which all sense that the environment’s capacity to ab- lines, and so on–tend to last thirty to fifty other environmental conditions and process- sorb, without intolerable consequences, the years. If you want the energy system in 2050 es must function. If climate is sufficiently dis- rupted, therefore, everything else environ- Table 5. World Energy Resources mental will be disrupted too: the productivity Nonrenewable TWy of farms, forests, and fisheries; the geography of disease; the livability of the world’s cities Conventional oil and gas 1,000 in summer; the damages to be expected from Unconventional oil and gas (excluding methane clathrates) 2,000 Coal 5,000 storms, droughts, floods, wildfires, and a ris- Methane clathrates 20,000 ing sea level; and much more. And climate Oil shale 30,000 change is the most intractable environmental Geothermal –steam and hot water 4,000 problem because it is so deeply rooted in the –hot dry rock 1,000,000 characteristics of the world energy supply sys- Uranium –in light-water reactors 3,000 tem that can be changed only slowly and with –in breeder reactors 3,000,000 great difficulty. Fusion –deuterium-tritium, limited by lithium 140,000,000 –deuterium-deuterium 250,000,000,000 There is no longer any serious doubt among Renewable TWy/year informed scientists that the climate is chang- Hydropower potential 15 ing, and that it is changing in a way that is Global biomass production 100 unusual compared to the natural patterns of Power in the wind 2,000 climatic fluctuation. Climate is naturally a Sunlight reaching land surface 26,000 fluctuating system. The climate has always –reaching entire Earth surface 88,000 changed for a whole variety of natural reasons,

Note: Nonrenewable resource estimates are for remaining recoverable resources, are highly approximate, and are but it is now changing more rapidly, and in a measured in terawatt-years (1 twy = 31.5 exajoules). Renewable resources are measured in terawatts of total flow, pattern that matches what would be expect- where 1 tw = 1 twy/year = 31.5 exajoules per year. Fractions of the renewable flows that could be practically har- nessed depend on assumptions, but are generally in the range of 1–10 percent. Note that world energy use in 2000 ed from the suspected human cause. Indeed, was just under 15 tw or 15 twy/year, and a quadrupling by 2100 would imply 60 twy/year. because of this matching “fingerprint,” it is virtually certain that the emission of green- 28 Bulletin Fall 2003 house gases from human activities–above all, oceans. And sea level would continue to in- the combustion of fossil fuels–has been re- crease for centuries. A quadrupled-CO2 world sponsible for a substantial share of the climat- The equilibrium annual average temperature would be a catastrophe for ic change that has been experienced in the last increase in midcontinent North America under hundred years. co the human condition. a doubling of the preindustrial 2 concentra- There is also a scientific consensus about tion would be around 10°f; under a quadru- sources of the reflective particles. Because of where we are headed in the way of further pling, it would be around 20°f. Now, it is pos- this and because, under business as usual, the climate change under the business-as-usual sible to have an interesting argument about co becomes increasingly the dominant fac- future. The scientific consensus best estimates, whether the climatic and associated ecologi- 2 tor as the century wears on, taking into ac- cal consequences of a co doubling would be 2 count the effects of the co alone gives a manageable without intolerable damage to 2 decent ap-proximation of the net effects to be If climate is sufficiently the human condition–there are enough un- expected. disrupted, everything else certainties about the details of impacts and adaptation to leave room for both optimistic co The size of the 2 emissions reduction chal- environmental will be and pessimistic assessments. But the situa- lenge becomes apparent when one recognizes tion is far less ambiguous for the case of the that stabilizing the atmospheric concentra- quadrupled-co world, which is where we co disrupted too. 2 tion of 2 at 550 parts per million requires will arrive if we don’t do anything about it in not just leveling off emissions at a level not co which are those of the Intergovernmental the meantime. A quadrupled- 2 world would too much higher than today’s, but also subse- Panel on Climate Change, are that contin- be a roasted world, with weather patterns and quently bringing emissions down, over a peri- uation on the business-as-usual emissions extremes of heat unlike anything yet experi- od of many decades, to a fraction of today’s. trajectory as described in Table 4 will lead to enced during the tenure of human beings on There is a variety of trajectories that could increases in the mean global surface temper- the planet. It would be a catastrophe for the meet this goal–some featuring large early c ature of 2° to 4° over the current century. By human condition. departures from business as usual but more century’s end, the Earth will be warmer than gradual declines later, and others deferring it has been at any time in the last one hundred A Thought Experiment on the early action but requiring very steep declines sixty thousand years. The best estimate for Magnitude of the Challenge later. If one wanted to avoid the stabilization the rise of sea level by 2100 is about fifty centi- trajectories that place too much of the burden meters. This global average warming will not There has been considerable study of the of reductions in the early decades of the centu- occur uniformly and will entail major changes sizes and shapes of the deflections from the ry, as well as avoid those that involve extreme- in climatic patterns–storm tracks, ocean cur- business-as-usual emissions trajectory that ly steep declines later, then one would want rents, distribution of precipitation and soil would be needed to stabilize the atmospheric to level off emissions at about 11 billion tons moisture, extremes of hot and cold. And, in concentration of co at various levels below of carbon around the year 2035 and then begin part because of the pace of the changes in cli- 2 a quadrupling. Assessing the implications of gradually to decline them to about 6 to 7 bil- matic patterns, the resulting effects on human the results for the character of the energy sys- lion tons of carbon per year by 2100 and to 3 well-being are far more likely to be negative tem is instructive as to the magnitude of the to 4 billion tons of carbon per year by 2200. than positive. challenge we face. Let me consider here the It is an easy matter to calculate, under some Although most of the detailed analysis and much-studied case of stabilization at twice the simplifying assumptions, how much the discussion of the impacts of anthropogenic preindustrial concentration, hence at about carbon-free part of the world energy supply climate change have focused on the conse- 550 parts per million by volume (ppmv). While would need to be expanded in the twenty-first quences of the doubling of the preindustrial there is nothing magical about this target–and century in order to get on and stay on a not- co certainly no guarantee that achieving it would concentration of 2, this is not because there too-early/not-too-late trajectory for stabiliz- is any current reason to think that the buildup avoid severe damages from climate change– co ing 2 at 550 ppmv. The carbon-free options co it is so difficult to meet (as we will see in a mo- of the atmospheric burden of 2 will stop at are (a) biomass, hydropower, wind, photo- that level. It was just for convenience in com- ment) that doing much better seems unlikely. voltaics, and other renewable energy sources; paring results that the scientific community I note that a more rigorous consideration of (b) nuclear energy (currently nuclear fission settled on a co doubling as a principal focus 2 the interaction of anthropogenic greenhouse and perhaps, after midcentury, nuclear fu- of study. On a business-as-usual trajectory like gases with climate requires looking not only sion); and (c) advanced fossil fuel technolo- that depicted in Table 4, the concentration of at co but also at non-co greenhouse gases, gies that can capture the carbon and sequester co would soar past a doubling by around 2 2 2 and at both energy-absorbing and energy- it, rather than releasing it into the atmosphere. 2060 and would be near a tripling by 2100. reflecting particles in the atmosphere. Coinci- Assuming middle-of-the-road economic And if the trajectory were still the business-as- dentally, however, the warming effects of the growth and continuation of the recent 1 per- usual one by that point, it would be practically non-co greenhouse gases and absorbing par- cent/year world average rate of reduction of impossible to stop the further concentration 2 ticles are largely cancelled out by the cooling the energy intensity of economic activity, the buildup below a quadrupling of the preindus- effects of reflective particles. This is likely carbon-free contribution would need to in- trial concentration. For decades after the con- to remain true during much of this century crease sixfold (to about 600 exajoules) by 2050 centration stabilized, the temperature would because increasing control over emissions of and fifteenfold (to about 1500 exajoules) by continue to rise, moreover, because of the lag the non-co greenhouse gases and soot will be 2100 if the world were on the indicated 550- time caused by the thermal inertia of the 2 matched by increasing control over the ppmv-stabilization trajectory. Only if the his- Bulletin Fall 2003 29 torical world average rate of energy intensity ments among states–dictates that govern- reduction can be doubled to 2 percent per year The fates of the industri- ment policy also has to play a major role. The over the whole world and the whole century alized and less-developed government of the United States–a country can the requirement for carbon-free energy with a quarter of the world’s fossil fuel use, co supply be held to a “mere” tripling in the countries are more inter- a quarter of the world’s 2 emissions, the twenty-first century. world’s strongest economy, and the world’s connected than most people most capable scientific and technological To achieve such a rate of energy efficiency establishment–ought to be leading and not improvement worldwide for a century would think. following in this effort that is so crucial to the be a fantastic challenge. Alas, there is as yet prospects for sustainable prosperity for every- little sign of the sorts of policies and commit- and biomass technologies; better nuclear body. But we are not leading–we are lagging. ments that could yield the needed energy in- technologies (advanced fission and, I hope, tensity reductions and carbon-free energy fusion); and very advanced fossil fuel tech- increases in the years ahead in any combina- nologies that can capture the carbon and Why the Energy-Climate Problem tion consistent with stabilizing atmospheric sequester it away from the atmosphere. Is Being Underrated co 2 at 550 ppmv. Fifth, we should have increased international Why do we underrate this problem so much? cooperation to facilitate applying the results of I think there are six major reasons that the pub- What Should We Be Doing? co co climate research, low- 2 and no- 2 energy lic, policymakers, and even most scientists A Six-Point Program research, and innovations in the ways of im- continue to be complacent about it. plementing these insights and options in the We should of course be expanding research South as well as the North. The problem of First, human well-being is more dependent and the scientific dimensions of the problem. co on both energy and climate than most people global climate change from 2 emissions has (No talk by a scientist is complete without this think. Most people are not at all interested in been mainly caused up until now by the indus- btu recommendation!) We should be doing more trialized countries, which have contributed energy–in s and gigajoules and kilowatt- research on the science of climate change and about three-fourths of the fossil fuel carbon hours–and it’s hard to blame them. People its impacts; on the enhancement of terrestrial added to the atmosphere over the past one are interested instead in energy services–com- and oceanic sinks for carbon; on geotechnical hundred fifty years. Now fossil fuel use is grow- fortable rooms, cold beer, convenient trans- engineering to offset the effects of greenhouse ing faster in the developing countries than in portation–and in a strong economy, a livable gases on the climate; and on adaptation to the industrialized ones, however, and by 2025 environment, and a peaceful world. But for climate change. And we should be making or 2030 these countries will pass the industri- the most part they don’t understand the con- increasing investments to exploit the oppor- alized countries in total emissions (but not nections between energy choices and these tunities that this research uncovers. in per capita emissions). In this situation, it is elements of personal and societal well-being. They certainly don’t understand the multi- Second, we should have increased national perfectly appropriate for the industrialized plicity of ways in which human well-being and international support for the education, countries to take the first steps to address the depends on climate. development, social welfare, and family plan- problem, and to pay a large fraction of the ning measures known to be most effective costs of action–but there is no solution in the Second, existing energy sources are more prob- in reducing population growth. If the world long run unless the developing countries par- lematic, and climate change is further along, has, say, eight billion people in 2100 instead ticipate in moving off of the business-as-usual than most people think. Few people know that of eleven billion, the energy-climate problem trajectory. nearly 80 percent of the world’s energy still will be easier to solve–still not easy, but easi- This leads finally to the sixth point: We need comes from fossil fuels. Fewer still know that er–and so will many other problems. to construct a global framework of commit- the disruptions of climate being experienced today, which are already problematic in many Third, we should have incentives and other ments to long-term restraints on greenhouse respects, do not even reflect the equilibrium help for firms and consumers to make low- gas emissions–a framework designed for suf- consequences of the co that has already been co and no-co choices from the menu of ficiency, for equity, and for feasibility. This has 2 2 2 added to the atmosphere. That is, because of energy-supply and energy-end-use-efficiency not happened yet. The United Nations Frame- the time lag induced by the thermal inertia of options available at any given time. These work Convention on Climate Change (which the oceans, further changes in climate could incentives could be as simple as tax breaks for was ratified by the United States in 1992 and not be avoided even if we could stop the investments in options with the desired char- which is in force) and the Kyoto Protocol growth of the atmospheric co concentration acteristics, but it seems unlikely that enough (which the United States has refused to ratify 2 overnight. will be done without the stronger medicine and which may well go into force without this of either a carbon tax or an emissions cap country’s participation) were intended as ini- Third, the energy-climate implications of the enforced through tradable emissions allow- tial steps in the needed direction, but they are expected growth in population and energy use ances. not working yet and would not be enough if per person are bigger than most people think. they were. Very few people have done the kinds of arith- Fourth, there should be accelerated research, metic I’ve presented here, looking at what pop- development, and demonstration to improve Of course, the private sector has a large role ulation, economic activity, energy use, and the menu of low-co and no-co energy op- to play in the six-point agenda I have laid out 2 2 carbon emissions are likely to be in 2030 or tions from which incentivized producers and here. But the nature of the problem–as one 2050 or 2100. consumers can choose–better solar, wind, that involves externalities, common property resources, public benefits, and binding agree- 30 Bulletin Fall 2003 Fourth, scientific uncertainties are not proper Finally, the fates of the industrialized and less- The fact is that the people on this planet live grounds for complacency, as so many people developed countries are more interconnected under one global atmosphere, on the shores seem to think. There are uncertainties in the than most people think. There is a tendency in of one global ocean, our countries linked by climate change picture–big ones, when it the industrialized countries to suppose that if flows of people, money, goods, ideas, images, comes to the timing and the pattern of im- the climate change problem does turn out to diseases, drugs, weapons, and, perhaps ulti- pacts of climate change–but uncertainties be as bad as currently advertised, it will mostly mately, nuclear explosives. We cannot keep tend to be symmetric. That is, while things be people in the less-developed countries who one end of the boat afloat while the other end might turn out to be better than your current will suffer. Americans, Europeans, and Japa- sinks. best estimate, they might also turn out to be nese think that because we in the North have worse. lots of technology, lots of capital, and lots of © 2003 by Carl Kaysen and John P. Holdren, infrastructure we will be able to adjust. This respectively. Fifth, the time lags associated with the appear- view is wrong, in part because the North’s as- ance of the symptoms, diagnosis of the cause, sets will not be adequate to protect it against prescription of the remedy, and implementa- all of the consequences of severe climate tion of the prescription are all longer than most change that are in store. But even more im- people think. Such time lags make “steering” portantly, it is wrong because the North will and “braking” in the energy-climate system not be able to insulate itself from the misery very problematic. that climate change generates in the South.

1. John P. Holdren (Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University) 2. John P. Holdren, President Patricia Meyer Spacks (University of Virginia), Vice President Louis W. Cabot (Cabot- Wellington, LLC), and Calestous Juma (Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University) 3. Martin B. Malin (American Academy), John P. Holdren , and Carl Kaysen (MIT)

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Bulletin Fall 2003 31 asks her if she would like to have hers straight- ened as well.

“Not now,” his daughter answers. “Maybe when I’m older. It’ll be something different.”

“Do you think you will like it?” Early asks.

“Maybe,” his daughter answers.

“In that ‘maybe,’” Early writes, “so calmly and evenly uttered, rest the complex contra- dictions, the uneasy tentative negotiations of that which cannot be compromised yet can never be realized in this flawed world as an ideal; there is, in that ‘maybe,’ the epistemol- ogy of race pride for black American women so paradoxically symbolized by their straight- ened hair.” It seems to me that Early’s writing encompasses all of the complex contradictions and uneasy negotiations of African American culture and of American culture in general.

Early studies jazz, boxing, baseball, beauty contests, and film for their deeply human meanings. As a writer, he is one of the great essayists of our time. But more than that, he is an explorer. He is a thinker. His trademarks are utter honesty, a powerful intellect, and fierce independence. The African American experience is the lens through which Early photographs the world, but he is not a sepa- ratist. While showing the richness and com- plexity of African American culture, he also shows it as an organic part of American cul- ture. After reading Early, we feel provoked in the best sense of the word, and we also feel more whole.

One of Early’s most appealing qualities, to me, is his modesty. He does not try to establish a Race, Art, and Integration: The Image of persona. Rather, he wants to be measured by his thought–and that quiet thought has been the African American Soldier in Popular widely recognized and honored. In 1988 he received a coveted Whiting Prize for promis- Culture During the Korean War ing writers near the beginning of their careers. In 1995 his essay collection The Culture of Bruis- Gerald Early ing: Essays on Prizefighting, Literature, and Modern Introduction by Alan Lightman American Culture won a National Book Critics This presentation was given at the 1867th Stated Meeting, held at the House of the Academy on Circle Award. Other of his books include Tux- February 12, 2003. edo Junction: Essays on American Culture, Daugh- ters: On Family and Fatherhood, and One Nation Gerald Early, a Fellow of the American Academy Alan Lightman Under a Groove: Motown and American Culture. since 1997, is the Merle Kling Professor of Modern He is the editor of many volumes, including Letters and the Director of The Center for the Hu- There’s a poignant moment in Gerald Early’s The Sammy Davis, Jr., Reader, The Muhammad manities at Washington University in St. Louis. essay “Life with Daughters: Watching the Ali Reader, and Body Language: Writers on Sport. Miss America Pageant”–an essay that was His edited volume Lure and Loathing: Essays on Alan Lightman is Adjunct Professor of Humanities included in Houghton Mifflin’s Best American Race, Identity, and the Ambivalence of Assimilation at mit. A Fellow of the American Academy since Essays of the Century. In that moment, Early was named an Outstanding Book by the 1996, he is the author of several books, and his most catches his daughter looking at “her mother’s Gustavus Myers Center for the Study of Bigot- recent work of fiction is Reunion. very long and silken straight hair, the hair that ry and Human Rights in 1993. He has been a the other black girls at school admire,” and commentator for National Public Radio, and

32 Bulletin Fall 2003 he has appeared in Ken Burns’s series on base- occurring at the time. People in the film indus- ball and jazz. But probably nothing was try, for example, were under attack for their alleged affiliation with communists (and had At Washington University in St. Louis, Early is held in lower regard or seen adopted a policy of self-regulation back in the the Merle Kling Professor of Modern Letters 1930s after first being attacked). Many people and professor of English and African and Afro- as more dangerous by many had mixed feelings about American popular American studies. From 1992 to 1999 he was adults of the period than music–especially jazz and the new rhythm- the director of the African and Afro-American and-blues music of the late 1940s–and the studies program there. He is currently director comic books. people who played it. But probably nothing of The Center for the Humanities. Since his was held in lower regard or seen as more election to this Academy, Early has been an tation by African Americans as being instigat- dangerous by many adults of the period than active member, and he serves as an Academy ed by communists. The repressive political at- comic books. councilor, representing the humanities. mosphere in the United States during the early So integration did not resolve racial tension 1950s tended to make any expression of liberal in the American society of the early 1950s. Gerald Early perspectives suspect, even condemned, as if Rather, in the various ways it was depicted, bourgeois liberal reform were interchangeable integration reflected the complex depths of a Integration in America Before the with socialism or communism. An extraor- profound contradiction Americans felt deep- dinary example of this–especially relevant Brown Decision ly–not only about race but also about the in this instance, as it relates to the loyalty of strength of their institutions and the influen- Between 1945, which marked the end of World African Americans and their willingness to tial reach of popular culture. Nowhere was War II, and 1954, the year of the Brown deci- fight for the United States against a foreign this complex welter of tensions more richly sion, which outlawed racial segregation in power–is Jackie Robinson’s testimony before expressed than in the cultural representations the nation’s public schools, the United States the House Un-American Activities Commit- of the most important act of institutional inte- experienced integration in several symbolic tee on July 18, 1949, spurred by Paul Robeson’s gration to occur before the Brown decision– and potentially powerful ways that challenged comment a month earlier that he thought that is, the 1948 decision to integrate the Amer- institutionally the ideology of white suprema- African Americans should fight against lynch- ican military. And nothing dramatized the cy. The fact that World War II was fought, in ing in the United States and not against the integration of the military, or accelerated it, part, against the racist ideology of Nazism; Soviet Union.* more than the Korean War–the most sig- that increasingly race was being challenged Nonetheless, important acts of integration, nificant political event for the United States in academic circles as a legitimate scientific of crossing over, occurred during that time, between the end of World War II and the concept; that sociological studies such as the particularly in the cultural realm–including Brown decision. pathbreaking American Dilemma, compiled by the integration of major-league baseball when Gunnar Myrdal, described America as a soci- Jackie Robinson joined the Brooklyn Dodgers ety suffering from a disjunction between its Integration in the Mainstream as a rookie in 1947; the awarding of the Nation- democratic creed and its practice of segrega- al Book Award in 1953 to Ralph Ellison for his ec tion and racial oppression; that African Amer- The cover of the January 1954 issue of novel Invisible Man, published in 1952; and the icans had become more deeply restive about Comics’s Frontline Combat showed a black awarding of the 1950 Pulitzer Prize for poetry their situation and more militant about social soldier (along with three white soldiers) in to Gwendolyn Brooks for her collection Annie change–all partly explain the shift that was combat. This was highly unusual. Blacks were Allen, published in 1949. Indeed, in some re- beginning to accelerate during those postwar almost never seen on the covers of comic spects racial integration had become, as these years. Furthermore, the rise of communism as books in the 1940s and 1950s–the heyday of instances indicate, something of a mainstream a world power, through both the expansion of comics–unless they were depicted as jungle act in American culture by the early 1950s. Yet the Soviet Union and the establishment of the natives or as comic caricatures. Comic books integration had not gained casual acceptance; People’s Republic of China in 1949, had put were a highly racialized and intensely racist it was still seen in many circles as something more pressure on the United States to change art form during this period of the early cold unusual, radical, associated with the Left. its racial practices in order to influence non- war. The exceptions to this were some special- After all, a good portion of the American pub- white third-world countries in Africa and edition sports comics that featured on their lic did not trust popular culture, within which Asia. covers noncaricatural images of such popular several noted examples of integration were black athletes as Jackie Robinson, Larry Doby, However, there was still much uncertainty Roy Campanella, Willie Mays, and Joe Louis. and nervousness about drastic racial change Published in the late 1940s and early 1950s, in the United States at the time. It must be re- * For more on this, see Roger Kahn, The Era these comics reflect the positive, if limited, membered that while World War II was, in a 1947–1957: When the Yankees, the Giants, and impact that the integration of sports–particu- way, a war against racism, the United States the Dodgers Ruled the World (New York: Ticknor larly team sports–had on the United States was intensely racist in its pursuit of victory & Fields, 1993), 198–207; Martin Duberman, and on how whites in this country saw African against the Japanese, spewing forth virulently Paul Robeson: A Biography (New York: Knopf, Americans. racist propaganda against them and placing 1989), 360–362; and Arnold Rampersad, Jackie Japanese Americans in internment camps dur- Robinson: A Biography (New York: Knopf, 1997), How many young people read comics during 210–216. Robinson also discusses his testimo- ing the war. With the advent of the cold war in that era? According to Bradford W. Wright, ny in his autobiography, I Never Had It Made the late 1940s, conservatives tended to see agi- author of Comic Book Nation: The Transforma- (Hopewell, N.J.: Ecco Press, 1995). Bulletin Fall 2003 33 tion of Youth Culture in America, the comic book of American military life by acknowledging unwilling to examine African American life in industry grew to unprecedented heights dur- and exposing racism–not as a truth or a self- their society in any sort of sophisticated or ing the years of the Korean War (1950–1953). evident reflection of a natural law, which it nuanced way. In 1950, 300 comic book titles were published, professed itself to be, but as the political idea Gibson, of course, couched this in terms that producing annual sales of $41 million. In 1953, that it was. After all, Gibson argued, how could the military could understand: namely, that 650 titles were published, producing sales of black units be expected to function well when segregated armed forces were an inefficient over $90 million. Circulation in 1953 averaged they had such a high percentage of men who use of manpower and demoralizing for blacks, about 70 million a month. Ninety percent of had performed poorly on the army’s aptitude who consequently became a hindrance rather boys and girls under eighteen read them, as test, mostly because of their poor education than a help in any war effort. That argument, did most American gis. Twenty-five percent and impoverished backgrounds? Black units compelling as it was, was not terribly persua- of high-school graduates admitted to reading had a higher percentage of such men than sive at the time. African Americans’ compro- them as well. Comic books were, without ques- white units, and a far higher percentage than mised citizenship status, which was reflected tion, the most popular art form, and the most the armed forces recommended for a good in their use in the armed forces and which in- popular form of literature, for the young in regiment. The good black soldier was weighed tensified their lack of morale, was something America. down by being surrounded by too many men that the military thought, perhaps rightly so, The fact that blacks were generally not to be that it should not challenge unless other major found on the covers of war comics or inside During the era of segre- institutions in the United States were willing them is hardly surprising, considering how to do so as well. In the game of social change, American society generally saw African Amer- gated armed forces, depict- no one ever really wants to be first. icans at the time of World War II and the Ko- During the era of segregated armed forces, rean War, and particularly how it saw African ing black soldiers in pulp depicting black soldiers in pulp art would es- American soldiers. Most Americans at the sentially have meant drawing a largely black time still found it hard to imagine blacks in art would essentially have comic book. The officer in charge of the black combat. In World War II, which had ended meant drawing a largely unit could be white, but he would be the only only five years before the Korean War began, white, and the characters could not be in com- the vast majority of African American men black comic book. bat. This would have violated two important in the service were employed in service units. selling points of war comics–or any comics, They were thought by most whites who were who were unfit through no fault of their own. for that matter: first, by depicting a large num- in command in the armed services to be un- The unfitness in the segregated units was in- ber of blacks as anything other than a jungle fit for combat. Whites thought blacks lacked tensified by being concentrated; white unfit- tribe, and second, by showing soldiers in war- courage and leadership skills and were not in- ness was spread around. The very segregation time doing something other than engaging telligent enough to be in the infantry or any- that whites said was necessary and unavoid- in combat, when precisely what attracted ad- where near the front line. able was actually making it impossible for olescent readers to depictions of war were The decidedly mixed reports on the perfor- black men to perform well, no matter how images of carnage and heroism. Black service mance of all-black units in combat during much they wanted to; thus, segregation was units would not have interested readers of war World War II–particularly the 92nd Divi- nothing but a self-fulfilling prophecy that en- comics, even if the men who drew comics had sion’s unimpressive performance in Italy in sured a status of inferiority for blacks by creat- been interested in dramatizing such aspects of June 1944–only suggested to many whites in ing it in the first place. military life. command that blacks were indeed unfit and This in turn ensured that in the age of integra- How the public saw service units and the poli- that the practice of segregating troops by race tion, which the United States was entering, tics of convincing the public of the value of and tracking them into certain occupations nothing positive was to be found in racial seg- an integrated military probably explain the was a sound one that should be continued. As regation or in the ways that blacks had adjust- United States military’s support of the pro- army brass were wont to say when pressed ed to it. In effect, for African Americans, all duction of the film Red Ball Express, shot in about the issue of integration during World segregation translated into inferiority and November and December 1951 and released War II, the armed forces were no place for powerlessness. Clearly, in regard to an institu- in May 1952, during the height of the Korean social experimentation or social engineering. tion like the military, there is hardly a place or War. Although the film is about World War II, I have interviewed Truman K. Gibson, who a reason for the idea that segregation may have its true subject, its real cultural moment, is in 1943 followed a thoroughly frustrated and had some positive aspects, but there may be Korea–in much the same way that while thwarted William Hastie as the civilian aide important reasons to consider that idea in re- Robert Altman’s 1970 film m*a*s*h is about to the secretary of war, and who wrote the re- gard to the development of a vibrant African the Korean War, its true subject, its actual cul- port on the performance of the 92nd Division. American cultural identity and its expression. tural moment, is Vietnam. Red Ball Express, Gibson said that he told the armed services Of course, it must be understood that at the which stars Jeff Chandler and features promi- high command that what they had with a seg- time, most black leaders who endorsed inte- nently a young Sidney Poitier, is about the regated army was social engineering and a po- gration felt that any assertion that could be trucking detail–the 371st Quartermaster Truck liticized army–because, after all, racism is a interpreted as the least bit supportive of seg- Company–that supplied the 1944 Allied Euro- political idea, and segregation is a political and regation would undercut any possibility of pean invasion. It was over 70 percent African social arrangement. What he was advocating, changing the American political and social American, and some of its men later volun- by urging integration, was the depoliticization arrangement, as most whites were unable or teered for, and were accepted into, combat

34 Bulletin Fall 2003 units in the European theater that were suf- earlier, in July 1953, and as that war was our fering from shortages. These men acquitted Most comic books about the first with officially integrated armed forces themselves well when placed in combat. But Korean War that were pub- and integrated combat units. The story opens the film wishes to tell us that these black men with a harsh perspective on the war itself. also were heroes in service, and that integra- lished during that war took Most comic books about the Korean War that tion does indeed work: the white and black were published during that war took a decid- men of the trucking outfit learn to get along a decidedly grim, world- edly grim, world-weary view of it, as William with one another, after a couple of tense racist W. Savage, Jr., points out in his book Commies, moments early on. weary view of it . . . Cowboys, and Jungle Queens. This was a depar- ture from the comic books of World War II, The Department of Defense, which at the time January 1951 to investigate. Eventually, Doug- which were considerably more jingoistic and was very interested in the movie business, las MacArthur, Supreme Allied Commander tended to see war in strictly heroic terms. A helped in the making of the film. Indeed, loca- of the United Nations forces in Korea, was good deal of this might be ascribed to the fact tion scenes were shot at Fort Eustis, Virginia, forced “to concede that these courts-martial that the Korean War was more difficult to un- the headquarters of the Army Transportation may have been excessive” (Pittsburgh Courier, derstand politically, even though its ideologi- Corps. It had apparently become, by 1951, im- June 9, 1951, pp. 1, 4). At a conference recently cal distinctions were fairly clear in the popu- portant army propaganda to show a success- held at Morgan State University about black lar mind. It was essentially a civil war being fully integrated army and to puff the role of soldiers’ participation in the Korean War, all played out on a world stage and as a sort of blacks in it. This was a significant change from the surviving men of the 24th said emphati- proxy for the jousting taking place among the 1948, when President Truman issued Exec- cally that they did not “bug out,” that racist United States, the Soviet Union, and the newly utive Order 9981, which in effect integrated whites said this about them to smear the arrived Communist China. It was also militari- the armed forces. In 1948 the army was stren- reputation of black men. Some were nearly ly indecisive; indeed, some saw the stalemate uously opposed to this order. in tears discussing this, and the audience was as a defeat for the United States. Red Ball Express celebrated the idea of an inte- deeply moved. Considering the censorship movement–or, grated army, as did the Saturday Evening Post in Truman Gibson made the same allegation put another way, the content-regulation an article entitled “How Do Our Negro Troops about black performance in combat when he movement–that was threatening the comic Measure Up?” (June 16, 1951). The piece es- reported on the 92nd Division during World industry in the early 1950s, as well as the tense sentially told the story of the demise of the War II, and he was attacked in the black press restriction of political opinion in America dur- last all-black army unit, the 24th Infantry Reg- for it. He responded by saying, in effect, that if ing the McCarthy era, it is clear that comics iment, which entered Korea in July 1950–just racism and segregation are horrible, how can took a view of the war that generally mirrored one month after the war started, when things their products and results be construed as the view of the general public: We hate com- were going poorly for unprepared and outnum- good? The 1951 Post article strongly endorsed munists, but this war seems strange and point- bered American troops. The performance of the integration of combat units, citing consid- less. Few comics were willing to probe the the 24th was so poor, according to the article, erable evidence (a significant portion of which public’s limits on cultural and political mat- that the members of the unit made up a deri- was anecdotal) that blacks perform better in ters, other than on how much sex and violence sive song about themselves, called “Bugout integrated units. With both Red Ball Express would be tolerated. Boogie.” “Bugging out”–abandoning one’s and the Post article, racial integration in the position in battle, running away, tossing aside military had become acceptable mainstream “Perimeter!” tells us at the start that the cast one’s weapon, refusing to fight–was common opinion in America. Yet racial integration of war is diverse, representing many nations among both black and white soldiers during remained an uneasy topic. and many races. And so we get the story of the early days of the Korean War, when the Matthews, a black man who constantly reads North Koreans made incredible advances in the Bible. When one of the white soldiers re- their invasion of the South, and American Integration as Subversive Art fers to the Koreans as “gooks,” Matthews cor- troops were ill equipped to stop them. Blacks rects him, noting that the rok (Republic of The black man on the cover of the January 1954 were singled out more for this behavior than Korea) soldiers would be insulted if they over- issue of Frontline Combat is, indeed, an Ameri- whites and were more severely punished for it. heard that slur, and insists that they be called can gi in combat–one of a group of four sol- Koreans. One of the white soldiers, Miller, is The most famous case was that of Lieutenant diers–and provides a complex point of depar- prejudiced and thinks he has an ally in Tex, the Leon Gilbert, who was sentenced to death for ture as rich as a film like Red Ball Express. This Southerner. The story is fairly blunt in its por- refusing to take his men on what he thought character is in an integrated unit; the other trayal of racial dislike, a subject that was virtu- amounted to a suicide mission on July 31, 1950. soldiers on the cover are white. He is not a ally never broached in this way in comic books Because of an outcry by the black press and comic caricature; he is drawn as realistically as of the period or even in later ones. the national black community, Gilbert’s sen- the other men. And he is the subject of that tence was eventually reduced to twenty years issue’s lead story, entitled “Perimeter!” This The Americans are attacked several times by in prison. Indeed, so vigorously were blacks startling moment in American comics signals the Chinese–routed by them, in fact–and court-martialed in the early days of the Ko- a change in how war stories can be depicted in Tex is separated from the other men in his rean War, before the all-black 24th Infantry pulp art. platoon. At night, after one battle, Tex hears a Regiment was integrated, that the National wounded soldier crying for help. He helps the The story is set in Korea, appropriately enough, Association for the Advancement of Colored soldier, carrying him back to his foxhole and as the war there had just ended five months People sent Thurgood Marshall to Japan in protecting him the entire night. The wounded

Bulletin Fall 2003 35 soldier turns out to be Matthews, the black other things, the 1954 code banned the words they saw film as an important propaganda man. When the racist Miller chastises Tex for terror, weird, and horror from comics. “Those tool and were very concerned about how the saving Matthews, Tex gives him Matthews’s were my three big words,” Gaines said (quot- armed services were depicted. The Defense Bible to read. It is unclear in the story whether, ed in Amy Kiste Nyberg, Seal of Approval: The Department did not officially approve The during the night, Tex actually knew he had History of the Comics Code, University Press of Steel Helmet, but it did provide some stock saved Matthews. The fact that the white South- Mississippi, 1998, p. 109). military footage. Despite the Pentagon’s erner risks himself to save the black is the distrust and dislike of the film, according to ironic point of the story. Hardboiled Integration, or a February 1951 Variety news item, The Steel Helmet was shown, uncensored, to the entire William Gaines was the publisher of ec Integration as Noir Art circuit of army and air force camps in the Comics, a company he inherited from his United States. father. He started a new trend in comics by Filmmaker Sam Fuller was another artist of the developing unusual horror titles like Haunt period who had to explain his art to authori- “What kind of outfit is this?” asks a soldier of Fear, Crypt of Terror, and Vault of Horror, ties. In his autobiography, A Third Face, Fuller when the remnants of the company whose as well as two war publications that were con- says that after the release of the film The Steel story we have followed emerge from a Bud- sidered pathbreaking: Frontline Combat and Helmet, which he wrote, produced, and direct- dhist temple at the end of The Steel Helmet. The Two-Fisted Tales. His publications were always ed, “The Pentagon asked me to come to Wash- camera pans the faces of the four survivors somewhat above the usual comic book fare, ington to be questioned about the movie” (p. of the enemy attack on the temple: Zack, the and they spawned imitators–particularly the 262). The Steel Helmet, shot in ten days in Octo- unbalanced hero of the film; Thompson, the horror comics. He effectively combined pulp ber 1950 on a budget of $104,000 and released black medic; Tanaka, the Japanese American in February 1951, was the first American movie sergeant; and Driscoll, the bald-headed young about the Korean War. Fuller admits that the white private. What kind of outfit is this, in- The Steel Helmet, shot topicality of that conflict made it attractive for deed. And what kind of story was Sam Fuller him as a film subject. Before the credits roll, an trying to tell about race and war? in ten days in October 1950 on-screen tribute appears: “This story is dedi- cated to the United States Infantry.” The Steel Helmet does something that had be- on a budget of $104,000 come a cliché in war movies: it shows war Fuller had fought in the infantry in World War through the personalities in a small company and released in February II–had, in fact, been a member of the Allied of men who are on an odyssey. But Fuller 1951, was the first American invasion force on D-Day. He was certainly not changes things by introducing fresh social and unpatriotic, and in many respects he seemed political elements: one of the central charac- movie about the Korean to love the military, particularly the infantry. ters of this company is African American, an- Many former servicemen were attracted to the other is Japanese American, and race is a War. film, but the military brass felt uneasy about it. dramatic issue in the film. Whether the general public felt that way did not affect the film’s success at the box office. Fuller was driven to make a different sort of with liberal politics, and he offered a more As Fuller writes in A Third Face, “Maybe The war movie. In an interview published in Lee challenging moral vision than usually directed Steel Helmet cast a stone at the façade of in- Server’s study Sam Fuller: Film Is a Battleground, toward adolescents. When excessive gore, vio- tolerance and simple-mindedness. Maybe it Fuller expands on his views about war and lence, and sexual innuendo began to plague didn’t. In any case, the picture was an unex- film: “In the movies it is almost impossible to comic books, including some of Gaines’s own pected box-office smash. Unbelievably, my show a real war, to photograph battle. There is titles, a movement was mounted in the early share of the profits was a couple of million smoke everywhere. And the average moviego- 1950s to censor comics, as they were thought bucks after taxes” (p. 264). er does not want to see real war. Not real war! by some to be a cause of juvenile delinquency. Men afraid, men vomiting, men shitting in Gaines, because he so vigorously resisted the In 1949, when the War Department was reor- their pants, men shooting men on their own censorship movement, became the most visi- ganized as the Department of Defense under team. And before battle, there’s no movie ble target of it. Fredric Wertham, a noted psy- James Forrestal, the Motion Picture Produc- there. Before an invasion the soldier is sleep- chiatrist who testified about the baleful effects tion Office was established. It was meant to ing. He’s trying to sleep as much as he can be- of segregation on black schoolchildren in a regulate the armed forces’ “zealous pursuit of cause afterward he doesn’t know when he’ll 1951 case in Delaware, published the anti- film roles,” as military historian Lawrence H. get another chance” (p. 20). In A Third Face, comic book treatise The Seduction of the Inno- Suid notes in Guts and Glory: The Making of the Fuller writes, “I wanted an opportunity to cent in 1954. This intensified the debate, even- American Military Image in Film (pp. 136–137). show audiences that war was more complex tually leading Gaines to testify before a Senate But the Office never succeeded in regulating than front-page newspaper articles. You never subcommittee on crime. By November 1954, and controlling how the armed services inter- saw the genuine hardship of soldiers, not ours not too long after the issue of Frontline Combat acted with Hollywood. As early as the Korean nor the enemy’s, in movies. The confusion and that contained “Perimeter!” was published, War in 1950, each service decided for itself the brutality of war, not phony heroism, needed to the comic industry, under mounting pressure, extent of the help it was willing to provide a be depicted. The people who chanted ‘We are established a comic code that ended virtually filmmaker, in accordance with its best interests. right, and they are wrong’ needed to be de- all of Gaines’s publications–with the excep- bunked. . . . One of the major studios heard The preoccupation with Hollywood on the tion of Mad, which he changed from a comic about the picture and offered to produce it, part of the Defense Department and the vari- book to a magazine, with great success. Among with John Wayne playing Zack. That would ous branches of the military indicated that 36 Bulletin Fall 2003 have taken all the reality out of the film. This wish to Buddha to make Zack like him–is wasn’t a gung-ho war movie. I was determined This film has two major what gets the North Korean prisoner of war to make it look real, my soldiers human and themes: first, the violation killed. Just before he dies, his last words are a deeply flawed. War brings out the best and request for prayer–even though he had de- worst in you. With Wayne, I’d end up with a of the sacred, and second, scribed himself, when captured, as a “North simplistic morality tale” (p. 256). Korean communist.” To be sure, Fuller’s mes- learning how to see clearly. sage is that war is a gross violation of the natu- At the beginning of The Steel Helmet, Zack, ral order of the sacred and the profane in life. whose company was bound and killed by Hidden in the temple is a North Korean major, Perhaps the worst crime that war commits is North Koreans, is freed from his bonds by an who kills one of the soldiers (here, the film that it respects nothing, honors nothing, af- orphan South Korean boy who happens upon takes on the quality of a science-fiction story firms nothing about life as we normally know him. After an exchange in which Zack calls the about an alien hidden among a space crew). it and live it. It is irrational. War is the great boy a gook and is emphatically corrected by The North Korean is eventually captured. leveler of civilized life but, ironically, it is also the boy, who says he is a Korean, Zack dubs the Short Round, the Korean boy attached to Zack, a product of civilized life–and the technical orphan “Short Round” and tells him to outfit is killed by a North Korean sniper. In a fit of sophistication with which modern war is con- himself with the boots and steel helmet of a rage, Zack kills the North Korean prisoner for ducted depends on civilization. dead soldier. The two travel together, even- mocking the dead boy. tually meeting Corporal Thompson, a medic The Steel Helmet is also about seeing and per- (played by African American actor James Ed- It was the latter act that got the film in trouble ception: When Zack raises his head at the be- wards, who had opened new doors for black with the Pentagon, which did not appreciate ginning of the film, we see his eyes, and we see actors when he played the main character in depictions of American soldiers violating the the eyes of the Korean boy in a close-up when Stanley Kramer’s pathbreaking war drama Geneva Conventions. Fuller wrote about the he saves Zack. According to Zack, Lieutenant Home of the Brave, set during World War II). reaction to this scene in A Third Face: “What Driscoll ignores Sergeant Tanaka because his really made the reactionaries go nuts was my eyes are slanted the wrong way. And the North Thompson, too, is something of an archetype. scene in which Zack gets so mad that he kills Korean prisoner of war, when he talks to Ser- He served in the last war as a driver for the Red the pow with a machine gun in cold blood. geant Tanaka, says that the whites hate them Ball Express, as well as on the front lines. He is, The Pentagon asked me to come to Washing- because of their eyes. Two North Korean sol- in fact, in miniature, the history of the black ton to be questioned about the movie. . . . It diers are disguised as women praying. Zack soldier in American wars since 1941. He volun- turned out to be an inquisition” (p. 262). Later, fears that a group of Korean peasants are teered to fight; in this way, black loyalty is not Fuller said, “We all knew the Geneva Conven- North Koreans in disguise (a common tactic questioned. He went to school on the gi Bill tion rules. But war’s irrational. Order breaks of North Korean soldiers). Fog, at one point in and learned surgery (this seems to suggest down. A guy who’s been trying to kill you the film, obscures perception–an obvious ref- subtly that the gi Bill might do a great deal to sticks his hands in the air and says that he’s erence to the metaphorical expression “the fog advance black men socially and economical- your prisoner. Sometimes it doesn’t fly, be- of war.” ly). The viewer is meant to see Thompson as a cause he just shot your buddy. You kill him. grizzled veteran as well. He is clearly cast in a But the two most dramatic moments concern- It’s shameful. It’s against the convention. But different light from the black soldiers of Red ing perception in the film are about race and it happens, damn it. I was only reporting it Ball Express. The viewer is meant to respect politics, and they occur when the North Ko- with a camera” (p. 264). him as a soldier, and the film does not depend rean prisoner of war talks to the black medic on the assumption that he must prove himself. This film has two major themes: first, the vio- and the Japanese sergeant. The North Korean lation of the sacred, and second, learning how thinks that neither man sees himself as he tru- Thus, we have a war film built on the construc- to see clearly. Korea is presented to the viewer ly is or for what he truly is. He strikes a nerve tion of this multiracial trio: the black, the as a land of the sacred: Short Round, the Kore- in Sergeant Tanaka by asking if his family Asian, and the white. Moving through the an boy, wears a prayer on his back; he winds had been interned in the prison camps during fog, they run into a company that seems to be up becoming Zack’s companion because, ac- World War II; the sergeant replies yes. The wandering in circles. Zack is first greeted by cording to the rule of Buddha, he who saves North Korean presses, “Were you one of those Tanaka, the Japanese American sergeant. The someone’s life “holds his heart in his hands” idiots who fought in Europe for ‘your’ coun- company is under the command of Lieutenant (and it is the boy who humanizes Zack). Zack try?” Driscoll, who apparently does not listen to his and Short Round are attacked by two North far-more-experienced sergeant because he To this, Tanaka proudly responds that he did, Korean soldiers dressed as women praying at a is Japanese (“His eyes are slanted the wrong with the 442nd Combat Team, and that over Buddhist shrine. Most of the film takes place way,” as Zack says). It is Sergeant Tanaka who three thousand of them won Purple Hearts. He in a Buddhist temple. Short Round tries to at- stops the lieutenant from calling the Korean asserts that he is an American, and ultimately tach a prayer to Zack’s back (Zack removes it). boy a gook. Also, it is Zack and Tanaka who loses patience with the North Korean, warn- The lieutenant tells his company not to harm kill the North Korean snipers who attack the ing, “Knock it off before I forget the Articles anything in the temple–to leave it exactly as group. Subsequently, the trio finally joins the of War and slap those rabbit teeth of yours they found it. Ultimately, the temple is de- patrol company on its mission of finding and out, one at a time.” It seems peculiar that the stroyed when the Americans must hold off a holding a Buddhist temple as an observation Japanese sergeant would use the term “rabbit North Korean attack. Short Round continues post. This is when the story of The Steel Helmet teeth” with the Korean, given that he himself to write prayers while in the temple. Indeed, really begins. was subjected to the same sort of racial slur ridiculing one of Short Round’s prayers–a during World War II. It is difficult to know if

Bulletin Fall 2003 37 Fuller is being ironic about how assimilated bly jarred many white viewers and perhaps Steel Helmet does not sentimentalize the sub- the Japanese American is. The use of the term made them think about racism in the United ject. The film’s message is not that the minori- “gook” is clearly disapproved of by characters States. These same viewers were doubtless re- ty soldiers have to prove themselves but that in the movie; is the slur against the Korean all assured by the gradualism that the black sol- all the men must bond, in the end, in a way right because Tanaka, a Japanese American, dier seems to endorse in such a hardboiled that transcends their race. There is something says it, or because Tanaka was provoked by way. almost unfeeling and repressive, not celebra- being reminded that he himself is Asian, or tory or liberating, about integration in this Certainly, in his interactions with both the because the North Korean is a communist? film–rather like the feeling one generally gets black medic and the Asian sergeant, the North about American life in the standard film noir Then there is the prisoner of war’s conversa- Korean gets the better of the argument–the of the cold war period. Fuller seems to be skep- tion with Thompson, the black medic. “I just logic of which suggests something about col- tical not about integration itself but about don’t understand you,” the North Korean says ored solidarity that was to become a politi- claims that it would dramatically change the to Thompson as his wounds are being dressed. cal fact in the world with the 1955 Afro-Asian elements of American life that spiritually “You can’t eat with them unless there’s a war. Unity Conference in Bandung, Indonesia, and make Americans American. In this regard, The Even then, it’s difficult. Isn’t it so?” something about how communists were go- Steel Helmet is probably the most impressive, ing to use Americans’ racism against us to “That’s right,” Thompson replies. most mature film about race and war ever undermine our nation’s position in the world made. “You pay for a ticket. But you even have to sit and to sow seeds of doubt and despair in the in the back of a public bus. Isn’t it so?” the minds of minorities. To the North Korean, both Thompson and Tanaka misperceive North Korean continues. © 2003 by Alan Lightman and Gerald Early, themselves as Americans when in fact they respectively. “That’s right. A hundred years ago I couldn’t are not. That is precisely the point Fuller even ride a bus,” Thompson says. “At least wants to make in this rather crazed war film: Quotes by Sam Fuller are from A Third Face: now I can sit in the back. Maybe in fifty years, the true American heroes are a collection of My Tale of Writing, Fighting, and Filmmaking by sit in the middle. Someday, even up front. maladjusted misfits. The condition of being Sam Fuller, with Christa Lang Fuller and Jerome There are some things you just can’t rush.” American, in Fuller’s multiracial vision of Henry Rudes (Knopf, 2002), and from Sam Fuller: humanity, is the drama of people who are not Film Is a Battleground: A Critical Study, with Inter- “You’re a stupid man,” the North Korean says. views, a Filmography, and a Bibliography by Lee seen as Americans by other Americans but He spits in disgust. The medic responds by rip- Server (McFarland, 1994). who still identify themselves as such. ping some of the bandages from the prisoner’s Cover of Frontline Combat, vol. 1, no. 15 (January chest. The film is a far darker story of the multiracial 1954) Copyright © William M. Gaines, Agent, struggle for humanity than Red Ball Express, Never had a war film raised such issues as the Inc., 1953; reprinted with permission. The and also a more profound one. Unlike most ec loyalty of black soldiers or what they had to Comics logo is a registered trademark of films of its era that deal with integration, The fight for. This aspect of The Steel Helmet proba- William M. Gaines, Agent, Inc.

Gerald Early (Washington University in St. Louis), James Carroll (author and Gerald Early, Mayor Michael A. Sullivan (Cambridge, Massachusetts), Chair of the Visiting Scholars Program), and Alan Lightman (MIT) Vice President Louis W. Cabot (Cabot-Wellington, LLC), and Executive Officer Leslie C. Berlowitz (American Academy)

38 Bulletin Fall 2003 Noteworthy

Select Prizes and Awards David Gross (uc Santa Barbara), David A. Kessler has been selected In Original Fire: Selected and New Frank Wilczek (mit), and H. David as dean of the school of medicine Poems, Louise Erdrich (Minneapo- and vice chancellor for medical lis, Minnesota) has brought togeth- Politzer (Caltech) received the High uc Nobel Prizes, 2003 Energy and Particle Physics Prize of affairs at San Francisco. er several poems from her previous the European Physical Society. books, Jacklight and Baptism of Desire, Economics Amersham plc has appointed cell nyu with new verse on such themes as Robert F. Engle ( ) and Clive Raymond S. Stata (Analog Devices, biologist James E. Rothman (Colum- motherhood, family, death, and W. J. Granger (Canterbury Univer- Inc.) was named the 2003 recipient bia University) to its newly created mourning. HarperCollins sity). of the Institute of Electrical and Elec- position of chief scientific adviser. tronics Engineers Founders Medal. Robert H. Bork’s (American Enter- Literature President of the University of Mich- prise Institute) latest work, Coercing John Maxwell Coetzee (University Robert Metcalfe (Polaris Venture igan and biological chemist Mary Virtue: The Worldwide Rule of Judges, of Adelaide). Partners) and Robert Gallagher Sue Coleman has been elected to compares judicial activism in the (mit) were selected to share the the board of directors of Johnson & Chemistry U.S., Canadian, and Israeli supreme Marconi International Fellowship. Johnson. Peter C. Agre (Johns Hopkins Uni- courts. American Enterprise Institute Press versity School of Medicine) with William O. Baker (Bell Laboratories, Roger M. Perlmutter has been ap- Roderick MacKinnon (Rockefeller Lucent Technologies) received the pointed chairman of the board of The Great Unraveling: Losing Our Way University). Marconi International Fellowship directors of The Institute for Sys- in the New Century by Paul Krugman Foundation’s Lifetime Achievement tems Biology. He also serves as ex- Physics (Princeton University; The New York Award. ecutive vice president for research Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov (Ar- Times) combines many of his most and development at Amgen, Inc. significant op-ed pieces from The gonne National Laboratory), Vitaly George Whitesides (Harvard Univer- New York Times with new commen- Lazarevich Ginzburg (P. N. Lebedev Eugene Newman Parker sity) and tary chronicling how the boom Physical Institute), and Anthony J. (University of Chicago) were named Select Publications Leggett (University of Illinois at economy unraveled. W. W. Norton laureates of the 19th annual Kyoto and Company Urbana-Champaign). Prizes sponsored by the Inamori Foundation. August 2003 Robert D. Putnam (Harvard Univer- sity) and Lewis M. Feldstein (New National Medals of Science, 2002 Robert Nerem Historian James Carroll’s new (Georgia Institute Hampshire Charitable Foundation) novel, Secret Father, is a story of espi- of Technology) received the Pierre have co-authored Better Together: Engineering onage, self-discovery, and love set in Galletti Award from the American Restoring the American Community, a Leo L. Beranek, former Academy Berlin at the height of cold war ten- bbn Institute for Medical and Biological series of case studies demonstrating President ( Technologies). sions. Houghton Mifflin Engineering Board of Directors. what groups of people of varying Chemistry Mary Ann Glendon (Harvard Uni- Interesting Times: A Twentieth-Century sizes have accomplished by culti- John I. Brauman (Stanford Univer- versity) was among the recipients of Life, a memoir by Eric Hobsbawm vating mutual assistance networks. sity). the 2003 Bradley Prize, presented by (University of London), details Simon & Schuster Hobsbawm’s personal and intellec- Biological Sciences the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foun- In Why Societies Need Dissent, Cass tual life, including his writings on James E. Darnell, Jr. (Rockefeller dation. R. Sunstein (University of Chicago) nineteenth- and twentieth-century University). ucla draws on his knowledge of econom- Owen Witte ( ) has been hon- history and his views of contempo- ics, law, and psychology to argue ored with the deVilliers Internation- rary society. Pantheon Press Physical Sciences that dissent is critical to the success Richard L. Garwin (Council on al Achievement Award of the Leuke- Peter L. Galison’s (Harvard Univer- of a democratic society. Harvard Foreign Relations; ibm Thomas J. mia and Lymphoma Society. sity) Einstein’s Clocks, Poincaré’s Maps: University Press Watson Research Center). Stanley Hoffmann (Harvard Univer- Empires of Time illuminates our un- Henry Petroski’s (Duke University) sity) was awarded the 2003 Lifetime derstanding of time at the beginning Mathematics eu book, Small Things Considered: Why James G. Glimm Contribution Award in Studies of the twentieth century through two (State University of There Is No Perfect Design, explores by the European Union Studies related dimensions. W. W. Norton New York, Stony Brook). the history and design of everyday Association. and Company Biological Sciences technologies, such as telephone key- Evelyn M. Witkin (Rutgers Univer- pads, toothbrushes, and cup hold- sity). New Appointments September 2003 ers, that are practically invisible in their ubiquity. Knopf Physical Sciences Economist Nicholas Stern is the new End of the Earth: Voyages to the White Molly Ivins Edward Witten (Institute for Ad- second permanent secretary and Continent is an account of Peter Mat- Newspaper columnist vanced Study). managing director of Budget and thiessen’s (Sagaponack, New York) (Austin, Texas) and co-author Lou Public Finance of hm Treasury in travels to Antarctica. National Geo- Dubose (Austin, Texas) turn their National Medals of the United Kingdom. graphic Press sharp humor on the Bush adminis- Technology, 2002 tration’s domestic and foreign poli- The National Science Foundation Pieces of My Minds: Essays and Criti- cy in Bushwhacked: Life in George W. Nick Holonyak, Jr. (University of has named astrophysicist Michael S. cism, 1958–2002 by Frank Kermode Bush’s America. Random House Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), with Turner (University of Chicago) as (University of Cambridge) includes M. George Craford (LumiLeds Light- assistant director for mathematical chapters from his books, lectures, Following Le Divorce and Le Mariage, ing) and Russell Dean Dupuis (Geor- and physical sciences. and previously unpublished essays. Diane Johnson (San Francisco, Cali- gia Institute of Technology). Farrar, Straus & Giroux fornia) again pursues the cultural dis- connections of Americans in France Carver A. Mead (Caltech). in her newest novel, L’Affaire. E. P. Dutton Bulletin Fall 2003 39 Robert Creeley’s (Brown University) Shirley Hazzard’s (New York, New November 2003 The National Gallery, London, is latest collection of poems, If I Were York) novel The Great Fire is the story hosting a major exhibition of Bill Writing This, speaks to the precari- of men and women struggling to re- In his book, In an Uncertain World: Viola’s work, continuing through ousness of life as Creeley faces his claim their lives in the aftermath of Tough Choices from Wall Street to Wash- January 4, 2004. Using actors shown own mortality and the increasing World War II. Farrar, Straus, & ington, Robert E. Rubin (Citigroup), in silence and extreme slow motion, vulnerability of the world around Giroux with Jacob Weisberg (Slate), offers Bill Viola: The Passions probes and him. New Directions Books an analysis of some of the most im- reveals the nature of overwhelming In The Creative Habit: Learn It and portant events in recent American emotions. In her memoir, Madam Secretary, Use It for Life, choreographer Twyla history and presents a clear, con- Madeleine Albright (Washington, Tharp (Twyla Tharp Dance Com- sistent approach to thinking about Louise Bourgeois and Helen Frank- D.C.), the highest-ranking woman pany) draws on the lessons learned markets and dealing with the new enthaler are among the female artists in American government service, in a thirty-five year career to illus- risks of the global economy. highlighted in the National Academy recalls her background as a child trate that creativity is not a gift but Random House of Design Museum’s Challenging refugee from Czechoslovakia, her rather the product of preparation and Tradition: Women of the Academy, struggles as a working mother to effort, applicable in any field or pro- In Hegemony or Survival: America’s 1826–2003. The exhibit, which runs Quest for Global Dominance, Noam break into the foreign policy estab- fession. Simon & Schuster mit through January 4, 2004, examines lishment, and her service as U.N. Chomsky ( ) examines Amer- the role of women in the history of ambassador and Secretary of State. While organizing archives taken from ica’s quest for global supremacy, the National Academy of Design in Miramax the Nazis at the end of World War II, tracking the U.S. government’s pur- New York City and, by extension, in Gerhard L. Weinberg (University of suit of policies intended to achieve the American art world over the The Fifth Book of Peace by Maxine North Carolina, Chapel Hill) discov- “full-spectrum dominance” at any past two centuries. Hong Kingston (uc Berkeley) re- ered the manuscript of a second book cost. Henry Holt and Company counts her struggle to transform her written by Hitler. Accompanied by Nearly 200 works by James Rosen- personal suffering–the loss of her Weinberg’s introduction and anno- “We Are Lincoln Men”: Abraham quist including paintings, sculpture, home and all her possessions in the tation, Hitler’s Second Book: The Un- Lincoln and His Friends by David drawings, prints, and source collages 1991 Oakland fire–into a new under- published Sequel to Mein Kampf centers Herbert Donald (Lincoln, Massachu- will be featured in James Rosenquist: standing of the suffering of everyone on Hitler’s foreign policy and his an- setts) presents a portrait of Abraham A Retrospective at the Solomon R. who survives violent upheaval and ticipation of an inevitable clash with Lincoln’s closest friends and advisers: Guggenheim Museum in New York tragedy, especially as a result of war. the United States. Enigma Books Joshua Speed, William H. Herndon, through January 25, 2004. Items on Knopf. Orville H. Browning, William H. display range from Rosenquist’s pop Toni Morrison’s (Princeton Univer- Seward, John Nicolay, and John Hay. canvases to his billboard-size col- sity) new novel, Love, is the story Simon & Schuster lages and his recent use of abstract October 2003 of a group of women obsessed by a painting techniques. wealthy owner of a resort hotel who Psychiatrist Robert Jay Lifton’s Elizabeth Costello, John Maxwell shapes their lives as father, husband, (Cambridge Health Alliance) Super- Coetzee’s (University of Adelaide) lover, guardian, and friend. Knopf power Syndrome: America’s Apocalyptic latest work, is a novel about a dis- Confrontation with the World explores tinguished and aging Australian nov- In Lightning Man: The Accursed what Lifton terms “a worldwide epi- Kenneth elist whose life as mother, sister, Life of Samuel F. B. Morse, demic of violence” involving Amer- We invite all Fellows and For- Silverman (nyu) reveals the com- lover, and writer is revealed through ica and the religious fanaticism of eign Honorary Members to send a series of eight formal addresses. plex man who was a gifted painter, Osama bin Laden and other Islamic notices about their recent and Viking Press pioneering photographer, republi- extremists. Thunder’s Mouth Press can idealist, and the inventor of forthcoming publications, sci- In Fortune Favors the Bold: What We the American electromagnetic tele- In Goya, Robert Hughes (Shelter entific findings, exhibitions and Must Do to Build a New and Lasting graph, which earned him the name Island, New York) has interwoven performances, and honors and Global Prosperity, Lester Thurow his personal experiences with mor- mit “Lightning Man.” Knopf prizes to [email protected]. ( ) considers the impact of glob- tality into a richly-illustrated anal- Please keep us informed of your alization and offers solutions to The Early Stories, 1953–1975 contains ysis of the artist whose life and work so that we may share it problems ranging from the U.S. trade 102 short stories written by John work bridged the transition from with the larger Academy com- deficit to violations of intellectual Updike (Boston, Massachusetts) the eighteenth-century reign of the property rights. Harper Business during this period, including “A&P,” old masters to the early days of the munity. “Pigeon Feathers,” and the long out- nineteenth-century moderns. Knopf Eyeshot, Heather McHugh’s (Univer- of-print Olinger stories. Knopf sity of Washington) new collection of poetry, criticism, and translation, In Departure, the first book of poetry Exhibitions focuses on how life and death bal- by Rosanna Warren (Boston Univer- ance on the smallest details, reveal- sity) in a decade, Warren explores In summer and early fall 2003, ing the movement between anxiety the concepts of intimacy and separa- national and international exhibi- and the human compulsion for tion across the landscapes of Europe tions featured the work of Louise order. Wesleyan University Press and New England. W. W. Norton Bourgeois, Vija Celmins, John Chamberlain, Chuck Close, Eric Robert Coles The Roaring Nineties: A New History (Harvard University) Fischl, Jasper Johns, Ellsworth of the World’s Most Prosperous Decade turns his attention to popular music’s Kelly, R. B. Kitaj, Jack Levine, Agnes by Joseph E. Stiglitz (Columbia Uni- Bruce Springsteen and the impact of Martin, Elizabeth Murray, Bruce versity) summarizes the last decade’s his work on the lives of his audience Nauman, Kenneth Noland, Claes market trends and argues that the and on this country’s literary tradi- Oldenburg, Jules Olitski, Philip principal players in one of the great- tion in Bruce Springsteen’s America: Pearlstein, Robert Rauschenberg, est economic expansions in history The People Listening, a Poet Singing. Robert Ryman, Richard Serra, laid the groundwork for its own col- Random House Cindy Sherman, Wayne Thiebaud, lapse. W. W. Norton and Company and Bill Viola.

40 Bulletin Fall 2003 Annual Fund Campaign

Norton’s Woods he Academy’s Annual Fund Members of the Development 136 Irving Street T launched its 2003–2004 Committee include co-chairs Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 campaign in October. The partic- Robert A. Alberty (mit) and telephone 617-576-5000 ipation of all Fellows is critical Louis W. Cabot (Cabot-Welling- fax 617-576-5050 to ensure a balanced budget in ton, llc), Executive Officer email [email protected] these uncertain economic times. Leslie C. Berlowitz, Charles M. website www.amacad.org Our goal this year is to surpass Haar (Harvard Law School), the $1.1 million mark. “We are Jesse Choper (uc Berkeley), academy officers grateful to the Fellows and friends Michael E. Gellert (Windcrest who have contributed in the past,” Partners), William T. Golden Patricia Meyer Spacks, President says Vice President Louis Cabot. (New York, New York), Elmer Leslie Cohen Berlowitz, Executive Officer “The Academy relies on Annual W. Johnson (Jenner & Block), Fund gifts to underwrite our proj- Ruben F. Mettler (trw), Jack Louis W. Cabot, Vice President ects, publications, and increas- W. Peltason (uc Irvine), and Emilio Bizzi, Secretary ingly active programming across Edson W. Spencer (Spencer the country. We hope that all Associates). John S. Reed, Treasurer members will be generous in Steven Marcus, Editor helping us to meet our goal this year.” Martin Dworkin, Vice President, Midwest Center For information about making John R. Hogness, Vice President, Western Center a gift to the Academy, please editorial staff contact the Development Office (email: [email protected]; phone: Alexandra Oleson, Editor 617-576-5057). Phyllis S. Bendell, Director of Publications Co-chairs of the Development Com- Daniel J. Penrice, Contributing Editor mittee Robert A. Alberty (MIT) and Louis W. Cabot (Cabot-Wellington, Carol Leach , Associate Editor LLC) Janet Foxman, Assistant Editor Debra Stern, Layout & Design Initial design by Joe Moore of Moore + Associates

Bulletin Fall 2003 Issued as Volume lvii, Number 1 © 2003 by the American Academy of Arts & Sciences

The Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (issn 0002–712x) is published quarterly by the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Periodicals rate postage paid at Boston ma, and additional mail- ing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to Bulletin, American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 136 Irving Street, Cambridge ma 02138. photo credits

Martha Stewart: outside front cover, top image, pages 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 22, 31, 38, inside back cover Steve Rosenthal: inside front cover John Harrington: page 2 Bryan Burkey: page 3 Terry Faust: page 23, nos. 1 and 2 Peg Skorpinski: page 23, nos. 3 and 4 Steve Castillo: page 23, nos. 5 and 6 Wendy Barrows: page 23, nos. 7 and 8