HUPA LANGUAGE DICTIONARY SECOND EDITION T SEAL EA OF R T G H E E H T Na:tinixwe Mixine:whe’ H O E O B PA RI VALLEY T HUPA LANGUAGE DICTIONARY Second Edition Na:tinixwe Mixine:whe’ CopyrightCopyright © 1996 Hoopa Valley Tribal Council P.O. Box 1308 Hoopa, CA 95546 Dictionary Staff Compiled By Victor Golla Edited By Ray Baldy Louise Badgely Ruth Beck Calvin Carpenter William Carpenter Victor Golla James Jackson Minnie McWilliams Elsie Ricklefs Herman Sherman Graphic Layout & Cover Design Linda McRae Derek Gamlyn Merrold Young Tribal Computer Consultant Chad Thompson Administrative Staff Marcelene Norton, Ed. Director Lois J. Risling, C.I.C.D. Director Jill Sherman Fletcher, Tribal K–12 Director Jennifer George, C.I.C.D. Language Coordinator Hoopa Valley Village Sites as of 1850 Taken from: 1. Map–Unknown source. 2. Number of houses–Baumhoff. 3. Locations of village/house sites–Goddard L&C. This book is dedicated to all speakers of the Hupa language. May this language always be spoken in the valley. Rudolph Socktish In Memory of Raymond “Ray” R. Baldy For all his work, active commitment to, and preservation of the Hupa language and culture. May his work with this dictionary continue the use of the Hupa language. Photo and Art Credits Photo Credits Page Courtesy of Photo Subject Cover Jill Sherman Fletcher Hoopa Valley Dedication Merv George Family/ Rudolph Socktish Jill Sherman Fletcher Memorial Indian Teacher and Raymond R. Baldy Educational Personnel Program (ITEPP) 7 Merv George Family George Grant, Merv George, Sr., Merv George, Jr. 22 Hoopa Valley Tribe Houses 32 Gary Risling Emmielee R. Risling 42 Jill Sherman Fletcher Dean Davis, Duane Sherman, Herman Sherman, Sr., Reggie Davis 48 Steve Baldy W. Cutcha Baldy 52 Merv George Family Merv George, Sr. 54 Marcelene Norton Hoopa Headstart Children 59 Lois Risling Gary Risling, Emmielee Risling 64 Hoopa Valley Tribe Three Boats 69 Marcelene Norton Jump Dance 75 Marcelene Norton Hoopa Headstart Children 76 Marcelene Norton Phillip Vigil, Carrying Medicine Brush Dance 93 Marcelene Norton Phillip Vigil, Carrying Medicine Brush Dance 99 Hoopa Valley Tribe Boat Dance 103 Jill Sherman Fletcher Hoopa Valley 109 Marcelene Norton Ruth Beck and Family Art Credits Artist Page Description Derek Gamlyn 1 Acorn 25 Dentalia 29 Drum 35 Hand 83 Small dentalia shells Art Credits, continued Artist Page Description Lyn Risling 2 Acorn soup 3 Alder 5 Apron 10 Beaver 12 Bluejay, Bobcat 13 Bow 14 Breast 16 Cap 18 Child 18 Civet cat 21 Coyote 26 Dip net 30 Eel 33 Father 34 Fern 40 Girl 43 Hair 44 Hawk 49 Indian 61 Indian paintbrush, Mosquito, Iris 54 Kinsman 55 Laurel 57 Lily 60 Maple 63 Moss 66 Necklace 67 Oak 70 Paddle 72 Place 73 Porcupine 76 Quail 79 Ring-tai, Robinl 80 Root 86 Skirt 88 Solomon’s seal, Sorrel 89 Spoon 98 Tobbacco 107 Willow 108 Wolf Chad Thompson 9 Bear’s Paw design, Sharp-tooth design 35 Fish dam 36 Flint design 48 Gambling sticks 44 Headdress 47 Hooks; House 51 Jackrabbit 64 Jump Dance basket; Jump Dance fence 72 Pipe 84 Shinny 86 Slanting design 87 Snake-nose design 90 Standing Up design 93 Swallow Tail design HUPA ALPHABET CHART a a: b ch ch’ chw father palm bear church (ch with catch) inchworm whila’ whina:’ bo:se mindich which’ich’ chwich (my hand) (my eye) (cat) (bobcat) (my elbow) (fi rewood) d dz e e: g gy deer adze met men geese fi gure dinday didzit whixe’ ne:s niwhgit digyun (bullet) (short) (my foot) (long) (I’m afraid) (here) h i j k ky k’ hen hit jar keep thank you (k with catch) xontah mis je:nis king kya’ k’ina’ (house) (riverbank) (day) (stick) (dress) (Yurok) ky’ l ¬ m n ng (ky with catch) let (breathy l) mill now ring ky’oh lah ¬a’ milimil nundil whing (porcupine) (seaweed) (one) (fl ute) (snow) (song) o o: q q’ s sh tote cone (guttural k) (q with catch) sit rush dingq’och to:-nehwa:n qo whiq’os sa:ts’ nosht’ah (sour) (obsidian) (worm) (my throat) (bear) (I don’t believe it) t t’ t¬’ ts ts’ u tea (t with catch) (t¬ with catch) cats (ts with catch) run to t’e’ t¬’oh tse ts’i¬ting’ ¬ixun (water) (blanket) (grass) (stone) (weapon, rifl e) (sweet) w wh x xw y ‘ word whirred (guttural h) (guttural wh) yes (catch) wi¬dung’ wha xong’ xwe:y ya’ ‘ah (yesterday) (sun) (fi re) (his property) (louse) (cloud) Introduction • The Hupa Dictionary Project • History and Structure of the Hupa Language • Hupa Dialects • Structure of Entries • Grammatical Terms Used in the Dictionary • The Hupa Alphabet • References The Hupa Dictionary Project This dictionary contains the Hupa vocabulary— speakers. including many infl ected forms of verbs—that is Beginning in early 1970s, a series of projects currently used or remembered by fl uent speakers of sponsored variously by the Hoopa Valley Tribe, the the language. Klamath-Trinity Unifi ed School District, and Hum- boldt State University focused on the preparation of Some of this material was collected by linguists and Hupa teaching materials for children from pre-school anthropologists. The earliest of these was Pliny Earle through high school. Working as a consultant for the Goddard, who was a missionary at Hoopa from 1897 Tribal Education Offi ce, Dr. Golla helped establish a to 1900 and later taught at the University of California. standard Hupa Alphabet and compiled several refer- Goddard learned to speak Hupa and obtained infor- ence works. mation on the language from dozens of people, some of whom were old enough to have remembered the The fi rst of these, the Hupa Language Dictionary, fi rst coming of Euro-Americans. Although Goddard was published by the Tribe in 1983. It is in some ways published a good deal on Hupa language and culture, the predecessor of the present work, although it is far he never compiled a dictionary. from being a complete dictionary of the language. It contains only nouns and is organized around thirteen Probably the most important documentation of Hupa semantic categories (from “Baskets” to “Natural vocabulary is in the notes and fi les that Edward Sapir Phenomena”). In 1985, the Hoopa Tribe published compiled during his visit to Hoopa during the summer a Short Practical Grammar of Hupa, intended to of 1927. Although he stayed in Hoopa Valley only a explain the basic structure of Hupa in relatively non- few months, Sapir’s transcriptions are extraordinarily technical terms. (A second, substantially revised, accurate. Much of the material Sapir obtained came edition is now in preparation.) In addition, a chart from his interpreter, Sam Brown, but he also collected and cassette tape of the Hupa Alphabet was prepared, many technical and specialized terms from Emma and work was begun on taped language lessons. Frank (Tahsenche), a renowned doctor, and such elders as John Shoemaker. A number of Hupa speakers aided in this work. These included Calvin Carpenter, Lila Colegrove, The most recent linguist to have worked extensively Fred Davis, Minnie McWilliams, Jack Scott, Her- on the documentation of Hupa is Victor Golla. During man Sherman. Others involved in the work included his fi rst period of work on Hupa, from 1962 to 1965, he Jon Brooks, Adrienne Drake, Mary Jane Risling, collected extensive lists of words from several speakers, Laura Lee George, Lincoln Jackson, and Lyle Mar- most importantly Ned and Louise Jackson, Minnie shall. Special thanks go to Marcellene Norton and Reeves, and Rudolph Socktish. He also went over Lois Risling. older materials from Goddard and Sapir with these ii. INTRODUCTION From 1989-91, the National Endowment for the project, this weekly workshop continued with Tribal Humanities funded the Hupa Dictionary Project, support. The Hupa speakers most directly involved in with the goal of producing a complete reference this effort were (in alphabetical order): Ray Baldy, diction–ary of the Hupa language. Marcellene Nor- Louise Badgely, Ruth Beck, Elsie Ricklefs, Calvin ton served as project coordinator, Dr. Golla was the Carpenter, William Carpenter, James Jackson, Minnie primary consultant, and Dr. Chad Thompson worked McWilliams, and Herman Sherman. for 18 months as the project linguist. All of the vo- cabulary material in Dr. Golla’s fi les, together with The current edition of the Hupa Dictionary is still a good deal of grammatical data, was entered into a a work in progress. A preliminary edition of this large database (a version of 4th Dimension, specially dictionary was circulated to tribal members in 1995. designed for the project by Kenneth W. Whistler) by Several speakers reviewed it carefully, and the late Dr. Thompson. In connection with the project, an Ray Baldy prepared an extensive list of corrections extensive archival collection was made, under the and additions. Dr. Ruth Bennett also prepared a list supervision of Eugene Colegrove. of additional words based on the suggestions of a number of speakers at meetings held in 1995 and An important feature of the Hupa Dictionary Project 1996. Where possible these new materials have been was a group of fl uent Hupa-speaking elders, who incorporated into this edition. served as consultants for dictionary content and as sources of further vocabulary. A weekly evening Future plans envision an expanded version of this meeting of this group, to which all community mem- dictionary, correcting errors that will surely be found, bers were invited, was the workshop in which much incorporating additional vocabulary, and including a of this work and discussion took place. Following Hupa-to-English index organized by verb stems. the end of the NEH-funded phase of the dictionary History and Structure of the Hupa language Hupa (together with Chilula and Whilkut, closely Athabaskan languages are highly distinctive, in many related dialects formerly spoken along Redwood ways unlike any other languages in the world.