DOCSLIB.ORG

Fruit Develops from the Ovary Wall (Pericarp) Or Accessory Tissue, Surrounds and Protects the Seeds, and Aids in Seed Dispersal

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fruit Develops from the Ovary Wall (Pericarp) Or Accessory Tissue, Surrounds and Protects the Seeds, and Aids in Seed Dispersal Fruit develops from the ovary wall (pericarp) or accessory tissue, surrounds and protects the seeds, and aids in seed dispersal. Seed dispersal syndromes: characteristics of the fruit ex. anemochory FRUIT Most people think of fruit as something fresh from the market, or canned or frozen, to which you may want to add sugar before eating. However, fruit can be so much more. The key to understanding the diversity of fruit types is to know that there are many different strategies for seed dispersal. Fruits follow flowers in the life cycle of a flowering plant. They are part of the sporophyte and are diploid. A fruit develops from the ovary of a flower after pollination and ovule development have occurred. Fruit functions, not only to surround and protect the developing seeds, but more importantly, to accomplish dispersal. There are many strategies of seed dispersal, including being carried by wind, water, or animals or even being eaten by animals. Words used to describe seed dispersal usually end in –chory and include anemochory for wind dispersal and epizoochory for being carried on the outside of an animal as well endozoochory for being carried in the gut of an animal. Try to guess the mode or strategy of seed dispersal for the following fruits. cocklebur maple coconut Blueberries are an example of a simple fruit. One fruit develops from the ovary of each flower. A first step in categorizng fruit types is to decide whether the fruit is simple (derived from one carpel or the fused carpels of a single ovary of a single flower), aggregate (derived from several separate carpels of a single flower), or multiple (derived from the ovaries of several flowers). Pineapple A multiple fruit Fruits can also be categorized as accessory or not. True fruit (pericarp) develops from the wall of the ovary and any other tissue involved is considered accessory. Strawberries are accessory fruits because the flesh edible part develops from the receptacle portion of the stem of the flower rather than the ovary wall. It is also an aggregate fruit! Strawberry (not a true berry) Accessory fruit FLESHY FRUITS Berries are simple fruits in which all 3 layers (exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp) of the pericarp are soft or fleshy, as in grapes and tomatoes. Seeds of berries can usually resist digestion and can be transported in the gut of an animal. See the next two slides for different types of berries. A pepo, like the watermelon or any other squash, is a berry with a hard exocarp. A hesperidium, as in the citrus fruits, is a berry with a leathery exocarp. Drupes, as in peaches and plums, are fruits with a stony and inedible endocarp. Whereas an animal may eat a berry and transport seeds in their gut, drupe seeds are protected by the inedible pit and are usually discarded and left behind after the rest of the fruit is eaten. Coconut is an interesting kind of drupe with a fibrous mesocarp for water dispersal and an endosperm within the seed that comes in both a solid and a liquid form. Most of us never see coconuts until after the fibrous exocarp and mesocarp (husk) have been removed. A pome is a kind of fleshy fruit in which the pericarp (from the ovary wall) forms a papery core that surrounds the seeds. The fleshy, edible portion of the fruit develops from specialized stem tissue, called the hypanthium (of a perigynous flower). Pomes, by definition, are accessory fruits! DRY FRUITS All of the above fruits are classified as fleshy. Other fruits are dry at maturity. A caryopsis, like corn and other grains, is a simple, dry, and single-seeded fruit in which the pericarp is tightly fused to the seed coat. A corn kernel is not jut a seed, but an entire fruit. caryopsis drupe DRY INDEHISCENT FRUITS Other dry fruits that are also indehiscent (do not split open to release seeds at maturity) include the wind dispersed samara, the single-seeded achene with the seed attached at a single point inside the fruit (shell of a sunflower seed), and a nut with its single, unattached seed. samara achenenut nut DRY DEHISCENT FRUITS Some dry fruits split open to release seeds at maturity and are therefore termed dehiscent. These include the legume that splits on two sides (like a peanut), the capsule (like okra) that splits in several places - one split per carpel, and the follicle that splits on one side only. legume capsule follicle Categories of simple vs. aggregate vs. multiple can be combined with other categories of fruit type. The so-called “cones” of sweetgum and magnolia are actually aggregate follicles. Strawberries are aggregates of achenes with accessory tissue! Here is an outline of all the fruit types you are responsible for: I. Simple vs. aggregate vs. multiple II. Non-accessory vs. accessory III. A. Fleshy 1. berry a. pepo b. hesperidium 2. drupe 3. pome B. Dry 1. indehiscent a. caryopsis b. samara c. achene d. nut 2. dehiscent a. legume b. capsule c. follicle The life story of an angiosperm Sporic meiosis Dominant sporophyte Heterospory Flowers and fruits Double fertilization . Flower development Pollination Fruit and seed development Ripening Seed dispersal After-ripening Germination Seedling growth and development Primary vs secondary growth . Flower development Etc. Within an anther… Microspores to microgametophytes tube cell and generative cell WithinAndroecium an anther… Microspores producedMicrospores by meiosis to Microspores to microgametophytes by mitosis microgametophytes Tube cell and Generative cell Pollinationtube cell Pollenand tube extension Spermgenerative by mitosis cell Double fertilization WithinAndroecium an anther… Microspores producedMicrospores by meiosis to Microspores to microgametophytes by mitosis microgametophytes Tube cell and Generative cell Pollinationtube cell Pollenand tube extension Spermgenerative by mitosis cell Double fertilization one with egg, one with central cell Within an ovary….. megaspore to megagametophyte central cell with GynoeciumWithin – carpels,an ovary….. ovaries, ovules Megasporesmegaspore by meiosis to Megagametophytes by mitosis megagametophyte= 7 cells, 8 nuclei zygote, within triploid endosperm, within seed coat (integuments) pollination followed by fertilization (double) Parts of a seed: embryo (zygote) endosperm (fertilized central cell) seed coat (integuments) Stages of embryo development: globular heart-shaped – protoderm, ground tissue meristem, procambium torpedo Parts of an embryo: cotyledons epicotyl hypocotyl radicle Parts of an embryo: cotyledons – seed leaves epicotyl – embryonic shoot apex, meristem hypocotyl – embryonic stem radicle – embryonic roo tip, meristem Parts of an embryo: cotyledons – seed leaves epicotyl – embryonic shoot apex, meristem hypocotyl – embryonic stem radicle – embryonic roo tip, meristem Types of seeds: albuminous exalbuminous Exalbuminous – endosperm absorbed by cotyledons Albuminous – endosperm surrounds embryo Ripening After-ripening scarification fire dormancy etc. Types of germination: 1. epigeous (epigeal) seed germination Cotyledons rise above the earth. Cotyledons remain below ground. 2. Hypogeous (hypogeal) germination corn oak.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Flower Power
    FLOWER POWER IDAHO BOTANICAL GARDEN WHAT IS A FLOWER? INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVE: When students finish this project, they will have gained respect for the beauty of flowers and appreciate their ecological and practical importance. INTRODUCTION Dear Teacher, The Idaho Botanical Garden is an outdoor learning environment. We want to make your visit comfortable and enjoyable, and ask that your students are dressed appropriately for the weather and have water, especially in the warm weather months. TERMS Angiosperms: Flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in a fruit. Anthers: The boxlike structures at the top of stamens, where pollen is produced. Botanical garden: A place where plants are collected and displayed for scientific, educational and artistic purposes. Fertilization: The union of male sperm cells and female egg cells. Filament: The stalk of the stamen. Flower: The reproductive structure of an angiosperm. Fruit: A ripened ovary conaining seeds. Nectar: The sweet liquid produced by flowers to attract pollinators. Ovary: The hollow compartment at the base of the pistil which contains ovules. It develops into a fruit containing seeds. Ovules: The structures in a flower ovary that can develop into seeds. Pistil: The female part of a flower; stigma, style, and ovary. Pollen: A yellow, powder-like material containing sperm cells. Pollen tubes: Tubes that carry sperm cells from the stigma into the ovary. Pollination: The process of pollen coming together with the stigma of a flower. Pollinators: Animals which carry pollen from one flower to another. Seed: A structure containing a baby plant and its food supply, which is surrounded by a protective seed coat.
    [Show full text]
  • "Role of the Gynoecium in Cytokinin-Induced Carnation Petal
    J. AMER. Soc. HORT. SCI. 116(4):676-679. 1991. Role of the Gynoecium in Cytokinin-induced Carnation Petal Senescence William R. Woodson and Amanda S. Brandt Department of Horticulture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 Additional index words. benzyladenine, Dianthus caryophyllus, ethylene Abstract. Treatment of cut carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L. ‘White Sim’) flowers with the synthetic cytokinin benzyladenine (BA) at concentrations >1.0 µM induced premature petal senescence. Flowers treated with 100 µM BA exhibited elevated ethylene production in styles and petals before untreated flowers. The gynoecia of BA-treated flowers accumulated 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxyllc acid (ACC) and enlarged before untreated flowers. Removal of the gynoecium (ovary and styles) or styles prevented BA-induced petal senescence and resulted in a substantial delay in petal senescence. In contrast, removal of the gynoecium had no effect on timing of petal senescence in flowers held in water. These results indicate BA stimulates petal senescence by inducing premature ACC accumulation and ethylene production in the gynoecium. The senescence of carnation flowers is associated with a sub- cytokinins have been shown to stimulate petal senescence (Ei- stantial increase in ethylene production (Nichols, 1966, 1968). singer, 1977; Van Staden and Joughin, 1988). We now report This increase in ethylene plays an important role in regulating results that indicate the gynoecium plays a critical role in de- the processes of petal senescence, including changes in gene termining the response of carnations to exogenously supplied expression (Borochov and Woodson, 1989; Lawton et al., 1990; cytokinin. Woodson and Lawton, 1988). While the petals account for a large amount of the ethylene produced by carnation flowers, Materials and Methods other floral tissues, including the gynoecium, produce a signif- Plant material.
    [Show full text]
  • Fruits: Kinds and Terms
    FRUITS: KINDS AND TERMS THE IMPORTANT PART OF THE LIFE CYCLE OFTEN IGNORED Technically, fruits are the mature ovaries of plants that contain ripe seeds ready for dispersal • Of the many kinds of fruits, there are three basic categories: • Dehiscent fruits that split open to shed their seeds, • Indehiscent dry fruits that retain their seeds and are often dispersed as though they were the seed, and • Indehiscent fleshy fruits that turn color and entice animals to eat them, meanwhile allowing the undigested seeds to pass from the animal’s gut We’ll start with dehiscent fruits. The most basic kind, the follicle, contains a single chamber and opens by one lengthwise slit. The columbine seed pods, three per flower, are follicles A mature columbine follicle Milkweed seed pods are also large follicles. Here the follicle hasn’t yet opened. Here is the milkweed follicle opened The legume is a similar seed pod except it opens by two longitudinal slits, one on either side of the fruit. Here you see seeds displayed from a typical legume. Legumes are only found in the pea family Fabaceae. On this fairy duster legume, you can see the two borders that will later split open. Redbud legumes are colorful before they dry and open Lupine legumes twist as they open, projecting the seeds away from the parent The bur clover modifies its legumes by coiling them and providing them with hooked barbs, only opening later as they dry out. The rattlepods or astragaluses modify their legumes by inflating them for wind dispersal, later opening to shed their seeds.
    [Show full text]
  • Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 1988
    - Annals v,is(i- of the Missouri Botanical Garden 1988 # Volume 75 Number 1 Volume 75, Number ' Spring 1988 The Annals, published quarterly, contains papers, primarily in systematic botany, con- tributed from the Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. Papers originating outside the Garden will also be accepted. Authors should write the Editor for information concerning arrangements for publishing in the ANNALS. Instructions to Authors are printed on the inside back cover of the last issue of each volume. Editorial Committee George K. Rogers Marshall R. Crosby Editor, Missouri B Missouri Botanical Garden Editorial is. \I,,S ouri Botanu •al Garde,, John I). Dwyer Missouri Botanical Garden Saint Louis ( niversity Petei • Goldblatt A/I.S.S ouri Botanic al Garder Henl : van der W< ?rff V//.S.S ouri Botanic tor subscription information contact Department IV A\NM.S OK Tin: Missot m Boi >LM« M G\KDE> Eleven, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166. Sub- (ISSN 0026-6493) is published quarterly by the scription price is $75 per volume U.S., $80 Canada Missouri Botanical Garden, 2345 Tower Grove Av- and Mexico, $90 all other countries. Airmail deliv- enue, St. Louis, MO 63110. Second class postage ery charge, $35 per volume. Four issues per vol- paid at St. Louis, MO and additional mailing offices. POSTMAS'IKK: Send ad«lrt— changes to Department i Botanical Garden 1988 REVISED SYNOPSIS Grady L. Webster2 and Michael J. Huft" OF PANAMANIAN EUPHORBIACEAE1 ABSTRACT species induded in \ • >,H The new taxa ai I. i i " I ! I _- i II • hster, Tragia correi //,-," |1 U !.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1 Definitions and Classifications for Fruit and Vegetables
    Chapter 1 Definitions and classifications for fruit and vegetables In the broadest sense, the botani- Botanical and culinary cal term vegetable refers to any plant, definitions edible or not, including trees, bushes, vines and vascular plants, and Botanical definitions distinguishes plant material from ani- Broadly, the botanical term fruit refers mal material and from inorganic to the mature ovary of a plant, matter. There are two slightly different including its seeds, covering and botanical definitions for the term any closely connected tissue, without vegetable as it relates to food. any consideration of whether these According to one, a vegetable is a are edible. As related to food, the plant cultivated for its edible part(s); IT botanical term fruit refers to the edible M according to the other, a vegetable is part of a plant that consists of the the edible part(s) of a plant, such as seeds and surrounding tissues. This the stems and stalk (celery), root includes fleshy fruits (such as blue- (carrot), tuber (potato), bulb (onion), berries, cantaloupe, poach, pumpkin, leaves (spinach, lettuce), flower (globe tomato) and dry fruits, where the artichoke), fruit (apple, cucumber, ripened ovary wall becomes papery, pumpkin, strawberries, tomato) or leathery, or woody as with cereal seeds (beans, peas). The latter grains, pulses (mature beans and definition includes fruits as a subset of peas) and nuts. vegetables. Definition of fruit and vegetables applicable in epidemiological studies, Fruit and vegetables Edible plant foods excluding
    [Show full text]
  • Functional Transition in the Floral Receptacle of the Sacred Lotus (Nelumbo Nucifera): from Thermogenesis to Photosynthesis
    University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Science - Papers (Archive) Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health 2009 Functional transition in the floral receptacle of the sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera): from thermogenesis to photosynthesis R. E. Miller University of Wollongong, [email protected] J. R. Watling University of Adelaide, [email protected] Sharon A. Robinson University of Wollongong, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/scipapers Part of the Life Sciences Commons, Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Miller, R. E.; Watling, J. R.; and Robinson, Sharon A.: Functional transition in the floral receptacle of the sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera): from thermogenesis to photosynthesis 2009. https://ro.uow.edu.au/scipapers/160 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Functional transition in the floral receptacle of the sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera): from thermogenesis to photosynthesis Abstract The receptacle of the sacred lotus is the main source of heat during the thermogenic stage of floral development. Following anthesis, it enlarges, greens and becomes a fully functional photosynthetic organ. We investigated development of photosynthetic traits during this unusual functional transition. There were two distinct phases of pigment accumulation in receptacles. Lutein and photoprotective
    [Show full text]
  • Ovary Signals for Directional Pollen Tube Growth
    Sex Plant Reprod (2001) 14:3–7 © Springer-Verlag 2001 REVIEW M. Herrero Ovary signals for directional pollen tube growth Received: 15 December 2000 / Accepted: 13 June 2001 Abstract In angiosperms, the female gametophyte has a work has focussed on pollen tube growth along the stig- secluded life; it is protected by several concentric layers ma and style, the ovary has been neglected; it has often that envelop each other. The embryo sac is surrounded been assumed that once the pollen tubes arrive at the by the nucellus, which in turn is wrapped by the integu- base of the style fertilisation occurs. However, informa- ments forming the ovule, which is nested in the ovary. tion is converging toward the concept (Herrero 2000) These wrappings are not hermetic, but contain little that the process is far from straightforward, and that in “gates” the pollen tube must traverse on its way towards the ovary, also, an interesting male-female interaction the embryo sac. Information is emerging that shows that occurs. the ovary and ovule provide signals orienting and direct- A close look at the ovary shows that the female game- imng the pollen tube on the right course. There are three tophyte has a secluded life, protected by a number of main bodies of evidence supporting this hypothesis. One concentric layers that consecutively envelop each other. relates to developmental changes in the female tissues Thus, the embryo sac is surrounded by the nucellus, and how they affect pollen tube growth. The second re- which in turn is wrapped by the integuments forming the fers to defective ovule mutants, which induce defective ovule, which is nested in the ovary.
    [Show full text]
  • Drupe. Fruit with a Hard Endocarp (Figs. 67 and 71-73); E.G., and Sterculiaceae (Helicteres Guazumaefolia, Sterculia)
    Fig. 71. Fig. 72. Fig. 73. Drupe. Fruit with a hard endocarp (figs. 67 and 71-73); e.g., and Sterculiaceae (Helicteres guazumaefolia, Sterculia). Anacardiaceae (Spondias purpurea, S. mombin, Mangifera indi- Desmopsis bibracteata (Annonaceae) has aggregate follicles ca, Tapirira), Caryocaraceae (Caryocar costaricense), Chrysobal- with constrictions between successive seeds, similar to those anaceae (Licania), Euphorbiaceae (Hyeronima), Malpighiaceae found in loments. (Byrsonima crispa), Olacaceae (Minquartia guianensis), Sapin- daceae (Meliccocus bijugatus), and Verbenaceae (Vitex cooperi). Samaracetum. Aggregate of samaras (fig. 74); e.g., Aceraceae (Acer pseudoplatanus), Magnoliaceae (Liriodendron tulipifera Hesperidium. Septicidal berry with a thick pericarp (fig. 67). L.), Sapindaceae (Thouinidium dodecandrum), and Tiliaceae Most of the fruit is derived from glandular trichomes. It is (Goethalsia meiantha). typical of the Rutaceae (Citrus). Multiple Fruits Aggregate Fruits Multiple fruits are found along a single axis and are usually coalescent. The most common types follow: Several types of aggregate fruits exist (fig. 74): Bibacca. Double fused berry; e.g., Lonicera. Achenacetum. Cluster of achenia; e.g., the strawberry (Fra- garia vesca). Sorosis. Fruits usually coalescent on a central axis; they derive from the ovaries of several flowers; e.g., Moraceae (Artocarpus Baccacetum or etaerio. Aggregate of berries; e.g., Annonaceae altilis). (Asimina triloba, Cananga odorata, Uvaria). The berries can be aggregate and syncarpic as in Annona reticulata, A. muricata, Syconium. Syncarp with many achenia in the inner wall of a A. pittieri and other species. hollow receptacle (fig. 74); e.g., Ficus. Drupacetum. Aggregate of druplets; e.g., Bursera simaruba THE GYMNOSPERM FRUIT (Burseraceae). Fertilization stimulates the growth of young gynostrobiles Folliacetum. Aggregate of follicles; e.g., Annonaceae which in species such as Pinus are more than 1 year old.
    [Show full text]
  • Citrus Sinensis )
    African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 10(33), pp. 6257-6264, 6 July, 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB DOI: 10.5897/AJB10.1931 ISSN 1684–5315 © 2011 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Waste to wealth: Industrial raw materials potential of peels of Nigerian sweet orange (Citrus sinensis ) Tobias I. Ndubuisi Ezejiofor 1*, N. V. Eke 1, R. I. Okechukwu 1, R. N. Nwoguikpe 2 and C. M. Duru 3 1Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Technology, PMB 1526 Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. 2Department of Industrial Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, PMB 1526 Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. 3Department of Biology, Federal University of Technology, PMB 1526 Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. Accepted 21 March, 2011 Orange fruits have been part of human diet for ages due to its nutritional and medicinal values. But consumption of orange fruits generates orange peel wastes that could bring about environmental pollution if not properly handled. Towards recycling of wastes and avoiding littering and waste-related environmental degradation, this study was carried out to explore the components of orange peels with a view to establishing their raw material potentials. Orange peels cut into small bits were subjected to steam distillation process and the extracted essential oil was put through some chemical characterization procedures for purposes of identifying its components. Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometric scan of the extract, revealed a single prominent peak at a wavelength of 300 nm, as was also the case
    [Show full text]
  • 35. ORCHIDACEAE/SCAPHYGLOTTIS 301 PSYGMORCHIS Dods
    35. ORCHIDACEAE/SCAPHYGLOTTIS 301 PSYGMORCHIS Dods. & Dressl. each segment, usually only the uppermost persisting, linear, 5-25 cm long, 1.5-4.5 mm broad, obscurely emar- Psygmorchis pusilla (L.) Dods. & Dressl., Phytologia ginate at apex. Inflorescences single flowers or more com- 24:288. 1972 monly few-flowered fascicles or abbreviated, few-flowered Oncidium pusillum (L.) Reichb.f. racemes, borne at apex of stems; flowers white, 3.5-4.5 Dwarf epiphyte, to 8 cm tall; pseudobulbs lacking. Leaves mm long; sepals 3-4.5 mm long, 1-2 mm wide; petals as ± dense, spreading like a fan, equitant, ± linear, 2-6 cm long as sepals, 0.5-1 mm wide; lip 3.5-5 mm long, 2-3.5 long, to 1 cm wide. Inflorescences 1-6 from base of mm wide, entire or obscurely trilobate; column narrowly leaves, about equaling leaves, consisting of long scapes, winged. Fruits oblong-elliptic, ca 1 cm long (including the apices with several acute, strongly compressed, im- the long narrowly tapered base), ca 2 mm wide. Croat bricating sheaths; flowers produced in succession from 8079. axils of sheaths; flowers 2-2.5 cm long; sepals free, Common in the forest, usually high in trees. Flowers spreading, bright yellow, keeled and apiculate, the dorsal in the early dry season (December to March), especially sepal ca 5 mm long, nearly as wide, the lateral sepals in January and February. The fruits mature in the middle 4-5 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, hidden by lateral lobes to late dry season. of lip; petals to 8 mm long and 4 mm wide, bright yellow Confused with S.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny of Malpighiaceae: Evidence from Chloroplast NDHF and TRNL-F Nucleotide Sequences
    Phylogeny of Malpighiaceae: Evidence from Chloroplast NDHF and TRNL-F Nucleotide Sequences The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Davis, Charles C., William R. Anderson, and Michael J. Donoghue. 2001. Phylogeny of Malpighiaceae: Evidence from chloroplast NDHF and TRNL-F nucleotide sequences. American Journal of Botany 88(10): 1830-1846. Published Version http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3558360 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:2674790 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA American Journal of Botany 88(10): 1830±1846. 2001. PHYLOGENY OF MALPIGHIACEAE: EVIDENCE FROM CHLOROPLAST NDHF AND TRNL-F NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES1 CHARLES C. DAVIS,2,5 WILLIAM R. ANDERSON,3 AND MICHAEL J. DONOGHUE4 2Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 USA; 3University of Michigan Herbarium, North University Building, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1057 USA; and 4Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208106, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 USA The Malpighiaceae are a family of ;1250 species of predominantly New World tropical ¯owering plants. Infrafamilial classi®cation has long been based on fruit characters. Phylogenetic analyses of chloroplast DNA nucleotide sequences were analyzed to help resolve the phylogeny of Malpighiaceae. A total of 79 species, representing 58 of the 65 currently recognized genera, were studied.
    [Show full text]
  • SMALL FRUITS - Table of Contents
    SMALL FRUITS - Table of Contents HORTICULTURAL CLASSIFICATION BRAMBLES Introduction 2 General Botany 2 Site Selection 2 Establishment 3 Pruning and Trellising 4 General Care 6 RASPBERRIES June-bearing 7 Ever-bearing 7 Raspberry Pests 8 Blackberries 8 STRAWBERRIES 9 General Botany 9 June-bearing Strawberries 9 Ever-bearing Strawberries 10 Day-neutral Strawberries 10 Site Selection 10 Establishment 11 Annual Maintenance 12 Pests and Diseases 13 GRAPES General Botany 14 Common Grape Cultivars 15 Site Selection 15 Trellising and Pruning 16 Maintenance 18 Diseases 18 OTHER SMALL FRUITS Currants 19 Gooseberries 19 Blueberries 19 Needs introductory paragraph HORTICULTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF SMALL FRUITS Common Name Family Scientific Name Type of Fruit Blackberry Rosaceae Rubus sp. aggregate Blueberry Vaccineaceae Vaccinium sp. berry Currant & Gooseberry Ribes sp. berry Grossulariaceae Elderberry Sambacus Adoxaceae berry Grape Vitaceae Vitis spp. berry Raspberry Rosacea Rubus spp. aggregate Strawberry Saxifragaceae Fragaria sp. aggregate Raspberries and blackberries are the two major bramble fruits grown in Utah. Brambles are members of the rose family and of the genus Rubus. Most plants in this genus are called brambles because of the thorns on the stems but there are some thornless cultivars. The fruit is an aggregate fruit made up of many small druplets. The raspberry fruit is made up of several rows of druplets that grow around the receptacle. When ripe, the raspberry fruit easily separates from the receptacle tissue. Blackberry fruit grows around the receptacle tissue but when ripe blackberry fruit is harvested, the receptacle tissue stays inside the fruit. General Botany All brambles have a perennial root system. Bramble canes are normally biennial, and the first year, plants produce vegetative canes (primocanes).
    [Show full text]