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Binomial Nomenclature

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Binomial Nomenclature Z​ OOLOGY ​ TOPIC : PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY; BINOMIAL ​ ​ NOMENCLATURE AND RULES OF BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE ____________ OBJECTIVES: ● To understand the fundamental principles of Taxonomy ● To get a clear idea about the Binomial nomenclature proposed by Carolus Linnaeus. ● Thorough study of the rules of Binomial nomenclature. ● Knowledge of different taxonomical aids INTRODUCTION : Taxonomy is the branch of Biology that deals with the ​ identification,classification and nomenclature of organisms.In other words,it is the science of classification of plants and animals.It was developed by the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus,during the 18th century.He tried ​ ​ to describe and classify all living things that were known at his time.He is ​ known as the”father of taxonomy”. Linnaeus published Systema ​ ​ ​ ​ Naturae, a booklet in which he proposed the Linnaean taxonomy, a system of ​ ​ categorizing and naming organisms using a standard format so that scientists could discuss organisms using consistent terminology. All modern ​ classification systems have their roots in the Linnaean classification.Taxonomists have developed a variety of taxonomical aids to facilitate identification,naming and classification of organisms.Identification is the utilitarian aspect of taxonomy. PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY: 1.It is concerned with theory and practice of taxonomy 2.Concerned with the philosophy behind taxonomy. 2 3.Taxonomy covers the following fundamental elements. a.Classification b.Identification and c.Nomenclature ​ a.CLASSIFICATION : The taxonomic classification system uses a ​ ​ hierarchical model.In the earlier days, when the number of species were limited, Aristotle used morphological differences as a criteria to group the ​ ​ organisms into plants and animals. But as numbers went up, this kind of classification didn’t hold and the organisms were classified into two kingdoms; plantae and animalia. This type of classification was easy to do but several organisms are difficult to classify into either of these kingdoms. Later, R.H. Whittaker has grouped the organisms using five kingdom ​ ​ classification namely Kingdom Monera, Protista.Fungi,Plantae and Animalia. TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION: 1.Artificial system :Classification based on one or few superficial ​ characters. e.g.Aristotle classified the living organisms on the basis of ​ ​ habitat into water,land and air. 2.Natural systems: Based on natural affinities; classification of organisms ​ according to relationships based on descent from a common ancestor. e.g.Bentham and Hooker’s classification of seed plants. ​ 3.Phylogenetic systems : based on phylogenetic relationships as well as ​ genetic relationships of organisms. e.g. Engler and Prantl’s classification of flowering plants. LEVELS OF TAXONOMY: Alpha taxonomy: It involves description and naming of organisms.Naming ​ is done as per Linnaeus system of nomenclature;this comes under ​ Classical Taxonomy . ​ ​ Beta taxonomy:Second stage of activity;relates to the search for a natural ​ ​ ​ system of classification;arrangement of species into a natural system of hierarchical categories based on easily observable,shared,structural features and evaluation of numerous characters. 3 Gamma taxonomy:It is concerned with description,inter-relationship and ​ evolution of one species from the other. TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES: ​ The taxonomic system of classification uses a hierarchical model.Taxonomic hierarchy refers to the sequence of categories in increasing or decreasing order where Kingdom occupies the highest rank.Each kingdom is a group of similar organisms and these organisms are further divided into different taxonomic categories. In his taxonomy,Linnaeus divided the natural world into three kingdoms;animal,plant and mineral kingdoms.He grouped organisms of plant and animal kingdoms using a hierarchy of levels and sublevels based on their similarities.The names of the levels in Linnaeus’s original taxonomy were kingdom,class,order,family,genus and species. 1.Kingdom: This is the highest level taxonomic category where all ​ organisms are placed in a particular kingdom based on the gross properties and is divided into sub-groups at various levels.There are five different kingdoms and few organisms are kept separately. 2.Phylum: Different organisms with similar properties are placed in the ​ ​ phylum and is more specific than the kingdom. e.g, Phylum chordata comprises animals containing central notochord for e.g. fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds etc. 3.Class: Different classes are present within a single phylum. ​ e.g.within phylum chordata, we have individual classes for fishes, amphibians, reptiles etc. 4.Order: Each class is divided into different orders based on the ​ ​ aggregate of character. Each class contains different families. For e.g., order carnivora includes families like felidae and cancidae. 5.Family: Individual order is divided into different families based on ​ ​ related genera. e.g. plants are placed in different families based on the reproductive features of the plants. 4 6.Genus: It comprises similar species which has common features. e.g., ​ ​ lion and leopard together are placed within the genus panthera. 7.Species: These are groups of organisms with fundamental ​ similarities. Species is the smallest and fundamental unit in the taxonomic classification.e.g. humans belong to the species sapiens. ​ ​ Therefore, complete classification of an organism involves seven names,proceeding in this order: 1. Kingdom 2.Phylum 3.Class 4. Order 5.Family 6. Genus 7.Species To distinguish different levels of similarity,each classifying group,called taxon is subdivided into other groups. Taxonomy hierarchy overview: ​ ● Domain : highest level constitutes three domains of life. ● Kingdom – the second most level constitutes five kingdoms. ● Phylum – a group of related classes. ● Class – a group of related orders. ● Order – a group of related families. ● Family – a group of related genera. ● Genus – a group of related species. ● Species – a group of similar organisms Domain: ​ Domain taxonomic level or rank was added in the taxonomic hierarchy in 1990.Linnaeus did not add the domain taxonomic ranks in his classification.The taxonomic level includes three life domains,such as Eukaryota, Archaea and Bacteria. 5 i)Eukaryota refers to all organisms living on earth.They are more ​ related to Archaea domain. ii)Archaea include single-celled organisms that are close to bacteria ​ and make habitats extreme environments. iii)Bacteria includes all the bacteria(single-celled microorganisms)found ​ in larger numbers than all animals and plants on the earth. The domain is the broadest category, while the species is the most specific category. ​TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY www.biologyonline.com ​ ​ ​ Fig:Carl Linnaeus’s, book ​ ​ “Systema Naturæ” (1758, 10th ed.) SYSTEMA NATURAE : is one of the major works of Swedish Botanist and ​ zoologist , Carl Linnaeus and introduced linnaean taxonomy. 6 As an example, the classification levels for the domestic dog are shown in the fig. below : ​ ​ ​ biologydictionary.net ​ FIG:The taxonomic classification system uses a hierarchical model .The common dog, Canis lupus ​ familiaris, is a subspecies of Canis lupus, which also includes the wolf and dingo. ● The group at each level is called a taxon. ● Carnivora-taxon at the order level. ● Canidae -at the family level. b.TAXONOMIC IDENTIFICATION: Recognition or the identity is an ​ ​ essential character of the organism.Taxonomists generally present organised written descriptions of the characteristics of similar species ​ 7 so that other biologists can identify the unknown organisms.These descriptions are referred as taxonomic keys. Keys: A scheme for identification of plants and animals based on ​ similarities and dissimilarities.Key refers to a set of alternate characters arranged in such a manner that helps in the identification of an organism by selecting or eliminating the characters according to their presence or absence in the organisms.Thus taxonomic keys are based on the contrasting characters.Separate taxonomic keys are used for each taxonomic category like species,genus,family etc. Keys are generally analytical in nature. Thus, a taxonomic key is a device for ​ quickly and easily identifying the species of an unknown organism.Most ​ ​ popular keys are dichotomous keys. ​ A dichotomous key is a tool to identify and classify objects ​ ​ (i.e.animals, plants, bacteria, etc.) into specific categories based on their characteristics. The dichotomous keys always present two ​ choices based on the key characteristics of the organism in each step. By correctly selecting the right choice at each stage, the user will be able to identify the name of the organism at the end. Taxonomists place organisms within a system of taxa(kingdom,phylum,class,order,family,genus,species) which reflect their perceived phylogenetic relationships. A taxonomic key is an outgrowth of a classification system which is ​ ​ a major tool used to identify organisms. c.NOMENCLATURE OF LIVING ORGANISMS : The science of giving ​ names to living beings is called nomenclature.The taxonomic classification is used to nomenclature the organism. Binomial nomenclature first proposed by Caspar Bauhin in his book ​ ​ ​ “PINAX”(1623). ​ ​ ​ Carolus Linnaeus proposed ‘Principles binomial nomenclature in his ​ book “Philosophia Botanica’(1751). ​ 8 Linnaeus first used this nomenclature system in his book ‘Species ​ ​ Plantarum’(1753). BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE : The taxonomic classification is used to nomenclature the
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