DOCSLIB.ORG

Rules of Botanical Nomenclature

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rules of Botanical Nomenclature Taxonomy Prof.(Dr.) Punam Jeswal Head M.Sc semester II Botany Department Rules of Botanical Nomenclature Definition - Nomenclature is the art of naming of objects, which deals with the determination of a correct name to a known plant or to a known taxon. The names indeed correspond to the sentence, as both constitute meaningful collection of words. A name indicates a noun that helps in the quick identification, easy communication and economy of memory about the object to which it is concerned. Types of Names - The names according to their range of audience, language, territorial coverage and governance are of two types :- 1. Common or vernacular names. 2. International or scientific names. Common or Vernacular Names - These names are of the locals, by the locals, for the locals, in the local dialect. That is when a local plant is named by native people for the identification and communication to the other people of the same territory in their won local dialect, it is referred to as local or common or vernacular name. The fundamental demerits of this name are that they have limited audience, small territorial coverage and not governed under any set of principles or rules and even the same plant may have more than one name in the same locality. Another demerit of concern regarding these names is presence of synonyms in the languages therefore; the same plant may have a variety of names at different places in different languages. As for instance, mango(Mangifera indica) posses more than fifty names in Sanskrit only and lotus is known by more than two dozen names in Sanskrit and Hindi languages. International or Scientific Names - To omit all the demerits and confusions of the common or vernacular names, standard scientific names are applied to every species, which are methodical and internationally communicable. These names have passed through three different phases each characterized by a specific system of nomenclature such as :- 1. Polynomial 2. Trinomial 3. Binomial Polynomial System - About the middle of 18th century, the names of plants used to have comprised of several words or epithets. This system was considered as Polynomial System of nomenclature. As for instance, George Bentham used the name Caryophyllum foliis gramineus umbellatis corymbis to represent Caryophyllum, with grass like leaves and flowers in umbellate corymbs. Similarly, Linnaeus (1738) himself, named a species Plantago foliis ovatis glabris. Such long descriptive names were very cumbersome and contrary to the fundamental philosophy of nomenclature, thus became inconvenient with increase in number of plants. Trinomial System - In this system, the names appeared consisting of three epithets each representing the genus, species and sub-species respectively. In animal nomenclature, this system is widely employed and officially recognized. However, in plant nomenclature the system has limited use only for assigning infraspecific categories in case of closely allied species. Moreover, in general it is not so widely practiced as the binomial system. Binomial System - Caspar Bauhin (1560-1624) and Rivinus (1623) used a system of nomenclature in which the names of a plant consists of two words, a generic name and a specific epithet, which together formed a binomial combination or binary epithet in their work. It is interesting to note that Carolus Linnaeus was the first to use the binomial system of nomenclature and even changed his own name from Karl Von Linne to Carolus Linnaeus based on binomial nomenclature system. He proposed some rules related to the binomial nomenclature in "Fundamenta Botanica" (1736). "Critica Botanica" (1737), "Philoshophia Botanica" (1751), "Species Plantarum" (1753) and "Systema Naturae" (1758), which are still in use. The binomial system of nomenclature employed for the first as a whole in ”Species Plantarum" (1753). According to the system of binomial nomenclature the name of a plant consists of two Latin or Latinized words, the first generic epithet represents the genus and the second specific epithet representing the species. 1. Generic Epithet : The Genus a) It is noun or adjective used as noun, which constitutes the first epithet of the binary combination. b) It is written with an initial capital letter of roman script, underlined in hand writing and italicized in printing. c) It is invariably in Latin or Latinized if derived from any other language. 2. Specific Epithet : The Species - a) It is an adjective or noun used as adjective which constitutes the second epithet of the binary combination. b) It is written with an initial small letter of roman script, underlined separately in hand writing and italicized in printing. c) It is invariably in Latin or Latinized if derived from any other language. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Report on the Fourth Botanical Nomenclature Course Organized by the Botanical Survey of India at Shillong
    A REPORT ON THE FOURTH BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE COURSE ORGANIZED BY THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA AT SHILLONG P. LAKSHMINARASIMHAN,1 N. ODYUO,2 CHAYA DEORI,2 DEEPU VIJAYAN,2 DAVID L. BIATE,2 AND KANCHI N. GANDHI3 The Botanical Survey of India (BSI) held its fourth al., 2018) and a user’s guide to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature Course on January 27–31, 2020 Nomenclature (Turland, 2019). at BSI-Eastern Regional Centre (BSI-ERC), Shillong. The Chaya Deori (BSI-ERC) anchored the inaugural activities. course drew 66 participants from across the country, including Odyuo gave a welcome speech, followed by remarks 45 from outside BSI (Fig. 1). Ashiho A. Mao, director of BSI, from Lakshminarasimhan, Gandhi, and chief guest Mao. was the convener of the course; P. Lakshminarasimhan, ex- Rajalakshmi Prasad and Anupama Jayasimha (former joint director of BSI, and Nripemo Odyuo, head, BSI-ERC, students of Gandhi’s at National College, Bengaluru) were served as the coordinator and facilitator, respectively. Kanchi the guests of honor. Uma Shankar (North-Eastern Hill N. Gandhi served as the course director. Participants were University, Shillong) also attended the inaugural function. provided with the latest International Code of Nomenclature Gandhi began the course with a historical review of for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code; Turland et botanical nomenclature. He provided a detailed review of FIGURE 1. Fourth Botanical Nomenclature Course organized by the Botanical Survey of India at Shillong. Delegates of the course. We thank A. R. Brach (A, GH) for helpful suggestions on the text, C. M. Gallagher, and D.
    [Show full text]
  • Linn E and Taxonomy in Japan: on the 300Th Anniversary of His Birth
    No. 3] Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B 86 (2010) 143 Linne and taxonomy in Japan: On the 300th anniversary of his birth By Akihito (His Majesty The Emperor of Japan) (Communicated by Koichiro TSUNEWAKI, M.J.A.) President, dear friends bers of stamens belonged to dierent classes, even when their other characteristics were very similar, I am very grateful to the Linnean Society of while species with the same number of stamens be- London for the kind invitation it extended to me to longed to the same class, even when their other participate in the celebration of the 300th anniver- characteristics were very dierent. This led to the sary of the birth of Carl von Linne. When, in 1980, I idea that the classication of organisms should be was elected as a foreign member of the Society, I felt based on a more comprehensive evaluation of all I did not really deserve the honour, but it has given their characteristics. This idea gained increasing me great encouragement as I have tried to continue support, and Linne’s classication system was even- my research, nding time between my ofcial duties. tually replaced by systems based on phylogeny. Today, I would like to speak in memory of Carl The binomial nomenclature proposed by Linne, von Linne, and address the question of how Euro- however, became the basis of the scientic names of pean scholarship has developed in Japan, touching animals and plants, which are commonly used in the upon the work of people like Carl Peter Thunberg, world today, not only by people in academia but also Linne’s disciple who stayed in Japan for a year as by the general public.
    [Show full text]
  • Biology 302-Systematic Botany
    Biology 302 – Field Systematic Botany “Nomina si nescis, perit et cognitio rerum” (If you do not know the names of things, the knowledge of them is useless) Summer II 2013 Linneaus Critica Botanica 1737 Instructor Dr. Ross A. McCauley Office: 447 Berndt Hall Office phone: 970-247-7338 E-mail: [email protected] Webpage: http://faculty.fortlewis.edu/mccauley_r/index.html Office hours: MWR 10:00 am-12:10 pm and by appointment Course information Meeting time and place: Lecture/Lab MWR 8:00–10: 00 am, Berndt 440; Field T 8:00 am – 4:30 pm. The lab and herbarium will be open and available for independent work until at least noon on all class days. Required texts: Judd, W. S., C. S. Campbell, E. A. Kellogg, P. F. Stevens and M. J. Donoghue. 2008. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, 3rd Edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA. ISBN: 978-0-87893-407-2 Weber, W. A. and R. C. Wittmann. 2012. Colorado Flora: Western Slope, 4th edition. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, CO. ISBN: 978-1-60732-142-2 Harris, J. G. and M. W. Harris. 2001. Plant Identification Terminology, 2nd edition, Spring Lake Publishing, Spring Lake, UT. ISBN: 978-0-96402-216-4 Required Supplies (available at FLC bookstore – probably not shelved with textbooks – ask clerk for assistance) 10x handlens 1 Rite-in-the-Rain, Horizontal Line All-Weather Notebook, No. 391 Course Website: http://moodle.fortlewis.edu I will use Moodle as a repository for any lecture material and plant lists. Most of these will also be made available in class.
    [Show full text]
  • Alyssum) and the Correct Name of the Goldentuft Alyssum
    ARNOLDIA VE 1 A continuation of the BULLETIN OF POPULAR INFORMATION of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University VOLUME 26 JUNE 17, 1966 NUMBERS 6-7 ORNAMENTAL MADWORTS (ALYSSUM) AND THE CORRECT NAME OF THE GOLDENTUFT ALYSSUM of the standard horticultural reference works list the "Madworts" as MANYa group of annuals, biennials, perennials or subshrubs in the family Cru- ciferae, which with the exception of a few species, including the goldentuft mad- wort, are not widely cultivated. The purposes of this article are twofold. First, to inform interested gardeners, horticulturists and plantsmen that this exception, with a number of cultivars, does not belong to the genus Alyssum, but because of certain critical and technical characters, should be placed in the genus Aurinia of the same family. The second goal is to emphasize that many species of the "true" .~lyssum are notable ornamentals and merit greater popularity and cul- tivation. The genus Alyssum (now containing approximately one hundred and ninety species) was described by Linnaeus in 1753 and based on A. montanum, a wide- spread European species which is cultivated to a limited extent only. However, as medicinal and ornamental garden plants the genus was known in cultivation as early as 1650. The name Alyssum is of Greek derivation : a meaning not, and lyssa alluding to madness, rage or hydrophobia. Accordingly, the names Mad- wort and Alyssum both refer to the plant’s reputation as an officinal herb. An infu- sion concocted from the leaves and flowers was reputed to have been administered as a specific antidote against madness or the bite of a rabid dog.
    [Show full text]
  • Botanical Nomenclature: Concept, History of Botanical Nomenclature
    Module – 15; Content writer: AvishekBhattacharjee Module 15: Botanical Nomenclature: Concept, history of botanical nomenclature (local and scientific) and its advantages, formation of code. Content writer: Dr.AvishekBhattacharjee, Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, P.O. – B. Garden, Howrah – 711 103. Module – 15; Content writer: AvishekBhattacharjee Botanical Nomenclature:Concept – A name is a handle by which a mental image is passed. Names are just labels we use to ensure we are understood when we communicate. Nomenclature is a mechanism for unambiguous communication about the elements of taxonomy. Botanical Nomenclature, i.e. naming of plants is that part of plant systematics dealing with application of scientific names to plants according to some set rules. It is related to, but distinct from taxonomy. A botanical name is a unique identifier to which information of a taxon can be attached, thus enabling the movement of data across languages, scientific disciplines, and electronic retrieval systems. A plant’s name permits ready summarization of information content of the taxon in a nested framework. A systemofnamingplantsforscientificcommunicationmustbe international inscope,andmustprovideconsistencyintheapplicationof names.Itmustalsobeacceptedbymost,ifnotall,membersofthe scientific community. These criteria led, almost inevitably, to International Botanical Congresses (IBCs) being the venue at which agreement on a system of scientific nomenclature for plants was sought. The IBCs led to publication of different ‘Codes’ which embodied the rules and regulations of botanical nomenclature and the decisions taken during these Congresses. Advantages ofBotanical Nomenclature: Though a common name may be much easier to remember, there are several good reasons to use botanical names for plant identification. Common names are not unique to a specific plant.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomenclatura,Íntimamen- De Losnombrescientíficosnohasidounatareafácil
    Los humanos clasificamos con el fin de lograr un orden y un manejo más fácil y adecuado de los objetos con los que La trabajamos. Entre los biólogos esta labor es fundamental para establecer códigos de comunicación que permitan ubicar el tipo de organismos que se investigan. Si bien las nomenclatura discusiones y sus resultados han sido parte de un lento y a veces complejo trabajo que ha ido evolucionando con los botánica en nuevos horizontes en la investigación, llegar a acuerdos en las comunidades científicas a nivel mundial en el terreno de los nombres científicos no ha sido una tarea fácil. la sistemática La taxonomía es la ciencia de la clasificación de los gru- pos de organismos, mientras la nomenclatura, íntimamen- te asociada a la taxonomía desde sus orígenes más remotos, del siglo XXI tiene como meta el poner un orden universal en la acepta- ción de nombres a diferentes niveles jerárquicos. Desde hace siglos ha sido imprescindible dar un nombre estable a toda especie y demás categorías que se describen a fin de que se le reconozca en un “idioma” universal. Las nomen- claturas taxonómicas botánica y zoológica se rigen por có- digos internacionales que se aprueban en congresos de este tipo. En general los códigos consisten en reglas, ar tícu- los y suplementos con recomendaciones, que en muchos casos son muy complejos. En el caso de las plantas, el código de referencia es el International Code of Nomenclature que se aprueba en los congresos internacionales periódicos de la International As- sociation for Plant Taxonomy. Las actualizaciones del código se llevan a cabo después de las reuniones de cada congreso, generalmente identificando el código con el nombre de la ciudad sede del congreso.
    [Show full text]
  • Principles of Plant Taxonomy Bot
    PRINCIPLES OF PLANT TAXONOMY BOT 222 Dr. M. Ajmal Ali, PhD 1 What is Taxonomy / Systematics ? Animal group No. of species Amphibians 6,199 Birds 9,956 Fish 30,000 Mammals 5,416 Tundra Reptiles 8,240 Subtotal 59,811 Grassland Forest Insects 950,000 Molluscs 81,000 Q: Why we keep the stuffs of our home Crustaceans 40,000 at the fixed place or arrange into some Corals 2,175 kinds of system? Desert Others 130,200 Rain forest Total 1,203,375 • Every Human being is a Taxonomist Plants No. of species Mosses 15,000 Ferns and allies 13,025 Gymnosperms 980 Dicotyledons 199,350 Monocotyledons 59,300 Green Algae 3,715 Red Algae 5,956 Lichens 10,000 Mushrooms 16,000 Brown Algae 2,849 Subtotal 28,849 Total 1,589,361 • We have millions of different kind of plants, animals and microorganism. We need to scientifically identify, name and classify all the living organism. • Taxonomy / Systematics is the branch of science deals with classification of organism. 2 • Q. What is Plant Taxonomy / Plant systematics We study plants because: Plants convert Carbon dioxide gas into Every things we eat comes Plants produce oxygen. We breathe sugars through the process of directly or indirectly from oxygen. We cannot live without photosynthesis. plants. oxygen. Many chemicals produced by the Study of plants science helps to Study of plants science helps plants used as learn more about the natural Plants provide fibres for paper or fabric. to conserve endangered medicine. world plants. We have millions of different kind of plants, animals and microorganism.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Review of Systematic Biology and Nomenclature - Alessandro Minelli
    BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE FUNDAMENTALS AND SYSTEMATICS – Vol. II - Historical Review of Systematic Biology and Nomenclature - Alessandro Minelli HISTORICAL REVIEW OF SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY AND NOMENCLATURE Alessandro Minelli Department of Biology, Via U. Bassi 58B, I-35131, Padova,Italy Keywords: Aristotle, Belon, Cesalpino, Ray, Linnaeus, Owen, Lamarck, Darwin, von Baer, Haeckel, Sokal, Sneath, Hennig, Mayr, Simpson, species, taxa, phylogeny, phenetic school, phylogenetic school, cladistics, evolutionary school, nomenclature, natural history museums. Contents 1. The Origins 2. From Classical Antiquity to the Renaissance Encyclopedias 3. From the First Monographers to Linnaeus 4. Concepts and Definitions: Species, Homology, Analogy 5. The Impact of Evolutionary Theory 6. The Last Few Decades 7. Nomenclature 8. Natural History Collections Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary The oldest roots of biological systematics are found in folk taxonomies, which are nearly universally developed by humankind to cope with the diversity of the living world. The logical background to the first modern attempts to rationalize the classifications was provided by Aristotle's logic, as embodied in Cesalpino's 16th century classification of plants. Major advances were provided in the following century by Ray, who paved the way for the work of Linnaeus, the author of standard treatises still regarded as the starting point of modern classification and nomenclature. Important conceptual progress was due to the French comparative anatomists of the early 19th century UNESCO(Cuvier, Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire) – andEOLSS to the first work in comparative embryology of von Baer. Biological systematics, however, was still searching for a unifying principle that could provide the foundation for a natural, rather than conventional, classification.SAMPLE This principle wasCHAPTERS provided by evolutionary theory: its effects on classification are already present in Lamarck, but their full deployment only happened in the 20th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Plant Collection and Identification
    GUIDE TO PLANT COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION by Jane M. Bowles PhD Originally prepared for a workshop in Plant Identification for the Ministry of Natural Resources in 1982. Edited and revised for the UWO Herbarium Workshop in Plant Collection and Identification, 2004 © Jane M. Bowles, 2004 -0- CHAPTER 1 THE NAMES OF PLANTS The history of plant nomenclature: Humans have always had a need to classify objects in the world about them. It is the only means they have of acquiring and passing on knowledge. The need to recognize and describe plants has always been especially important because of their use for food and medicinal purposes. The commonest, showiest or most useful plants were given common names, but usually these names varied from country to country and often from district to district. Scholars and herbalists knew the plants by a long, descriptive, Latin sentence. For example Cladonia rangiferina, the common "Reindeer Moss", was described as Muscus coralloides perforatum (The perforated, coral-like moss). Not only was this system unwieldy, but it too varied from user to user and with the use of the plant. In the late 16th century, Casper Bauhin devised a system of using just two names for each plant, but it was not universally adopted until the Swedish naturalist, Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) set about methodically classifying and naming the whole of the natural world. The names of plants: In 1753, Linnaeus published his "Species Plantarum". The modern names of nearly all plants date from this work or obey the conventions laid down in it. The scientific name for an organism consists of two words: i) the genus or generic name, ii) the specific epithet.
    [Show full text]
  • My Education in Botanical Nomenclature Began at Least As Far
    EDITORIAL: THE GOVERNANCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CODE OF NOMENCLATURE—MY SLOW LEARNING EXPERIENCE. The Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (formerly the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature) is an important document of international law (http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php). It tells us how the scientific names of plants, new and old, should be applied—what the correct name of a plant is given a particular taxonomy. One might think that the Code is governed by some international institution or organization such as the United Nations or the International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT), but it is not. It is loosely associated with International Botanical Congresses, a tradition over 100 years old. In between congresses, a series of committees makes decisions about nomenclature and these are then nearly always approved at the next International Botanical Congress (IBC). I did not clearly realize how the governance of nomenclature functioned until recently, about 48 years after I was first introduced to the concept of botanical nomenclature. My education in botanical nomenclature began in 1968 when I took "Plant Taxonomy" from my revered Professor John L. Morrison at the New York State College of Forestry in Syracuse, New York, USA. One lesson I was supposed to learn about botanical nomenclature in Morrison's class (but didn't really learn until after the final exam) was that in practice it is a peaceful form of international cooperation in which all the participants agree that they will follow certain rules about how plants are named, but there is no one imposing those rules.
    [Show full text]
  • An Illustrated Key to the Ferns of Oregon
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Helen Patricia O'Donahue Pembrook for the Master of Arts (Name) (Degree) Systematic Botany (Major) Date thesis is presented March 8, 1963 Title AN ILLUSTRATED KEY TO THE FERNS OF OREGON Abstract approved IIIII (Major professor) The purpose of the work is to enable students of botany to identify accurately Oregon ferns, both as living plants and as dried speci- mens. Therefore, it provides vegetative keys to the families, genera and species of the ferns (Class FILICINAE) found in Oregon. Correct names have been determined using the latest available information and in accordance with 1961 edition of the International Code of Botan- ical Nomenclature. The synonomy, a description, and original draw- ings of each species and subspecific taxon are included. An illustrated glossary and a technical glossary have been prepared to explain and clarify the descriptive terms used. There is also a bibliography of the literature used in the preparation of the paper. The class FILICINAE is represented in Oregon by 4 families, 20 genera, 45 or 46 species, 4 of which are represented by more than one subspecies or variety. One species, Botrychium pumicola Coville, is endemic. The taxa are distributed as follows: OPHIO- GLOSSACEAE, 2 genera: Botrychium, 7 species, 1 represented by 2 subspecies, 1 by 2 varieties; Ophioglossum, 1 species. POLYPODI- ACEAE, 15 genera: Woodsia., 2 species; Cystopteris, 1 species; Dryopteris, 6 species; Polystichum, 5 species, 1 represented by 2 distinct varieties; Athyrium, 2 species; Asplenium, 2 species; Stru- thiopteris, 1 species; Woodwardia, 1 species; Pitrogramma, 1 spe- cies; Pellaea, 4 species; Cheilanthes, 3 or 4 species; Cryptogramma, 1 species; Adiantum, 2 species; Pteridium, 1 species; Polypodium, 2 species, 1 represented by 2 varieties.
    [Show full text]
  • Nannoplankton Taxonomy and the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (ICN)
    Proc. 14th INA Conf., Reston VA, USA (Guest Ed. J. Self-Trail) J. Nannoplankton Res. 35 (2), 2015, pp.141-154 © 2015 International Nannoplankton Association 141 ISSN 1210-8049 Printed by The Sheridan Press, USA Nannoplankton taxonomy and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) Richard W. Jordan Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan; [email protected] Manuscript received 2nd June, 2015; revised manuscript accepted 1st July, 2015 Abstract In 2012, the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants was published, which has ramifications for nannoplankton workers. The main changes that are relevant to us are: 1) certain forms of electronic publication are now acceptable, 2) English instead of Latin may now be used in descriptions and diagnoses of extant organisms, and 3) the morphotaxon concept for fossil plants and algae has been abandoned. Furthermore, names of genera based on extant types now have priority over those based on fossil types. This may cause a potential problem in the future for at least four genera with fossil types: Cruciplacolithus and Reticulofenestra (nannoplankton) and Dictyocha and Stephanocha (silicoflagellates). Herein, some of the rules and recommendations are explained, with nannoplankton and silicoflagellate examples. Keywords nannoplankton, nannofossils, silicoflagellates, taxonomy, ICBN, ICN 1. Introduction name, all names for which it is the basionym Explanatory notes on the rules and recommendations of are similarly rejected, and none is to be used previous versions of the International Code of Botanical (see Rec. 50E.2).
    [Show full text]