LeonardLeonard KleinrockKleinrock

Chairman, Nomadix Inc Professor, Computer Science, UCLA

MobiHOC Boston, MA August 11, 20000 TheThe WebWeb asas MostMost PeoPeopplele SeeSee It!It!

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 “A“A useruser doesdoes notnot understandunderstand whatwhat isis hahappppenineningg behindbehind thethe comcompputeruter screen….”screen….” “…The“…The futurefuture isis inin thethe artart ofof makinmakingg itit disadisappppearear””

George Vrandenburg III, SVP AOL September, 1999

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 TheThe CultureCulture ofof thethe WebWeb •• MMyy earlearlyy desidesiggnn philosophphilosophyy:: • Every router shares in controlling the network •• ARPA’sARPA’s philosophphilosophyy:: • Give good researchers freedom and funding •• ResearchResearch leadersleaders passedpassed thisthis philosophphilosophyy on:on: • Give graduate students freedom and funding •• GraduateGraduate studentsstudents passedpassed thisthis philosophphilosophyy on:on: • Share ideas among yourselves and all other users •• MillionsMillions ofof InternetInternet usersusers nownow contributecontribute theirtheir ideasideas andand creativitcreativityy toto makemake thethe InternetInternet thethe mamajjoror forceforce itit isis todatodayy.. •• Open,Open, shared,shared, nono oneone controlscontrols it,it, nono oneone cancan shutshut itit off,off, communitiescommunities ofof interestinterest

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 HowHow BiBigg isis thethe Web?Web?

•• 11 billionbillion webweb papaggeses •• 300300 millionmillion usersusers worldwideworldwide • 2/3 of Americans (over 12) used Internet in past year • 1/3 of Americans (over 12) go online daily •• YearsYears toto reachreach 5050 millionmillion people:people: • Radio 38 • TV 13 • Cable 10 • Internet (commercial) 5

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 TheThe StructureStructure ofof thethe WebWeb Strongly Connected

Average distance between web pages is 16 If links were not directional, the distance is 7 That is, 7 degrees of “separation”

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 ButBut …… IsIs ThisThis ReallReallyy TheThe StructureStructure ofof thethe WebWeb??

“Newbies” Strongly “Introverts” In Connected Out Core 21% 21% 28%

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 TheThe BowBow TieTie StructureStructure ofof thethe WebWeb

Tendrils 21%

Strongly In Connected Out Core 21% 21% 28%

Tubes

Disconnected components 8%  Leonard Kleinrock 2000 TheThe EvolutionEvolution ofof thethe InternetInternet Period Technology Access User Community

The Early Period Principles of Data A wasteland A handful of pioneers 1959-1969 Networking

The Birth Period Packet Switching Weak access via Computer Scientists 1969-1972 at 50 Kbps the NCP Protocol

The Middle Years Public networks Internetworking Email dominates 1972-1980 struggle to survive problems apparent user applications

Internetworking Mbps networks TCP/IP widely Science community 1980-1990 (WAN & LAN): deployed plus a handful of last mile inadequate commercial users Gbps networks Nomadicity adds Commercial and Explosion (WAN & LAN) tremendous consumer user 1990-2000 complexity to population access Future Pbps networks. Nomadicity Nomads and Wireless pervasive deployed Smart Devices 2000- Last mile deployed  Leonard Kleinrock 2000 (always(always on)on) TheThe VisionVision HasHas ThreeThree PhasesPhases 1.1. AdvancedAdvanced NetworkNetwork TechnoloTechnologygy GiGiggabit/secabit/sec andand PetabitPetabit/sec/sec networksnetworks WirelessWireless evereveryywherewhere BroadbandBroadband accessaccess networksnetworks 2.2. NomadicNomadic ComCompputinutingg TravellinTravellingg fromfrom yyourour officeoffice toto anotheranother locationlocation andand stillstill havinhavingg accessaccess toto yyourour fullfull setset ofof InternetInternet resourcesresources 3.3. SmartSmart SSppacesaces MovinMovingg thethe InternetInternet intointo yyourour phphyysicalsical worldworld

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 PhasePhase 1:1: AdvancedAdvanced NetworkNetwork TechnoloTechnologygy

••GiGiggabits,abits, PetabitsPetabits && LatencLatencyy ••WirelessWireless AccessAccess ••BroadbandBroadband accessaccess networksnetworks

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 JustJust howhow fastfast isis aa ggiiggabit?abit? Fast!Fast!

••ButBut ...... thethe ssppeedeed ofof liligghtht isn’t!isn’t!

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 fromfrom KilobitsKilobits

toto MeMeggabitsabits toto GiGiggabits!abits!

Evolution,Evolution, RevolutionRevolution oror BumBumpp??  Leonard Kleinrock 2000  Leonard Kleinrock 2000 OneOne 40 MeMeggabitabit FileFile 1 1.5 Megabit/sec CC

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 WeWe seemseem toto havehave OneOne bumbumppeded intointo MeMeggabitabit thethe ssppeedeed ofof FileFile liligght!ht!

oror C 1 Gigabit/sec SomethinSomethingg’s’s ggoinoingg “bum“bumpp”” inin thethe liligght!ht!

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 StreaminStreamingg 20 Million Bits DataData in the pipe!

CC 1 Gigabit/sec

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 JustJust HowHow FastFast isis aa PetabitPetabit/sec?/sec? •• DarnedDarned fastfast !!

AtAt thatthat ssppeedeed yyouou cancan transmittransmit thethe 2020 trilliontrillion bbyytestes inin thethe LibrarLibraryy ofof ConConggressress inin 1/61/6 ofof aa secsec !!

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 PhasePhase 1:1: AdvancedAdvanced NetworkNetwork TechnoloTechnologgyy

••GiGiggabits,abits, PetabitsPetabits && LatencyLatency ••WirelessWireless AccessAccess ••BroadbandBroadband accessaccess networksnetworks

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 AA BriefBrief HistorHistoryy ofof RadioRadio •• GuGugglielmolielmo MarconiMarconi :: 19011901 Newfoundland

UK

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 AA BriefBrief HistorHistoryy ofof PktPkt RadioRadio • 1970’s: ARPA

250250 cu in 2525 watts 2525 lbs

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000  Leonard Kleinrock 2000 AA BriefBrief HistorHistoryy ofof PktPkt RadioRadio • 1970’s >> 1990’s: ARPA

250250 >>10>>10 cu in 2525 >>>> 11 watt 2525 >>>> 11 lb

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000  Leonard Kleinrock 2000 AA BriefBrief HistorHistoryy ofof RadioRadio •• 1970’s >> 1990’s: ARPA >>>> MobiHOCMobiHOC:: 20002000

IP Data With Base Stations = 3G IP Data Without Base Stations = Ad Hoc Multihop  Leonard Kleinrock 2000  Leonard Kleinrock 2000 TheThe PaPappersers atat MobicomMobicom hadhad 573573 ReferenceReference ListinListinggss Distribution of the 219573 ReferencesReferences

100.0%100.0% 90.0%90.0% 80.0%80.0% 70.0%70.0% 60.0%60.0% 50.0%50.0% 40.0%40.0% 30.0%30.0% 20.0%20.0% 10.0%10.0% 0.0%0.0% 1990's 1980's 1970's1970's earlierearlier

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 TheThe PaPappersers atat MobicomMobicom hadhad 573573 ReferenceReference ListinListinggss Distribution of the 219573 ReferencesReferences

100.0%100.0% 90.0%90.0%WhatWhat thethe devildevil 80.0%80.0% 70.0%70.0% 60.0%60.0% 50.0%50.0% happenedhappened40.0%40.0% toto allall thethe 30.0%30.0% 20.0%20.0% 10.0%10.0% workwork0.0%0.0% inin thethe 1970’s1970’s ?? 1990's 1980's 1970's1970's earlierearlier

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 TheThe PaPappersers atat MobicomMobicom hadhad 573573 ReferenceReference ListinListinggss • 92 % were from 1990-2000 • 6.5% were from the 1980’s • 1 % were from the 1970’s (i.e. 5 references) • 1979 one on Visual Perception • 1978 one on Monte Carlo Methods and one on distributed processes • 1975-6 three references to my books • 0.5% from earlier: • 1969 one on geographical variation statistics • 1957 one on radio propagation • 1952 one by Turing on the chemical basis of morphogenesis

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 TheThe PaPappersers atat MobiHOCMobicomMobiHOCMobicom hadhadhadhad 573573219219 ReferenceReference ListinListinggss 92 • 92 % were from 1990-2000 5.5• 6.5% were from the 1980’s 2.5• 1 % were from the 1970’s (i.e. 5 references) • 1979 one on Visual Perception • 1978 one on Monte Carlo Methods and one on distributed processes • 1975-6 three references to my books • 0.5% from earlier: • 1969 one on geographical variation statistics • 1957 one on radio propagation • 1952 one by Turing on the chemical basis of morphogenesis

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 GiantGiant SteSteppppiningg inin PacketPacket RadioRadio

L. Kleinrock, "On Giant Stepping in Packet Radio Networks,",  Leonard Kleinrock 2000 UCLA, Packet Radio Temporary Note #5 , PRT 136, March 1975. GiantGiant SteSteppppiningg inin PacketPacket RadioRadio •• MultihoMultihopp •• EachEach hohopp coverscovers distancedistance RR ((TxTx RadiusRadius)) •• TotalTotal distancedistance toto covercover isis DD ((D>>RD>>R)) •• BiBigg R,R, moremore interference,interference, fewerfewer hohoppss •• SmallSmall R,R, lessless interference,interference, moremore hohoppss •• TT((RR)) is mean response time per hop •• TotalTotal DelaDelayy == TT((RR))[D/RD/R] •• ChooseChoose R=RR=R* toto minimizeminimize totaltotal deladelayy •• dTdT((RR))//dRdR == TT((RR))/R/R oopptimalittimalityy conditioncondition L. Kleinrock, "On Giant Stepping in Packet Radio Networks,",  Leonard Kleinrock 2000 UCLA, Packet Radio Temporary Note #5 , PRT 136, March 1975. dTdT((RR))//dRdR == T/RT/R

T(R)T(R) This is the optimal radius Independent of access method Independent of arrival process Independent of pkt size distribution etc. L. Kleinrock, "On Giant Stepping in Packet Radio Networks,", UCLA, * RR RR Packet Radio Temporary Note #5 ,  Leonard Kleinrock 2000 PRT 136, March 1975. ResRespponseonse TimeTime Throughput LossLoss

RESPONSE TIME TT

INPUT CAPACITY THROUGHPUT

0

 Leonard KleinrockLOSSLOSS 2000 NetworkNetwork CloudCloud Response Time vs Throughput Throughput POWER = Response Time P = T( ) T( )

ResRespponseonse TimeTime

Max Power Point 1/P 0 * ( ) Throughput Kleinrock, L., "Power and Deterministic Rules of Thumb for Probabilistic Problems in Computer Communications", Conference Record, International Conference on Communications, Boston,  Leonard Kleinrock 2000 Massachusetts, pp. 43.1.1 to 43.1.10, June 1979. Response Time vs Throughput AtAt MaxMax PowerPower NN* == 11 T( )

ResRespponseonse TimeTime

Max Power Point

0 * ( ) Throughput

Kleinrock, L., "Power and Deterministic Rules of Thumb for Probabilistic Problems in Computer Communications", Conference Record, International Conference on Communications, Boston,  Leonard Kleinrock 2000 Massachusetts, pp. 43.1.1 to 43.1.10, June 1979. N*=1N*=1

T( )

M/G/1M/G/1

0

Kleinrock, L., "Power and Deterministic Rules of Thumb for Probabilistic Problems in Computer Communications", Conference Record, International Conference on Communications, Boston,  Leonard Kleinrock 2000 Massachusetts, pp. 43.1.1 to 43.1.10, June 1979. UseUse YourYour IntuitionIntuition

OnlOnlyy 11 customercustomer

Insight: Just keep the TT == MinMin pipe full! EffEff == MaxMax  Leonard Kleinrock 2000 What’sWhat’s MissinMissingg InIn YourYour Research?Research? •• YouYou needneed toto devotedevote somesome ofof yyourour researchresearch toto larlarggerer issues,issues, toto moremore analanalyysis,sis, toto basics.basics. •• HowHow aboutabout invariancesinvariances?? •• HowHow aboutabout fundamentalfundamental tradeoffs?tradeoffs? •• HowHow aboutabout ggloballobal behavior?behavior? •• HowHow aboutabout asasyymmpptoticstotics?? •• HowHow aboutabout effectseffects thatthat emeremerggee inin reallreallyy larlarggee networksnetworks?? • Dynamics • Oscillations • Instabilities • Traffic storms  Leonard• Continuum Kleinrock 2000 of nodes FromFrom TheorTheoryy toto PracticePractice AA 19641964 LessonLesson FromFrom DanDan HeHeyymanman

•• FireFire stationstation locationlocation pproblemroblem •• OOpptimumtimum solutionsolution •• ButBut …… …… oneone dadayy hehe visitedvisited thethe forest!forest!

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 PhasePhase 1:1: AdvancedAdvanced NetworkNetwork TechnoloTechnologgyy

••GiGiggabits,abits, PetabitsPetabits && LatencyLatency ••WirelessWireless AccessAccess ••BroadbandBroadband accessaccess networksnetworks

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 TheThe AccessAccess BandwidthBandwidth GaGapp LAN PC Bus GigaEnet 1 Gbps Application FDDI FDDI OC24 100 OC12 Demand ENET T3 10 Backbone Access Cable Modems 1 Mbps T1 ADSL ISDN 100 28.8 56 14.4 10 2400 9.6 1200 DialupDialup 1 Kbps 1 Kbps 300 0.1 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 PC Dialup BB Access LAN

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 TheThe AccessAccess BandwidthBandwidth GaGapp

1 Gbps This is a 100 major disruption! 10 Cable Modems 1 Mbps ADSL ISDN 100 28.8 56 14.4 10 2400 9.6 1200 DialupDialup 1 Kbps 1 Kbps 300 0.1 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 DisruptionDisruption == OpportunityOpportunity !!

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 PhasePhase 2:2: NomadicNomadic ComCompputinutingg TravellinTravellingg fromfrom yyourour officeoffice toto anotheranother locationlocation andand stillstill havinhavingg accessaccess toto yyourour fullfull setset ofof InternetInternet resourcesresources

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 InIn YourYour OfficeOffice YouYou HaveHave ......

•• AA HiHigghh performanceperformance workstationworkstation

•• AccessAccess toto hihigghh speedspeed networksnetworks

•• SupportSupport fromfrom anan ITIT SSyystemsstems AdministratorAdministrator

You lose the last 2 as soon as you go on the road !

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000  Leonard Kleinrock 2000 OnOn thethe MoveMove

Nomad News

EnterEnter thethe Nomads!Nomads!

 Leonard Leonard Kleinrock Kleinrock 2000 2000 WhereWhere NomadsNomads TravelTravel

OfficeOffice HomeHome AirAirpplanelane HotelHotel AutomobileAutomobile BranchBranch OfficeOffice BedroomBedroom HereHere atat MobiHOCMobiHOC !!

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 OnOn TheThe RoadRoad

II traveltravel withwith aa ThatThat meansmeans II carrcarryy • ScientificScientific calculatorcalculator watchwatch • 55 displadisplayys,s, •• 22--wawayy emailemail papaggerer • 55 kekeyyboards,boards, •• PalmPalm PilotPilot • 55 speakers,speakers, • •• CellCell phonephone • 22 microphones,microphones, • 55 clocks,clocks, •• NotebookNotebook computercomputer • 55 batteries,batteries, • 44 datadata bases,bases, ThisThis isis Ridiculous!Ridiculous! • 44 communicationcommunication devices.devices.

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 ThisThis ggarbaarbaggee is:is:

•• StrappedStrapped toto mmyy waistwaist •• LuLuggggeded inin mmyy briefcasebriefcase •• UniqueUnique awkwardawkward interfacesinterfaces •• HorribleHorrible batterbatteryy life,life, allall differentdifferent batteriesbatteries •• LilliputianLilliputian kekeyyboardsboards •• EEyyee--straininstrainingg screensscreens •• MissinMissingg modularmodular attachmentsattachments •• Vendors’Vendors’ cursecurse ofof nonnon--interoperabilitinteroperabilityy

•• VelchroVelchro inteinteggrationration  Leonard Kleinrock 2000 NomadicNomadic AttributesAttributes •• SizeSize •• WeiWeigghtht •• ProcessinProcessingg powerpower •• BatterBatteryy lifelife •• MobileMobile communicationscommunications •• InterferenceInterference •• LossLoss •• TheftTheft (the(the airportairport scam)scam) •• DamaDamaggee (the(the “Laptop“Laptop Reflex”)Reflex”)

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 NomadicitNomadicityy ExacerbatesExacerbates

•• DisconnectednessDisconnectedness •• VariableVariable connectivitconnectivityy:: unpredictableunpredictable andand voluntarvoluntaryy •• VariableVariable latenclatencyy •• VariableVariable requirementsrequirements •• ResourceResource replicationreplication •• SecuritSecurityy •• PrivacPrivacyy

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 NomadicitNomadicityy ExacerbatesExacerbates (cont)(cont)

•• AwarenessAwareness ofof environmentenvironment bbyy thethe useruser “environment“environment discovery”discovery” •• AwarenessAwareness ofof useruser bbyy thethe environmentenvironment “user“user discovery”discovery” •• AdaptivitAdaptivityy/compression/compression toto matchmatch bandwidthbandwidth andand platformplatform capabilitcapabilityy

•• ManaManaggementement ofof distributeddistributed “stuff”“stuff” !!  Leonard Kleinrock 2000 WhoWho AmAm I?I? ((or,or, whatwhat identifiesidentifies me?me?))

•• MMyy PCPC (or(or otherother computincomputingg device)?device)? •• MMyy telephonetelephone (or(or otherother communicationcommunication device)?device)? •• MMyy deskdesk (or(or somesome otherother location)?location)? •• MMyy IDID oror address?address?

Me!Me!

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 ChanChanggee YourYour ViewView •• TheThe ConventionalConventional View:View: • RadicalRadical chanchanggeses inin bandwidthbandwidth • DisconnectionsDisconnections • RadicalRadical chanchanggeses inin latenclatencyy • DeferredDeferred operationsoperations FailuresFailures oror ExceExcepptions!tions! •• TheThe NomadicNomadic View:View: ThisThis isis thethe UsualUsual Case!Case!

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 TheThe VisionVision ofof NomadicitNomadicityy ToTo enhanceenhance thethe nextnext ggenerationeneration InternetInternet soso thatthat usersusers willwill ggainain ubiubiqquitousuitous accessaccess andand serviceservice transtranspparentlarentlyy,, andand removeremove thethe comcompplexitlexityy ofof networkinnetworkingg fromfrom thethe

useruserLeonard Kleinrock 2000 WhereWhere areare thethe Bottlenecks?Bottlenecks? LotsLots ofof PlacesPlaces !! •• IntermittentIntermittent connectivitconnectivityy •• SlowSlow linkslinks •• LatencLatencyy allall overover thethe placeplace •• NetworkNetwork protocolsprotocols •• ApplicationApplication protocolsprotocols •• OtherOther kindskinds ofof handshakinhandshakingg •• ProtocolProtocol conversionconversion •• SluSluggggishish and/orand/or confusedconfused networknetwork flowflow controlcontrol •• WorkstationWorkstation I/OI/O limitationslimitations •• GraphicGraphic andand videovideo cardscards •• UpdatinUpdatingg stalestale datadata  Leonard Kleinrock 2000 OOpptimaltimal UUppdatedate TimesTimes forfor OutOut--ofof--DateDate InformationInformation •• Problem:Problem: When and how often should a user update a given piece of information as it goes further and further out-of-date? •• AssumAssumpptions:tions: There is a cost C>0 of updating a given piece of information There is an expected value per unit time associated with having a piece of information that was updated t time units ago. ✦ This value is f(t). •• Question:Question: Given f(t) and C, When and how often should a user update a given piece of information?

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 ValueValue ofof OutOut--ofof--DateDate InformationInformation

1

0.8 f(t)

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0 1 2 3 4 TIME

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 AveraAveraggee ValueValue GainedGained pperer UnitUnit TimeTime

1 x f(t) f(t)dt - C 0.8 ∫ t=0 0.6 x 0.4

0.2

0 0 1 2 3 4 TIME

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 AveraAveraggee ValueValue GainedGained pperer UnitUnit TimeTime isis aa maximummaximum when:when:

1 x ∫ f(t)dt - C 0.8 t=0 = f(x) 0.6 x

0.4

0.2

0 0 1 x 2 3 4 TIME

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 ValueValue GainedGained OverOver MultiMultipplele UUppdatesdates

1

0.8

0.6 f(x) 0.4

0.2 0 1x 2x 3x 4x 0 -C -C -CTIME -C -C

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 WeWe NeedNeed TransTranspparentarent AdaAdapptationtation To:To: •• ContextContext •• LocationLocation •• CommunicationCommunication device/bandwidthdevice/bandwidth •• ComCompputinutingg pplatformlatform •• AApppplicationlication •• Disconnectedness/deferredDisconnectedness/deferred oopperationeration •• MotionMotion

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 TodaTodayy’s’s AApppproach:roach: AA TowerTower ofof BabelBabel

Client/Host AuthenticationSerial Protocol Link Protocol (CHAP) (SLIP)

Layer 2 Forwarding These(L2F) DynamicRemote Host Access Configuration Server (RAS) Protocol (DHCP) Layer 2 Transfer Protocol (L2TP) Virtual Private Networks (VPN) Point Protocol -to- PointapproachesPPP over Ethernet (PPPoE) are (PPP) not flexible Remote Authentication DialenoughVirtual In User LANs Service (VLAN) !(RADIUS)

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 ForFor aa MoreMore FlexibleFlexible AApppproachroach

1.1. WeWe needneed basicbasic manamanaggementement ofof thethe subscribersubscriber • PluPlugg--andand--plaplayy accessaccess toto thethe netnet • SubscriberSubscriber accessaccess toto servicesservices • ReducedReduced setupsetup andand administrationadministration costscosts forfor thethe serviceservice providerprovider 2.2. WeWe mustmust addadd intelliintelliggenceence toto thethe networknetwork

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 WhereWhere inin thethe NetNet ShouldShould ThisThis IntelliIntelliggenceence Go?Go?

•• InIn thethe core?core?

•• InIn thethe client?client?

•• AtAt thethe ededgge?e?

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 ThisThis IntelliIntelliggenceence ShouldShould ……

1.1. NotNot bebe deedeepp inin thethe corecore sincesince wewe wantwant finefine customizationcustomization andand controlcontrol ofof individualindividual usersusers ((oror smallsmall ggrourouppss)) 2.2. NotNot bebe inin thethe clientclient sincesince thetheyy areare ggettinettingg skinnier:skinnier: 3.3. BeBe dedepploloyyeded atat thethe nextnext closestclosest pplacelace inin thethe net,net, namelnamelyy …… atat thethe ededggee..

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 What’sWhat’s SoSo GreatGreat AboutAbout thethe EdEdgge?e? OrOr WhWhyy ShouldShould TheThe IntelliIntelliggenceence GoGo There?There? •• TrafficTraffic manamanaggementement atat thethe ededggee isis becominbecomingg aa kekeyy methodmethod toto increaseincrease "bandwidth""bandwidth" andand lowerlower costscosts •• ItIt isis thethe onlonlyy pointpoint inin thethe networknetwork throuthrougghh whichwhich allall subscribersubscriber traffictraffic andand contentcontent flows.flows. •• TheThe BroadbandBroadband SubscriberSubscriber EdEdggee isis • Where the Last Mile Meets the Backbone, • Where Access Providers Meet Service Providers • Where End Users Meet Broadband Content. •• ItIt isis thethe firstfirst placeplace wherewhere thethe EndEnd UserUser technolotechnologygy meetsmeets thethe manamanaggeded infrastructure.infrastructure.  Leonard Kleinrock 2000 WhatWhat CanCan YouYou ControlControl ??

EndEnd--toto--EdEdggee ControlControl WorksWorks

End-to-end Control Works

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 WhatWhat CanCan YouYou ControlControl ??

EndEnd--toto--EdEdggee ControlControl WorksWorks

NewNew EdEdggee--toto--EndEnd ControlControl NeededNeeded

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 TheThe InternetInternet isis ChanChangginingg

•• TheThe InternetInternet isis becominbecomingg muchmuch moremore thanthan connectedconnected networksnetworks andand comcompputersuters –– itit isis becominbecomingg aa serviceservice accessaccess andand deliverdeliveryy ssyystemstem •• ASP’sASP’s,, ee--commerce,commerce, entertainment,entertainment, && othersothers willwill drivedrive thisthis trendtrend

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 AA ChanChanggee inin ThinkinThinkingg

•• ItIt isis notnot thethe “fat“fat ppiippe”e” thatthat mattersmatters –– itsits whatwhat ggoesoes throuthrougghh itit thatthat mattersmatters •• TheThe currentcurrent thinkinthinkingg ofof ““ 11 ppiippee == 11 comcompputeruter == 11 user”user” modelmodel willwill needneed toto evolveevolve toto matchmatch actualactual useuse

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 FromFrom ConnectionsConnections toto ServiceService !! Connection Centric Service Centric • TCP/IP allows access to • Connection predicated on local net and Internet ability to pay • Local services include • Local services include printing and e-mail pizza and movie tickets • Typically connected to LAN • Typically connected to with high bandwidth WAN with low bandwidth • Expect to connect to a • Select services from single network multiple networks • Assumes you access the • Assumes you access the net for a computer net for commercial or app. or service consumer service

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 PhasePhase 3:3: SmartSmart SSppacesaces WeWe mustmust movemove FromFrom TheThe NetherworldNetherworld ofof CCyybersbersppaceace ToTo TheThe PhPhyysicalsical worldworld ofof SmartSmart SSppacesaces ((oror thethe PostPost--PCPC WorldWorld))

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 InternetInternet ggrowthrowth

12 What the heck is happening here? 10

8 WorldWorld PopulationPopulation Billions extrapolatedextrapolated atat 1.6%1.6% perper yyearear 6

4 InternetInternet GrowthGrowth 2 extrapolatedextrapolated atat 98%98% perper yyearear

0 ‘95 ‘96 ‘97 ‘98 ‘99 ‘00 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 SoSo WhatWhat WILLWILL bebe Connected?Connected?

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 SoSo WhatWhat WILLWILL bebe Connected?Connected?

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 SoSo WhatWhat WILLWILL bebe Connected?Connected?

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 SoSo WhatWhat WILLWILL bebe Connected?Connected?

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 SoSo WhatWhat WILLWILL bebe Connected?Connected?

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 WhatWhat WillWill itit LookLook Like?Like?

•• OurOur environmentenvironment willwill bebe alivealive withwith technolotechnologygy allall aroundaround usus • In the walls • In my desk • In my belt • In my eyeglasses • In my refrigerator • In my automobile • In my fingernails

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 SmartSmart SpacesSpaces andand SmartSmart NetworksNetworks

•• ThousandsThousands ofof processorsprocessors perper humanhuman Logic, memory Communications Actuators, sensors Cameras, Microphones, speakers Displays •• PervasivePervasive EmbeddedEmbedded TechnologyTechnology Body Net Objects Vehicles  Leonard Kleinrock 2000 CaCappabilitiesabilities AssociatedAssociated withwith DevicesDevices inin SmartSmart SSppacesaces •• SenseSense • Discover what is in the environment •• ActuateActuate (control)(control) • Control the elements in the environment • Achieve goals in the environment •• LocateLocate • Find objects, people, information •• NaviNaviggateate • Find paths to objects, locations, people and information

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 CaCappabilitiesabilities AssociatedAssociated withwith DevicesDevices inin SmartSmart SSppacesaces •• OrOrgganizeanize • Gather information, objects, people • Organize information, objects, people • Manage affairs of people and missions •• ReportReport • What is the current situation in the environment •• CommunicateCommunicate • Interact with objects and people via data, voice, video, tactile

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 InteractinInteractingg EnvironmentsEnvironments andand SmartSmart NetworksNetworks •• SmartSmart StaticStatic networksnetworks • Smart buildings, rooms, aircraft carriers •• SmartSmart MobileMobile networksnetworks • My bodynet - I walk around with it • My automobile •• TheseThese networksnetworks ddyynamicallnamicallyy movemove intointo eacheach other’sother’s “reach”“reach” oror “sense“sense--radius”radius” • They interact and activate the smart space capabilities • They may need to configure themselves before, during and after the interaction

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 SoSo What’sWhat’s thethe Vision?Vision?

•• TheThe InternetInternet technolotechnologygy willwill bebe evereveryywherewhere •• AlwaAlwayyss accessibleaccessible •• AlwaAlwayyss onon •• JustJust likelike electricitelectricityy • It’sIt’s evereveryywherewhere • YouYou don’tdon’t havehave toto thinkthink aboutabout itit And it will be INVISIBLE!  Leonard Kleinrock 2000 WhatWhat isis thisthis ReallReallyy About?About?

Money? Learning? Impact? eCommerce? Fun? Challenges? Reaching out? Shopping? Doing good? Doing bad?

 Leonard Kleinrock 2000 … Yes! Thank You Thankwww.nomadix.com You www.lk.cs.ucla.edu  Leonard Kleinrock 2000