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Unit 4 Binomial Nomenclature

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Unit 4 Binomial Nomenclature UNIT 4 BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE Structure 4.1 Introduction Objectives 4.2 Development of Concepts International Codes Principles of Bionomial Nomenclature 4.3 Important Rules of Nomenclature 4.4 Binomial System Bauhin Linnaeus 4.5 Units of Classification Species, Genera and Families 4.6 Summary 4.7 Terminal Questions 4.8 Answers : 4.1 INTRODUCTION In Units 2 and 3 you have read about classification of plants, animals, the process of establishing and defining systematic grouping. In this unit we will discuss Birlqnial Nomenclature which is unique in Biological Sciences. Binomial nomenclature is the naming of the individual entity and the group so produced through classification, according to the international rules. These rules are publishdd in the form of international codes, Like all other branchei of science the field of biology is ever changing in all its contents like characters, circumscriptions and knowledge. Under the heading of binomial nomenclature we will discuss (1) its concepts and principles, (2) binomial systems as put forth by Bauhin and Linnaeus and (3) units of classification like species, genera and families..It is important to mention here that the international codes have no hand in deciding the scientific interpretation but whichever decision you follow the code should guide as to which name or names are to be applied to the entities under study. Objectives After reading this unit you should be able to: 0 Explain the concepts of binomial nomenclature 0 Apply the principles of binomial nomenclature to the naming of plants and animals Justify the importance of scientific names @ enlist international codes of nomenclature. 4.2 DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTS Name is a conventional tool to act as means of reference. For example, when we say chimpanzee, sparrow, paddy, virus, we mean to refer certain wild animal, bird, cultivated plant advirus respectively. Thus the words mentioned above are the names. Let us have an example to give the concept of nomenclature. Suppose a farmer with half a dozen cows might refer to each animal by descriptive phrases as the long horned red cow and short horned white cow etc. But when his herd of cows increases he might have more than one long homed red cow and he would be more inclined to designate each cow with a short individual name, not necessarily descriptive in character. You should know that there are two trends in naming organisms. The one for the convenience of the layman termed as vernacular or common name and.the others are scientific names.. Virus, sparrow, chimpanzee, man and paddy are examples of common names and turnip yellow mosaic virus, Pmser domesticus, Macacus macaque; Homo sapiens and oryza sativa are the scientific names for virus, spairow, chimpanzee, human and paddy respectively (Fig. 4.1). @. 4:l: Some examples of commnnas well as sclentiflc names a) Virus (Turnip yellow mosaic nrus TYMV) b) Sparrow (P-r do@cus) C) Chjrmpanzee (Maca~mmacaque) d) Bumen (Homo sapiens) e) paddy (Oryza-~~tiva) Common or vernacular names are convenient in general discussion, but these are seldom used in more than one language and differ district to district, state to state and country to country. These are applied arbitrarily and there is no conscious attempt to indicate relationship between organisms. For example, "Tamala" is a beautiful flowering evergreen tree and is known by common names'like Dample, Otor and Tamala in Hindi. Dampel, 0th and Osth in Marathi and Karnal and Ota in Gujarati. Paddy is commonly known as Chaval in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, as Dhana in Orissa, as Nellu in Madras and Bhatta in Mysore Similarly, House-sparrow is known as Moineau in France, Gomion in Spain, Parbl in Portugal, Passer in Italy and House-operling in Germany. In order to overcome the deficiencies and uncertainties arising from the use of local expressions the concept of technical designation or scientific name developed. This is now known as Binomial Nomenclature and is applied to biological organisms both plants and animals. This nomenclature is followed world-wide. For example "House-sparrow" is universally known by its only scientfic name Parser domesticus Linn. The advantage of scientific name is its definiteness as compared to the vaneties found inzommon names. In Unit 1 you have read Taxonomic hierarchy of biological classification like taxonomic ranks, taxonomic groups, taxonomic units etc. A taxon is defined internationally as a taxonomic group or category of any rank. Names applied to different rank of hierarchial categories constitute the nomenclature of taxonomy. The. concept of scientific name is the initial step at standardizing binomial nomenclature. You should also know that with the change iiconcept of relationship and as communication increased among the bi~logistsof the world the concept of codes of nomenclature developed.This was based on universal set of rules to govern the application of names of biological organisms. 4.2.1 International Codes In 1753 Linnaeus suggested a system of binomial nomenclature where each individual is denoted by two epithets, the first denoting generic name and the second . mtory of Taxonomy representing specific name. Such scientific names were very convenient and the idea was universally accepted by the botanists. In order to have international agreements on the issues, international congresses have been organized from time to time and rules adopted are published in the form of international code of Botanical, Zoological, Bacteriological and Viral nomenclature systems. The formation and usage of the scientific names of animals are governed by International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). Organisations responsible at an international level for preparation of the Zoological codes are divisions of Zoology of International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS). For naming plants including fungi and lichens there is International Code of Botanic41 Nomenclature (ICBN). Besides, there is a commission on the nomenclature of plants and the International Association of Plant Taxonomy (IAPT). For naming bacteria there is the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteriology (ICNB). Viral Nomenclature is governed by the International Code of Viral Nomenclature (ICVN). There is a separate code of nomenclature for cultivated plants, International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP). Code provides classification and registration besides nomenclature for cultivated rules complementary to the ICBN. Each code has different rules of naming of hybrid The Zoological and bacteriological code makes no provision for the naming.of hybrids. No separate code is yet available for the breed names of domesticated animals in Zoology. Although each code differs in approach, format and in some other aspects from the others, each attempts to provide solution for the same basic problems in its respective field. Thus working principles of each, form the basis of the system of nomenclature, accompanied with a series of numbered rules that denote? the articles. .Some of the rules are supplemented by a series of more extensive recgmmendations which deal with subsidiary points to bring greater uniformity and clepness specially in future usage. 4.2.2 Principles of Binomid Nomenclature There are certain ,basic principles of binomial nomenclature which are as follows: i) Different nomenclatural systems are independent of each other e.g. though "CORYDALIS" is a genus name of plants in the family Fumaricaceae, "CORYDALIS" is a genus name of insects in the order Megaloptera. Although it is permissible in the code it is not desirable to employ the same name for different kinds of organisms of same status of two different systems, This might constitute an obstacle to interdisciplinary understanding. ii) Within each nomenclature each taxon.with a particular definition, position and rank can bear only one correct name ekept in unusual or specified cases. iii) No two taxa may bear the same name. iv) Scientific names of taxa are treated as Latin names regardless of thkir derivation. v)\ The correct name of a tqon except above the rank of family is based upon priority of publication. vi) For the categories of order (in Botany) or super family (in Zoology) and lower categorits in both, the application of name of taxa is based on type specimens, type species or type genera except in specifie'd.cases. e SAQ 1 a) 'what do you mean by ulngmial nomehclatur= .......................................................................................................... b) List some important aspects of binofirial nomenclature. c) What is the advantage of scientific names over common names? i Binomial Nomenclature ......................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................. Nomenclature is allied to taxonomy as it deals with the determination of the correct name to be applied to a known taxon. The use of scientific names rather than of common or vernacular names has much to commend. In the days of Linnaeus by common accord no two genera could have the same generic name and no two species within a given genus could have the same specific name. In biological literature there are numerous examples of different nomenclatural codes drafted and followed simultaneously by different groups of workers; However, such practice became less prevalent. To achieve stability and universality in the name of animals, first Zoological
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