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KEY to TYPES

1a. Fruit derived from several of one or more

2a. Fruit arising from the several ovaries of as many flowers (examples: , mulberry)

MULTIPLE FRUIT

2b. Fruit arising from the coalescence of several ripened ovaries of one (example: , )

AGGREGATE FRUIT

1b. Fruit derived from a single (simple or compound)

3a. Fruit fleshy or juicy when ripe

4a. Ovary wall of fruit (or pericarp) entirely or in part fleshy

5a. Fruit indehiscent

6a. Ovary wall entirely fleshy (examples: , , , currant, , [pepo], and fruit [])

BERRY

6b. Ovary wall of three distinct layers, the inner one bony (endocarp), the middle fleshy (mesocarp), and the outer "skin- like" (exocarp) (examples: , , )

DRUPE

5b. Fruit dehiscent

7a. Fruit derived from one carpel

7b. Fruit derived from a compound 4b. Ovary wall (e.g., the outer layer of an apple 'core') of fruit papery, surrounded by a fleshy material that represents the coalescent parts of the , , , and (some believe) (examples: apple, pear, quince)

3b. Fruit typically dry and usually hardened when ripe

8a. Fruit indehiscent (does not open or dehisce when mature), generally with one

9a. Ovary wall of varying thickness, usually not bony

10a. Fruit not winged (examples: buttercup, '' of , sunflower family, sedges, grasses [ovary wall adherent to and surrounding seed, may be called or ])

ACHENE

10b. Fruit winged (examples: elm, )

SAMARA

9b. Ovary wall hardened and bony

11a. Fruit usually > 5mm long (examples: oak, chestnut, hazelnut)

NUT

11b. Fruit small, usually < 5mm long (examples: borage and mint families [ and ]

NUTLET 8b. Fruit dehiscent (opens or dehisces when mature, usually along certain definite lines or sutures), with one or more seeds

12a. Fruit derived from a single carpel

13a. Fruit dehiscing along one side (examples: columbine, larkspur, , milkweed)

FOLLICLE

13b. Fruit dehiscing along two sides or breaking crosswise into one- seeded segments

14a. Fruit dehiscing along two sides (example: only the family [ or Leguminosae])

LEGUME

14b. Fruit breaking into one-seeded segments (example: only the legume family [Fabaceae or Leguminosae])

LOMENT

12b. Fruit derived from a compound gynoecium of two or more carpels (types of capsules)

15a. Fruit always 2-carpellate, two-celled, and with parietal

16a. Fruit > 2-3 times longer than wide (example: only the mustard family [ or Cruciferae])

SILIQUE

16b. Fruit <2-3 times longer than wide (example: only the mustard family [Brassicaceae or Cruciferae])

SILICLE

15b. Fruit 2 or more carpellate, one or more celled, and with various types of placentation. CAPSULE 17a. Fruit dehiscing by pores (poricidal ; example: )

PORICIDAL CAPSULE

17b. Fruit dehiscing along the septa or into the or by a lid.

18a. Fruit dehiscing by a lid (examples: Portulacaceae and some )

CIRCUMSCISSILE CAPSULE

18b. Fruit dehiscing directly into the locules or along the septa.

19a. Fruit dehiscing directly into the locules (examples: , , pyrola, violet, waterleaf)

LOCULICIDAL CAPSULE

19b. Fruit dehiscing along the septa

20a. Fruit dehiscing to form 1-seeded segments called mericarps (examples: , , spurge)

SCHIZOCARPOUS CAPSULE or

20b. Fruit dehiscing to form several-seeded segments (examples: peppers, figwort, ))

SEPTICIDAL CAPSULE