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Correction: perigynous Major Groups of & Life Cycles Green plants (Kindgom Plantae)

Green plants

Embryophytes (land plants)

Bryophytes Tracheophytes (vascular plants)

Seed plants

“Green ” Angiosperms

ycophytes

Mosses

Hornworts

L

Liverworts

Ferns Phylogeny of Green Plants

Green plants “Green algae” (land plants)

http://www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/

Sporopollenin Cuticle

http://www.botany.wisc.edu/courses/botany_330/ http://en.wikivisual.com/ http://www.uni-muenster.de/GeoPalaeontologie/Palaeo/Palbot/cut1a.jpg Pop Quiz

According to the phylogenetic shown in the previous slide, the group “green algae” is:

A. Monophyletic B. Paraphyletic C. Polyphyletic D. I have no idea Phylogeny of Green Plants

Green plants “Green algae” Embryophytes Embryo (land plants)

http://www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/

Sporopollenin Cuticle

http://www.botany.wisc.edu/courses/botany_330/ http://en.wikivisual.com/ http://www.uni-muenster.de/GeoPalaeontologie/Palaeo/Palbot/cut1a.jpg Phylogeny of Land Plants

Embryophytes (land plants) “” Tracheophytes (vascular plants)

tracheids

http://f030091.ffpri.affrc.go.jp/image/OM_code_E/60.Tracheids.gif

stomata

http://www.freewebs.com/jdingfel/Stomata.jpg http://ux.brookdalecc.edu/fac/biology/lab/102/images/liverwort1.jpg http://www.hiddenforest.co.nz/bryophytes/mosses/familys/racopilaceae/images/racop01bt.jpg http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/BotanicalSciences/ClassificationPlants/Cryptogamia/Bryophyta/Nonvascular/hornwort1.JPG Phylogeny of Tracheophytes

Tracheophytes (vascular plants)

Seed plants (Gymnosperms +Angiosperms)

Textbook DVD WSJ

http://home.pacbell.net/kenww/my_iris/other/I_foetidissima_seeds-web.jpg Textbook DVD WSJ

true http://www.bioquest.org/scope/projectfiles/PollenMixb.jpg Phylogeny of Seed Plants

Seed plants

Gymnosperms Angiosperms

carpel flowers http://web.gccaz.edu/~lsola/Flower/capsella3.jpg Textbook DVD WSJ bitegmic reduced female

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/fertil1.gif http://www.dickcontino.com/images/ginkgo.jpg Summarize the synapomorphies for major groups of land plants

Green plants

Embryophytes (land plants)

Bryophytes Tracheophytes (vascular plants)

Seed plants

“Green algae” Gymnosperms Angiosperms

ycophytes

Mosses

Hornworts

L

Liverworts

Ferns Generalized Life Cycle in Plants

Alternation of generations = cycle between haploid (1n) and diploid (2n) phase.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternation_of_generations Generalized Life Cycle in Plants vs. Animals

What’s the difference between plants and animals? Some key terms in the life cycle

Meiosis = reductive nuclear division process that reduces the chromosome number of a cell by half (from a diploid cell to 4 haploid daughter cells).

Mitosis = nuclear division that maintains the parental chromosome number for daughter cells; the basis for growth in size and asexual reproduction in plants.

Fertilization = fusion of the sperm nucleus and the egg nucleus to form a zygote.

Zygote (2n) = the cell formed by fusion of the (sperm [1n] and egg [1n]) at fertilization; embryo.

Spore (1n) = the first cell of the gametophyte generation; product of meiosis.

Sporophyte (2n) = diploid, -producing generation of the plant life cycle, that produces structures called sporangia (singular, ).

Gametophyte (1n) = haploid, -producing generation of the plant life cycle, that produces structures/ organs—gametangia (male: antheridium, produce sperm; female: , produce eggs). Life cycle: bryophytes

http://8e.devbio.com/image.php?id=523 Life Cycle: ferns and allies

http://8e.devbio.com/image.php?id=524 Life Cycle: angiosperms (flowering plants)

http://8e.devbio.com/image.php?id=525 Some key terms in the angiosperm life cycle

embryo vs. embryo sac

Embryo (2n): young , from the first cell after fertilization until of the seed (in seed plants) or emergence from protective gametophytic tissues (other land plants); zygote.

Embryo sac (1n): female gametophyte of the angiosperms (flowering plants). Some key terms in the seed plant life cycle

Seed plants (angiosperms and gymnosperms) – Sporophyte dominant. Gametophyte dependent on sporophyte and very reduced and short-lived.

Microsporangia in pollen-bearing structures that produce male ; in pollen cones (gymnosperms) or anthers (angiosperms). Male gametophytes = short-lived and inside the pollen grain; 2-3-celled, 1 cell becomes sperm.

Megasporangia in ovules that produce female gametophytes, which produce eggs; in cones (gymnosperms) or (angiosperms).

Spores grow into small gametophytes which are contained within the parent plant (inside cones or flower). Which comes first: or fertilization?

Pollination = transfer of pollen from anther to .

Fertilization = fusion of sperm nucleus and egg nucleus.

Pollination occurs only in seed plants! Fertilization occurs in all sexually reproducing organisms.

In seed plants, pollination must occur before fertilization!