Charakteristika Vybraných Mytologických Postáv Škandinávskeho Folklóru V Literatúre a Výtvarnom Umení Bakalárska Diplomová Práca

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Charakteristika Vybraných Mytologických Postáv Škandinávskeho Folklóru V Literatúre a Výtvarnom Umení Bakalárska Diplomová Práca Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav germanistiky, nordistiky a nederlandistiky Skandinávská studia Silvana Kersanová Charakteristika vybraných mytologických postáv škandinávskeho folklóru v literatúre a výtvarnom umení Bakalárska diplomová práca Vedúci práce: Mgr. Pavlína Lukešová 2019 Vyhlasujem, že som diplomovú prácu vypracovala samostatne s využitím uvedených prameňov a literatúry. …………………………………………….. Poďakovanie Chcela by som poďakovať vedúcemu práce Mgr. Pavlíne Lukešovej za poskytnutie cenných rád pri písaní práce, trpezlivosť a podporu. OBSAH 1. ÚVOD................................................................................................................................6 2. DEFINÍCIA POJMOV.......................................................................................................8 2. 1. MÝTY A MYTOLÓGIA...........................................................................................8 2. 2. FOLKLÓR A ĽUDOVÁ ROZPRÁVKA..................................................................9 2. 3. TROLL, OBOR, ELF A VÍLA V ŠKANDINÁVSKOM FOLKLÓRE..................13 2. 3. 1. TROLL.........................................................................................................13 2. 3. 2. OBOR...........................................................................................................13 2. 3. 3. ELF...............................................................................................................14 2. 3. 4. VÍLA............................................................................................................15 3. PIESŇOVÁ EDDA A STAROSEVERSKÉ SÁGY........................................................16 3. 1. SKÍRNIHO CESTA (SKÍRNISMÁL).....................................................................18 3. 2. GYLFIHO ŠIALENSTVO (GYLFAGINNING).....................................................18 3. 3. SÁGA O BÓSIM A HERRAUÐOVI (BÓSA SAGA OG HERRAUÐS)...............19 3. 4. SÁGA O ÁLIM FLEKOVI......................................................................................20 4. STREDOVEKÉ BALADY..............................................................................................21 4. 1. VENILL FRUVA OG DREMBEDROSI (PANNA VENIL A DREMBEDROSA).................................................................22 4. 2. LITI KJERSTI OG BERGEKONGEN (KJERSTI A HORSKÝ KRÁĽ)................23 4. 3. HERR OLOF OCH ÄLVORNA (PÁN OLOF A VÍLY).........................................24 4. 4. HERR MANNELIG (PÁN MUŽNÝ)......................................................................25 4. 5. ÓLAFUR LILJURÓSKVÆIDI (ÓLAF LILJURÓS)...............................................26 5. NÁRODNÉ ROZPRÁVKY – NÓRSKÁ A ŠVÉDSKÁ ĽUDOVÁ ROZPRÁVKA......27 5. 1. NORSKE FOLKEEVENTYR..................................................................................30 5. 2. SVENSKA FOLKSAGOR.......................................................................................33 6. PRIEREZ MODERNOU LITERATÚROU....................................................................35 7. VÝTVARNÉ UMENIE ..................................................................................................38 7. 1. THEODOR KITTELSEN.........................................................................................38 7. 2. ERIK WERENSKIOLD............................................................................................39 7. 3. JOHN BAUER..........................................................................................................40 7. 4. HUMON COMICS...................................................................................................41 8. SYNTÉZA: TROLL, OBOR, ELF A VÍLA V PREMENÁCH ČASU..........................42 9. ZÁVER............................................................................................................................44 BIBLIOGRAFIA.................................................................................................................47 PRÍLOHY............................................................................................................................50 1. ÚVOD Za cieľ bakalárskej práce som si zvolila tému ľudového folklóru z oblasti Škandinávie, kde sa venujem vyčleneniu a charakteristike vybraných mýtických postáv, ktoré sa v daných severských krajinách stali veľmi obľúbenými a ich začiatky siahajú až do doby, kedy sa ústnou formou tradovali staro-severské ságy. V úvode práce sa niekoľkými kapitolami venujem problematike mýtu, ľudového folklóru a žánru ľudovej rozprávky a rozprávky všeobecne. Za zástupcov škandinávskeho folklóru som si vybrala postavu trolla, obra, elfa a víly, ktorých výskyt budem analyzovať od tých najstarších písaných prameňov až po modernú literatúru a ich novodobé umelecké stvárnenia. Okrem mapovania ich výskytu naprieč literatúrou sa v práci venujem aj ich povahovým vlastnostiam, výzoru a úlohe, ktorú zohrávali v škandinávskom folklóre. Pre lepšiu prácu s textom a s celkovým rozsahom som svoju pozornosť sústredila na tri škandinávske krajiny – Nórsko, Švédsko a Island. Vybrané oblasti dostatočne zastupujú škandinávsky materiál a dostupnejšie zdroje. Práca chronologicky zachytáva plodné obdobie šírenia ság na Islande, ktoré sú bohaté na mytologické motívy a poskytujú úvod do sveta bytostí, ktorý som využila pri opisovaní postavy obra, trolla a elfa. V období stredoveku sa v Nórsku a Švédsku rozšíril nový druh literatúry – balady. Tie sa rozdeľovali do niekoľkých skupín, spomedzi ktorých je na dosiahnutie môjho cieľu dôležitá práve balada s rozprávkovým alebo kúzelným motívom. Ústrednú časť práce zakončujem zbierkami národných rozprávok od nórskych a švédskych zberateľov. Do obsahu práce som vložila kapitolu, ktorá sa stručne venuje niekoľko málo dielam modernejšej literárnej tvorby. Symbolická druhá časť výskumu sa zaoberá stvárnením vybraných postáv v rámci umeleckých diel známych rozprávkových maliarov – Theodora Kittelsena, Erika Werenskiolda a Johna Bauera, ktorých umelecké diela priamo nadväzujú na rozprávkovú kapitolu. Tým pádom sa stávajú neoddeliteľnou súčasťou analýzy a výskumu a ponúkajú zaujímavý pohľad do sveta týchto bytostí inak než literárnou formou. Základnými literárnymi zdrojmi pre moju prácu sú predovšetkým Piesňová a Prozaická Edda, rodové ságy, publikácia Severské balady v preklade od Ladislava Hegera a Marie Novotné a zbierky ľudových rozprávok Norske Folkeeventyr (v preklade od Jarky Vrbovej) a Svenska Folksagor. 6 Vo svojej práci sa sústreďujem najmä na hľadanie odpovede na nasledujúcu otázku: Akým spôsobom sa medzi sebou, naprieč literárnymi žánrami, vybrané postavy odlišujú a v čom sa podobajú? K dosiahnutiu odpovedí na výskumnú otázku mi dopomôže samotné ťažisko práce a to kapitola 3. Piesňová Edda a staroislandské ságy, kapitola 4. Stredoveké balady, kapitola 5. Národné rozprávky – nórska a švédska ľudová rozprávka a nakoniec ešte kapitola 6. Prierez modernou literatúrou. Tie obsahujú vybrané literárne materiály, ktoré sú následne vystavené podrobnej analýze. V práci spracovávam výhradne vybrané literárne zdroje a to z toho dôvodu, že rozsah bakalárskej práce nevyhovuje podmienkam na spracovanie tak rozsiahleho korpusu akým sú staroseverské ságy, balady a ľudové rozprávky. Tému “Charakteristika vybraných mytologických postáv škandinávskeho folklóru v literatúre a výtvarnom umení“ som si zvolila preto, lebo by som sa v tejto oblasti chcela vzdelávať viac a myslím si, že práve práca na zvolenej téme mi k tomu dopomôže. 7 2. DEFINÍCIA POJMOV Kapitola sa venuje stručnému prierezu a definícii pojmov mytológia (mýtus), folklór -ako súčasť ľudovej kultúry, z ktorej čerpá ľudová rozprávka a oboznámenie sa s ústrednými mytologickými postavami (troll, obor, elf, víla), na ktoré bude upriamená väčšia pozornosť v celkovom rozsahu práce. 2. 1. MYTOLÓGIA A MÝTY Podstatnú časť akejkoľvek ľudovej kultúry a folklóru tvoria rozprávania založené na mýtoch a mytológii každého národa či etnika. Sú ich dôležitou súčasťou, utvárali obraz stvorenia sveta a prvých ľudských bytostí. V dobe ich stvorenia boli považované za nemennú skutočnosť. Dnes už s určitosťou vieme povedať, že mýty boli založené na viere a pohľade ľudí, ktorí si skreslene predstavovali dané skutočnosti. Hoci sa teóriou mýtu zaoberajú mnohé vedecké odvetia, akými sú napríklad folkloristika, etnografia, antropológia či literárna veda – je stále zložité presne definovať, čím sa mýtus, ako taký, zaoberá a čo predstavuje. V dobe, kedy sa mýty začali reálne skúmať a vykladať, existovalo mnoho spôsobov ich interpretácie.1 Jedným z najpoužívanejších výkladov mýtov je tzv. ,,euhemeristický“ výklad, ktorý bol pomenovaný podľa gréckeho autora Euhemera z 4.-3. stor. p. n. l. Princíp tohto výkladu spočíval v zobrazení bohov ako skutočných, kedysi žijúcich bytostí. Boli to dávni panovníci, ktorí sa sami vyhlásili za bohov alebo tak urobili ľudia, ktorí ich tak vnímali. V slávnom diele dánskeho kňaza Saxa Grammatica (2.pol. 12. stor., poč. 13. stor.) Gesta Danorum (Činy Dánov) je severský boh Höd synom švédskeho kráľa a Nanna (podľa mytológie Baldova žena) je dcérou nórskeho kráľa.2 V Mladšej Edde Snorriho Sturlusona, konkrétne v Kráľovských ságach (Heimskringla, 1225)3, vystupujú bájni švédski králi z rodu Ynglingov, ako potomkovia a nasledovníci mýtického Ódina a ostatných staroseverských bohov. _________________________________________ 1 KAMENSKIJ, M. I. Steblin. Mýtus a jeho svět. Preložila dr. Libuše Kozáková. Praha: Panorama, 1984, s. 6. 2 C. d., s. 9,10 3 STURLUSON, Snorri. Heimskringla [online],
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