TAXONOMY THE TREE OF LIFE EUKARYOTA This domain includes all of the plants, animals, and fungi, and some single-celled organisms. Eukaryotes are distinguished by their complex cells, which contain a membrane-enclosed nucleus. Humans Homo sapiens
The creatures most familiar to us, Our species, primates in the animals, are members of the Animalia kingdom of the Animalia same kingdom. Eukaryota, is thought to have
Fungi Mosquito Red first evolved in Africa about Pufferfish Junglefowl Roundworm Mouse 200,000 years ago. Genetically, Amoebozoa Chimpanzee our closest living relative Plantae is the chimpanzee. Archaeplastida
Schizosaccharomyces pombe ARCHAEA Saccharomyces cerevisiae BACTERIA
Caenorhabditis briggsae
Caenorhabditis elegans
Eremothecium gossypii These single-celled prokaryotic organisms often Chromalveolata Dictyostelium discoideum These single-celled prokaryotic organisms were among
Cyanidioschyzon merolae live in extreme environmental conditions. Once Excavata Arabidopsis thaliana the first life forms to appear on Earth. Often spherical,
Plasmodium falciparum considered to be Bacteria, these microorganisms Cryptosporidium hominis rod-like, or spiral in shape, these microorganisms Thalassiosira pseudonana Oryza sativa Anopheles gambiae
Drosophila melanogaster
Takifugu rubripes
Danio rerio
are now recognized as a separate domain of life. Gallus gallus function without a membrane-enclosed cell nucleus.
Rattus norvegicus
Mus musculus
Methanococcus jannaschii Leishmania major Homo sapiens
Pan troglodytes
Methanococcus maripaludi Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis Giardia lamblia Clostridium acetobutylicum
Clostridium tetani Methanopyrus kandleri Clostridium perfringens
Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris
thermautotrophicumMethanobacterium Mycoplasma mycoides
Mycoplasma mobile Pyrococcus abyssi Pyrococcus furiosus Pyrococcus furiosus Pyrococcus horikoshii Mycoplasma pulmonis
Ureaplasma parvum Anthrax
This species of Archaea, found Mycoplasma penetrans Bacillus anthracis Methanosarcina mazei in extremely hot conditions near Methanosarcina acetivorans Mycoplasma gallissepticum hydrothermal vents, thrives at This deadly bacteria infected Mycoplasma pneumoniae temperatures between 158°F and Halobacterium sp. NRC−1 hundreds of thousands of Mycoplasma genitalium 217°F (70°-100°C). In addition to people and animals every its unique habitat, P. furiosus is Archaeoglobus fulgidus Staphylococcus epidermidis year until a vaccine was Thermoplasma acidophilum also unusual for having enzymes Staphylococcus aureus MW2 developed by Louis HOMINIDS containing tungsten, a very rare Great Apes Pasteur in 1881. Thermoplasma volcanium Staphylococcus aureus N315 element in living organisms. Staphylococcus aureus Mu50 Sulfolobus solfataricus Listeria innocua
Sulfolobus tokodaii Listeria monocytogenes F2365
Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e Aeropyrum pernix
Pyrobaculum aerophilum Oceanobacillus iheyensis
Nanoarchaeum equitans Bacillus halodurans
Bacillus subtilis Shigella flexneri 2a 301
Shigella flexneri 2a 2457T Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579
Escherichia coli K12 Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987
Escherichia coli O6 Lactobacillus johnsonii
Escherichia coli O157:H7 Lactobacillus plantarum
Escherichia coli EDL933 Enterococcus faecalis
Salmonella typhi Lactococcus lactis
Salmonella enterica Streptococcus pneumoniae R6
Salmonella typhimurium Streptococcus pneumoniae TIGR4
Streptococcus mutans Yersinia pestis CO92
Streptococcus agalactiae II Yersinia pestis KIM
Streptococcus agalactiae Yersinia pestis Medievalis
Streptococcus pyogenes M1 Photorhabdus luminescens
Streptococcus pyogenes MGAS8232 Buchnera aphidicola Sg Streptococcus pyogenes MGAS315 Buchnera aphidicola APS Streptococcus pyogenes SSI−1
Buchnera aphidicola Bp Fibrobacter succinogenes
Wigglesworthia brevipalpis Chlorobium tepidum
Blochmannia floridanus LUCA Porphyromonas gingivalis LAST UNIVERSAL COMMON ANCESTOR Haemophilus influenzae Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron A single-celled organism living more than 3.5 BYA. Pasteurella multocida Chlamydia muridarum
Haemophilus ducreyi Chlamydia trachomatis
Chlamydophila caviae Vibrio vulnificus CMCP6
Chlamydophila pneumoniae TW183 Vibrio vulnificus YJ016
Chlamydophila pneumoniae J138 Vibrio parahaemolyticus Chlamydophila pneumoniae CWL02 Vibrio cholerae
Chlamydophila pneumoniae AR39
Photobacterium profundum Gemmata obscuriglobus
Shewanella oneidensis Rhodopirellula baltica
Pseudomonas syringae Leptospira interrogans L1−130
Pseudomonas putida Leptospira interrogans 56601
Borrelia burgdorferi Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Treponema pallidum Xanthomonas campestris
Treponema denticola Xanthomonas axonopodis Bifidobacterium longum Xylella fastidiosa 9a5c
Tropheryma whipplei TW08/27
Xylella fastidiosa 700964 Coxiella burnetii Tropheryma whipplei Twist
Streptomyces avermitilis
Bordetella bronchiseptica Streptomyces coelicolor
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Bordetella parapertussis
Bordetella pertussis Corynebacterium efficiens
Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 Ralstonia solanacearum Corynebacterium glutamicum
Neisseria meningitidis B Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Neisseria meningitidis A Mycobacterium leprae
Mycobacterium bovis
Chromobacterium violaceum Mycobacterium tuberculosis CDC1551 Nitrosomonas europaea Brucella melitensisBrucella suis Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv
Fusobacterium nucleatum Rhizobium loti WashU Aquifex aeolicus
Thermotoga maritima
C58 Cereon Dehalococcoides ethenogenes
Thermus thermophilus
Deinococcus radiodurans This phylogenetic tree of life Agrobacterium tumefaciens Rhizobium meliloti Gloeobacter violaceus
Synechococcus elongatus Agrobacterium tumefaciens uses genome sequencing data to Nostoc sp. PCC 712 Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 map the relationships between Prochlorococcus marinus CCMP1378
Prochlorococcus marinus SS12 Bradyrhizobium japonicum Synechococcus sp. WH8102
Prochlorococcus marinus MIT9313
Acidobacterium capsulatum Solibacter usitatus 191 different species in the three Rickettsia conorii
Caulobacter crescentus Rhodopseudomonas palustris domains of life: Eukaryota,
Rickettsia prowazekii Wolbachia sp. wMel Bacteria, and Archaea.
Helicobacter pylori J99 Helicobacter pylori 26695
Helicobacter hepaticus Campylobacter jejuni All life on Earth shares one Wolinella succinogenes Desulfovibrio vulgaris common ancestor, and is thought
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus Geobacter sulfurreducens to include between 10 million and 30 million different species.
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A BRIEF HISTORY OF TAXONOMY 1977 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION American microbiologist Carl Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying different life forms. Oral traditions of taxonomy Woese defines the Archaea Scientists refer to a specific life form using its predate writing and were first used when human ancestors described different food sources, predators, as separate domain of life, Genus and species classifications. This naming and medicinal or poisonous plants. The advent of writing enabled more detailed, recorded taxonomies. introducing the three-domain technique is called binomial nomenclature. system used today. Domain ASIAN ELEPHANT BCE 3000 2000 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 Kingdom Eukaryota Phylum Animalia Chordata 3000 BCE 1500 BCE 384 - 322 BCE 1516 - 1565 1656 - 1708 1707 - 1778 Class Mammalia Chinese Emperor Shen Egyptian wall paintings Greek philosopher Swiss scholar Conrad French botanist Joseph Swedish botanist Carl Proboscidea Nung tests hundreds and preserved scrolls Aristotle launches the von Gesner publishes a Pitton de Tournefort Linnaeus publishes The Order Elephantidae of herbs for medicinal classify different plant western tradition of five-volume compendium classifies about 9,000 System of Nature in 1735, Elephas value. species by name. taxonomy by classifying of then-known life forms species in 698 genera. becoming the father of Family Maximus plants and animals by their in the 1550s. modern taxonomy. Linnaeus size, habitat, and methods placed humans among the Genus of reproduction. primates and used binomial Elephas maximus nomenclature to classify us Species as Homo sapiens. GENUS SPECIES