Propoxur, Chlordane, and Diazinon on Porcelain China Saucers After Kitchen Cabinet Sprayingl

APril 1971 LANG AND TREECE: Sterculia foetida OIL 457

often the more difficult sex to sterilize using the more face fly-initial and sustained effects of hempa and hazardous alkylating compounds. metepa. Ibid. 62 (6): 1462-4. Labrecque, G. C., and C. N. Smith. 1968. Principles of REFERENCES CITED Insect Chemosterilization. Appleton.Century·Crofts, Beroza, M., and G. C. LaBrecque. 1967. Chemosterilant New York. 354 p. activity of oils, especially oil of Sterculia foetida, in MerriU, E. D. 1945. Plant Life of the Pacific World, the house fly. J. Econ. Entomo!. 60 (I): 196-8. p. 186. MacMillan Co., New York. Hail', J. A., and T. R. Adkins, Jr. 1964. Sterilization Shenstone, F. S., J. R. Vickery, and A. R. Johnson. 1965. of the face fly, Musca alItumnalis, with apholate and Studies of the chemistry and biological effects of tepa. Ibid. 57 (4) : 586-9. cyclopropenoid compounds. J. Agr. t'ood Chern. 13: Hair, J. A., and E. C. Turner, Jr. 1966. Susceptibility 410-4. of mature and newly.emerged face flieii to chemo- Zapanta, H. M., and C. W. Wingo. 1968. Preliminary sterilization with apholate. Ibid. 59 (2): 452-4. evaluation of Heliotrine as a sterility agent for face Kaur, D., and P. C. Steve. 1969. Induced sterility in flies. J. Econ. Entomo!. 61 (I) : 330-1. Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jee/article/64/2/457/803345 by guest on 27 September 2021

C. G. WRIGHTand M. D. JACKSON Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 2i60i

ABSTRACT

Cabinets containing porcelain china saucers were insecticides. Insecticides 011 saucers were greatly reduced sprayed with diazinon, chlordane, or propoxul'. Saucers 1 day after treatment. Calculations indicated that the were removed and analyzed for insecticidal residues 0.02, maximum amount of insecticide present on all the top I, 7. 14, and 28 days after spraying. Significant residues dishes of a set the day of exposure to the insecticide remained after 0.02 and I day on saucers exposed to all is less than I{IOOOof the LD.o for white rats.

Insecticides are often applied inside kitchen cabi- sion applied per cabinet). A 4th kitchen cabinet of nets to control cockroaches and pantry pests. Recom- the same dimensions with 3 shelves was used as an mendations by State and Federal agencies suggest untreated check. Ten saucers were placed in 2-rows removal of all food, dishes, and utensils from cabinets on each shelf of this cabinet to provide unexposed before treatment (Anonymous 1968). However, ex- saucers for analysis. Each test was replicated 4 times perimental evidence is lacking for the amount of in- at ca. 3D-day intervals. Insecticidal sprays were ran- secticidal residue on dishes left in kitchen cabinets domly assigned to the cabinets before a replicate. which were sprayed for insect control. Therefore, the After completion of a replicate each cabinet interior present study was undertaken to determine the was rinsed 3 times with different solvents (acetone, residues of 3 insecticides on saucers left in a kitchen hexane, and chloroform) and allowed to dry, with cabinet when it was sprayed for insects. cabinet doors open, for 2 days before initiation of a MATERIALSAND METHODS.-Kitchen cabinets, 36 in. new replicate. Additional saucers were exposed in long X 14 in. deep X 18 in. high, with a single the same room (14 ft from the test cabinets) and shelf, were used for the insecticidal applications. Por- in a 2nd room (35 ft from the test cabinets with 2 celain china saucers, 15.24 cm diam, were placed in doors and a hall separating them from the cabinets) 2 rows of 5 each/cabinet before treatment with an during application of the 3rd spray replicate. These insecticide. The insecticides, chlordane (EC 8 Ib /gal) , saucers were analyzed. The room was maintained at diazinon (EC 4 Ib/gal), and propoxur (EC 1.5 Ib/ 27±2°C. gal), were diluted with water to concentrations rec- Saucers, 1 from the front row and I from the back ommended for use by commercial pest-control oper- row, were removed by random selection for residue ators (2.0, 1.0, and 1.1%, respectively). The interior analysis 0.02, I, 7, 14, and 28 days after spraying. juncture of the 2 sides and the back wall with the Unexposed saucers also were analyzed. top of the cabinet was sprayed using the medium, Immediately after removal from a cabinet, each pinpoint, spray stream produced by a Multeejet saucer was rinsed thoroughly with solvent (hexane nozzle' at a pressure of 48 Ib in the sprayer. The for diazinon and chlordane; chloroform for pro- amount of insecticide applied per cabinet varied poxur) , and the solvent was collected. Ethylene between 10 and 12 ml and averaged 11.4 m1. The glycol (2 drops) was added as a keeper to the pro- average amounts of technical insecticide applied to poxur samples. each cabinet were 341 mg chlordane, 118 mg diazinon, The volume of all samples was reduced on a 40°C and 131 mg propoxur (calculated from the concen- water bath under a gentle stream of dry air to 5 m1. tration of insecticidal toxicant in the diluted emul- The samples were stored in a freezer at -IOOC until sions and the average volume of insecticidal emul· analysis. Cleanup procedures were not required for any of the samples. A Microtek Model MT-200 gas chromatograph 1 Paper no. 3228 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina State Agriculture Experiment Station, Raleigh. Received for pub- fitted with a Ni-63 electron capture detector was lication July 6. 1970. used for the chlordane analysis. The glass column 'Multeejet nonie, no. \Ifl" T-5700. manufactured by Spraying Systems Co., Bellwood, III. employed was 6 ft X 0.25 in. and was packed with 458 ] OURNALOF ECONOl>UCE"TOl>lOLOGY Vol. 64, 110.::

Table I.-Apparent losses in propoxur upon dilution 490 mfL against a reagent blank carried throughout of colored complex. the procedure. Water was used for dilutions. How- ever, since the diluted samples did not adhere strictly Amount :Final Amount % to Beers Law, a correction factor lor each dilutioll added (/.lg) volume (ml) found (/.lg) recovery volume was calculated Crable I). All samples were ----,.- corrected for dilution. 30 ]0 28.2 94 Saucers for recovery studies were prepared by 500 100 425 85 pipetting chlordane, diazinon, and propoxur solu- 500 100 452 90 tions on the saucers. The solvent was evaporated 1000 500 850 85 and the saucers were handled in the same manner as 1000 500 815 82 saucers from treated cabinets. Recovery with this 1000 1462 2000 73 technique averaged 95, 103, and ]0'1%, respectively. 2000 1000 ]529 76 The results were not corrected for recovery. Total amounts of chlordane, diazinon, and propoxur as Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jee/article/64/2/457/803345 by guest on 27 September 2021 low as 0.1, 0.01, and 5.0 p,g, respectively, were deter- ]0% DC-200 on 60- to 80-mesh Gas Chrom Q. Nitro- mined. gen was used as the carrier gas, and the flow rate A completely randomized analysis of variance was was adjusted to 80 cc/min. Column temperature was programmed to determine significant insecticidal 185°C, detector temperature was 240°C, and injection residues at the 5% level. temperature was 240°C. RESULTS AND DISCUSsION.-Saucers removed from The Microtek Model MT-200 was fitted with a diazinon-treated cabinets showed significant amounts flame photometric detector with phosphorous filter of diazinon after 0.02, I, 14, and 28 days Crable 2) . for the diazinon analysis. The 6 ft X 0.25 in. The residue at 7 days was not significant, probably stainless-steel column was packed with 2.5% Carbo- because of 1 high value in a check replicate (0.46 wax M and 5% DC-200 on 60- to 80-mesh Gas Chrom fLg/saucer). Chlordane-exposed saucers contained sig- Q. The carrier gas was nitrogen at a flow rate of nificant amounts after 0.02 and I day. The high, 80 cc/min. Oxygen at a flow rate of 20 cc/min and but not significant, chlordane value at 28 days was hydrogen at 200 cc/min were supplied to the detector. due to 1 replicate (88.5 JLgjsaucer). Significant Column temperature was ]60°C, detector tempera- amounts of propoxur remained on dishes 0.02 and I ture was 160°C, and injection temperature was 240°C. day after cabinet spraying. The high values for The peak area of diazinon was measured by the propoxur at 7 and 28 days were caused by ] repli- triangulation method. Chlordane was determined by cate at each time (890 and 210 JLg)saucer, respec- averaging the peak heights of the 4 tallest peaks in tively) . the gas chromagraphic trace. Both diazinon and The cause of variations in the amounts of insecti- chlordane samples were compared to standards run cidal residues remaining on certain saucers after 7, each day. 14, and 28 days is unknown. Most likely such dif- Propoxur was determined colorimetrically by the ferences on exposed saucers were due to heavier Niessen and Freshe (1964) method, which was modi- deposits of an insecticide falling onto a dish (invis- fied as follows for a smaller final sample volume. The ible) and remaining through the interval of aging. sam pIe in chloroform was transferred to a ] O-ml Insecticidal residues were detected immediately volumetric flask and evaporated to dryness at room after spraying on saucers placed outside of spray temperature under a gentle stream of dry air. cabinets. Saucers placed in the room with the sprayed Methanol (0.5 ml) and 1.0 N sodium hydroxide (1.0 cabinet (14 ft away) showed 2.52 fLg/ saucer of diazi- ml) were added; the sample was mixed and allowed non, 1.83 p,gjsaucer of chlordane, and 9 fLgjsaucer of to stand ]0 min. Then 1 N hydrochloric acid (I ml), propoxur. Additional saucers in a different room (35 15% vol/vol triethanolamine (1 ml), 2% wt/v ft away, separated by a hall and 2 doors) gave residue aqueous aminoantipyrine (0.5 ml), and 8% wtjv readings for diazinon (0.26 fLg/saucer), chlordane aqueous potassium ferricyanide (0.5 ml) were added (2.16 fLgj saucer), and propoxur (13 p,gjsaucer). with shaking after each addition. The color was Unexposed check saucers showed residues for diazi- developed for 15 min, and the samples were brought non (0.12 p,gjsaucer), chlordane (1.28 p,gjsaucer), to volume with water. The samples were read at and propoxur (21 fLg/saucer). All amounts were

Table 2.-Average and range of insecticidal residues remaining on saucers present in cabinets when cabinets were sprayed (4 replications).

Insecticide (/.lgjsaucer) Days after Diazinon Chlordane Propoxur cabinet spraying Treated Check Treated Check Treated Check ------~------.--- 0.02 325" (254-493) b 0.38 (0.16--0.98)b 281' (254-350) b 0.86 (0.08-2.18) b 570' (200-]200) b <5 «5) b 1 45.S' (19.3-78.6) .14 ( .04- .42) 184' (111-262) 1.01 ( .29-2.54) 324' (75-560) <5 «5) 7 0.57 (0.14-1.26) .W ( .02- .46) 7.53 (3.18-10.9) 2.99 ( .46--9.9) 262' (26-890) <5 «5) I4 .37' ( .16-0.63) .01 «.01- .04) 3.10 (0.51-7.66) 7.S2d ( .05-16.7) 16.2 «5-29) <5 «5) 28 .69' ( .38-1.40) .0] ( .01- .02) 22.9' ( .31-88.5) .73 ( .06-1.79) 56.2' «5-210) <5 «5)

'Signi6cant insecticide remaining on saucers. b The number in parenthesis refers to the range in amount of residue. e High residue in 1 replicate, reason unknown. d High residue in 2 replicates, reason unknown. APri11971 WRIGHT AND JACKSON: INSECTICIDE RESIDUES ON CHINA 459 much less than those present on the saucers taken Table 3.-Theor~tical amounts of insecticides that could from the treated cabinets and analyzed at the same be ingested by a person using dishes from a cabinet time. The low positive values for the unexposed 0.02 day after spraying. check saucers indicate an unknown material giving a small background reading. Top surface Diazinon Chlordane Propoxur Variations in the low limits of detection (5 p.g of Type of dish area (cm") (mg) (mg) (mg) propoxur, 0.1 p.g of chlordane, and 0.01 p.g of diazinon/saucer) prevented comparisons of persistence Dinner plate 410 0.733 0.630 1.284 of propoxur with that of chlordane and diazinon Cup 124 .222 .190 0.388 below 5 p.g/saucer. ''\Then applied to cabinets at Saucer 182 .325 .281 .570 approved concentrations chlordane persisted longer Glass (10 oz) 307 .549 .471 .962 than diazinon. However, several chlordane check Dessert plate 182 .325 .281 .570 Salad plate 182 .325 .281 .570 saucers gave values slightly higher than expected All dishes 1387 2.479 2.134 4.344 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jee/article/64/2/457/803345 by guest on 27 September 2021 when compared with the treated saucers at 7, 14, and 28 days; therefore the amounts of chlordane remaining on the exposed saucers were not signifi- fore the maximum dose, is low. On the other hand, cantly different from the background. Examination of the average residues (Table 2) shows that the if the recommendations of the State and Federal actual amount of chlordane was higher (above 3.1 agencies that all dishes be removed from the cabinets before spraying were followed, the dosage re- p.g/saucer) than the amount of diazinon (below 0.7 p.g/saucer) remaining on the saucers 7, 14, and 28 ceived by a person using the dishes would be very days after exposure. small. To evaluate the potential toxicity of the insecti- REFERENCES CITED cidal residues to man, it was assumed that a 70-kg man ate a meal from the top dish of all stacks left Anonymous. 1968. Household insects, p. 186-8. In in a cabinet when it was sprayed with the insecticide. Suggested guide for the usc of insecticides to control insects affecting crops, livestock, households, Further, it was assumed that the top dish would have stored products, forests, and forest products-19G8. the greatest amount of insecticide and that the USDA Agr. Handb. 331. dishes were used 0.02 day after spraying. Table 3 Niessen, H., and H. Freshc. 1964. Colorimetric methods shows the amount of each insecticide which would for determining residues of the insecticide Unden® have been ingested by a person using different size in plant material. pfianzenschutz·Nachr. Bayer 17 dishes. The amount of each insecticide would result (I): 25-32. in a total intake of less than l;looo of the published Thompson, W. T. 1967. Agricultural Chemicals. Book LD•• for rats (Thompson 1967). The probability of a I. Insecticides, Acaracides and Ovicides, Thompson person receiving the top dish of each stack, and there- Publications, Davis, Calif. 3G6 p.

Field Evaluation of Natural and Synthetic Pyrethroid Water-Based Pressurized Formulations Against the House Flyl.2

THEODORE R. ADKINS, JR.,. JOHN B. KISSAM,' and ,"VILLIAM F. KREIlS, III" South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Clemson University, Clemson 29631

ABSTRACT Two water- based pressurized formulations of a treatment counts of flies were made in each barn, and combillatioll of the synthetic pyrethroids, tetramethrin then counts were made 15 and 30 minutes posttreatment. (Neo·l)ynamin®) and I\'IA-17370 «5·benzyl-3·furyl) All 3 chemical treatments were equally effective in reduc- methyl 2.2-dimethyl- 3 - (2-methylpropellyl) cyclopropane- ing fly populations in the closed barns. There was a carboxylate. approximately 30% cis, 70% trans isomers) highly significant difference in the fly counts ill the were compared with an ulltreatetl check and a formula- treated barns over those in the check barns, The syn- tion of natural pyrethrins containing piperonyl butoxide thetic pyrethroid formulations were not so irritating to against Musra domestica L. Four barns were trea'ed nasal passages as was the natural pyrethrin formulation. with these formulations on 4 different days. The pre-

Interest in natural and synthetic pyrcthroids was long been used for controlling many insects affecting revived by recent bans and restrictions on use of man (Nuttall 1900), and its insecticidal property hac! chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. Pyrethrum has been known to the people of eastern Europe since, the early part of the 19th century (McDonnell et aI. 1Diptera: Muscidae. 1920). The susceptibility of house flies, Musca do· • Technical contribution no. 861, Department of Entomology and Economic Zoology, South Carolina Experiment Station, Clemson. mestica L., to formulations of pyrethrum is well Published by permission of the Director. This project was sup- known. Although treatments against house flies are ported in part by fMC Corp., Niagara Chemical Division, 100 Niagam Street, Middleport. N. Y. 14105. Received for pnblica. very effective in giving quick kill, they are only tem- tion Apr. 20, 1970. porary control agents and must be used daily for a Prolessor, Department of Entomology and Economic Zoology. • Associate Extension Specialist (Entomology), Department of control. Entomnlogy and Economic Zoology. Farm buildings on the Clemson University Experi. • NDEA fellow, Department of Entomology and Economic Zoology. ment Station property, Clemson, S. C., were utilized