Fruit HORTICULTURAL MU Guide PUBLISHED BY MU EXTENSION, UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-COLUMBIA muextension.missouri.edu/xplor/ Fruit Spray Schedules for the Homeowner

Bruce A. Barrett, Department of Entomology Michele R. Warmund, Department of Horticulture Patrick L. Byers, Department of Fruit Science, Southwest Missouri State University

Fruit plantings can be a source of beauty as well as Note: Not all insects or diseases listed in each plant’s fresh produce. However, for the inexperienced grower, developmental stage (or spray period) will be present in they also can be a source of frustration and expense. your fruit plantings. We have listed the most commonly Nursery catalogs are full of brightly colored advertise- encountered fruit insects and diseases in Missouri. For ments depicting bountiful harvests of unblemished many pests, we have also provided brief descriptions of the fruit. Harvests like these are possible, but only with care- damage they cause. The presence of the key symbol in the ful selection of the fruit cultivar (cultivated variety) and table indicates the most important sprays that should be with diligent pest management. Weather conditions in applied against key pests or pest complexes. Missouri, such as high humidity, abundant rainfall and We have tried to list only the pesticides readily warm temperatures, increase disease and insect popu- available to the homeowner at most nursery and garden, lations. With few exceptions, home fruit plantings hardware, and home improvement centers (Table 2). The require treatment with pesticides to control a variety of pesticides are not listed in any particular order of effec- serious diseases and insect pests. Pesticides needed and tiveness, although some products may be more effective frequency of application depend on the cultivars against some types of pests than another product. In planted, location of the planting, weather conditions many cases, one or two pesticides listed in a given spray and cultural practices. period will be effective against all the pests listed for that time of the season. How to use this guide Several commercial fungicide/insecticide combina- Table 1 is subdivided into pome fruits, stone fruits tions are available for the homeowner. These may be and small fruits. Within each section are listed the major more desirable for fruit growers not wanting to make developmental stages of the plants and the associated their own combinations of pesticides that are recom- pests (insects and diseases) frequently occurring during mended in this publication. Commercial home fruit each plant stage. These developmental plant stages are spray mixtures are convenient to use but may not also referred to as “spray periods” when an application control all of the insects and diseases found on all fruit of a given pesticide is recommended in order to control crops because each product usually contains only one a specific pest(s). Effective control of fruit insects and type of insecticide and fungicide. diseases depends on the proper timing of pesticide applications, and these spray periods indicate to the homeowner when certain sprays may be applied. (Continued on page 10.)

Table 1. Pesticides used to control common diseases and insect pests on home fruit plants. Apples and pears Spray period Pest/Disease Material Comments

DORMANT SPRAY Apply before Apply oil when temperature is above 40 degrees F. buds swell. Oil smothers overwintering eggs of mites and scale. mites, scale dormant oil When European red mite infestations are high, the bright red eggs may be seen on the smaller branches and twigs. Apply alone — may have compatibility problems with other pesticides. Best if applied at the “silver tip” (bud swelling) stage. Do not apply after fire blight Bordeaux mixture the “half-inch green” stage or when drying conditions are slow — severe plant injury may occur. For more information on fire blight, see MU publi- cation G6020.

$1.50 G 6010 Printed with soy ink on recycled paper Apples and pears (continued) Spray period Pest/Disease Material Comments

GREEN TIP TO HALF-INCH GREEN SPRAY Apply when Oil application delayed until this time may give even better control of dormant or horticultural green leaves are mites, scale scale than when applied earlier. oil 0.25Ð0.5 inch Eggs of European red mite start to hatch at this time. long. Newly developing mines appear as blotches only on the underside of the leafminers endosulfan leaf, whereas completed mines buckle the leaf like a small tent (with white spots) and are visible on both the upper and lower leaf surfaces. diazinon, aphids or malathion, or methoxychlor methoxychlor, Pear pest only — can secrete large amounts of honeydew that covers pear pyslla or phosmet, the fruit and foliage. The honeydew serves as a substratum for the or permethrin growth of a black fungus. Do not apply captan with or immediately following an oil spray. Combin- captan, ing captan with Bordeaux mixture or lime sulfur will reduce effectiveness primary scab or sulfur, of captan. Combinations of captan and sulfur may cause necrotic spot- or lime sulfur ting on leaves of susceptible varieties (e.g., Jonathan, MacIntosh). PREBLOOM OR PINK SPRAY Apply when endosulfan, plant bugs, Feeding injury results in aborted flowers and, later, in dimple-like scars blossom buds or methoxychlor, stink bugs on fruit. are clearly or permethrin evident but not diazinon, open. aphids or malathion, or methoxychlor

methoxychlor, See comments in “green-tip to half-inch green” section. pear psylla or phosmet, or permethrin Do not make more than three permethrin sprays per season. captan, primary scab or sulfur, See comments in “green-tip to half-inch green” section. or lime sulfur rust ferbam See MU publication G7870 for most susceptible tree varieties. sulfur, Combinations of captan and sulfur may cause necrotic spotting on powdery mildew or lime sulfur leaves of susceptible varieties. BLOOM SPRAY Apply when 25% Do not use insecticides during this period — Save the bees! of blossom are primary scab captan See comments in “green-tip to half-inch green” section. open. rust ferbam sulfur, powdery mildew See comments in “prebloom or pink” section. or lime sulfur Apply at first bloom on susceptible varieties (see MU publication G6020). fire blight streptomycin Repeat at 4–5 day intervals until the petal-fall stage. PETAL-FALL SPRAY Apply when most phosmet, Surface feeding and egg laying by overwintering adult plum curculio of blossom plum curculio, or methoxychlor, scar (crescent-shaped cuts) or misshape (bumps) the fruit by harvest. petals have leafrollers or malathion, Internal feeding by larvae may cause some premature fruit drop. fallen. or permethrin Peak egg hatch of redbanded leafroller usually coincides with petal fall. endosulfan, plant bugs, malathion, See comments in “prebloom to pink” section. stink bugs or methoxychlor, Some labels indicate no applications of permethrin after petal-fall. or permethrin endosulfan, or diazinon, Rosy apple aphid feeding often causes leaves to curl. aphids or methoxychlor, or malathion, For insecticidal soap repeat application 2–3 days later. or insecticidal soap

Page 2 G 6010 Apples and pears (continued) Spray period Pest/Disease Material Comments

Petal-fall spray endosulfan, See comments in “green-tip to half-inch green” section. (continued) leafminers or diazinon, or permethrin Some labels indicate no applications of permethrin after petal-fall. methoxychlor, pear psylla See comments in “green-tip to half-inch green” section. or phosmet captan, scab or sulfur, See comments in “green-tip to half-inch green” section. or lime sulfur rust ferbam sulfur, powdery mildew See comments in “prebloom or pink” section. or lime sulfur fire blight streptomycin EARLY-SEASON COVER SPRAYS Codling moth larvae damage apples and pears by burrowing to the core (usually from the apple side or calyx end) with brown frass (fecal mate- phosmet, rial) exuding from the entry site. In Missouri, there are often three gener- codling moth, or diazinon, ations of codling moth per season. leafrollers or methoxychlor, Leafroller damage consists of skeletonized leaves folded together by or malathion webbing or attached to fruit where the larvae feed on the fruit surface making shallow, irregular channels. These sprays are critical for first-generation codling moth control. phosmet, Emerging adults in the summer feed on apples for a short time, causing plum curculio or malathion, round feeding scars on the fruit surface. Severely infested fruit may be or methoxychlor covered with bumps and scarred at harvest. endosulfan, or diazinon, aphids For insecticidal soap repeat application 2–3 days later. or methoxychlor, or insecticidal soap Apply 10 days See comments in “green-tip” section. High populations can cause after petal-fall severe defoliation, leading to reduced fruit and terminal growth, early leaf and at 10-day carbaryl, leafminers drop, and reduced fruit set the following season. intervals through or diazinon May. Do not apply carbaryl within 30 days after bloom to avoid possible fruit thinning. dicofol, or diazinon, Severe mite feeding results in brown foliage that eventually becomes mites or methoxychlor, bronzed (due to the removal of leaf cell contents, including chlorophyll). or horticultural oil, For insecticidal soap repeat application 2–3 days later. or insecticidal soap diazinon, Scale crawlers typically active at this time. Do not apply carbaryl within scale or carbaryl 30 days after bloom to avoid possible fruit thinning. methoxychlor, pear psylla See comments in “green-tip to half-inch green” section. or phosmet scab captan See comments in “green-tip to half-inch green” section. rust ferbam powdery mildew sulfur Discontinue use when temperatures reach 90 degrees F. fruit rots captan SUMMER COVER SPRAYS See comments in “early-season cover sprays” section. phosmet, Do not apply phosmet within 7 days of harvest. or carbaryl, codling moth, or diazinon, Do not use carbaryl within 30 days after bloom to avoid possible fruit thin- leafrollers Apply at 14-day or malathion, ning. Carbaryl may be used up to 1 day before harvest, and as such may intervals, June or methoxychlor be useful for late-season codling moth problems. through mid- Do not apply diazinon within 21 days of harvest. August. dicofol, or horticultural oil, See comments in “early-season cover spray” section. mites or methoxychlor, Do not apply oil when temperatures are above 95 degrees F. or insecticidal soap

G 6010 Page 3 Apples and pears (continued) Spray period Pest/Disease Material Comments Summer cover On fruit the San Jose scale can be seen as a conspicuous red spot. sprays (continued) Apply pesticide when crawlers are active. diazinon, scale Do not apply diazinon within 21 days of harvest. or carbaryl Do not apply carbaryl within 30 days after bloom to avoid possible fruit thinning. Damaged foliage (upper leaf surface) becomes speckled or mottled with carbaryl, leafhoppers white spots. Do not apply carbaryl within 30 days after bloom to avoid or methoxychlor possible fruit thinning. See comments in “early-season cover spray” section. carbaryl, Do not apply carbaryl within 30 days after bloom to avoid possible fruit leafminers or diazinon thinning. Do not apply diazinon within 21 days of harvest.

carbaryl, Do not apply carbaryl within 30 days after bloom to avoid possible fruit or methoxychlor, aphids thinning. or malathion, or insecticidal soap For insecticidal soap repeat application 2–3 days later. scab, fruit rots, captan Observe intervals between last application and harvest. sooty blotch, fly speck Peaches, nectarines, plums, apricots Spray period Pest/Disease Material Comments

DORMANT SPRAY mites, dormant or horticultural Oil smothers overwintering eggs of mites and scale. Apply before scale oil buds swell in Apply chlorothalonil at leaf drop in late fall, and 1–2 additional applica- chlorothalonil, spring. leaf curl tions in mid- to late winter before bud swell. or ferbam Apply ferbam before bud swell (late winter). PREBLOOM OR ‘POPCORN’ SPRAY Apply when buds carbaryl, Plant bugs and stink bugs feed on swelling fruit and leaf buds, causing show white, pink plant bugs, or methoxychlor, the buds to dry up. When fruit buds are damaged, blossoms may never or red. stink bugs or phosmet, open or may be deformed. or permethrin Use permethrin on peaches only. brown rot, chlorothalonil, scab, or captan, leaf spot or sulfur BLOOM SPRAY Apply when 25% Do not use insecticides during the bloom period — Save the bees! of blossoms are chlorothalonil, brown rot, open. or captan, scab or sulfur powdery mildew, sulfur leaf spot PETAL-FALL SPRAY Apply when most Adult oriental fruit moth begin emerging in mid-April. First generation of blossom phosmet, larva enter at a leaf axil near the tip of a shoot and bores down the central petals have oriental fruit or malathion, core for several inches, causing the terminal to wilt or “flag.” fallen. moth, or carbaryl, Surface feeding by overwintering adult plum curculio can scar or mis- plum curculio or methoxychlor, shape the fruit by harvest, while feeding by the larvae causes premature or permethrin fruit drop. Use permethrin on peaches only. endosulfan, Feeding on small fruit by plant bugs and stink bugs causes the fruit to fall or carbaryl, or become scarred and malformed (cat-facing) as they grow. Popula- plant bugs, or methoxychlor, tions of plant bugs are worst where weed control is poorest. Keep weeds stink bugs or phosmet, mowed regularly. or permethrin Use permethrin on peaches only.

Page 4 G 6010 Peaches, nectarines, plums, apricots (continued) Spray period Pest/Disease Material Comments Petal-fall spray chlorothalonil, brown rot, (continued) or captan, Make one additional application for scab at shuck-split. scab or sulfur Coryneium blight chlorothalonil Apply 1–2 weeks after petal fall or at shuck-split. SHUCK-SPLIT SPRAY Apply about phosmet, 10 days after or malathion, plum curculio, petal-fall spray. or carbaryl, Use permethrin on peaches only. oriental fruit moth or methoxychlor, or permethrin endosulfan, See comments in “petal fall” section. carbaryl, plant bugs, Cat-facing insects are worst where weed control is poorest. Keep weeds or methoxychlor, stink bugs mowed regularly. or phosmet, or permethrin Use permethrin on peaches only. diazinon, mites or horticultural oil, Diazinon has a 10-day (apricots) to 21-day (peaches) preharvest interval. or insecticidal soap brown rot, captan, Observe intervals between last application and harvest. scab or sulfur powdery mildew sulfur FIRST AND SECOND COVER SPRAYS

phosmet, See comments in “petal fall” section. Severe infestation of plum curculio or malathion, plum curculio, can result in scarred and misshapen fruit by harvest and premature fruit or carbaryl, oriental fruit moth drop. or methoxychlor, or permethrin Use permethrin on peaches only.

carbaryl, See comments in “petal fall” section. Cat-facing insects are worst where plant bugs, or methoxychlor, weed control is poorest. Keep weeds mowed regularly. stink bugs or phosmet, or permethrin Use permethrin on peaches only. Adult moths typically begin to emerge in mid-May (mid-Missouri), apply Apply 10 days weekly sprays during moth flight (through June). Larvae can only after shuck spray become established in damaged tissue (puning wounds, cankered and again areas, sun-scalded bark, etc.). Once established, the larvae feed on the 10 days later. lesser peachtree chlorpyrifos, borer or carbaryl growing bark and may enlarge the damaged area, often girdling the limb Direct sprays from ground level up the trunk and including the main scaf- fold limbs, wetting the bark thoroughly. Before using chlorpyrifos, make sure product label includes peaches. diazinon, mites or horticultural oil, Diazinon has a 10-day (apricots) to 21-day (peaches) preharvest interval. or insecticidal soap brown rot, captan, Observe intervals between last application and harvest. scab or sulfur SUMMER COVER SPRAYS phosmet, Later-generation oriental fruit moth larvae may enter the fruit near the or malathion, Apply at 10- to stem end and make feeding burrows that often extend to the pit. oriental fruit moth or carbaryl, 14-day intervals. Do not apply malathion to peaches or apricots within 21 days of harvest. or methoxychlor, or permethrin Use permethrin on peaches only (7-day preharvest interval). diazinon, mites or horticultural oil, Diazinon has a 10-day (apricots) to 21-day (peaches) preharvest interval. or insecticidal soap

methoxychlor, Do not apply malathion to peaches or apricots within 21 days of harvest. aphids or carbaryl, or insecticidal soap For insecticidal soap repeat application 2–3 days later. captan, brown rot Observe intervals between last application and harvest. or sulfur powdery mildew sulfur

G 6010 Page 5 Peaches, nectarines, plums, apricots (continued) Spray period Pest/Disease Material Comments

PREHARVEST SPRAYS Green June Adult green June beetles and Japanese beetles can feed on both green beetle, carbaryl and ripening fruit. Japanese beetle Carbaryl can be used 1 day before harvest (3 days for apricots). Apply 1Ð2 weeks phosmet, Adult flights of oriental fruit moth may occur at this time. Do not apply before harvest. oriental fruit moth or carbaryl phosmet within 7 days of harvest. carbaryl, aphids For insecticidal soap repeat application 2–3 days later. or insecticidal soap Cherries Spray period Pest/Disease Material Comments

DORMANT SPRAYS (apply before buds break in spring) mites, scale dormant or horticultural oil Oil smothers overwintering eggs of mites and scale. BLOOM SPRAYS Apply when 25% Do not apply insecticides at this time — Save the bees! of blossoms are Best control is achieved if an application is also applied at the prebloom brown rot chlorothalonil open. or pink (“popcorn”) stage. PETAL-FALL SPRAYS Apply when most phosmet, of blossom plum curculio or methoxychlor, Use phosmet on tart cherries only. petals have or carbaryl fallen. malathion, scale or carbaryl, or horticultural oil diazinon, or methoxychlor, aphids or malathion, For insecticidal soap repeat application 2–3 days later. or carbaryl, or insecticidal soap SHUCK-SPLIT SPRAY (apply when shucks have split and are fallling from expanding fruit) phosmet, plum curculio or methoxychlor, Use phosmet on tart cherries only. or carbaryl FIRST COVER SPRAY

phosmet, Maggot-infested fruit by the cherry fruit fly is often shrunken and mis- plum curculio, or diazinon, shapened, ripens earlier than surrounding fruit, and is unmarketable. cherry fruit fly or methoxychlor, or carbaryl Use phosmet on tart cherries only. diazinon, Apply 10 days or methoxychlor, aphids For insecticidal soap repeat application 2–3 days later. after shuck-fall. or carbaryl, or insecticidal soap carbaryl, scale or horticultural oil brown rot captan SECOND COVER SPRAY phosmet, plum curculio, or diazinon, See comments in “first cover spray” section. cherry fruit fly or methoxychlor, Use phosmet on tart cherries only. or carbaryl Apply 10 days diazinon, after first cover. or methoxychlor, Do not make more than three applications of diazinon per season. aphids or carbaryl, or malathion, For insecticidal soap repeat application 2–3 days later. or insecticidal soap mites horticultural oil

Page 6 G 6010 Cherries (continued) Spray period Pest/Disease Material Comments Second cover scale carbaryl, spray (continued) or horticultural oil brown rot captan Observe labeled interval between last application and harvest. ADDITIONAL COVER SPRAYS phosmet, See comments in “first cover spray” section. or diazinon, cherry fruit fly Use phosmet on tart cherries only. or carbaryl, or malathion Do not make more than three applications of diazinon per season. diazinon, Do not make more than three applications of diazinon per season. Apply 10 days or methoxychlor, aphids Do not apply methoxychlor within 7 days of harvest. after second or carbaryl, cover, then every or insecticidal soap For insecticidal soap repeat application 2–3 days later. 10Ð14 days. horticultural oil, mites or insecticidal soap carbaryl, scale or horticultural oil cherry leaf spot chlorothalonil Apply as soon as all the fruit have been harvested. Strawberries Spray period Pest/Disease Material Comments

PREBLOOM SPRAYS Stems of developing buds are clipped so that they hang by a thread or strawberry carbaryl, fall to the ground. If such damage is present, apply when floral buds first clipper or methoxychlor become visible, and repeat 10 days later. Damaged berries become knobbed with seeds grouped apically — known as “button berry.” Apply insecticide when buds first become visi- endosulfan, tarnished plant ble, and make a second application just before the first bloom opens. or malathion, Apply when new bug Controlling weeds in and around the planting helps to reduce tarnished or methoxychlor leaves are plant bug populations. expanding and blossom buds Make no more than three applications of endosulfan per season. are visible. endosulfan, or carbaryl, Masses of white, frothy foam (“spittle”) on leaves, petioles and stems. spittlebug or malathion, Usually not a problem pest. or methoxychlor leaf spot, Apply first spray when plants resume growth in the spring, just as soon scorch, captan as the mulch is removed. blight BLOOM SPRAYS Apply at 7- to 10- Do not apply insecticides Most varieties are self-fruitful; however, bees are essential for optimum day intervals during bloom period. pollination. from early bloom fruit rotting, captan Apply at 7–10 day intervals from early bloom through harvest. through harvest. foliage diseases POSTBLOOM THROUGH HARVEST SPRAYS leafrollers, malathion, leafhoppers, or methoxychlor, Do not apply malathion within 3 days of harvest. spittlebugs, or carbaryl, Do not apply diazinon within 5 days of harvest. aphids or diazinon See comments in “prebloom spray” section. Apply at 7- to 10- Controlling weeds in and around the planting helps to reduce popula- tarnished plant endosulfan, day intervals tions of tarnished plant bug. from when bug or malathion flowers are gone Do not apply endosulfan within 4 days of harvest, and make no more than through harvest. three applications of endosulfan per season. Severe infestations result in slight mottling to a bronze discoloration on upper dicofol, leaf surface. Silken webbing may be visible on lower leaf surface and mites or malathion, between stems. When applying a pesticide, thorough coverage is needed. or diazinon Do not apply dicofol within 2 days of harvest; malathion within 3 days of harvest; or diazinon within 5 days of harvest.

G 6010 Page 7 Strawberries (continued) Spray period Pest/Disease Material Comments Postbloom through carbaryl, Japanese beetle Carbaryl can be applied up to 1 day before harvest. harvest sprays or methoxychlor (continued) leafrollers, malathion, leafhoppers, or methoxychlor, Do not apply malathion within 3 days of harvest. spittlebugs, or carbaryl, Do not apply diazinon within 5 days of harvest. aphids or diazinon See comments in “prebloom spray” section. Control weeds in and around the planting helps to reduce tarnished plant tarnished plant endosulfan, bug populations. bug or malathion Do not apply endosulfan within 4 days of harvest, and make no more than three applications of endosulfan per season. Raspberries and blackberries Spray period Pest/Disease Material Comments

DELAYED DORMANT SPRAYS Characteristic injury is a swelling of the cane, about 3 inches long, with a Apply when cane borers splitting of the bark. Infested canes are weakened and often die. tips of buds Remove and burn infested canes. show green. anthracnose, Apply to canes when buds break in the spring and again when fruiting liquid lime sulfur orange rust canes are about 1 foot tall and before the blossoms open. PREBLOOM SPRAYS methoxychlor, Adult beetles typically appear when flowers show white. Apply insecti- cane borers or diazinon cide and repeat application 7–14 days later. Infested canes become spindly, lack vigor and often break off at ground raspberry crown Apply when diazinon level. Remove and destroy weakened or infested canes. Drench crown borer blossom buds and lower 2 feet of cane with insecticide. first appear Tunneling in the fruit may cause premature fruit drop. Leaf skeletoniza- through when raspberry diazinon, tion may also occur. Apply insecticide when blossom buds separate and flowers show fruitworm or rotenone white. just before bloom. Feeding damage causes tightly curled leaf clusters. Such leaf clusters psylla malathion should be removed and destroyed immediately. Apply insecticide when adults first appear. POSTBLOOM THROUGH HARVEST SPRAYS carbaryl, Japanese beetle, Adult beetles feeding on ripening fruit and foliage. Do not apply carbaryl Apply every or malathion, sap beetles within 7 days of harvest. 14 days after or rotenone petal-fall as After early spring remove and destroy any canes infested with orange needed. orange rust sulfur rust. Grapes Spray period Pest/Disease Material Comments

DORMANT SPRAY anthracnose, powdery mildew, Apply before phomopsis, liquid lime sulfur Apply in early spring before buds begin to swell. buds swell. cane and leaf spot EARLY COVER SPRAYS flea beetles, climbing cut- carbaryl, Apply at bud These pests may be present anytime between 4- to 10-inch shoot growth worms, or methoxychlor, swell, 1-inch and bloom. Scout twice weekly. Apply insecticides only when necessary shoot growth leafrollers, or diazinon through first aphids appearance of dicofol, bloom. mites or diazinon, Do not apply diazinon within 28 days of harvest. or insecticidal soap

Page 8 G 6010 Grapes (continued) Spray period Pest/Disease Material Comments Early cover sprays rose chafer, carbaryl, (continued) Japanese beetle or methoxychlor phomopsis captan black rot, captan, powdery mildew, or ferbam, Sulfur applications may injure plants if temperature exceeds 85 degrees F. downy mildew or sulfur BLOOM SPRAY Wartlike galls found on leaves and galls on the roots may cause vine death or premature defoliation and retarded shoot growth. Control of the root gall form of grape phylloxera can be achieved by using rootstocks derived from native American grapes. grape phylloxera endosulfan Apply when caps Since bees do not pollinate grapes, there is no danger to bees at this begin to fall. time unless they are working on other blooming plants in the area being sprayed. Application may also be done as a prebloom spray. Some cul- tivars may be injured if treated with endosulfan. Refer to product label. black rot, captan, powdery mildew, or ferbam, Sulfur applications may injure plants if temperature exceeds 85 degrees F. downy mildew or sulfur POSTBLOOM, SUMMER COVER TO HARVEST SPRAYS Infestation includes grape berries being webbed together with silken phosmet, threads and turning dark purple in color. Infested berries may drop from the or carbaryl, grape berry moth stems when grapes are about the size of a pea. The larvae tunnel into the or diazinon, berries and feed internally. Several berries in a cluster may be affected. or methoxychlor Infested vines should be sprayed at petal fall and again 7–10 days later. It is important to monitor for all insect pests after petal fall, and apply insecticide as needed. Refer to product label for specific insects and leafhopper, phosmet, Apply 7Ð10 days harvest restrictions. after bloom. leafrollers, or carbaryl, Thereafter, mealybugs, or diazinon, Carbaryl can be applied up to the day of harvest. sprays should be aphids or methoxychlor Do not apply diazinon within 28 days of harvest. applied every Do not apply phosmet or a methoxychlor within 14 days of harvest. 10Ð14 days. dicofol, Do not apply dicofol within 7 days of harvest. mites or diazinon, or insecticidal soap Do not apply diazinon within 28 days of harvest. carbaryl, rose chafer, or methoxychlor, Carbaryl can be applied up to the day of harvest. Japanese beetle or rotenone, Do not apply phosmet or a methoxychlor within 14 days of harvest. or phosmet Blueberries Spray period Pest/Disease Material Comments

DORMANT SPRAY phomopsis lime sulfur Apply when buds begin to swell. GREEN TIP SPRAY (apply when leaf buds are showing 1/4-inch green tip) stem blight, captan mummy berry PINK BUD STAGE AND 25% BLOOM SPRAY stem blight, Unless mummy berry or anthracnose is a problem, an intensive disease anthracnose, captan spray program is usually not necessary. mummy berry FULL BLOOM SPRAY stem blight, anthracnose, captan See comments in “pink bud” stage. mummy berry

G 6010 Page 9 Blueberries (continued) Spray period Pest/Disease Material Comments

PETAL-FALL AND COVER SPRAYS Control cherry fruitworm with pesticide application at petal fall and then cherry and cran- again 10 days later. berry fruitworms, carbaryl, Control of cranberry fruitworm 10 days and 20 days after petal fall. Apply first cover plum curculio, or methoxychlor NOTICE: Insect pests of blueberry are rare in much of the region; scout about 7Ð10 days scale before applying insecticides. Unneeded applications of insecticides can after petal fall, create problems where none existed. about every 10 carbaryl, days thereafter Japanese beetle or malathion, Malathion and rotenone may be applied up to the day before harvest. [if needed]. or rotenone stem blight, anthracnose, captan See comments in “pink bud” stage. mummy berry Gooseberries and currants Spray period Pest/Disease Material Comments

DORMANT SPRAY (needed on currants only, apply before new growth starts) scale horticultural oil leaf spots ferbam Apply as leaves appear and unfold, repeat application 10–12 days later. COVER SPRAYS (apply 10–12 days after leaves appear and start unfolding) aphids, malathion, Check label for time between last application and harvest. currant worm or rotenone leaf spots ferbam Do not apply within 14 days of harvest.

(Continued from page 1.) Cultivar selection action can ruin many types of equipment. In addition, Choose a cultivar with care. Consider adaptability pesticide residues remaining in the tank after one spray- to Missouri soils, climate and intended use. Remember, ing may break down or interact with the materials used the cultivar planted may often determine the amounts in the next spraying in ways that can damage plants. of pesticides needed to produce a crop. For example, Jonathan apples are an eating favorite but must be How much pesticide? sprayed to prevent mildew, scab, fire blight and rust Too often, home fruit growers think that if a small diseases. On the other hand, several recently developed amount will control the pest for one week, then twice disease-resistant varieties have a flavor similar to that amount will give twice as much control. This is a Jonathan and have the advantage of requiring fewer dangerous assumption and can put both the applicator fungicide sprays. Differences in cultivar susceptibility and the plants in unnecessarily dangerous situations. to diseases exist within each fruit crop. All cultivars Recommended rates are based on the amounts needed must be treated for certain insect pests. for control. (See Table 3.) Applications that exceed The following MU publications can help you select recommended rates contribute needlessly to environ- the best fruit crop varieties for your situation: G 6021, mental contamination without increasing control. Home Fruit Production: Apples; G 6026, Disease-Resistant Repeated applications at 7-, 10- or 14-day intervals (i.e., Apple Cultivars; G 6185, Home Fruit Production: Grape cover sprays) generally are required to protect growth Varieties and Culture. These publications are available at developed since the last spray, or to replace spray your local University of Missouri Extension center. residues that are no longer effective because of weath- ering and chemical breakdown. Application equipment In most situations, apply a fine spray to all parts of Pesticide safety the plant until some of the spray liquid runs off. For Pesticides are poisonous to people and animals. most brambles, grapes, strawberries and small fruit Handle with care! Read the label! The label is the most trees, the conventional pump garden sprayer is important piece of information you will find on the adequate. For larger plantings, you may prefer a motor- proper use of the material and its hazards. Follow these ized sprayer. precautions with all pesticides used: Whatever type of sprayer you decide to use, rinse 1. Read the label! Be aware of the toxicity of the it thoroughly and allow it to dry after each use. Many material you are using and wear appropriate protective pesticides are corrosive. During a single season, corrosive clothing.

Page 10 G 6010 2. Observe any days to harvest or re-entry precau- 8. Do not attempt to reuse any pesticide tions. container. Rinse cans and bottles (add the rinse to the 3. Store pesticides only in their original labeled spray tank); then dispose of them by delivering contain- containers. Keep all pesticides and utensils used to ers to an approved disposal site. measure them in a locked storage area out of reach of 9. Do not purchase larger quantities of pesticide children and pets. than you expect to use in a single season. 4. Wear rubber gloves and protective eye wear 10. If a pesticide concentrate from a bag, can or when measuring chemicals, preparing spray mixtures bottle is spilled on you or others, wash it off immedi- and during the application of pesticides. ately. Change clothing if it becomes contaminated. 5. Accurately measure the amount to be used 11. Save the bees. Bees are often very sensitive to each time. Guessing can be hazardous and expensive. pesticides. Avoid applying insecticides or miticides 6. Do not prepare more spray mixture than is during the bloom period when bees may be pollinating required for the job. Do not attempt to store unused flowers. mixtures for later use. See MU publication G 1917, Personal Protective Equip- 7. Spray small amounts of excess spray mixture ment for Working with Pesticides for more information. onto the fruit tree(s) being treated. Rinse water from the sprayer away from food plants, water supplies and chil- dren’s play areas.

This publication contains pesticide recommendations subject to change at any time. Before purchasing any materials, make sure they are still approved for recommended use.

Table 2. Pesticides. Pesticides in this publication are listed by common name. Some brand names usually available in Missouri are listed in the chart. Undoubtedly, other brand names are available. No discrimination is intended, and no endorsement is implies. Consult the labels for appropriate rates. Common name Brand name Common name Brand name INSECTICIDES methoxychlor Acme®Fruit Tree Spray, ® carbaryl Ace®Sevin, Bonide Fruit Tree Spray, ® Bonide®Sevin, Bonide Methoxychlor, Ferti-lome®Sevin Garden Spray, Dragon Fruit Tree Spray, ® GardenTech®Sevin, Ortho Home Orchard Spray GreenLight®Liquid Sevin, metaldehyde Ferti-lome®Eliminate, Ortho®Sevin, Ferti-lome®Snail & Slug Killer Pellets ® Spectracide Sevin permethrin Bonide®Vegetable, Fruit & Flower chlorpyrifos Ferti-lome®Tree Borer Killer (with chlorpyrifos) Insect Control, ® diazinon Ace®Diazinon, Spectracide 3X Permethrin Bonide®Diazinon, phosmet Bonide®Imidan, Ferti-lome®Bug Blaster Diazinon, Dragon®Imidan Fruit & Ornamental ® K-Gro Diazinon Spray, rotenone Bonide®Rotenone, ® Ortho Diazinon Ultra Hi-Yield®Rotenone ® dicofol Hi-Yield Kelthane Spray FUNGICIDES ® dormant oil Acme Dormant Oil Spray, Bordeaux mixture Bordeaux mixture Bonide®All Seasons Spray Oil, captan Captan, Ferti-lome® Dormant & Summer Oil Spray, Acme®Fruit Tree Spray, Hi-Yield Dormant Oil Spray, ® Ortho®Volck Oil Spray Bonide Fruit Tree Spray, Dragon Fruit Tree Spray, ® endosulfan Dragon Thiodan Insect Spray Ortho®Home Orchard Spray ® horticultural oil Bonide All Seasons Spray Oil, chlorothalonil Acme®Multipurpose Fungicide, ® Ferti-lome Dormant & Summer Oil Spray, Bonide®Fung-onil Multipurpose Fungicide Ortho®Volck Oil Spray, Sunspray®Ultra-Fine Spray Oil ferbam Fermate, Carbamate insecticidal soap Concern®Insect Killing Soap lime-sulfur lime-sulfur malathion Ace®Malathion 50, ® sulfur Dusting sulfur, Bonide Malathion, ® Ferti-lome®Mal-A-Cide, Hi-Yield Wettable Sulfur GreenThumb®Malathion, streptomycin Agrimycin, K-Gro Malathion 50, Bonide® Fire Blight Spray Ortho®Malathion 50 Plus Agri-Strep® Ferti-lome® Streptomycin

G 6010 Page 11 Table 3. Dilution table for spray materials. POWDERS Water quantity Powder quantity 100 gal 0.5 lb 1 lb 2 lb 3 lb 4 lb 5 lb 5 gal 5 t 3 T 8 T 10 T 13 T 15 T 3 gal 1 T 2 T 4 T 6 T 8 T 10 T 1 gal 1 t 2 t 4 t 2 T 8 t 3 T

LIQUIDS Water quantity Liquid quantity 100 gal 0.5 pt 1 pt 2 pt 3 pt 4 pt 5 pt 5 gal 1 T 1 fl. oz. 2 fl. oz. 2.5 fl. oz. 3 fl. oz. 4 fl. oz. 1 gal 0.5 t 1 t 2 t 3 t 4 t 5 t EXAMPLE: If label calls for 1 pound of spray material per 100 gallons of water, you would need 2 teaspoons of material for a 1-gallon sprayer.

Simple measuring table 3 teaspoons = 1 tablespoon T = tablespoon 2 tablespoons = 1 fluid ounce t = teaspoon 4 tablespoons = 12 teaspoons = 1/4 cup = 2 fluid ounces oz. = ounce 1 cup = 16 tablespoons = 8 fluid ounces pt. = pint 2 cups = 32 tablespoons = 1 pint fl. oz. = fluid ounce 2 pints = 64 tablespoons = 1 quart 4 quarts = 1 gallon 1 ounce = approximately 3 tablespoons dry weight

Missouri Poison Control Hotline 1-800-392-9111 All Poison Control Centers are coordinated through Cardinal Glennon Memorial Hospital in St. Louis. This facility has a 24-hour Poison Control Hotline staffed by professionals. The Center will refer you to your closest Poison Control Hospital for treatment. In case of accidental poisoning involving a pesticide, follow the first aid direc- tions printed on the label of the container and consult your physician immedi- ately. Additional information concerning treatment and course of action can be obtained from your nearest poison control center.

Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension Work Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the United States Department of OUTREACH & EXTENSION Agriculture. Ronald J. Turner, Director, Cooperative Extension, University of Missouri and Lincoln University, Columbia, MO 65211. University UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI Outreach and Extension does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability or status as a Vietnam COLUMBIA era veteran in employment or programs. If you have special needs as addressed by the Americans with Disabilities Act and need this publication in an alternative format, write ADA Officer, Extension and Agricultural Information, 1-98 Agriculture Building, Columbia, MO 65211, or call (573) 882-7216. Reasonable efforts will be made to accommodate your special needs.

Page 12 G 6010 Revised 3/00, Review and reprinted 1/01/8M