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W POSZUKIWANIU PEWNOŚCI PRAWA Monografie Fundacji Na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej

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W POSZUKIWANIU PEWNOŚCI PRAWA Monografie Fundacji Na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej W POSZUKIWANIU PEWNOŚCI PRAWA monografie fundacji na rzecz nauki polskiej rada wydawnicza Andrzej Borowski, Tomasz Kizwalter, Szymon Wróbel, Antoni Ziemba, Marek Ziółkowski fundacja na rzecz nauki polskiej Tymoteusz Zych W POSZUKIWANIU PEWNOŚCI PRAWA PRECEDENS A PRZEWIDYWALNOŚĆ ORZECZEŃ SĄDOWYCH W TRADYCJI PRAWA ANGLOSASKIEGO toruń 2017 Wydanie książki jest subwencjonowane w ramach programu Monografie przez Fundację na rzecz Nauki Polskiej Redaktor tomu Aleksandra Zdanowicz Korekty Patrycja Maj Projekt okładki i obwoluty Barbara Kaczmarek Printed in Poland © Copyright by Tymoteusz Zych and Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika Toruń 2017 ISBN 978-83-231-3720-7 WYDAWNICTWO NAUKOWE UNIWERSYTETU MIKOŁAJA KOPERNIKA Redakcja: ul. Gagarina 5, 87-100 Toruń tel. +48 56 611 42 95, fax +48 56 611 47 05 e-mail: [email protected] Dystrybucja: ul. Mickiewicza 2/4, 87-100 Toruń tel./fax: +48 56 611 42 38, e-mail: [email protected] www.wydawnictwoumk.pl Wydanie pierwsze Druk: Abedik Sp. z o.o. ul. Glinki 84, 85-861 Bydgoszcz Nieśmiałe są myśli śmiertelników i przewidywania nasze niepewne. Księga Mądrości (Mdr 9,14)* * Fragment przywoływany przez św. Tomasza z Akwinu przy okazji rozważań poświęconych problemowi pewności prawa (Suma teologiczna, zagadnienie 91, art. 3 na 3). Tłumaczenie za: św. Tomasz z Akwinu, Suma teologiczna, t. 13: Pra- wo, tłum. o. P. Bełch, Londyn 1986, s. 11. Spis treści wprowadzenie ....................................................................................... 13 rozdział wstępny. podstawowe pojęcia: precedens i przewidywalność orzeczeń sądowych ............................... 27 Rozumienie i typologia precedensu sądowego ............................. 27 Uzasadnienia orzeczeń sądowych w Anglii i w Stanach Zjednoczonych .................................................................................. 37 Judicial opinion a uzasadnienie orzeczenia sądowego ................ 41 Precedens a inne źródła prawa ....................................................... 44 Przewidywalność orzeczeń sądowych a wieloznaczność terminu „pewność prawa” .............................................................. 46 Pozostałe zagadnienia terminologiczne ........................................ 56 Normy prawne a reguły i zasady w terminologii anglosaskiej ............................................................................... 56 Rozumienie pojęcia „sąd” w common law a terminologia przyjmowana w polskich naukach prawnych ........................ 57 Przewidywalność orzeczeń sądowych a wiążąca zasada precedensu w polskiej doktrynie prawa ....................................... 58 rozdział 1. precedens a przewidywalność orzeczeń sądowych w średniowiecznym i wczesnonowożytnym common law ................................................................................. 65 Uwagi wstępne .................................................................................. 65 Filozoficzne uwarunkowania ujęcia idei pewności prawa w średniowiecznym i wczesnonowożytnym common law ......... 66 Arystotelesowska systematyzacja wiedzy a problem pewności poznania. Rozum praktyczny a rozum teoretyczny 66 Pewność prawa w filozofii św. Tomasza z Akwinu .............. 70 Postulat traktowania podobnych spraw w sposób podobny na gruncie myśli arystotelesowsko-tomistycznej .............................. 77 Precedens i przewidywalność orzeczeń sądowych w prawie średniowiecznej Anglii ................................................... 78 Problem przewidywalności orzeczeń sądowych w myśli angielskich prawników doby średniowiecza ........................ 78 6 Spis TReśCI Orzeczenia sądowe jako źródło prawa w średniowiecznej Anglii .......................................................................................... 96 Precedens a przewidywalność orzeczeń sądowych w prawie angielskim od połowy XVI do końca XVIII w. ........... 119 Prawo jako akumulacja doświadczenia zgromadzonego przez stulecia. Koncepcja prawa w common law XVII w. ... 121 Precedens w poglądach czołowych przedstawicieli XVII- -wiecznego common law. Teoria deklaratoryjna. Pewność prawa a arbitralność decyzji suwerena .................................. 136 Precedens i przewidywalność orzeczeń sądowych w poglądach angielskich prawników XVIII w. .................... 148 Zasada precedensu w orzecznictwie sądów angielskich od XVI do XVIII w. ....................................................................... 160 Wnioski .............................................................................................. 178 Znaczenie przewidywalności orzeczeń sądowych w przednowoczesnym common law. Prawo jako arystotelesowska nauka praktyczna ....................................... 178 Rozwój instytucji precedensu sądowego w przednowoczesnym common law ....................................... 182 Precedens a przewidywalność orzeczeń sądowych .............. 186 rozdział 2. precedens a przewidywalność orzeczeń sądowych w nowoczesnym common law .............................. 189 Uwagi wstępne ................................................................................. 189 Podstawy nowoczesnej anglosaskiej koncepcji precedensu sądowego oraz nowoczesnego modelu przewidywalności orzeczeń sądowych w zakresie filozofii prawa, filozofii polityki oraz filozofii nauki ........................................................................... 190 Precedens a przewidywalność orzeczeń sądowych w poglądach Franciszka Bacona ............................................. 203 Precedens a przewidywalność orzeczeń sądowych w poglądach Tomasza Hobbesa .............................................. 210 Pozytywistyczna koncepcja precedensu i przewidywalności orzeczeń sądowych w myśli angielskich prawników końca XVIII i XIX w. .................................................................................. 216 Przewidywalność orzeczeń sądowych a instytucja formalnie wiążącego precedensu w pracach Jeremy’ego Benthama ................................................................................... 220 John Austin i pozytywistyczna koncepcja precedensu jako „określonego źródła prawa” .................................................... 233 Spis TReśCI 7 Nauka prawa precedensowego. Konceptualizacja nowoczesnego modelu formalnie wiążącego precedensu sądowego jako instytucji mającej zapewnić przewidywalność orzeczeń sądowych ................................... 244 Kształtowanie się nowoczesnej instytucji precedensu w angielskim prawie od początku XIX w. do orzeczenia w sprawie London Tramways i ostatecznego związania angielskiej Izby Lordów regułami zawartymi w jej wcześniejszych orzeczeniach .......................................................... 257 Precedens a przewidywalność orzeczeń sądowych w Stanach Zjednoczonych od przyjęcia Konstytucji do końca XIX w. ....... 270 Precedens w Stanach Zjednoczonych w okresie przed wybuchem wojny secesyjnej. Odmienności w stosunku do angielskiego common law w zakresie znaczenia przypisywanego przewidywalności orzeczeń sądowych ..... 279 Precedens a przewidywalność orzeczeń sądowych w Stanach Zjednoczonych po wojnie secesyjnej .................. 296 Wnioski ............................................................................................. 307 Nowoczesna koncepcja nauki prawa a postulat zapewnienia przewidywalności orzeczeń sądowych ........... 307 Nowoczesne ujęcie stare decisis jako reguły prawnej a postulat zapewnienia przewidywalności orzeczeń sądowych ................................................................................... 309 Precedens a przewidywalność orzeczeń sądowych w Stanach Zjednoczonych od uzyskania niepodległości do końca XIX w. Odrębności w stosunku do modelu angielskiego .............................................................................. 314 rozdział 3. precedens a przewidywalność orzeczeń sądowych w prawie angielskim i amerykańskim pierwszych dekad XX w. .............................................................. 317 Uwagi wstępne ................................................................................. 317 Podłoże poglądów przedstawicieli anglosaskiej teorii prawa przełomu XIX i XX w. dotyczących przewidywalności orzeczeń sądowych i precedensu w zakresie myśli społeczno- -politycznej oraz filozofii ................................................................ 319 Społeczny i polityczny kontekst nowych nurtów w amerykańskiej jurysprudencji ............................................ 320 Przewidywalność orzeczeń sądowych i precedens w poglądach oraz orzecznictwie prekursorów amerykańskiej jurysprudencji socjologicznej i realizmu prawniczego ......................................... 330 8 Spis TReśCI Precedens i przewidywalność orzeczeń sądowych w poglądach i orzecznictwie Olivera Wendella Holmesa ... 331 Precedens a przewidywalność orzeczeń sądowych w amerykańskiej jurysprudencji socjologicznej .......................... 343 Precedens a przewidywalność orzeczeń sądowych w jurysprudencji socjologicznej Roscoe Pounda. Prawo w służbie postępu społecznego .............................................. 344 Precedens a przewidywalność orzeczeń sądowych w poglądach i orzecznictwie Benjamina N. Cardozo ......... 351 Precedens a przewidywalność orzeczeń sądowych w poglądach przedstawicieli amerykańskiego realizmu prawniczego ............. 367 Herman Oliphant i „powrót do stare decisis”. Ratio decidendi precedensu jako przesłanka empirycznej nauki prawa ......................................................................................... 369 Precedens i przewidywalność orzeczeń sądowych w intuicyjnej
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