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A Brief History of Taxonomy Biological Classification

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A Brief History of Taxonomy Biological Classification TAXONOMY THE TREE OF LIFE EUKARYOTA This domain includes all of the plants, animals, and fungi, and some single-celled organisms. Eukaryotes are distinguished by their complex cells, which contain a membrane-enclosed nucleus. Humans Homo sapiens The creatures most familiar to us, Our species, primates in the animals, are members of the Animalia kingdom of the Animalia same kingdom. Eukaryota, is thought to have Fungi Mosquito Red first evolved in Africa about Pufferfish Junglefowl Roundworm Mouse 200,000 years ago. Genetically, Amoebozoa Chimpanzee our closest living relative Plantae is the chimpanzee. Archaeplastida Schizosaccharomyces pombe ARCHAEA Saccharomyces cerevisiae BACTERIA Caenorhabditis briggsae Caenorhabditis elegans Eremothecium gossypii These single-celled prokaryotic organisms often Chromalveolata Dictyostelium discoideum These single-celled prokaryotic organisms were among Cyanidioschyzon merolae live in extreme environmental conditions. Once Excavata Arabidopsis thaliana the first life forms to appear on Earth. Often spherical, Plasmodium falciparum considered to be Bacteria, these microorganisms Cryptosporidium hominis rod-like, or spiral in shape, these microorganisms Thalassiosira pseudonana Oryza sativa Anopheles gambiae Drosophila melanogaster Takifugu rubripes Danio rerio are now recognized as a separate domain of life. Gallus gallus function without a membrane-enclosed cell nucleus. Rattus norvegicus Mus musculus Methanococcus jannaschii Leishmania major Homo sapiens Pan troglodytes Methanococcus maripaludi Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis Giardia lamblia Clostridium acetobutylicum Clostridium tetani Methanopyrus kandleri Clostridium perfringens Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris thermautotrophicumMethanobacterium Mycoplasma mycoides Mycoplasma mobile Pyrococcus abyssi Pyrococcus furiosus Pyrococcus furiosus Pyrococcus horikoshii Mycoplasma pulmonis Ureaplasma parvum Anthrax This species of Archaea, found Mycoplasma penetrans Bacillus anthracis Methanosarcina mazei in extremely hot conditions near Methanosarcina acetivorans Mycoplasma gallissepticum hydrothermal vents, thrives at This deadly bacteria infected Mycoplasma pneumoniae temperatures between 158°F and Halobacterium sp. NRC−1 hundreds of thousands of Mycoplasma genitalium 217°F (70°-100°C). In addition to people and animals every its unique habitat, P. furiosus is Archaeoglobus fulgidus Staphylococcus epidermidis year until a vaccine was Thermoplasma acidophilum also unusual for having enzymes Staphylococcus aureus MW2 developed by Louis HOMINIDS containing tungsten, a very rare Great Apes Pasteur in 1881. Thermoplasma volcanium Staphylococcus aureus N315 element in living organisms. Staphylococcus aureus Mu50 Sulfolobus solfataricus Listeria innocua Sulfolobus tokodaii Listeria monocytogenes F2365 Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e Aeropyrum pernix Pyrobaculum aerophilum Oceanobacillus iheyensis Nanoarchaeum equitans Bacillus halodurans Bacillus subtilis Shigella flexneri 2a 301 Shigella flexneri 2a 2457T Bacillus anthracis Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 Escherichia coli K12 Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987 Escherichia coli O6 Lactobacillus johnsonii Escherichia coli O157:H7 Lactobacillus plantarum Escherichia coli EDL933 Enterococcus faecalis Salmonella typhi Lactococcus lactis Salmonella enterica Streptococcus pneumoniae R6 Salmonella typhimurium Streptococcus pneumoniae TIGR4 Streptococcus mutans Yersinia pestis CO92 Streptococcus agalactiae II Yersinia pestis KIM Streptococcus agalactiae Yersinia pestis Medievalis Streptococcus pyogenes M1 Photorhabdus luminescens Streptococcus pyogenes MGAS8232 Buchnera aphidicola Sg Streptococcus pyogenes MGAS315 Buchnera aphidicola APS Streptococcus pyogenes SSI−1 Buchnera aphidicola Bp Fibrobacter succinogenes Wigglesworthia brevipalpis Chlorobium tepidum Blochmannia floridanus LUCA Porphyromonas gingivalis LAST UNIVERSAL COMMON ANCESTOR Haemophilus influenzae Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron A single-celled organism living more than 3.5 BYA. Pasteurella multocida Chlamydia muridarum Haemophilus ducreyi Chlamydia trachomatis Chlamydophila caviae Vibrio vulnificus CMCP6 Chlamydophila pneumoniae TW183 Vibrio vulnificus YJ016 Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 Vibrio parahaemolyticus Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL02 Vibrio cholerae Chlamydophila pneumoniae AR39 Photobacterium profundum Gemmata obscuriglobus Shewanella oneidensis Rhodopirellula baltica Pseudomonas syringae Leptospira interrogans L1−130 Pseudomonas putida Leptospira interrogans 56601 Borrelia burgdorferi Pseudomonas aeruginosa Treponema pallidum Xanthomonas campestris Treponema denticola Xanthomonas axonopodis Bifidobacterium longum Xylella fastidiosa 9a5c Tropheryma whipplei TW08/27 Xylella fastidiosa 700964 Coxiella burnetii Tropheryma whipplei Twist Streptomyces avermitilis Bordetella bronchiseptica Streptomyces coelicolor Corynebacterium diphtheriae Bordetella parapertussis Bordetella pertussis Corynebacterium efficiens Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 Ralstonia solanacearum Corynebacterium glutamicum Neisseria meningitidis B Mycobacterium paratuberculosis Neisseria meningitidis A Mycobacterium leprae Mycobacterium bovis Chromobacterium violaceum Mycobacterium tuberculosis CDC1551 Nitrosomonas europaea Brucella melitensisBrucella suis Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv Fusobacterium nucleatum Rhizobium loti WashU Aquifex aeolicus Thermotoga maritima C58 Cereon Dehalococcoides ethenogenes Thermus thermophilus Deinococcus radiodurans This phylogenetic tree of life Agrobacterium tumefaciens Rhizobium meliloti Gloeobacter violaceus Synechococcus elongatus Agrobacterium tumefaciens uses genome sequencing data to Nostoc sp. PCC 712 Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 map the relationships between Prochlorococcus marinus CCMP1378 Prochlorococcus marinus SS12 Bradyrhizobium japonicum Synechococcus sp. WH8102 Prochlorococcus marinus MIT9313 Acidobacterium capsulatum Solibacter usitatus 191 different species in the three Rickettsia conorii Caulobacter crescentus Rhodopseudomonas palustris domains of life: Eukaryota, Rickettsia prowazekii Wolbachia sp. wMel Bacteria, and Archaea. Helicobacter pylori J99 Helicobacter pylori 26695 Helicobacter hepaticus Campylobacter jejuni All life on Earth shares one Wolinella succinogenes Desulfovibrio vulgaris common ancestor, and is thought Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus Geobacter sulfurreducens to include between 10 million and 30 million different species. http://itol.embl.de/ A BRIEF HISTORY OF TAXONOMY 1977 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION American microbiologist Carl Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying different life forms. Oral traditions of taxonomy Woese defines the Archaea Scientists refer to a specific life form using its predate writing and were first used when human ancestors described different food sources, predators, as separate domain of life, Genus and species classifications. This naming and medicinal or poisonous plants. The advent of writing enabled more detailed, recorded taxonomies. introducing the three-domain technique is called binomial nomenclature. system used today. Domain ASIAN ELEPHANT BCE 3000 2000 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 Kingdom Eukaryota Phylum Animalia Chordata 3000 BCE 1500 BCE 384 - 322 BCE 1516 - 1565 1656 - 1708 1707 - 1778 Class Mammalia Chinese Emperor Shen Egyptian wall paintings Greek philosopher Swiss scholar Conrad French botanist Joseph Swedish botanist Carl Proboscidea Nung tests hundreds and preserved scrolls Aristotle launches the von Gesner publishes a Pitton de Tournefort Linnaeus publishes The Order Elephantidae of herbs for medicinal classify different plant western tradition of five-volume compendium classifies about 9,000 System of Nature in 1735, Elephas value. species by name. taxonomy by classifying of then-known life forms species in 698 genera. becoming the father of Family Maximus plants and animals by their in the 1550s. modern taxonomy. Linnaeus size, habitat, and methods placed humans among the Genus of reproduction. primates and used binomial Elephas maximus nomenclature to classify us Species as Homo sapiens. GENUS SPECIES.
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