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3. Charakteristika Álfar V Odborné Literatuře Obsah 1. Úvod.................................................................................................................................................3 2. Álfové ve staroseverských pramenech.............................................................................................5 2.1. Skaldská poezie.......................................................................................................................5 2.1.1. Ragnarsdrápa................................................................................................................5 2.1.2. Verše o cestě na Východ (Austrfararvísur)..................................................................6 2.2. Básnická (starší) Edda............................................................................................................7 2.2.1. Vědmina píseň (Völuspá).............................................................................................7 2.2.2. Výroky Vysokého (Hávamál).......................................................................................8 2.2.3. Píseň o Vaftrúdnim (Vafþrúðnismál)............................................................................8 2.2.4. Píseň o Grímnim (Grímnismál)....................................................................................8 2.2.5. Skírniho cesta (Skírnismál)..........................................................................................9 2.2.6. Lokiho svár (Lokasenna)...........................................................................................10 2.2.7. Píseň o Trymovi (Þrymskviða)..................................................................................10 2.2.8. Píseň o Alvísovi (Alvíssmál)......................................................................................11 2.2.9. Píseň o Hyndle (Hyndluljóð)......................................................................................11 2.2.10. Píseň o Völundovi (Völundarkviða)........................................................................12 2.2.11. Píseň o Fáfnim (Fáfnismál)......................................................................................12 2.3. Prozaická (mladší) Edda.......................................................................................................13 2.3.1. Gylfiho oblouzení (Gylfaginning).............................................................................13 2.3.2. Jazyk básnický (Skáldskaparmál)..............................................................................15 2.3.3. Výčet meter (Háttatál)................................................................................................16 2.4. Ságy......................................................................................................................................17 2.4.1. Sága o Ynglinzích (Ynglinga saga)............................................................................17 2.4.2. Sága o Kormákovi (Kormáks saga)...........................................................................19 2.4.3. Zlomek ságy o některých starodávných králích (Sögubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum)..........................................................................................................................19 2.4.4. Sága o Hrólfu Tyčce (Hrólfs saga kraka)...................................................................20 2.4.5. Sága o Bósim a Herrauðovi (Bósa saga ok Herrauðs)...............................................21 3. Charakteristika álfar v odborné literatuře.......................................................................................22 3.1. „Klasická“ díla......................................................................................................................23 3.1.1. Jacob Grimm..............................................................................................................23 3.1.2. Jan de Vries................................................................................................................26 3.1.3. Hilda Ellis Davidson..................................................................................................29 3.1.4. Gabriel Turville-Petre................................................................................................33 3.2. Současní badatelé..................................................................................................................35 3.2.1. Anders Kaliff..............................................................................................................35 3.2.2. Rudolf Simek.............................................................................................................37 3.2.3. Neil Price....................................................................................................................38 3.3. Studie zaměřené na álfy........................................................................................................39 3.3.1. Ármann Jákobsson.....................................................................................................39 3.3.2. Terry Gunnell.............................................................................................................44 3.3.3. Alaric Hall..................................................................................................................48 4. Shrnutí a reflexe.............................................................................................................................55 4.1. Tradiční asociace álfů...........................................................................................................55 4.1.1. Asociace s ásy a bojovníky.........................................................................................55 4.1.2. Asociace s Freyem, vany a kulty hojnosti...................................................................56 1 4.1.3. Asociace s landvættir, trpaslíky a „duchy“ země........................................................59 4.1.4. Asociace s „duchy“ mrtvých a pohřebními mohylami................................................61 4.1.5. Asociace s královským rodem Álfů z Álfheimu na pomezí Norska a Švédska..........62 4.1.6. Asociace s krásou, jasem a bělostí..............................................................................64 4.2. „Fyzický“ vzhled álfů...........................................................................................................65 4.3. Kult álfů................................................................................................................................66 4.4. Definice álfů.........................................................................................................................67 5. Álfové a aes sídhe...........................................................................................................................68 6. Závěr...............................................................................................................................................70 Resumé...............................................................................................................................................74 Summary.............................................................................................................................................75 Použitá literatura.................................................................................................................................76 Obrazová příloha................................................................................................................................88 2 1. Úvod Původním cílem této práce mělo být srovnání dvou mytologických „národů“, starosever- ských álfů (álfar) a staroirských „sídhů“ (aes sídhe), a jejich původu a vývoje v čase (až k dnešnímu populárnímu obrazu „elfů“), a posoudit, zda se mohlo jednat o mytologizovaný obraz starších etnik. Po bližším seznámení se s problematikou a zejména se současnou zahraniční literaturou během mého pobytu v Uppsale jsem však dospěl k závěru, že toto mé původní zadání bylo poněkud naivní, špatně koncipované a jeho premisy zavádějící. Jeho hlavní chybou bylo pojímání álfů i aes sídhe jako od počátku jasně definovaných, v zásadě stabilních a samostatných skupin bytostí, které bychom mohli jednoduše „zaškatulkovat“ a zařadit na patřičné místo v hierarchii stejně jasně definovaného, jednotného a stabilního panteonu starých Seveřanů a Irů. Nic takového však zřejmě nikdy neexistovalo a ani álfové ani aes sídhe zřejmě nikdy nepředstavovali jednotné a jasně vymezené koncepty. Jejich obraz podle dochovaných pramenů je neúplný a nejasný a také novověcí badatelé, kteří si navíc často vypomáhali mnohem pozdějším folklórem i tradicemi z jiných oblastí, si je představovali každý v zásadě jinak. Právě na tento bod, tedy vlastní definici a charakteristiku álfů, jsem se rozhodl tuto práci přeorientovat, protože pokud nejsme schopni definovat vlastní předmět komparace, je tato komparace bezpředmětná. Vzhledem k nedostatku dostupné odborné literatury o aes sídhe, která se omezuje většinou jen na kratší folkloristické studie, které s aes sídhe zacházejí jako s již předdefinovaným konceptem, jsem jim věnoval pouze jednu samostatnou kapitolu a zaměřil se více na álfy. U nich je situace o něco lepší, i když také, snad kvůli svému skromnému výskytu v pramenech a zdánlivě malé roli v mytologii, stáli většinou mimo hlavní zájem odborného studia staroseverských náboženských tradic. Mým stávajícím cílem je tak snaha pokusit se o vymezení vlastního konceptu álfar v jeho, pokud možno
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