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PRINCIPLES OF BINOMIAL RULES OF NOMENCLATURE

SUBJECT :

Dr. KRISHNA KUMAR V M.Sc,Ph.D,PGDCS Govt. Degree College ,NAIDUPET Email. Id : [email protected] PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY LEARNING OBJECTIVES :

• To understand the principles of Taxonomy; taxonomic categories and their hierarchy

• To get a clear idea about the Binomial nomenclature proposed by Carolus Linnaeus.

• Study of the rules of binomial nomenclature.

• Knowledge of different taxonomical aids PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY TAXONOMY: • Branch of that deals with identification,

classification and nomenclature of organisms. commons.wikimedia.org en.wikipedia.org • Taxonomy provides correct identification of organisms. • The word taxonomy was coined by A.P.de Candolle.

SYSTEMATICS: • Term was first used by Linnaeus in his book '' • Taxonomy and evolutionary relationship of all the organisms. PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY

METHODS OF TAXONOMY : • Discovery of new ; • Recognition and diagnosing of taxa on the basis of characters (morphological, molecular, behavioral, etc.) • Formal description and naming of the species • Placement of species within a hierarchical classification. DISCOVER DIAGNOSE DESCRIBE CLASSIFY PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY

• Carolus Linnaeus, Swedish naturalist, 'Father of Taxonomy' developed a system to name and organize species. • He explained the new system of classification of nature in his book 'Systema naturae'. commons.wikimedia.org • Linnaeus contributions to classification : a) Linnean system of classification 'hierarchical model'. b) Binomial nomenclature. PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY: TYPES & LEVELS OF TAXONOMY Alpha taxonomy: morphological characters Beta taxonomy: genetical, anatomical, cytological, physiological characters Omega taxonomy: Phylogenetic relationships Cyto taxonomy: cytological characters Chemo taxonomy: Use of chemical compounds present in plants Karyo taxonomy: characters of Nucleus and chromosomes; patterns of chromosome bands

edurev.in PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY Types of Classification: i) Artificial system: one or few superficial characters chosen randomly e.g. Aristotle classified the organisms on the basis of habitat ii) Natural system: information pertaining to constant and natural characters of plants are taken into consideration. e.g. Bentham and Hooker classification of plants. iii) Phylogenetic system : phylogenetic & genetical relationships of organisms. e.g. Engler and Prantl's classification of flowering plants. ADVANTAGES OF CLASSIFICATION

• It gives us information about the diversity of plants and animals. • Study of different kinds of organisms much easier. • The inter-relationship among the various organisms. • To understand the evolution of organisms. • Helps environmentalists to develop new methods of conservation of plants and animals. Taxonomy covers the following fundamental elements.

Identification; classification and nomenclature. TAXONOMIC SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION (hierarchical arrangement)

• Assigning a position to the organism in the frame work of classification called taxonomic hierarchy. • Taxonomic groups are arranged in a definite order from higher to lower Categories. • This model was first proposed by Linnaeus(Linnaean hierarchy).

1. Kingdom Highest category 2.Phylum 3.Class 4. Order 5.Family 6. 7.Species Lowest category TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY • He grouped organisms of plant and animal kingdoms using a hierarchy of levels and sublevels based on their similarities. • of the levels in Linnaeus’s original taxonomy: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus & species.

• Kingdom – the highest level constitutes Highest 1. Kingdom five kingdoms. category 2.Phylum • Phylum – a group of related classes. 3.Class • Class – a group of related orders. 4. Order • Order – a group of related families. 5.Family • Family – a group of relatedgenera. 6. Genus • Genus – a group of related species. 7.Species • Species – a group of similar organisms Lowest category TAXONOMIC SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION

• Intermediate categories were also added. Kingdom e.g. sub kingdom, super phylum, super class, Phylum Class sub class, super order Order • Lowest category is the species and Family Highest category is the kingdom Genus • Classifying group at each level is called '' Species • Placement of organisms at each level is based on similarities in their characters and the relationships. TAXONOMIC SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION

• The categories in the hierarchy are in ascending / descending order.

• Lowest rank(species) to highest rank(kingdom), Kingdom the number of similar characters decreases. Phylum Class • Species is the smallest group; Order Family consists of most closely related organisms. Genus Species • Kingdom is the largest and most diverse group. TAXONOMIC SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION Kingdom a)Species: Phylum Class • Occupies a key position ; lowest taxonomic category. Order family • Species are the building bricks in biological classification Genus (Davis,1978) Species • Basic unit for understanding taxonomy as well as evolution • Genetically distinct and reproductively isolated population. • Group of closely related individuals, which can interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring. • Each species is given a binomial name. e.g. Plasmodium vivax(malarial parasite); leo() TAXONOMIC SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION b)Genus: Kingdom • Highest category above the level of species Phylum • Group of species which are related Class Order • In nomenclature, genus is the first part of scientific name. Family e.g. Panthera tigris(); Panthera pardus() Genus Panthera leo(lion) ; Panthera uncia () species • Genus may have single species( sapiens); or several species (Panthera) TAXONOMIC SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION c)Family:

• Similar genera are placed in one family Kingdom • They resemble one another in certain correlated characters. Phylum Class e.g. Panthera(genus); Felis(genus)- both are placed Felidae Order d)Order: Family Genus • Similar families are kept in this category Species e.g. families like Felidae( family);Canidae( family) are kept in the order carnivora e)Class: represents organisms of similar orders. Class Mammalia has orders like carnivora, primata etc. TAXONOMIC SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION

f)Phylum: one to several related classes having some Kingdom similar correlated characters. Phylum class Classes Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia, Amphibia, Fishes Order Family are placed in the Phylum Chordata. Genus g)Kingdom: highest category in the hierarchy; Species all the phyla are placed. Phylum chordata ,ehinodermata ,mollusca, arthropoda ...Animalia Plants are placed in plant kingdom(Plantae) TAXONOMIC SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION

edurev.in Lumen learning.com Classification-Hierarchical model common dog (canis lupus) TAXONOMIC SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION

• Domain: another taxonomic level was added in the taxonomic hierarchy in 1990 after Linnaeus classification. • This level includes three domains: Archea, , eukaryota Archea : prokaryotic cells; live in extreme environments. Bacteria(eubacteria):called 'true bacteria'; prokaryotic cells found almost everywhere. Eukaryota : eukaryotes BACTERIA NOMENCLATURE: • Nomenclature : The science of giving names to living beings is called nomenclature. The taxonomic classification is used to nomenclature the organism. • Names should be proper nouns as per the universal practice. • Carolus Linnaeus proposed ‘Principles of binomial nomenclature' in his book "(1751)". • Linnaeus first used this nomenclature system in his book ‘’(1753).

Openlibrary.org en.wikipedia.org ( Wikipedia) BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

• Binomial nomenclature: a system of nomenclature in which each species is given a unique name consists of a generic and specific term. • Binomial means two names ; nomenclature is the system of naming. • Binomial nomenclature was introduced by Carolus Linnaeus. • Each organism is given two names, the genus and the species. • The scientific names ensure that each organism has only one name. RULES OF BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE The application of Binomial nomenclature is governed by various Internationally agreed codes of rules. • International code of algae, fungi and plants(ICN,2011); (earlier it was International code of ) • International code of zoological nomenclature(ICZN). • International code of nomenclature of Prokaryotes(ICNP,2008) (earlier it was International code of nomenclature of Bacteria) • International code of viral classification and nomenclature(ICVCN). • International code of nomenclature for cultivated plants(ICNCP). RULES OF BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

• Scientific names consist of two words, first name genus and second species. • They should not have less than three letters and more than twelve letters. • Generic name is always unique for a living organism • Name of the genus always begins with capital letter. • Species name begins with a small letter. • Names should be based on some special characters of the organism. • The original names were taken from language. RULES OF BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE • The scientific name is printed in italics and underlined when handwritten. e.g.Scientific name of : Homo sapiens • Scientific names are generally derived from Greek or Latin words. e.g. scientific name of Mango : Mangifera indica scientific name of cat: Felis catus

En.wikipedia.org commons wikimedia.org Number of different bear species.

Genus : Ursus(bear) • Ursus arctos- • Ursus americanus- • Ursus maritimus- . en.wikipedia.org EXAMPLES OF COMMON NAMES AND BINOMIAL NAMES Cat- Felis catus Carrot- Daucas carota Deer- Artiodactyl cervidae - cepa Horse – Eqqus caballus - Zea mays Rabbit- Leporidae cuniculus Pineapple- Ananus sativus BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

• The name of the author is written in abbreviated after the species name and printed in Roman and never underlined. e.g. Mangifera indica Linn.(mango) where 'Linn' stands for author Linnaeus. • When generic and specific names are the same, it is called tautonym. e.g. Naja naja ; Catla catla. • Incase an organism has more than one name, the earlier legitimate one is recognized to be valid(Law of priority)

enwikipedia.org enwikipedia.org ADVANTAGES OF BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

• Binomial names are simple, precise and easy to remember. • Binomial names are unique with each organism having only one scientific name. • Helps to avoid confusion created by local or common names across the countries. • Scientific names are accepted universally. • Nomenclature is governed by international codes and is used by biologists all over the world. • Helps in understanding the evolutionary relationships between the organisms. TAXONOMIC IDENTIFICATION

Keys: • Powerful tool for Identification of organisms • Keys are based on the characters which are stable and reliable. • Generally analytical in nature. • Separate keys are required for each taxonomic category. • Most common of key is dichotomous key. TAXONOMIC IDENTIFICATION

Dichotomous key: • A tool for identification of unknown organisms. • Series of descriptions arranged in pairs called 'couplet'. • Each statement is called the 'lead'. • User is presented with two choices based on key characteristics. • Single characteristic is considered at a time. • Right choice at each stage lead to the correct identification of organisms. TAXONOMICAL AIDS • Taxonomists have developed a variety of taxonomic aids for the identification, classification and naming of organisms. • Both laboratory and field studies are important for identification of various species. 1.Herbarium : Collection of dried, pressed and mounted plants. 2. : place where botanical plants are grown. 3.Museums : Preserve organisms mostly plants and animals in the form of specimens dry and preserved. 4.Zoological parks: enclosed place where wild animals are kept in protected Environment under care. TAXONOMICAL AIDS • Manual : Information about one species • Flora : Information pertaining to all plants or organisms in a particular area. • Monograph: Systematic study of one taxon or category • Catalogue : Maintenance of register that enumerates methodically all the species found in a particular place. HERBARIUM

FLORA MONOGRAPH

TAXONOMICAL AIDS BOTANICAL GARDEN ZOOLOGICAL PARK

KEYS MANUAL

MUSEUM SUMMARY • Taxonomy deals with the identification, naming, and classification of living organisms. • It provides correct identification of organisms. • Carolus Linnaeus, known as 'Father of Taxonomy' developed a system to name and organize the species. • He developed a novel method of classification known as hierarchical model which includes seven levels i.e kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. • Species occupies a key position and is the lowest taxonomic category. • The kingdom occupies the highest category. • Another taxonomic level the 'domain' was added in the taxonomic hierarchy in the year 1990 after Linnaean classification. SUMMARY • Carolus Linnaeus proposed 'Binomial nomenclature' for scientific naming of organisms. • Application of binomial nomenclature is governed by internationally agreed codes of rules. • Scientific name consists of two parts ,the genus and the species and is printed in italics ; underlined separately when hand written. • Scientific names are derived from Latin language. • Techniques, procedures, laboratory and field studies are important for the identification of species. • Several taxonomic aids help in the identification, classification of organisms. • Key is a taxonomical aid for the identification of organisms. THANK YOU