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Home , Abgal (god), Abhean, Achall, Aed (god), Aglibol, Agrona

1 The Beyond Heroes Roleplaying Game Book XXI: The Book of Pantheons

Writing and Design: Marco Ferraro

The Book of Pantheons Copyright © 2019 Marco Ferraro. All Rights Reserved

This is meant as an amateur free fan production. Absolutely no money is generated from it.

Wizards of the Coast, Dungeons & , and their logos are trademarks of Wizards of the Coast LLC in the United States and other countries. © 2019 Wizards. All Rights Reserved. Beyond Heroes is not affiliated with, endorsed, sponsored, or specifically approved by Wizards of the Coast LLC.

Contents Foreword 4 Timeline 4 Pantheons 6 Afghani 7 Afrikana 9 Arabian 16 Armenian 23 Australian Aboriginal 24 Aztec 28 Babylonian 34 Baltic 41 Basque 48 British 49 Burmese 50 Cambodian 53 Canaanite 56 Celtic 58 Chinese 68 Egyptian 76 Eskimo 80 Estonian 82 Etruscan 85 Filipino 93 Finnish 105 Gaulish 108 Greek 111 Hindu 116 Hittite 123 Hungarian 125

2 Hurrian 128 Inca 133 Indonesian 135 Irish 139 Islander 144 Japanese 155 Korean 162 Lusitanian 165 Malaysian 174 Maori 178 Mayan 179 Mesopotamian and Sumerian 186 Mongolian 192 Native American 194 Norse 201 Ossetian 207 Phoenician 208 Pop Culture 212 Primordial 215 Roman 221 Sami 233 Scottish 234 Semitic 236 Slavic 237 Syrian 240 Thai 241 Thracian 244 Tibetan 245 Voodun 256 Welsh 265 DC Comics Entities 269 Entities 275 Dungeons and Dragons 279 Eternal Champion 297 Middle Earth 299 Palladium Fantasy 301 Pathfinder 302 Warhammer Fantasy 302 The Creation Guide 304 Spheres for 317 Mana and 320 Creating Cosmic Beings 325 Characters who Ascend 327 Characters who Ascend II 328 List of Cosmic Powers 331 Organizations 338

3 Foreword while countless points of light flare and The Beyond Heroes Role Playing Game die in the interior. is based on a heavily revised derivative version of the rules system from As life begins to form and die, Aelif and Advanced Dungeons and Dragons 2nd Mortis are born. edition. It also makes extensive use of the optional point buying system as 10,000,000,000 BC - The first race of presented in the AD&D Player’s Option beings to arise in this universe known as Skills and Powers book. My primary 'the First Ones' finally begin to explore goal was to make this system usable in beyond their galaxy. They experiment any setting, from fantasy to pulp to with altruism and begin seeding their superhero to science fiction. 'humanoid' gene codes onto thousands of worlds. A pantheon (from Greek pantheion, literally "a temple of all gods") is a set of 9,900,000,000 BC - The First Ones all the gods of a particular polytheistic evolve to a point where they exist as or mythology. pure energy, beyond any hunger or physical need. They decide to continue The following is not meant to be a their seeding but in their new forms are complete list of all the gods of the now able to reach billions of worlds. pantheons but rather the ones which Ive modified for my universe. In some cases 5,000,000,000 BC - A star system that it was too difficult to find much would one day be called '' forms from information on a given pantheon and condensed nebulous gases. thus only the names of the gods are listed. 3,900,000,000 BC - The planet Earth is formed from solidified molten matter in the Solar system.

1. Timeline 3,800,000,000 BC - Formation of Earth's 20,000,000,000 BC - The Big Bang oceans. creates the currently existing universe. From the massive explosion mass and 2,000,000,000 BC - Life begins to arise energy condense to form the universe. on Earth. The primordial gods arise on This is repeated an infinite amount of earth. The most powerful are Gaea and over the . Kali. Angels and in their early travellers appearing here will find forms are also created. themselves at the edge of an expanding universe. The Elder Gaea assigns herself as protector of the emerging life in Earth's In this total vacuum, where no matter seas. Kali takes the opposite role, that of has yet reached, the early cosmos and decay. Pangea breaks up. appears as a boiling mass in the distance. Elsewhere there is nothing but black 410,000,000 BC - period. space. Plumes of fantastic light and gas Insects, Amphibians. sweep around and across the outer edges

4 400,000,000 BC - The main groups of 100,000,000 BC - Africa separates from fish are differentiated. Europe/Valusia and . Reptiles dominate the Earth. 355,000,000 BC - period. Forests appear along with reptiles and 70,000,000 BC - First Primates appear. insects. Horned and armoured Dinosaurs.

320,000,000 BC - Antarctica, Australia, 65,000,000 BC - The forms in India, South America and Africa form orbit out of the remaining debris not the continent of Gondwana. used by the earth. Around the same time a large meteor hits the earth killing most 290,000,000 BC - period. Seed living creatures, including the dinosaurs. breeding plants appear. Trilobites die out. 55,000,000 BC - Eocene epoch. Horses and Camels. The First Ones visit earth 250,000,000 BC - Mesozoic era. The depositing artifacts at Antarctica, Earth's Age of Reptiles, comprising the , moon and . , and periods. 45,000,000 BC - Antarctica separates 205,000,000 BC - Triassic period. First from Australia. dinosaurs, turtles and crocodiles. 38,000,000 BC - Oligocene epoch. First 200,000,000 BC - The (now) India, Apes. North America is largely dry. Australia, Antarctica, and the southern Archaic mammals begin to disappear. parts of South America and Africa lie Modern (horses, pigs, from 10 to 30 degrees from the South rhinoceroses, elephants, etc.) begin to Pole, covered by ice. Dinosaurs arise as appear. the dominant on Earth. Mammals exist as a lower-order . 30,000,000 BC - Development of CircumAntarctic current, essentially 160,000,000 BC - South America, isolating Antarctica from the rest of the Africa and India separate. continents, and beginning the establishment of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. 138,000,000 BC - Cretaceous period begins. and lizards appear. 4,000,000 BC - Earliest findings of humanoid skeletons. 135,000,000 BC - Jurassic period. Largest Dinosaurs. Birds appear on 2,500,000 BC - The Alliance Earth. Gondwana begins to break, set up a weapons outpost on the planet separating South America, Africa and , leaving behind a robot as a India in the North, from Antarctica and guard. The crew of the 'Last Hope' arrive Australia in the South. in this year via a chronal wormhole.

120,000,000 BC - First mammals appear They land on Uranus and discover the on Earth. outpost. Its attacks them and is

5 destroyed, but not before it triggers an the huge mana cost only one Astaroth is alarm. able to follow. This also has the result of awakening the powerful mana forces in The Last Hope's crew attempt to escape, . but are intercepted by the Alliance who detected the 's alarm. After a 124, 456 BC - Earth's latent force battle stretching months the Hope's crew is tapped for the first time as the is victorious but forced to crash on Earth sorcerers establish themselves as gods in the Paleolithic continent, its leaking spawning various . They engines mutating the ecology. overthrow and either kill or banish the previous primordial gods and take their The surviving crew members resign place. themselves to settling on this new world and would eventually become known as These include; Chinese, . African, Odgon, Babylonian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Phoenician, Canaanite, 1,500,000 BC - The Celestial Alliance Hurrian, Mesopotamian, Ugraatic, begin to have setbacks in their various Semitic, and the Greek . wars across the galaxy. They return to the Sol system and land on Earth in an 6, 543 BC – The next wave of young attempt to create a race of super beings Gods, killing or banishing the previous to fight as slaves. Their experimentation order and supplanting them. These Gods leads to the creation of Dwarves and include; Greek, Egyptian, Roman, Gnomes. The Elves long having lost the Hindu, Korean, Cambodian, Japanese, technology from their ship are ignored as Norse, Nepalese, Burmese, Syrian, insignificant. Aztec, Native American, Inca, Voodun, Mayan, Mongolian, Malayan, Thai, 500,000 BC - The Harmonic land on Tibetan, Armenian, Irish, Baltic, earth and establish various refugee bases Lusitanian, Basque, British, Ossetian, around the world for those fleeing from Celtic, Estonian, Sami, Etruscan, the tyranny of the Celestial Alliance. Scottish, Finnish, Slavic, Gaulish, They are careful not to interfere with the Thracian, Welsh, Hungarian, Afghani, native developing races of the world. Hurrian, Afrikan, Arabian, Phoenician, Among these bases are Atlantis and Semitic, Syrian, Aboriginal, Maori, Lemuria. Unbeknownst to them Atlantis Eskimo, Melenesian, Filipino, is built on top of the largest ley line in Micronesian, Hawaiian, Polynesian, and the world. Indonesian.

125,000 BC - Sorcerers escaping the Astaroth takeover of their dimension cross over from Darkworld to Earth. They establish themselves at Egypt, the Bermuda, Ayer's Rock and Mt Olympus.

They are also followed by demonic minions of the Astaroth. However due to

6 Dagun - A Kafir god. Sometimes 2. Earth Pantheons identified as Dagun. Afghani Pantheon Al - A . This version of the Disani - Supreme of the Kafir, Persian Al takes the form of a young fertility. Goddess and goddess of death. woman with long nails and teeth and Mother of Bagisht. Her parentage is with feet pointing to the rear. It is said confused; in some accounts she was the she feeds on the dead. Also identified as daughter of Sudrem or of Indr by Nangi- Al, Alilat, Alilat, Alilta, Allat, Allat, Wutr, in others she was born from the Halitta, Lat, Greek , Ilat, Rusa, right breast of Imra. Yet another version , El, Father Shunem, Bull, has her rising from a sacred lake. She Compassionate, El Betel, El , El decapitated her son, who was the result Olam, El Sadday, El(o)ah, Elyon, of rape by a . In some accounts, (Father) Shunem, Il(ah), Ilmuqah, Ilu, called Disani, Disni, Disni, Dizeile, Latipan, Malcander, Malcandros, Mlk- Dizeile, Nirmali, Nirmali or Shuwe. ab-Anm or Greek . Dogumrik - A war god of the Kafir. Arom - A goddess of contracts. At times, Occasionally referred to as Dogumrik. called Arom. Duzhi - A local Kafir god. Occasionally Bagisht - The Kafir-god of floods and identified as Duzhi. prosperity. Son of Disani. He was born in the river when his mother was raped Gish - A war-god. Son of Imra and Utr. by a demon in the form of a ram. He was Consort of Sanju. He was said to live in decapitated by his mother. On occassion, a fortress built in a walnut tree. In called Bagisht, Baghist, Baghist, Opkulu some accounts, called Gish, Giwish or or Opkulu. Giwish.

Bekassir - A Kafir idol. In some Gujo - A local god of the Kafir. accounts, identified as Bekassir. Sometimes referred to as Gujo.

Boruk - A Kafir idol. Also identified as Helmund A river-goddess. Also known Boruk. as Helmund, Persian Haravaita or Persian Haravaita. Burry Duggur Boola - The Kafir . In some lore, occasionally called Burry Immat - A demon. He is said to carry off Duggur Boola. virgins. Sometimes called Immat.

Burry Le Boola - The Kafir paradise. In Imra - A creator-god of the Kafir. some references, referred to as Burry Le Consort of Utr. Father of Gish. He is Boola. said to have been born of a giantess with tusks and to have created the other gods Dagan - The supreme god of the Kafir. by swirling his breath inside a golden Also referred to as Dagan, or goatskin. At times, identified as Imra, Dagon. Amra, Amra, Yamri, Yamri, Shomde, Shomde, Usum or Wushum.

7 Indr - A Kafir weather-god and god of occasionally known as Mon, Mandi or wine. Father of Disani and Pano, some Mandi. say. Sometimes known as Indr, Inder or Inder. Munjem Malik - A Kafir earth-god. Sometimes referred to as Munjem Malik. Indurman - A Kafir of fruit and wine. Occasionally known as Indurman. Nangi-Wutr - A Kafir goddess. Wife of Sudrem. Mother of Indr and Disani, Kassir - A Kafir idol. In some lore, some say. At times, identified as Nangi- occasionally identified as Kassir. Wutr.

Kshumai - A Kafir fertility-goddess. She Nirmali - A Kafir birth-goddess. Some appears in the form of a goat and is regard her as an aspect of Disani, not a regarded as the mother or grandmother separate deity. Also referred to as of Mon. Also known as Kshumai. Nirmali, Disani, Disani, Disni, Dizeile, Shuwe or Shuwe. Luktari - A Kafir fertility-deity. Also identified as Luktari. Nong - A Kafir winter-god. In some accounts, identified as Nong. Lunang - A Kafir river-goddess, goddess of -mills. Sometimes referred to as Panao - A Kafir creator-god. Sometimes Lunang. referred to as Panao.

Malek - A Kafir deity of nut-trees. In Paneu - A group of 7 gods of the hunt. some lore, occasionally called Malek, Also known as Paneu, Paradik, Paradik, Moloch, Moloch, Makkal, Mukal, Purron or Purron. Mikal, Malcam, Malik, Melech, Melek, Milcom, Milkom, Mlk, Molech, Passamun - A Kafir rain-deity. At times, Molek(h), Moloc or Molokh. known as Passamun.

Maramalik - A Kafir god of the Poluknalai - A Kafir goddess of animals. . On occassion, identified as In some accounts, referred to as Maramalik. Poluknalai.

Mon - A hero, weather-god and water- Prakde - A local Kafir god. Also called god of the Kafir. Son of Imra. He Prakde. rescued the gods, and moon which had been locked up by in a house Sanju - A Kafir goddess of the harvest. made of gold. His function is to defend Daughter of Sanu. Consort of Gish. In man, whom he helped to create, from some cases, she is depicted as a bird or a demons. He is envisaged as a huge giant goat. Occasionally identified as Sanju, who lives in a lake surrounded by flame Sanu, Sanu, Sulmech or Sulmech. and may be depicted as a human with a bow and arrow, a standing stone or a Sanu - A Kafir god. Father of Sanju. At fire-breathing bull. In some lore, times, referred to as Sanu, Sanju, Sanju, Sanu or Sulmech.

8 of themes. African Creator Gods Shomde - A Kafir creator-god. In some seem to follow a distinctive pattern, they accounts he equates with Imra. Also are all extremely dissatisfied with their commonly identified as Shomde, Imra, creations. There is much shaking of Imra, Amra, Yamri, Usum, Usum, heads, turning away in sorrow and Wushum or Wushum. avoidance of contact.

Sudrem - A Kafir weather-god. Husband The poor humans are mostly left to fend of Nangi-Wutr. Father of Disani. He was for themselves. Attempts to regain created either from the branch of a contact with the Gods by building a juniper bush or from the breath of Imra. heavenly ladder are the subject of many In some lore, occasionally known as an unhappy legend. This sense of Godly Sudrem, Sataram, Sataram, Sudaram, disappointment can't have done much for Sudaram, Sujum or Sujum. the average African culture's ego. But while the major Gods sit in Utr - Consort of Imra. Mother of Gish. wringing their hands in despair, the On occassion, called Utr. lesser Gods and nature spirits are very willing to take an active part in Earthly Zhiwud - A Kafir messenger-goddess. life. These are mostly into hunting and She took messages to Mon during his other practical subjects - with food, sex struggle to save the gods who had been and booze as popular as always. imprisoned by the giants. On occassion, referred to as Zhiwud, Zhuwut or There is a remarkable innocence about Zhuwut. the Gods of Africa. They seem naive and unworldly, believing the best of everyone and optimistically giving the The Afrikana Pantheon benefit of the doubt to all and sundry. No wonder they are rudely disappointed Almost all African people believed in a when it turns out their badly-chosen supreme god who created the universe favourites are up to no good. Even and all within it; this pre-dated the communicating with their creation is full infiltration of the Christian or Islamic of problems. Vital messages of life and religions. This does not mean they death are entrusted to whichever believed in a monotheistic , for this farmyard animal happens to be passing, supreme god had many under-gods. This and the resulting garble is likely to have deity was personalized in their profoundly unforeseen and usually individual mythologies, usually as a - disastrous consequences. sexual or non-sexual being, father and mother of all creatures and creator of Abassi - (Nigeria) Efik tribe's creator of every detail of earth. the world. African mythology covers a very large Abuk - The first woman, according to area. There are so many regions, the Dinka people of Africa. She is the languages, tribes, cultures and patron goddess of women and gardens. imperialist crossovers that the sheer Her emblem is a little . diversity of prevailing Gods would seem overwhelming if they didn't follow a set

9 Adu Ogyinae - (Ashanti) The first man. by the Dogon as well as other peoples of He was the leader of the seven men, Africa. some women, a dog and a leopard who were the first beings to come to the Anansi - Trickster spider of West Africa, surface of the earth from holes in the considered the creator's chief official, ground. and a hero of many tales.

Agé - (Dahomean) Worshipped by Asase Yaa Ghanian - creator of hunters; in charge of uninhabited bush humanity, and wife of Nyame. She was and the animals therein. also the mother of the gods.

Agwe - In Benin, she is the mother of Ashiakle Ghanian - (Africa) goddess of the sea. She is affectionate and nurturing wealth, and of the sea. to humans who honor her. Ayaba - (Dahomean) Sister of Loko; Aida Wedo - In Benin and Haiti she is goddess of the hearth. the snake companion to Damballah- Wedo, the most popular god, who is also Aziri - The goddess of possessions. in snake form. Aje Yoruba - goddess of wealth in all its Baatsi - (Zaire) The first man, made by forms. the Creator out of clay, which he covered with skin and filled with blood. Ajok - Chief god of the Sudanese Then was made a woman, name Lotuko. unknown, with whom Baatsi was commanded to make children. Akonadi - An oracle goddess of in Ghana. Bayanni - (Yoruba) Sister of Shango. She was sacrificed to make her younger Akongo - Chief deity of the Ngombe in brother, Shango, a stronger god. the Congo. Akuj - Chief deity of the Akuj in the Bele Alua - (Ghana) A tree goddess. Congo. Bomo Rambi - (Zimbabwe) A moon - Earth mother of the Ibo tribe in goddess. Nigeria. She is creator of the living, queen of the dead, and goddess of Bosumabla - (Ghana) A sea goddess. fertility. One of the minor deities.

Amma - (Dogon) The supreme god who Buk - (Sudan) Goddess of rivers and created the sun and moon. He tried to streams, and the of life. Mother mate with the female earth but his of Deng, Candit, and Nyaliep. passage was barred by a red termite hill. Buku - God/Goddess of the in West This had to be cut away before he could Africa. successfully mate with the earth. This is supposedly the justification for Bumba - (Boshongo/Bantu) Creator god. female circumcision, which is practiced In the beginning only he existed. Then,

10 smitten with stomach cramps, he spat Eka Abassi - (Africa) The creator of life. out the sun, the moon, and living Her son, and consort, was Obumo, god creatures (mankind was the last of of thunder and rain. these). Enekpe - (Africa) Goddess of the family Bunzi - (Zaire) A rain goddess, depicted and guardian of . One story as a rainbow-colored snake. She took relates that when she saw that her tribe over her mother's duties as rain goddess was losing a battle, she offered herself as when her mother was killed. a to save her people, and was buried alive on the battlefield; her tribe Buruku - (Ghana) Creator goddess. She was saved. is associated with the moon. (Sometimes considered a male.) Eseasar - (Africa) An earth goddess married to the sky god, Ebore. Cagn - (Mantis) (Bushmen of Africa) The creator, who with his wife, Coti, Eshu - (Fon/Yoruba) The divine made everything. They had two sons: messenger, master of all languages, who Cogaz and Gewi. acts as intermediary between men and all divinities and between gods and gods. Candit - (Sudan) Goddess of streams. Esu - (Yoruba) God of watchfulness.

Cghene - (Nigeria) Supreme deity of the Fa - The god of . Isoko tribe. Considered to be the creator and father of all. Faran - (Songhay) A great hero who battled the river spirit Zin-kibaru. - (Fon) God of unity. He was the son of the twins Lisa and Mahu. Faro - (Bambara) A sky and water god. Though androgynous he gives birth to Deng - (Dinka) God of rain, whose club twins (brother and sister) who are the is . The divine ancestor of the parents of the human race. Dinka peoples. Fatouma - (Mali) She was born in a village near a lake that was inhabited by Domfe - (Kurumba) The god of rain and a virgin-devouring who each wind. year claimed a village virgin as payment for the use of the lake's . The day Dongo - (Songhoi) God of thunder. came when Fatouma was the only eligible virgin remaining so she was left Edinkira - (Africa) A tree goddess. on the shore for the dragon to eat. Along came a hero named Hammadi who slew Efé - (Pygmy) The first man. the dragon, married Fatouma, and lived happily ever after with her. Egungun-oya - (Africa) Another form of the Yoruba goddess of divination. Fidi Mukullu - (Zaire) Bena Lulua god of creation from whose right cheek was born the sun and from whose left cheek was born the moon.

11 woman, the man was kept very busy Fohsu - (Ghana) Goddess of salt. She trapping for her. One night, however, was pictured as white-skinned. she awakened to realize she was no longer pregnant. Shocked, she Gleti - (Benin) Moon goddess. She is the discovered the baby had slipped out of mother of all the stars (Gletivi). An the womb and was already eating meat. eclipse is said to be caused by the He grew up to be the hero Itonde, who shadow of the her husband when he captured the heart of the Elephant Girl comes to "visit". Mbombe.

Gonzuole - (Liberia) The first woman. Imana - Chief god of the Banyarwanda Without a mate she gave birth to many people of Ruanda. beautiful daughters; they lived together in a village without men for many years. Iruwa - Sun god in Kenya. Eventually some men nearby trapped them all and Gonzuole, fearing for her Juok - (Shilluk) The creator of all men daughters' safety, agreed to give them in on earth; Europeans from white clay, marriage to the men. from reddish-brown clay, and Africans from black earth. Gû - (Fon) The god of metal. A metal sword is still called by this name. Khonvum - Chief god of the Pygmies.

Gua - God of agriculture, blacksmiths, Kibuka - (Dinka/Buganda) God of war and thunder in West Africa. and storms.

Gulu - (Dinka) The creator god. Kintu - (Dinka) The first man and (Buganda) King of heaven. founder of the Dinka peoples. The Masai peoples have this myth: In the beginning Gunab - Hottentot god of evil. there was only one man on earth, Kintu. The daughter of heaven saw him and fell Hêbiesso - The god of thunder. in love with him, and persuaded her father to let them marry. Her marriage Iku - God of death in Nigeria. dowry consisted of all the domestic animals and all of the useful plants. Ilankaka - (Nkundo) The sun goddess of the Nkundo of central Zaire was trapped Lebé - (Dogon) The ancestor from by a man who was hunting during the whom the Dogon descended. night. She begged to be released and promised him much wealth for doing so, Lêgba - (Dahomean) The god of but the only wealth he wanted was her, crossroads and the messenger of the and so she agreed to marry him. Soon gods. He understood all languages and pregnant, she refused to eat anything but so was also interpreter for the gods. forest rats. Leza - (Central Africa) The creator, or Because it was known that a man had to supreme, god. provide for any whim of a pregnant

12 Libanza - Chief god of the Upotos of the Mukasa - (Buganda) An oracle, Congo. considered a beneficent god for he demanded no . Lituolone - (Bantu) A mythic hero a la or Ulysses. Muluku - (Macoua) The supreme being.

Loko - (Dahomean) The god of Mulungu - (East Africa) The creator, or medicine. supreme god.

Maina - (Luyia) The ancestor of the Mwambu - (Luyia) The first man. people. Nambi - (Buganda) The first woman. Mambo - (Lovedu) The ancestor of these people. Nana Buluku - (Fon) The primordial mother. Marwe - (Chaga) A folktale heroine. Nanan-Bouclou - Ewe tribe god of herbs Massim Biambe - (Congo) The creator, and medicine. an omnipotent immaterial god. Nenaunir - (Masai) God of storms and, Mawu-Lisa - (Leza) (Dahomean/Fon) as a demon, a spirit of evil. Either an androgynous (double-sexed) being or male and female twins. The first Ng ai - (Masai) The creator of the deity. Mawu, the female (part?) is universe. associated with the moon, fertility, motherhood and joy. Lisa, the male Nyambé - (Western Tropics) The (part?) is associated with the sun, creator/supreme god. The sun god. He is strength, labor and heat. This god known among the many different (gods?) gave birth to all the other gods. peoples as Nyamé, Ngewo, Mawu, Amma, Olorun, Chukwu, etc. Mboze - (Zaire) Mother of the Woyo people, and mother of Bunzi. When her Nyankopon - (Ashanti) The sun god. husband found out he was not the father Nyasaye - Chief god of the Maragoli. of Bunzi, he killed Mboze. Nzame - (Bantu) The creator, who was Mebeli - (Congo) The female god. See really three in one: Nzame, Mebere, and Phebele below. Nkwa.

Minepa - (Macoua) The god of evil. Oboto - The of serenity.

Moombi - (Kikuyu) Creator. Wife to Odudua-Orishala - (Yoruba) Similar Gikuyu with whom she bore nine deities as Mawu-Lisa above, except for a daughters. different tribe.

Ogun - (Yoruba) The god of iron; the god of war.

13 Phebele - (Congo) The male god who Olokun - (Nigeria/Benin/Yoruba) The with Mebeli, the female god, had a child, sea god, most worshipped of the deities, man, to whom Massim Biambe gave life. for he once destroyed most of the earth (flood myth). Rugaba - God of the sky in Uganda. Olorun - (Yoruba) The creator, or supreme, god. Sagbata - (Dahomey) God of smallpox.

Orisha Nla - (Yoruba) The Great God Shagpona - (Yoruba) God of smallpox. ordered by Olorun to create solid ground in the marshy lands that were earth. Shango - (Yoruba) God of war, storms, thunder and fertility. Orunmila - (Yoruba) God of mercy, who helped man after Olokun's deluge. Sopona - (Yoruba) God of smallpox.

Osanyin - The god of medicine. Tano - (Togo) A river god.

Oshe - (Yoruba) The god of thunder and Tilo - (Mozambique) God of the sky and lightning. of thunder and rain.

Osun - (Yoruba) The power (orisa) of Tokoloshi - Invisible half-hare, half-man love and sensuality. She is depicted as an creatures, believed to be messengers for old wise woman sad at the loss of her witchdoctors. beauty. Alternately she may be shown as tall, light-brown-skinned, and with the Tsui'goab - (Hottentot) Rain god and sensuality of a prostitute. She is great hero. patroness of rivers and the bloodstream, and wears seven brass bracelets. She Umvelinqangi - (Zulu) The sky god who wears a mirror at her belt to admire descended from heaven and married herself, is companioned by the primping Uhlanga (a large swamp personalized). peacock and cricket, and carries river This swamp was overgrown with reeds water in her pot. Powerful spells are of many colors. Umvelinqangi broke off worked through this lady of opposites. two reeds of each different color and made them into people, a male and a Oya - (Yoruba) Oya the warrior goddess female. Each pair thereby became the of the wind represents the winds of founders of a tribe of a different color. change. As Yoruban goddess of the The Zulu people call themselves marketplace she creates changes in Abantsundu which means "brown fortune. She was the wife of Shango , people". lord of thunder and fertility. Her power is associated with lightning, tornadoes, Unkulunkulu - (Zulu) Chief god. cemeteries and death. Oya is tall, stately, and an Amazon in battle. She is the orisa Utixo - (Hottentot) God of the sky, rain, of power and action. Every breath we and thunder. take is the gift of Oya.

14 Wak - (Ethiopia) The supreme god who Yemonja - (Nigerian Yoruba) She is one lived in the clouds. Wak kept the of the great goddesses of Africa. She at a distance from the earth and was said to be the daughter of the sea covered it with stars. He was a into whose waters she empties. Her benefactor god. When the earth was flat, breasts are very large, because she was Wak asked man to build himself a mother of so many of the Yoruba gods. coffin. Man did this and Wak shut him She is also the mother of waters (Mama up in it. Wak buried the coffin. For Watta) who gave birth to all the world's seven years he made fire rain down and waters. this is how the mountains were formed. Even as she slept, she would create new Then Wak danced upon the place where springs, which gushed forth each time the coffin was buried and man sprang she turned over. She was the sister/wife forth, alive. He was sure he had slept for of Aganju, the soil god, and mother by a brief moment only and was surprised him of Orungan, god of the noonday to find it had been so long; this is why sun. She is known by different names in man is awake for most of the day. many localities; As Yemoja (Yemayah) Eventually man tired of living alone. she is the power (orisa) of the ocean and Wak took some of his blood and after motherhood. She is long-breasted, the four days, the blood became a woman goddess of fishes, and wears an insignia whom the man married. He had 30 of alternating and blue beads. children. However, he was ashamed at having had so many and so hid 15 of She has a strong, nurturant, life-giving them. An angry Wak then made the yet furiously destructive nature. She is hidden children into animals and considered the Great , the ultimate demons. manifestation of female power, as Yemanja (Imanje) in Brazil she is ocean Wamara - (Bazibu) Son of Nyante. goddess of the crescent moon, as Ymoa Father of Kagoro, Mugasba, Kazoba and in West Africa she is the river goddess Ryangombe. who grants fertility to women, in Cuba she is Yemaya (Yemaya Ataramagwa, Wantu Su - (Sudan) The supreme god. wealthy queen of the sea - Yemaya Wele - Chief god of the Abaluyia of Achabba, stern goddess - Yemaya Kenya. Oqqutte, violent goddess - Yemaya Olokun, dream goddess), she is Agwe in Were - Chief god of the Luo of Kenya. Haiti. And finally as Yamoja, a contraction of the the sentence "Iyamo Woto - (Oto) (Shongo) God of fire. eja", meaning "our mother" or "my mother of fishes". Xevioso - (Fon) God of thunder. Son of Mahu and Lisa. Twin brother of Gun. A Zambi - (Angola) The supreme being. member of the Vodu gods. Zanahary - Chief god in Madagascar. Yangombi - (Bantu) God of creation.

15 Zinkibaru - (Songhoi) Although he is a Eskandar, Alexander, Zul-Qarnain, Zul- blind djinn, he is considered the "Master Qarnain, Dhu'l Karnain, Dhu'l-Qarnayn, of Fish" Dhul Karnain, Dhul-Qarnayn or Al- Iskandar. The Arabian Pantheon Al jann - A name for Eblis as 'father of the '. Occasionally referred to as Al A'ra - A local god. At times, referred to jann. as A'ra. Al Kabah al-Alif - An early name for the Abdullah - A man who saw the fabulous constellation Aries. Sometimes city of Iram. On occassion, identified as identified as Al Kabah al-Alif, Al Abdullah. Hamal, Al Hamal, Hamal, Chinese Pai Yang, Aries, Aries, ram or Arab Al - A god of the desert. Hamal. Occasionally known as Abgal. Al Kassab - A devil; a demon of lies; Abjer - The marvellous horse of Antar. Satan. At times, identified as Al Kassab, Also referred to as Abjer, Abjar or Xezbeth, Xezbeth, Shezbeth or Arab Al- Abjar. kazzab. Abla - A princess. Wife of Antar. Al Mundzir - Son of Hilal. Father of Occasionally referred to as Abla. Jabir and Jubayr. In some accounts, called Al Mundzir. Aglibol - A Syrian moon-god. Brother of . Referred to as Aglibol, Agli- Al Shuja - A name for the constellation , Agli-bel, Agli-bol or Agli-bol. as the snake. Sometimes called Al Shuja. Ak Akbar - The Arab name for the Great. Bear constellation. In some lore, Aladdin - The owner of a magic lamp in occasionally called Ak Akbar, Al Dubh The Arabian Nights. Son of Mustafa. He or Al Dubh. could conjure up a jinnee that would obey his orders merely by rubbing the Al Babadur - A name for the lamp. With its help he won the hand of a constellation Orion as the strong'. Also beautiful princess, Badr al-Budur. He commonly known as Al Babadur. later killed the magician who tried to Al Hamal - A later name for the take the lamp from him. On the death of constellation Aries. Sometimes known his father-in-law, he became emperor of as Al Hamal, Al Kabah al-Alif, Al China. Also identified as Aladdin. Kabah al-Alif, Aries, Chinese Pai Yang, Hamal or Hamal. Ali Baba - The hero of a story in The Arabian Nights. Brother of Cassim Al Iskandar - The Arab name for Baba. He discovered the password Alexander the Great. On occassion, (Sesame or Simsim) to the robbers' cave known as Al Iskandar, Iskander, and stole their treasure. His slave, Iskander, Alexander, Iskandar, Iskender, Morgiana, killed the robbers when they Iskender, Alexander, Eskandar,

16 hid in large jars by pouring boiling oil (in), Syrian Monominos or Syrian over them and later killed their leader. Monominos. As a reward Ali gave her her freedom and allowed her to marry his son or Asad - The Zodiacal sign Leo. nephew. Also commonly identified as Occasionally called Asad. Ali Baba. Asar - An equestrian-god. Sometimes Aliha - An ancient sun-goddess. On identified as Asar. occassion, identified as Aliha. Asira - A local god. Sometimes Alilah - The supreme spirit. Consort of identified as Asira. Alilat. Occasionally known as Alilah. Asoom Jan Tanushi - The first jinnee - A sky-god of the Saba tribe. created by God. On occassion, referred In some references, referred to as to as Asoom Jan Tanushi, Taranushi, Almaqah. Taranushi or Asoom.

Amina - A ghoul in The Arabian Nights. Atarsamain - The deified morning star. She treated her three sisters very badly Also commonly referred to as and led them about on leads like dogs. Atarsamain, Alilat or Alilat. Also identified as Amina, Amine or Amine. - The deified morning star in . Brother of . Occasionally an-nar - A name for hell. Known as an- referred to as Azizos, Azuzu, Azuzu, nar, 'fire', 'fire' or . Monominos, Monominos or .

Anbay - A god of justice. Attendant on Badr al-Budur - A sultan's daughter or Amm. Referred to as . Chinese princess. Wife of Aladdin. Referred to as Badr al-Budur, Badoura, Anqa - A huge fabulous bird. In some Badoura, Bedr el-Budur, Bedr el-Budur, references, identified as Anqa, anka, Bear-el-Budur, Bear-el-Budur, Buddur anka, anqa, Anka, Anka, Persian al-Buddoor or Buddur al-Buddoor. Simurgh, Persian Simurgh or sinam. Apples of Samarkand - Apples that, in Banu Hilal - A book about the exploits "The Arabian Nights", could cure any of various Heroes, including the warrior illness. Sometimes referred to as Apples Abu Zayd. Occasionally identified as of Samarkand. Banu Hilal, Sons of Hilal or Sons of Hilal. Aqrab - The Zodiacal sign Scorpio. Occasionally identified as Aqrab. Baqiya - A name for Jirjis as 'the survivor'. Known as Baqiya, Jirjis or Arsu - An androgynous deity, the deified Jirjis. evening star. Brother of Azizos. In some references, referred to as Arsu, Ruda, Barmecide's Feasts - In "The Arabian Ruda, Rudain, Rudain, Ruda(in), Nights", a meal at which the beggar Schacabac is offered empty plates

17 instead of the promised meal. In some Dasura - A mountain god. Son of Alilat. references, referred to as Barmecide's At times, identified as Dasura. Feasts. - A god of the northern tribes. Basamum - A god of healing. Also known as Datin. Sometimes identified as Basamum. Djamy - The of Antar. Bebellahamon - A god of the northern Known as Djamy. region of Arabia. In some accounts he is the same as -Hammon Also called du'l Halasa - A god of the south-west Bebellahamon, Baal-Hammon, Baal- region in pre-Islamic times. Hammon or Roman Frugifer. Occasionally referred to as du'l Halasa, Halasa or Halasa. Cuba - An Omani god of children. In some lore, occasionally known as Cuba. Dusara - A Nabataean wine god. Son of Lat. Sometimes known as Dusara, Dalu - The Zodiacal sign, Aquarius. Dousares, Dousares, Dusura, Dus-Sara, Occasionally called Dalu. Dus-Sara, Dusares, Dusares, sacred animals, sacred animals, animals, Set Dar al-Baqa - Heaven. Sometimes called India , Set Australian Dar al-Baqa, House of or House Aborigines Egypt Egypt Hera, of Eternity. Syria Dionysus, Egypt, Helius, Neptune, , Japan Egypt, Pasht Wadjet Dar al-Fana - The earth. At times, Hera, Hindu Egypt, Sebek, Set Heracles identified as Dar al-Fana, House of Huitlantecuhtli Dionysus Passing or House of Passing. Atargatis Aphrodite, Dionysus, , Kaltesh Hestia, Dar al-Ghurut - The earth. In some Isis Set , Helius Wadjet Anubis, Set accounts, identified as Dar al-Ghurut, Dionysus Helius, Dahomey, Osiris House of Illusion, House of Illusion or Dionysus, Sandan, Dionysus Dar al-Ghurur. India Dinka tribe, Hathor Dionysus, Polynesia Angus Og, Greece Dar al-Huz - This world as a vale of Dionysus, Zeus Nyx Wadjet Asclepius, tears. In some accounts, referred to as Dayaks, Dionysius, , Sumeria Dar al-Huz, House of Sadness, House of , Jurojin Dionysus Aphrodite, Sadness or Dar al-Huzn. Heracles, Egypt Apollo, Ares, Dar al-Ibtila - The earth. In some lore, Wepwawet Asia, Hindu, D(o)usares, occasionally known as Dar al-Ibtila, D(o)usares, Greek Dionysus, Greek House of Temptation or House of Dionysus, Fufluns, , , Osiris, Temptation. Rudra, Salmaat or Zagreus.

Dar al-Surur - Paradise. Sometimes Elissa - A goddess. Also identified as referred to as Dar al-Surur, House of Joy Elissa, Dido, Dido, Didon, Didone, or House of Joy. Tanit, 'brave one' or Didon(e).

18 Flying Carpet - A huge carpet on which Hut - The Zodiacal sign, Pisces. Solomon was said to be able to transport Occasionally identified as Hut. 2 lions and 2 armies. Sometimes called Flying Carpet, Green Carpet or Green Il - An early moon-god. In some Carpet. accounts, known as Il.

Genie - A spirit made of fire capable of Ilaalge - A local Nabataean god. taking on any shape. Also called genie, Occasionally called Ilaalge. jinnee, jinnee, djinn, djinni, ginn, jinn, jinni, (d)jinni, femalejinniyah, Jabir - Son of Al Mundzir. Brother of plur(d)jinn, jann, Moroccan jnun, Pacific Jubayr. Father of Rizk. On occassion, Islands jin, Persian narah, genii or genii. identified as Jabir.

Ghaddar - Son of Eblis. A jinnee who Jadi - The Zodiacal sign, Capricorn. In tortured men by eating. Their genitals. In some lore, occasionally identified as some lore, occasionally known as Jadi. Ghaddar. Jauza - The Zodiacal sign Gemini. On Gian Ben Gian - The king of the jinn. It occassion, called Jauza. was said that he was overthrown by Azazael. Some say that he built the Jinn bin Jann - The king of the jinn. He pyramids. In some accounts, called Gian was regarded as the ruler of the world in Ben Gian. the time before Adam and Eve. Sometimes identified as Jinn bin Jann. Haiwa - The Arab name for Eve, wife of Adam. Mother of Abil(Abel) and jinniyah - A female jinnee. On Kabil(Cain). Called Haiwa. occassion, called jinniyah.

Haka - A name for the moon. Also Jubayr = Son of Al Mundzir. Brother of identified as Haka. Jabir. Occasionally known as Jubayr.

Haubas - A god of the southern region in Jufran - In some accounts, a son of pre-Islamic times. Sometimes identified Antar. On occassion, known as Jufran, as Haubas, Hobas, Hobas, Hoba or Geoffrey or Geoffrey. Hoba. Kahilin - A tutelary god in pre-Islamic Haukim - A god of law in pre-Islamic times. In some accounts, he is the same times. Also called Haukim. as Kahil. In some lore, occasionally hayula - The primordial matter from identified as Kahilin, Kahil or Kahil. which all else is made. Occasionally Kalilah wa Dimnah - An early collection known as hayula. of fables and stories of dragons: a version of the Panchatantra. Sometimes Hefedha - A guardian god. Occasionally called Kalilah wa Dimnah. referred to as Hefedha. Karubi - Cherubim, the highest angels. In some references, called Karubi.

19 katanes - A hairy vampire. At times, Malik - A god of the northern region in called katanes. pre-Islamic times. Occasionally called Malik, Moloch, Moloch, Makkal, Khaleel - A man who owned a cat which Mukal, Mikal, Malcam, Malek, Melech, could talk in Arabic. Referred to as Melek, Milcom, Milkom, Mlk, Molech, Khaleel, Sheik Khaleel or Sheik Khaleel. Molek(h), Moloc or Molokh. kham - A charm in the form of a hand. - A heathen god of Mecca. Occasionally known as kham, kam or Sometimes called Manaf. kam. Manah - An angelic fertility-goddess. khamsa - A mystic number; the number Called Manah. 5. This number is so powerful that it is never used in speech. In some lore, Mandah - The gods of irrigation. Also occasionally called khamsa. called Mandah.

Khidi - A benevolent water-spirit. Also Marnas - A local fertility-god of Gaza. called Khidi, El Khidi, El Khidi, Great Occasionally referred to as Marnas. One, The Great One or The Great One. Mehrem - In some accounts, an ancient Kisra - The Arab name for Kay creatorgod. In some references, referred Khusraw. In some accounts, identified as to as Mehrem. Kisra. Melek Taos - A symbol of the sun-god, Lat - A name for Alilat as mother of the Moloch, in the form of a peacock on top sun. Mother of Dusares. Sometimes of a candlestick or pillar. Occasionally known as Lat, Alilat, Alilat, Alilta, Allat, identified as Melek Taos. Al, Allat, Halitta, Greek Aphrodite, Ilat, Rusa, Mother of the Sun or Mother of meteor - A meteor is said to be a the Sun. flaming. Firebrand thrown by angels to drive off evil spirits. Sometimes referred Little Camels - The Arab name for the to as meteor, falling star, falling star, group of stars. Known as the . In shooting star or shooting star. some references, referred to as Little Camels. Mizan - The Zodiacal sign, Libra (scales). Occasionally called Mizan. Lokman - A hero, said to have a huge appetite, who lived for some 3,500 - The only spot on earth years. Also referred to as Lokman, where the . Will land; the home of Lukman, Lukman or lookman. giants and the jinn. This mountain is said to be made of emerald and is situated on Malakbel - An ancient sun-god and god the far side of the ocean which encircles of vegetation. Brother of Aglibol. the earth. Its reflection is what causes the Identified as Malakbel, Malekbel or sky to appear blue. In some versions, Malekbel. Qaf is a range of mountains rather than a

20 single peak. In some references, called up to 7,000 years) only to rise again Mount Qaf, Caf, Caf, Kaf, Kaf, Mount from its own ashes. Another story said Kaf, Mount Kaf, Qaf, Qaf, Mount Caf or that, although the bird bred in Arabia, it Mount Caf. flew to Greece to bury its parents. It was said to feed only on dew and was Mustapha - A poor tailor. Father of described as having a purple body, a Aladdin. Sometimes known as gold neck and a blue tail. Anyone who Mustapha, Mustafa or Mustafa. found one of its golden feathers was sure to have good fortune. In some Mustapha Baba - A cobbler who stitched references, identified as phoenix, birds, together the severed parts of Kassim's birds, animals, sacred birds, simurgh, body. In some references, called Phoinix, Phoinix, Phoenix, Poua-Kai, Mustapha Baba, Mustafa Baba or Poua-Kai, Poukai, Arab Roc, Fijian Mustafa Baba. Ngani-Vatu, Ngutu-Lei, simurg, simurgh, simurgh, Saena Meregha, akra, Muwakkil - A guardian angel. If a man samru, simorg, sinurgh, Arab anqa, roc, becomes possessed by a devil, it is the Russian sinam(ru), saena, senmerv or Muwakkil's job to drive the devil away. simarghu. At times, called Muwakkil. Qaus - The Zodiacal sign Sagittarius. At nabaa - A tree. Arrows made from the times, identified as Qaus. timber of this tree are used in divination rites. In some lore, occasionally known Qaynan - A southern smith-god. as nabaa. Occasionally identified as Qaynan.

Nahi - A guardian god. Sometimes Qos - A weather-god and god of referred to as Nahi. rainbows. Some versions equate him with . Sometimes referred to as - An early vulture-god. In some Qos. accounts, called Nasr, Nasur or Nasur. qutrub - A male jinnee. In some lore, Ormaddu - In Berber lore, a huge bird occasionally referred to as qutrub, that mated with a female wolf to produce femaleghul or femaleghul. a griffin. In some references, called Ormaddu. Quzah - A mountain-god and god of weather. Some versions equate him with Orotalt - A god of southern Arabia. In Qos. Sometimes called Quzah. some references, referred to as Orotalt, Oretal, Oretal, Orotal, Orotal, Greek Ras al-Ghul - The Arab name for the star Dionysus, Greek Dionysus, Dusara, Algol. Also identified as Ras al-Ghul. Fufluns, Liber, Osiris, Rudra, Salmaat or Zagreus. Razeka - An early god worshipped as a provider of food. Occasionally known as phoenix - A fabulous bird. This huge Razeka. bird immolated itself at intervals of about 350 years (or 500, 1,000, 1,461 or

21 Rizk - Son of Jabir. Husband of Al- - A pre-Islamic god of the Khadra. Father of Barakat. Also northern region. Sometimes called identified as Rizk. Salman, Ilu Salman, Ilu Salman, Salm of Mahram, Salm of Mahram, Salmon, roc - A huge mythical bird. This bird, Salmon, Saramana, Saramana, which fed on baby elephants, carried off Selamanes, Selamanes, Shulmanu, Sinbad the Sailor and was said to be Shulmanu, Saraamana, Saraamana, large enough to carry off a full-grown Babylonian Sulmanu, Babylonian elephant. It is said to land only on Mount Sulmanu, Canaanite Resep, Canaanite Qaf. Occasionally known as roc, ruc, Resep or Reshpu. ruc, roc, rukh, rukh, roc, simurgh, simurgh, Saena Meregha, akra, samru, Sanam - Idols worshipped in pre-Islamic simorg, simurg, sinurgh, Arab anqa, Arabia. In some lore, occasionally Russian sinam(ru), phoenix, saena, identified as Sanam, Sevain, Sevain or senmerv or simarghu. Sanam.

Rusa - A goddess of fate. Sometimes Saratan - The Zodiacal sign, Cancer. referred to as Rusa, Alilat, Alilat, Alilta, Also commonly called Saratan. Allat, Al, Allat, Halitta, Lat, Greek Aphrodite, Ilat, Babylonian Allat, Shayth - The Arab name for Set. Babylonian Allat, Allatu, Syrian Arsa or Referred to as Shayth. Syrian Arsa. sihr - Sorcery: magic. Occasionally Saalah - A hideous demon. This being is called sihr. said to lure people into the forest where he torments them. Also referred to as Sinbad - A voyager, hero of The Arabian Saalah. Nights. In one story he was carried by a rukh to a valley of diamonds where he Sad - A god of fate. Sometimes referred collected as many as he could carry. He to as Sad. then tied himself to the rukh and was carried to its nest. Sinbad was rescued by Sai'Al Qaum - A guardian god. a merchant before the huge bird could Occasionally known as Sai'Al Qaum, eat him and the two of them shared the Egyptian Sai, Egyptian Sai, Psais, Greek diamonds. Referred to as Sinbad, Sinbad Psais, Greek Psais or Sai. the Sailor or Sinbad the Sailor.

Saitan - The Arab version of Satan. Also Singala - A local god. At times, known commonly called Saitan. as Singala.

Sakia - An ancient rain-god. Also Sirat Bani Hilali - A collection of stories referred to as Sakia. of heroes. Also referred to as Sirat Bani Hilali. Salema - An ancient god of good health. On occassion, referred to as Salema. Sumbula - The Zodiacal sign Virgo. Sometimes called Sumbula.

22 Suwa - An early sun-goddess. Also Zabiba - A princess. Mother of Antar. identified as Suwa. She was freed from captivity by Shaddad when he conquered the Sudan and Ta'lab - A moon-god of the southern became his wife. In some accounts, region. Sometimes called Ta'lab. identified as Zabiba. tabi - The familiar of the Arab sorcerer. Zaim - A nocturnal manifestation of the This spirit is said to pass on secret devil. Also referred to as Zaim. knowledge to the sorcerer. In some accounts, known as tabi. Zainigav - A storm-demon. This demon overran Persia but was driven out by Taghut - A deity worshipped in pre- Afrasiyab. Also known as Zainigav. Islamic. Times. Occasionally called Taghut. Zalambur - A demon of dishonest trading. Son of Eblis. Sometimes called Thaur - The Zodiacal sign Taurus. Zalambur, Zalumbur or Zalumbur. Sometimes identified as Thaur. Zauba'a - An evil spirit which takes the Tinnin - A sea- said to have been. form of a . Sometimes Killed by Alexander. In some accounts, identified as Zauba'a. known as Tinnin, Muslim Thuban or Muslim Thuban. Zendik - A magician. Occasionally referred to as Zendik. Walia- - The Arab version of wali. Known as Walia-Allah, vali, vali, Boe, Zikr - A Dervish ceremony which ends Bous, wali, Ali, Beav or Wali. with their wild, whirling dancing. Occasionally referred to as Zikr. Ya'uq - An early deity, one of the Aliha. At times, called Ya'uq. Zuflagar - The sword of Ali. Yaghuth - An early god, time Occasionally identified as Zuflagar. personified. In some lore, occasionally known as Yaghuth. The Armenian Pantheon Yajuj - The Arab version of Gog. He, Aramazd - The father of all the gods and with Majuj, will lead the barbarian goddesses, Aramazd created the heavens hordes that will destroy the world. and the earth. The first two letters in his Sometimes referred to as Yajuj. name, "AR", are the Armenian root for sun, light, and life. Worshiped as a sun- Yamilka - A disaster story from the god, Aramazd was considered to be the Arabian Nights. The story relates how a source of earth’s fertility. His feast star fell from heaven and killed the Am'nor, or New Year, was celebrated on family of a serpent-king. In some lore, March 21 in the old Armenian calendar. occasionally called Yamilka. Aramazd's main sanctuary was one of the principal cult centers of Ancient - An early sun-god and god of . spring. Sometimes called Yarhibol.

23 - The goddess of fertility and Vishnu and Dionysus, as the symbol of birth, and daughter or wife of Aramazd, new life. Anahit is identified with Artemis and Aphrodite. "Great Lady Anahit", one of Mihr - The god of light, heaven and sun. the most loved and honored Armenian He was the son of Aramazd, the brother goddesses, was often sculptured with a of Anahit and Nane. His main child in her hands, and with a particular was located in Bagaharich. The pagan hair style of Armenian women. Temples temple of Garni was dedicated to him. dedicated to Anahit were established in Armavir, Artashat, Ashtishat. A Tir - God of wisdom, culture, science mountain in the Roman district of and studies, he also was an interpreter of Sophene was thought to be Anahit's dreams. He was the messenger of the throne (Ator Anahta). gods and was associated with Apollo. Tir's temple was located near Artashat. Vahagn - The third god of the Armenian Amanor or Vanatur (same god with Pantheon, Vahagn is the god of thunder different names) - Amanor was the deity and lightning, and a herculean hero of Armenian new year. His feast, noted for slaying dragons. He was also Navasard (New year), was held at the worshiped as a sun-god and a god of end of July. His temple was located in courage. Vahagn's main sanctuary was Bhagavan. located in the Ashtishat (a region in Tsovinar - Also called Nar, she was the ancient Armenia). Vahagn was also a goddess of rain, sea and water, though god of war to whom Armenian kings and she was actually a fiery being who warlords would pray before engaging in forced rain to fall. battle. Spandaramet - The god of the dungeon Astghik - Goddess of love, beauty and and the kingdom of the dead, he was water, wife or lover of Vahagn and often identified with the Greek god Hades. sculptured without clothes. Her temple in Ashtishat was called "the room of - Legendary archer and forefather Vahagn", where she met her lover. of the Armenian people, Haik slew the Astghik is still honored nowadays by Titan Bel. Haik was identified with the worldwide by the Vartavar Sun-god Orion. feast where people celebrate by Water fights. Aray - A little-known war god.

Nane - The daughter of Aramazd, Nane Barsamin - God of sky and weather, was considered the goddess of war, probably derived from the semitic god motherhood and wisdom. Her cult was Baal Shamin. closely connected with that of Anahit, and her temple was located in Gavar, near Anahit's temple. The Australian Aboriginal Ara 'Ara the Beautiful’- the god of spring, , agriculture, sowing and Pantheon water. He is associated with Osiris, It is important to remember that there were very many different, and isolated

24 tribes in Australia in the long ago past; of the earth. Only in extraordinary states therefore there are many gods/goddesses of consciousness can one be aware of or with the same function but different attuned to the inner dreaming of the names and stories according to each Earth. tribe. The expression Dreamtime is most often The Dreamtime is that part of Aboriginal used to refer to the time before time, or culture which explains the origins and the time of the creation of all things, culture of the land and its people. while Dreaming is often used to refer to Aborigines have the longest continuous an individual's or group's set of beliefs or cultural history of any group of people . For instance, an Indigenous on Earth dating back 65,000 years. Australian might say that they have Dreamtime is Aboriginal Religion and Kangaroo Dreaming, or Shark Culture. The Dreamtime contains many Dreaming, or Honey Ant Dreaming, or parts: it is the story of things that have any combination of Dreamings pertinent happened, how the universe came to be, to their country. how human beings were created and how the Creator intended for humans to However many function within the cosmos. also refer to the creation time as . Ancestor Spirits came to As with all other cultures it speaks of Earth in human and other forms and the Earth's Creation by Gods and Goddesses land, the plants and animals were given some of whom were kind hearted while their form as we know them today. others were cruel. These Spirits also established relationships between groups and The Australian Aborigines speak of jiva individuals (whether people or animals) or guruwari, a seed power deposited in and where they travelled across the land, the earth. In the Aboriginal world view or came to a halt they created rivers, every meaningful activity, event, or life hills, etc. and there are often stories process that occurs at a particular place attached to these places. Once their work leaves behind a vibrational residue in the was done, the Ancestor Spirits changed earth, as plants leave an image of again; into animals or stars or hills or themselves as seeds. The shape of the other objects. land, its mountains, rocks, riverbeds, and waterholes and its unseen vibrations For Indigenous Australians, the past is echo the events that brought that place still alive and vital today and will remain into creation. so into the future. The Ancestor Spirits and their powers have not gone, they are Everything in the natural world is a present in the forms into which they symbolic footprint of the metaphysical changed at the end of the Dreamtime or beings whose actions created our world. Dreaming as the stories tell. Each tribe As with a seed, the potency of an earthly has its individual dreamtime although location is wedded to the memory of its some of the overlap. Most origin. The Aborigines called this Dreamtime originates with the Giant potency the Dreaming of a place, and Dog or the Giant Snake and each is this Dreaming constitutes the sacredness unique and colourful in its explanation.

25 Legends of the Dreamtime are handed Adnoartina - the lizard guard of Uluru down by word of mouth and by from generation to generation. Altjira - Arrernte sky god who created Aboriginal oral traditions which describe the earth the origin of Australia from ancient times are frequently dramatic, involving Ankotarinja - first man of Arrernte great beings and amazing events, mythology however they do contain the essence of the truth. Bahloo - Karraur lunar deity

The legends when distilled create a story Bamapana - Murngin trickster spirit who of the origins of man in Australia and of creates discord the Australian landscape as it is today of which much can be substantiated by Banaitja - creator deity scientific investigation. The ancient racial memory of a people whose Barnumbirr - Yolgnu creator spirit traditions and culture remained largely unaltered for thousands of years can Barraiya - creator of the first vagina recount great geological changes--the rising of the seas, the change from lush Eingana - creator goddess vegetation to desert, and the eruption of volcanoes as well as the very first arrival Bobbi-Bobbi - benevolent Binbinga of man on this continent. snake deity

The Australian aboriginal shamans - Djanggawul - three creator-siblings of clever men or men of high degree northeast Arnhem Land mythology described celestial ascents to meet with the sky gods such as Baiame, Biral, Goin Galeru - rainbow snake in Arnhem Land and Bundjil. The chosen one (either mythology who swallowed the voluntarily or spontaneously) is set upon Djanggawul by spirits, ritualistically killed, and then experiences a wondrous journey Djunkgao - group of sisters associated (generally an aerial ascent to a strange with floods and ocean currents realm) to met the sky god. He is restored to life as the tribal shaman. Jar'Edo Wens - Arrernte god of earthly knowledge and physical might, created New South Wales by Altjira to ensure that people did not Birrahgnooloo, Kamilaroi - goddess of get too arrogant or self-conceited fertility who would send floods if properly asked Julunggul - Yolgnu rainbow snake goddess associated with initiation, , Bundjalung - creator being fertility, rebirth and water

Wurrunna -, culture hero Karora - creator god

Northern Territory

26 Kunapipi - mother goddess and the Wurugag and Waramurungundi - first patron deity of many heroes man and woman of Gunwinggu legend Yhi - Karraur solar goddess associated Malingee - malignant nocturnal spirit with light and creation

Mamaragan - lightning deity Yurlungur - Murgnin snake deity who swallowed and regurgitated the Mangar-kunjer-kunja - Arrernte lizard Wawalag sisters; associated with deity who created humans initiation and rebirth

Mimi - -like beings of Arnhem Queensland Land Anjea - fertility goddess or spirit, in whom people's reside between Minawara and Multultu - legendary their incarnations ancestors of the Nambutji Dhakhan - ancestral god of the Kabi Mokoi - evil Murgnin spirit who kidnapped and ate children I'wai - culture hero of the Kuuku-Ya'u

Ngintaka - Pitjantjatjara creator being Yalungur - great bird deity

Nogomain - god who gives spirit South Australia children to mortal parents Akurra - great snake deity of the Numakulla - two sky gods who created Adnyamathanha people all life on earth Bunyip - mythical creature said to lurk Papinijuwari - a type of one-eyed giant in swamps, billabongs, creeks, riverbeds, which feeds on the bodies of the dead and waterholes and the blood of the sick Mar'rallang - mythical twin sisters Ulanji - snake-ancestor of the Binbinga Wala - solar goddess Muldjewangk - water spirit or spirits inhabiting the Murray River Wawalag - Murgnin sisters who were swallowed by Yurlungur, only to be Ngintaka - Pitjantjatjara creator being regurgitated Tjilbruke - Kaurna creation ancestor Wollunqua - snake-deity associated with rain and fertility Wuluwaid - rain god of Arnhem Land Crow (Waa) - Kulin trickster, culture hero and ancestral being Wuriupranili - solar goddess whose torch is the sun Baiame - southeast Australian creational ancestral hero

27 Balayang - bat deity and brother of Julana - lecherous Jumu spirit who surprises women by burrowing beneath the sand, leaping out, and raping them Binbeal - Kulin rainbow deity and son of Bunjil Kidili - Mandjindja moon deity who was castrated for attempting to rape the first Bunjil - Kulin creator deity and ancestral women, who in turn became the Pleiades being, represented as an eagle Ngariman - Karadjeri cat-man who Bunyip - mythical creature said to lurk killed the Bagadjimbiri and was in swamps, billabongs, creeks, riverbeds, drowned in revenge and waterholes Njirana - Jumu deity and father of Julana Daramulum - southeast Australian deity and son of Baiame Ungud - snake deity associated with rainbows and the fertility and erections Gnowee - solar goddess who searches of the tribe's shamans daily for her lost son; her torch is the sun Karatgurk - seven sisters who represent Wagyl - Noongar snakelike creator the Pleiades star cluster being

Kondole - man who became the first Wati-kutjara - a pair of western whale Australian lizard-men

Nargun - fierce half-human, half-stone Wondjina - Mowanjum cloud or rain female creature of Gunai legend spirits Pundjel - creator deity involved in the initiation of boys -continental Rainbow Serpent - a common feature of Thinan-malkia - evil spirit who captures the art and mythology of Aboriginal victims with nets that entangle their feet Australian cultures Kinie Ger - evil half-man, half-cat Tiddalik - frog of southeast Australian legend who drank all the water in the Thardid Jimbo - cannibalistic giant land, and had to be made to laugh to regurgitate it Yara--yha-who - monstrous bloodsucking creature Wambeen- evil lightning-hurling figure who targets travellers

Western Australia The Aztec Pantheon In about 970 AD, the Toltecs (who later Bagadjimbiri - a pair of Karadjeri invaded the Maya civilization) finally creator-spirits conquered the Valley of Mexico. After consolidating their hold on the valley Dilga - Karadjeri goddess of fertility and and founding the Toltec capitol at Tula, growth, and mother of the Bagadjimbiri their armies marauded over most of

28 Mexico, and they managed to hold off on a cactus holding a snake in its beak. the new waves of Chichimec invaders The duly found the island, hardly until about 1160 AD, when their capitol more than a few rocks protruding out of also fell to their barbarian kinsmen. the waters.

This time, however, the Valley of As their god instructed, they made this Mexico did not sink into anarchy. It was their new home. Huitzilopochtli’s advice filled with fortified city-states populated was sound. The island was in the centre by ferocious warriors, and many of these of three powerful mainland cities, but city states held out against the fresh was not strongly claimed by any. In bands of Chichimec invaders. One of addition, surrounded as it was on all these new tribes was the Aztecs, a group sides by water, it could be easily of impoverished nomads who, according defended. The Aztecs had no difficulty to their early legends, had emerged from holding their island, and built their city, a cave in Aztlan, an unidentified location Tenochtitlan, upon it. They soon learned in north-western Mexico. to increase the area of their island by filling the marshes with dirt and rocks, In their wanderings, they carried with and by building chinampas, islets made them their one cherished possession, the by anchoring wicker enclosures to the wooden image of their terrible god, bottom of the lake and filling them with Huitzilopochtli. When the worshipers of silt, reeds, and refuse. These chinampas Huitzilopochtli entered the Valley of made remarkably fertile croplands, so Mexico, all the good land was taken and the Aztecs had even found a stable they were too weak to conquer any of supply of food on their island. the established city-states. Largely because of their brutal religious As the Aztecs filled in the swamp practices, they were branded as savage surrounding their city, Tenochtitlan grew outlaws and chased from place to place rapidly, reaching a population of by the descendants of their own 300,000 at the beginning of the sixteenth Chichimec heritage. At last, however, century. As an aside, this was five times they persuaded Coxcox, the ruler of the size of London at the time. It was Culhuacan, to let them have a patch of surrounded by an ever widening belt of sterile, snake-infested land near his city. chinampas planted with flourishing crops of fruits and vegetables. In the Here they built a temple to their god and middle of the chinampas, connected to lived by killing and eating the snakes the mainland by three long causeways, which infested their new home. But they rose the city. It was cut into blocks by a quickly alienated their benefactor by grid work of canals bordered by narrow brutally murdering his daughter. Coxcox pedestrian lanes and crossed by plank mustered his forces and set out to footbridges. These streets were destroy the Aztecs. They were quickly completely dedicated to foot traffic, for driven into the marshes of Lake the Aztecs made little use of the wheel Texcoco, where they escaped by hiding and had no carts or wagons. among the reeds. Their god, Huitzilopochtli, told them they would be This was probably due to the lack of safe on an island where an eagle perched beasts of burden. Before the Spanish

29 came, there were no horses, oxen, cows Chichimec nomads as the Aztecs. They or other large domesticated animals in shared many of the same convictions, the New World. The humbler houses and also believed in the beneficial were made from adobe and the better properties of eternal warfare. Like the ones from stone and stucco, but all were Aztecs, their soldiers had no fear of cleanly whitewashed and most had small death, and thought that perishing in war courtyards. Everywhere, the city was guaranteed a glorious afterlife. There are immaculately clean and filled with even stories of prisoners preferring death blooming flowers, which the Aztecs to being set free. loved almost to excess. Near the centre the city rose the great palaces of the At the root of the is their Emperor, nobles, a high priests. In the peculiar view of time and space, one of exact centre, enclosed by the "Wall the forces behind the creation of their Snakes", rose the temple-pyramids and elaborate calendar. Like most Middle other ceremonial buildings. Americans, to them time and space are the same thing. On the highest level they Protected by their invulnerable island merge together into the absolute being of fortress, the Aztecs were free to pursue the all powerful deity who exists outside their favourite occupation: war. They material creation. To the consternation began to ally themselves with older city- of all living things, time-space has states, who where willing to offer large unravelled. It is the duty of the gods to rewards for the help of the fierce Aztec keep it from unravelling further, and the warriors. Eventually, they learned to duty of men to help the gods in their play these city-states against each other, task. To understand the Aztec and gained their first significant hold the association of time-space, it may be mainland when they betrayed one ally helpful to picture a wheel with four and helped other defeat it. After this broad spokes. One spoke points in each victory, they quickly learned to exploit direction: north, south, east, and west. conquered cities with unparalleled There is also the hub of the wheel, which vigour, and by 147 AD they were the counts as a separate place. When the undisputed masters of the Valley of wheel is spinning, the entire thing Mexico, and therefore of Mexico itself. appears solid and at rest. When it is truly The Aztecs were aided in their conquests at rest, however, it looks like it is made by a peculiarly bloody religion which up of separate parts. encouraged warfare, especially for purposes of taking captives. In the Aztec view, the hub and each spoke represent different cosmic age- The emphasis on taking prisoners had places, called "". Each sun was nothing to do with mercy, however. associated with a different direction, After capture, prisoners were killed to colour, and group of deities. Although appease the more bloodthirsty of Aztec the suns exist simultaneously side by deities. As brutal as this aspect of Aztec side, they also rotate in a sequential society seems to the modern reader, it pattern that gives the evolution of the was not unusual in the Valley of Mexico. universe a cyclical nature. As the wheel Most of the inhabitants of the region revolves, different suns gain were descended from the same predominance over the physical world.

30 Within each sun, only certain forms of was also 1518 European time and Cortez earthly life can survive. So the changing and the Spaniards had arrived. of a sun is always catastrophic, bringing about great transformations. The Aztecs Acolnahuacatl, or Acolmiztli - a god of live in the Fifth Sun, located in hub of the underworld, Mictlan the wheel. In some ways, it is the culmination of all the other suns, and the Amimitl - god of lakes and fishers only one in which mankind has been able to survive. Atlacamani - goddess of oceanic storms such as hurricanes In order to keep the Fifth Sun from passing, the Aztecs must feed and Atlacoya - goddess of drought strengthen their gods — and the penalty for failure is the end of creation! The Atlatonan (also Atlatonin) - goddess of Aztecs also believe in a "world above" the coast and a "world below" separate from the horizontal structure of the suns. These Atlaua - water god worlds are divided into many levels. For our purposes, the most important aspect Ayauhteotl - goddess of mist, fog, vanity of these worlds is that the world below is and fame the home of the dead, and the world above is the home of the gods, night and Camaxtli - god of hunting, war, fate and day, shooting stars and fiery snakes, fire birds, heavenly bodies such as Venus, the Sun, the Moon, and the , Chalchiuhtlatonal - god of water and the clouds. The progenitor of the Chalchiuhtecolotl - a night owl god gods, Ometeotl, lives in the uppermost plane of the world above, which Chalchiutlicue (also Chalciuhtlicue, or embodies all of existence. Chalchihuitlicue) (She of the Jade Skirt) - the goddess of lakes and streams, and A host of interesting Gods with also of birth; consort of Tlaloc. completely unpronounceable names. The Aztecs must have possessed the most Chalchiuhtotoliq (Precious Night dextrous tongues in the known world. Turkey) - god of pestilence and mystery The Aztecs believed that the Gods needed constant supplies of fresh blood Chalmecatecuchtlz - a god of the otherwise they'd wither and die. Which underworld, Mictlan and sacrifices is why the entire culture was built around . Chalmecatl the underworld, Mictlan and the north It was practically a charity gore-a-thon on the Gods' behalf. People queued up to - the goddess of hearth fires, donate their life and even played charity personal treasure, and volcanoes football matches for the honour. There came a day when it was time for the 52 Chicomecoatl (also Chalchiuhcihuatl, year Calendar Calculations. However it Chiccomeccatl, or Xilonen) - goddess of

31 new maize and produce, wife of A shapeshifter, associated with drums Cinteotl. and the coyote

Chicomexochtli - a patron of artists (also Ueueteotl, , Xiutechuhtli) - an ancient Chiconahui - a domestic fertility goddess god of the hearth, the fire of life. Associated with the pole star and the Chiconahuiehecatl - associated with north, and serves as a skybearer creation Huehueteotl, Museo Nacional de Cihuacoatl (also Chihucoatl or Ciucoatl) Antropología, Mexico (Woman Serpent) - an aspect of City.Huitzilopochtli (also Mextli, Ilamatecuhtli and consort of Mexitl, Uitzilopochtli) - the supreme god of Tenochtitlan, patron of war, fire and the sun Cinteotl (also or Centeocihuatl) - the principal maize god, son of Huixtocihuatl (also Uixtochihuatl) - a Tlazolteotl goddess of salt and saltwater

Cipactonal - god of astrology and the Ilamatecuhtli (also Cihuacoatl or calendar Quilaztli) - aged goddess of the earth, Citlalicue - a creator of the stars death, and the Milky Way. Her roar signalled war Coatlicue (She of the Serpent Skirt) - legendary mother of Coyolxauhqui, the -Ixquimilli - god of stone, Centzon Huitzahua, and Huitzilopochtli , coldness hardness, and castigation. Aspect of Coatlicue, the earth goddess.Cochimetl Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli (also Coccochimetl) - god of commerce, bartering, and merchants Itzli - god of sacrifice and stone knives.

Coyolxauhqui - legendary sister of Itzpapalotl - Queen of Tomoanchan and Huitzilopochtli, associated with the one of the (night demons) moon, possibly patroness of the Milky and tzitzimime (star demons) Way - the god of healing, dancing, Cuaxolotl - a goddess of the hearth festivals and games. Brother of Xochipilli. (also Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl) - the god of the Wind and creator of the earth, Macuilcozcacuauhtli (five vulture) - one heavens, and the present race of of the Ahuiateteo (gods of excess) humanity. As god of the west, one of the skybearers Macuilcuetzpalin (five lizard) - one of the Ahuiateteo (gods of excess) Huehuecoyotl (also Ueuecoyotl) - a trickster god of indulgence and pranks.

32 Macuilmalinalli (five grass) - one of the Ometeotl (also Citlatonac or Ahuiateteo (gods of excess) Ometecuhtli (male) and Omecihuatl (female)) - the god(s) of duality, Macuiltochtli (five rabbit) - one of the pregenator(s) of souls and lord/lady of Ahuiateteo (gods of excess) heaven

Macuilxochitl (five flower) - the god of Ometotchtli (two rabbit) - drunken rabbit games and gambling, and chief of the god, leader of the Centzon Totochtin Ahuiateteo (gods of excess) Opochtli - left-handed god of trapping, Malinalxochitl - sorceress and goddess hunting and fishing of snakes, scorpions and insects of the desert - goddess of astrology and the calendar Matlalceuitl (also Matlalcueje) - goddess of rainfall and singing. Identified with - the god of medicine, husband . of

Mayahuel (also Mayahual, or Mayouel) - Paynal - the messenger to the goddess of maguey, and by Huitzilopochtli extension, alcohol Quetzalcoatl in human form, using the (also Metztli, Tecuciztecatl, symbols of Ehecatl, from the Codex Tecciztecatl)- lowly god of worms who Borgia. failed to sacrifice himself to become the sun, and became the moon instead, his Xochipilli, Lombards face darkened by a rabbit. MuseumQuetzalcoatl (also Mextli - a god of war and storms Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli) (quetzal- ) - creator god and Mictecacihuatl (also Mictlancihuatl) - patron of rulership, priests and goddess of death and Lady of Mictlan, merchants. Associated with Ehecatl as the underworld the divine wind

Mictlantecuhtli (also Mictlantecuhtzi, or Temazcalteci (also Temaxcaltechi) - Tzontemoc) - the god of death and Lord goddess of bathing and sweatbaths of Mictlan, also as god of the south, one of the skybearers Teoyaomicqui (also Teoyaomiqui)- the god of dead warriors (cloud serpent) - god of hunting, war, and the Milky Way. An Tepeyollotl - (The jaguar form of aspect of Tezcatlpoca and father of ) god of the heart of the Quetzalcoatl mountain, associated with jaguars, echoes, and earthquakes (also Nana, Nanautzin, or Nanauatzin) - lowly god who sacrificed Tepoztecatl (also Tezcatzontecatl) - god himself to become sun god Tonatiuh of pulque and rabbits

33 Teteoinnan - mother of the gods - the god of the seasons, seed germination and renewal, considered the Tezcatlipoca (also Omacatl, Titlacauan) patron of goldworkers - omnipotent god of rulers, sorcerers and warriors; night, death, discord, conflict, (fire serpent or turquoise temptation and change. A sinister rival serpent) - embodiment of the sun's rays to Quetzalcoatl. Can appear as a jaguar. and emblem of Xiuhtecuhtli

Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli - destructive god Xochipilli - the young god of feasting, of the morning star (venus), dawn, and painting, dancing, games, and writing. of the east. One of the skybearers Associated with Macuilxochitl and Cinteotl Tlaloc (also Nuhualpilli) - the great and ancient provider and god of rain, fertility Xochiquetzal - goddess of love, beauty, and lightning female sexuality, prostitutes, flowers, pleasure, craft, weaving, and young - goddess of earth, mothers associated with difficult births - star god associated with fire Tlazolteotl (also Tlaelquani, Tlazolteotli)- the goddess of purification - canine companion of from filth, disease or excess Quetzalcoatl and god of twins, sickness and deformity. Accompanies the dead to Tloquenahuaque - a creator god or ruler Mictlan (also Temazcalteci) - grandmother (also Yactecuhtli) - the god goddess, heart of the earth and mother of of merchants and travellers the gods. Associated with midwives and war The Babylonian Pantheon Tonacatecuhtli - the aged creator and The religions of Babylon and Assyria are provider of food and patron of early attestations of Ancient Semitic conceptions religion in the region of . The Assyrians and Babylonians Tonacacihuatl - consort of practiced , a belief in many Tonacatecuhtli gods, before largely converting to from the 1st to 4th centuries - a mother goddess AD. Tonatiuh - a sun god and heavenly Borrowing from earlier religions of the warrior, associated with eagles and with Ancient Near East, predominantly those the Maya of the Sumerians and their Akkadian ancestors, religious practice was Tzitzmitl - aged grandmother goddess centered on cults of regional patron deities. Examples of this relationship Xilonen - the goddess of young maize include in Babylon, Ishtar in Akkad, or in Ur and Harran.

34 The religion of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, 911 BC-608 BC, sometimes For the conquered peoples, however, it called Ashurism by Assyrians today, was novel, particularly to the people of centered around the god Assur, patron smaller city-states. In time, Assur was deity of the city of Assur, besides Ishtar promoted from being the local deity of patroness of Nineveh. The Assyrians Assur to the overlord of the vast adopted Eastern Rite Christianity during Assyrian domain, with worship being the course of the 1st to the 4th centuries conducted in his name throughout the AD (which they still retain} and the lands of the Assyrians. With the worship religion died out, although there is some of Assur across much of the Fertile evidence to suggest that it survived in Crescent, the Assyrian king could isolated pockets well into the late Middle command the loyalty of his fellow Ages in northern Mesopotamia/Assyria, servants of Assur. particularly around Harran. Apsu - He is the underworld ocean, the Assyrian religion was an evolution of the begetter of the () and the ancient polytheistic Sumerian and earth () and the father of Akkadian religions into henotheism, a and . religion based on the worship of one supreme god, but recognizing the - She is primeval Chaos, bearer existence of others. This was represented of the skies (Anshar) and the earth through the gradual takeover by Ashur (Kishar) and the mother of Lahmu, and of the roles of other gods, and this Lahamu. Traditionally conceived of as a process runs parallel with the serpent or dragon of some sort, this idea expansionist policies of the Assyrian does not have any basis in the Enuma Empire. Elish itself.

As the Assyrians extended their domain Lahmu and Lahamu - 'the hairy one' or over other lands, they considered it 'muddy' they have three pairs of curls, important that the local peoples and are naked except for a triple sash. acknowledge the Assyrian king as the Dalley king of their lands as well. However, kingship at the time was linked very Anshar - 'whole sky' He is the father of closely with the idea of divine mandate. and the child of Tiamat and Apsu. He is often paired with Kishara, and his The Assyrian king, whilst not being a qualities were assimilated with Ashur. god himself, was acknowledged as the chief servant of the chief god, Ashur. In Kishar - 'whole earth' , She is the mother this manner, the king's authority was of Anu and the child of Tiamat and seen as absolute so long as the high Apsu. priest reassured the peoples that the gods, or in the case of the henotheistic Anu - Sumerian for "heaven", a sky god, Assyrians, the God, was pleased with the father and . He is the son current ruler. For the Assyrians who of Anshar and Kishar. He lives in the lived in Assur and the surrounding lands, third heaven. The Eanna in Uruk was this system was the norm. dedicated both to him and consort. His

35 first consort was . They produced - one of "the pure goddesses", the - the underworld gods, and Ea's mother, associated with fresh water. the utukki - the seven evil demons. His second consort was Innina (Ishtar). He is Ellil () - Sumerian for "wind/storm- a god of monarchs and is not friendly to god". the common people. He is a "King of the ". He is assigned the sky as his Initially the leader of the pantheon, he domain in 'Atrahasis'. His 'kishru's has since relinquished his spot to Anu. (shooting stars) have awesome strength. Possible slayer of Enmesharra and He has the ability that anything he puts avenger of his father Anu. His role in into words, becomes reality. He is this was upplanted by Marduk by the Niudimmud's (Ea's) father. Babylonians. He is a short-tempered god who was responsible for the great flood. Antu(m) - Sumerian for "the earth", she He is the creator of mankind. He is is a colorless being who was the first thought to favor and help those in need. consort of Anu. They produced the He guards the "tablets of destiny", which Anunnaki - the underworld gods, and the allow him to determines the fate of all utukki - the seven evil demons. She was things animate or inanimate. replaced by Isthar () who is sometimes her daughter. Ea (, Nudimmud) - god of the waters. He is in charge of the bolt which Aruru (Ninmah, Nintu, Ninhursaga, bars the sea. He knows everything. He is Belet-ili, ) - She is the mother the "Lord of Wisdom" and "Lord of goddess and was responsible for the Incantations". When he speaks, of a creation of man with the help of Enlil or thing, it will be made. He is the son of Enki. She is also called the womb Anu, but sometimes he is the son of goddess, and midwife of the gods. Anshar. Dumkina is his consort. He Acting on Ea's advice and direction, she created Zaltu as a complement to Ishtar. mixed clay with the blood of the god He discovered the plot of Apsu and Geshtu-e, in order to shape and birth , put Apsu under a sleeping seven men and seven women. spell, and slew him and put Mummu into a daze, tied him up, and slew him. These people would bear the workload of the Igigi. She also added to the He then named his quarters Apsu, the creation of , and, at Anu's underworld ocean that supports the command, made in Anu's image world. He and Damkina produced Bel by pinching off a piece of clay, throwing and Marduk. (Bel is likely to be another it into the wilderness, and birthing him name for Marduk.) He learned that there. Ea called her to offer her beloved Tiamat was planning a war of revenge as the one who should hunt against the gods. His father Anshar tries Anzu. She does so to spur him into making the first attack against Tiamat, but Ea rebuffs him. Mammetum - the maker or mother of When Anu's peace mission fails, he fate. urges Marduk into action.

36 Mummu - the craftsman god. He is dedicated both to her and Anu. As Irnini, attendant to Ea and Apsu's vizier. He is she has a parakku (throne-base) at the very fond of Apsu and colludes with him cedar mountain. to disperse the younger gods when they disturb Tiamat, even after Tiamat rejects - the barmaid, a manifestation of the plan. Ea found out about his plan, Ishtar who dwells at the lip of the sea, enspelled him and tied him up. beyond which is the Land of Life, where Utnapishtim lives. She speaks with Qingu (older spelling - ) - Tiamat's Gilgamesh. She wears a veil. battle leader and second husband/lover after Apsu. He is promoted and Shamash (Babbar, ) Shamash is the enhanced to a leading position from sun god, the son of Sin and . He among the ranks. Tiamat places the rises from the mountains with rays out of Tablet of in his possession, his shoulders. He enters and exits the giving him the Anu-power, such that his underworld through a set of gates in the word is law and affects reality. He gives mountain (exits from Mt. Mashu, his army fire-quenching breath and "Gilgamesh IX ii") guarded by - paralyzing venom. His battle strategy people. He travels both on foot and in a initially confuses Marduk. He is defeated chariot, pulled by fiery mules. He by Marduk and counted among the dead upholds truth, and justice. He is a gods. For his part in the war he was lawgiver and informs oracles. is a made by Marduk to provide the blood corrupt aspect of his nature. for the creation of man - filling the role that Geshtu-e takes in other versions of Nusku - the god of fire and Ellil's vizier. the creation of man story. Gerra(Gibil) - the god of fire, Anunitu Sin (Nannar) - moon god, son of Enlil. (Antu)'s son. He despairs and will not He has a beard of Lapis Lazuli and rides attack Anzu after Anzu has stolen the a winged bull. His consort is Ningal. He Tablet of Destinies from Ellil. is the father of Shamash. He does not answer Gilgamesh's plea to restore Ishum (Hendursanga - 'lofty mace') - He Enkidu to life. is the god of fire, and is adept at using weapons. He lights the way in front of Ningal - the consort of Sin, the mother Erra and the Sebitti. He advises Erra of Shamash against attacking Marduk or his people in Babylon. When Erra takes Marduk's Ishtar (Ishhara, Irnini, Inanna) She is seat, Ishum persuades him against Anu's second consort, daughter of Anu destroying Babylon, finally appeasing and Antum, (sometimes daughter of him by promising that the other gods Sin), and sometimes the sister of would acknowledge themselves as his . She is the goddess of love, servants. procreation, and war. She is armed with a quiver and bow. Her temples have Kalkal - Ellil's doorkeeper in Nippur. special prostitutes of both . She is often accompanied by a lion, and sometimes rides it. The Eanna in Uruk is

37 Dumkina - Ea's lover, mother of Bel and form and piercing stare, born mature, Marduk (note Bel is likely to be another powerful, and perfect and superior. title for Marduk). He has four eyes, four ears, and emits Nash () - one of "the pure fire from his mouth when he speaks. He goddesses", Ea's daughter. Her cult is also gifted in magic. Anu gave him the center is Sirara near Lagash. four winds to play with. When Anu's peace mission to Tiamat fails, Ea urges Zaltu - "strife", goddess created by Ea to him into action. He goes before Anshar complement Ishtar. and the divine assembly and declares that he will defeat Tiamat and lay her Ninurta (shares some characteristics with head at his feet, but that the assembly Ningrisu) - Chamberlain of the must promise that he should be the one Anunnaki, the war god, the champion of to fix fates and more or less assume the the land. He is the child of Ellil and role of the leader of the pantheon. Mami. He was born in , Ellil's temple in Ekur. He is responsible for Anshar, Lahamu, and Anu find him a some small scale irrigation. He has a and Anu instills upon him the bow and arrow, sometimes they are Anu-power in which, his word decrees poisoned. He also carries the mace, fate. He is proclaimed king and invested Sharur, which can act as a messenger with the scepter, throne, and staff-of- between Ninurta and other beings office. He is given an unfaceable (notably Ea). He can marshal the Seven weapon, the flood-weapon. He takes a of Battle, who can generate whirlwinds. bow and arrow and mace. He puts lightning in front of him, marshals his - Known as 'the great wild cow' winds, makes a net to encircle Tiamat, and the great queen, she is Gilgamesh's fills his body with flame. He rides his mother and 's mate. She is storm-chariot driven by Slayer, Pitiless, wise, 'knows everything' and interprets Racer, and Flyer, poison-toothed, tireless Gilgamesh's dreams. She offers incense steeds. He had a spell on his lips and an and drink to Shamash and questions his anti-toxin in his hand. He led the gods to decision to send Gilgamesh against battle . When doing so, she wears a circlet on her head and an ornament on Bel (Canaanite Baal) - Cleverest of the her breast. She adopts Enkidu prior to clever and sage of the gods, he is the the quest against Humbaba. child of Ea and Dumkina. This name (meaning 'lord') is most likely referring Marduk - son of Ea and Dumkina. He to Marduk. supplants the other Babylonian deities to become the central figure of their Ashur (A-sir, Arusar, A-shar, Assur) god pantheon. He is a "King of the Igigi" He of Assyria and war. He is a "King of the often works with and asks questions of Igigi" his father. He has fifty names many of which are those of other deities whose Shullat - Shamash's servant. attributes he usurped. He was of proud

38 Papsukkal - vizier of the Great Gods, son Nergal (Erragal, Erra, Engidudu - 'lord of Sin. While Ishtar was in the who prowls by night') -, the Unsparing, Underworld, he became gloomy and god of the underworld, husband of informed Sin and Ea of this plight. Ereshkigal, lover of Mami. As Erra he is a hunter god, a god of war and plague. Hanish - the 's servant. He is submissive to Ea. He can open the doorposts to the underworld to allow the Adad (the Canaanite , the passage of a . Sumerian Ishkur, the Hurrian , the Canaanite/Egyptian Resheph, Irra - plague god, underling of Nergal Rimmon) - a storm god, Anu's son. He holds a lightning bolt in his right hand Enmesharra - Underworld god and an axe in his left. He is partially responsible for the flood. He despairs - a dread female demon also and will not attack Anzu after Anzu has known as 'she who erases'. stolen the Tablet of Destinies from Ellil. - god of writing and wisdom Shara - Anu and Ishtar's son. He despairs Nedu - the guardian of the first gate of and will not attack Anzu after Anzu has the underworld. Also known as Neti to stolen the Tablet of Destinies from Ellil. the Sumerians.

Nin-ildu - the carpenter god. He carries Ningizzia - a guardian of the gate of the pure axe of the sun. heaven; a god of the underworld.

Gushkin-banda - creator of god and man, Belili (Geshtinanna) - goldsmith god. Tammuz/Dumuzi's sister, 'the one who always weeps', the wife of . Ereshkigal (Allatu) - the supreme goddess of the underworld. Nergal is her Gizzida (Gishzida) - son of Ninazu, consort. She is often considered Ishtar's consort of Belili, doorkeeper of Anu. sister. When angered, her face grows livid and her lips grow black. Nissaba () - cereal grain harvest goddess. Her breast nourishes the fields. (a) - the Fate-Cutter, Ereshkigal's Her womb gives birth to the vegetation messenger and vizier, the herald of and grain. She has abundant locks of death. He commands sixty diseases, hair. She is also a goddess of writing and which are grouped by the part of the learned knowledge. She performs the body which they affect. Offerings to him purification ceremony on Ninurta after may stave off diseases. He takes Ishtar he has slain Anzu and is given his back out of the Underworld at additional names and . Ereshkigal's command. He acts as her messenger to Anu. Dagan (Ugaritic for 'grain') - god of fertility and of the Underworld. Sumuqan - the cattle god, he resides in He is paired with Anu as one who the underworld, in Ereshkigal's court. acknowledges directives and courses of

39 action put forth in front of the assembly He found the eagle, fed it, and taught it of the gods. to again. Not being able to find the plant, the eagle had Etana mount on his Birdu - (means 'pimple') an underworld back and they journeyed to Ishtar, god. Ellil used him as a messenger to mistress of birth. On flying up to heaven, Ninurta Etana grew scared at the height and went down. Then after some encouraging Sharru - god of submission dreams tried to ascend to heaven on the eagle again. They succeeded. Etana had Urshambi - boatman to Utnapishtim a son, Balih.

Ennugi - canal-controller of the Lugalbanda - a warrior-king and, with Anunnaki. Ninsun, the progenitor of Gilgamesh. He is worshipped, being Gilgamesh's Geshtu-e - 'ear', god whose blood and ancestor, by Gilgamesh as a god. intelligence are used by Mami to create man. Gilgamesh (possibly Bilgamesh) - The son of the warrior-king Lugalbanda and (Uan) - the first of the seven the wise goddess Ninsun, Gilgamesh antediluvian sages who were sent by Ea built the walls of the city Uruk, and the to deliver the arts of civilization to Eanna (house of An) temple complex mankind. He was from Eridu. He offered there, dedicated to Ishtar. He is two- food an water to the gods in Eridu. He thirds divine and one-third human. He is went out to catch fish for the temple of tall and a peerless warrior. He is the king Ea and was caught in a storm. He broke and shepherd of the people of Uruk, but the South Wind's wing and was called to he was very wild, which upset his be punished. Ea advised him to say that people, so they called out to Anu. Anu he behaved that way on account of told Aruru to make a peer for Dumuzi's and Gizzida's absence from the country. Those gods, who tended Anu's Humbaba (Huwawa) - this monster was gate, spoke in his favor to Anu. He was appointed by Ellil to guard the cedar offered the bread and water of eternal forest, which is in fact one large tree, the life, but Ea advised against his taking it, home of the gods, and terrify mankind. lest he end his life on earth. 'His shout is the storm-flood, his mouth, fire, his breath is death.' (Gardner & Etana - the human taken to the sky by an Maier p. 105) He has seven cloaks with eagle. He was the king of Kish. Ishtar which to arm himself. There is a gate and the Igigi searched for a king for and a path in the cedar mountain for Kish. Ellil found a throne for Etana and Humbaba to walk on. Gilgamesh and they declared him the king. He was Enkidu attack. Humbaba pleads for pious an continued to pray to Shamash, mercy, Enkidu argues against mercy, yet he had no son. Shamash told him to and Enkidu and Gilgamesh decapitate where to find the eagle with the cut him. See also the Sumerian Huwawa. wings, who would find for him the plant of birth. The - this creature was created by Anu to kill Gilgamesh at

40 Ishtar's behest. At its snorting, a hole there skills instead of letting Erra stay in opened up and 200 men fell into it. the cities with his diseases. When it fights Enkidu and Gilgamesh, it throws spittle and excrement at them. It is killed and set as an offering to The Baltic Pantheon Shamash. Baltic peoples included , and Old Prussians, who Anzu - a demonic being with lion paws inhabited what is now eastern and face and eagle talons and wings. It and the Baltics and land extending as far was born on the mountain Hehe. Its beak east as Moscow, beginning in about the is like a saw, its hide as eleven coats of middle of the second . By the mail. It was very powerful. Ellil first millennium the , whose appointed him to guard his bath languages are closer to the ancient Indo- chamber. He envied the Ellil-power EuropeanVedic language than to any inherent in Ellil's Tablet of Destinies and other European language group, had stole it while Ellil was bathing. With the developed from a hunter- gatherer Tablet of Destinies, anything he puts culture into an agricultural one. Not into words becomes reality. He takes surprisingly, then, what little we know of advandtage of this by causing Ninurta's is a combination of arrows to never reach their target. perhaps very ancient nature deities and However, once Ea's advice reached deities closely associated with farming Ninurta, Anzu was slain by the hero's and fertility. onslaught. – (from root aust- (dawn-)) also Aqrabuamelu (girtablilu) - scorpion- called Lielais Auseklis ("Great man, the guardians of the gates of the Auseklis"). He was associated with underworld. Their "terror is awesome" Venus, and with both Mēness and Saule, and their "glance is death". They guard the Moon and the Sun. the passage of Shamash. They appraise Gilgamesh and speak with him. Ceroklis – a fertility god, associated with agriculture and farmers, and cognate Anunnaki - gods (mostly of the earth). with . The Jesuit Joannis The sky Anunnaki set the Igigi to Stribingius discussed Cerklicing when digging out the rivers he went to Eastern Latvia in 1606. The first bite of any food, and the first drop Igigi - gods (mostly of the heavens) of any drink, was given to this deity. They are given the task of digging Alternative names include Dewing riverbeds by the Anunnaki. They Cereklicing, Cerekling, Cercklicing, rebelled against Ellil. Greklicing, Cerekticing, Cerklicing, Cerroklis. Sebitti - the seven warrior gods led by Erra; in the sky they are the Pleadies. Dēkla – (from dēt (to plant, lay (eggs))) They were children of Anu and the was one of a of fate goddesses Earth-mother. Anu gave them fearsome that included her sisters Kārta and and lethal destinies and put them under . However, all three may have Erra's command. They prefer to exercise been aspects of Laima and in many ways

41 Dekla doubles with Laima. She was "double-plants", such as two crop stalks associated with children and infants and or trees which have grown together and was often depicted with them at her share a trunk or stem. During harvesting, breast. In original , as some stalks of the crops are bent to the opposed to dievtuŗība, Dēkla was the ground and secured in that location with goddess of fortune and destiny and was stones. During his holiday, Miķeļi, a worshiped primarily in Western Latvia called the "Catching of Jumis" is (as Kurzeme). performed, it involves a procession that carries some grains (symbol of Ūsiņš – was the god of horses, bees and "captured" Jumis) home, thereby light, mentioned by Jesuit Joannis ensuring the following year's harvest Stribingius in 1606. He took care of will be at least as successful. He is horses during the summer, then depicted as a short man with clothes that transferred the power to Mārtiņš at the resemble ears of wheat, hops and barley. festival of Mārtiņi. He was especially associated with the festival Jurģi. Kārta (layer) – was one of a trinity of Alternative names include Deving fate goddesses that included her sisters Isching, Usins, Dewing Uschinge. Dēkla and Laima. All three may have Dievs – (God) was the supreme god. The been aspects of Laima. Alternative same word refers to the Christian deity names include Kārtas māte. in modern Latvian. In ancient Latvian mythology, Dievs was not just the father Laima – (laim- (luck-)) was a goddess in of the gods, he was the essence of them both Latvian and . all. Every other deity was a different She is the personification of fate and of aspect or manifestation of Dievs; this is luck, both good and bad. She was most true with Māra and Laima. The associated with childbirth, marriage, name Dievs was also interpreted as Sky. death, proliferation, and domesticity. Though it is told in ancient beliefs, that She was also the patron of pregnant he courted Saule, no actual wife is women. Some sources proclaim three known. His sons are known as Dieva Laima's, which means that either this dēli. He is historically associated with goddess had three aspects or this could the father gods of Indo-European have been general name for three deities. religions as , Zeus, Jupiter and Dyaus Alternative names include Laime, Laimė Pita. (Lithuanian), Laimas māte, Laimes māte ("Mother of Luck"). Jānis – (or John) was a deity associated with Jāņi, the 's Night – (Fairy) is a beautiful naked festival. After , he was maiden, that cannot have children. So associated with John the Baptist, through she often steals other children and sours a process of . Once a year, cows' milk. They are very strong and Jānis came to bring luck and fertility to cannot be killed by man in a fight, the people of Latvia. In modern Latvia, however they can be killed by touching it is very popular male given name. their milk pail.

Jumis – (from root jum- roof-) was a god Māra – (Mary) is the highest-ranking of sky and fertility. He is associated with goddess, a feminine Dievs. She may be

42 thought as alternate side of Dievs (like in trees, fire and the sky. In India he is Yin Yang). Other Latvian goddesses, known as Indra, the chief of the Devas. sometimes all of them, are considered her alternate aspects. Ragana – (witch) was a prophetess and sorceress, and a goddess of magic. After Mārtiņš – was a god who protected the Christianization, she was turned into a Latvian people and their livestock such minor witch bringing bad luck to as horses, during the winter months, humans and animals. She is also a from thieves, cold and starvation. He Lithuanian goddess. took over the function of protector of the horses from Ūsiņa diena on November Saule – (the sun) was the goddess of the 10, the festival of Mārtiņi. sun and fertility, patron goddess of the unlucky, including orphans. She was the Mēness – (Moon) was the god of the mother of Saules meitas and lived on top moon and war. According to beliefs and of a mountain and flew across the sky on national songs, he was one of the suitors her chariot. At night, she sailed across of Saules meitas ("The Daughters of the sea. She is a beloved Baltic Sun Sun"). Mēness counted the stars and Goddess sometimes recognised as a red determined that Auseklis was missing, apple, setting in the west. Saule is reborn and stole Auseklis' bride. He was usually as her daughter, the morning star at the a rival of Saule, the Sun, his wife who . Saulė is also a sheared him in pieces after discovering Lithuanian goddess. his adultery. Alternative names include Mėnulis/Mėnuo in Lithuanian Zalktis – (Grass Snake) was a god of mythology. well-being and fertility, about whom little is known. He was associated with Metenis – was a mysterious deity, snakes. connected with the festival Meteņi, into which he rode during the celebrations on Mātes Many female deities were known his sleigh. He has five sons and five by the title mātes, which translates as daughters. 'mothers'.

Meža vīrs – was the god of the forests, Ceļa māte – (Mother of the Road) associated with wolves. Alternative protected travelers on the road. names include Meža Tēvs, Meža Dievs. Dārza māte – (Mother of the Garden) Miķelis – was one of the Sons of Dievs, was governing gardens. She is described the supreme god. He was a god of in Paul Einhorn's Historia Lettica, 1649, astronomy, and abundance. as one of the 'mothers' presiding over the practical aspects of everyday life. Pērkons – (Thunder) was the common Baltic and Slavic god of thunder, one of Gaušu mate – (Mother of the Sluggish) the most important deities in the Indo- was a goddess representing laziness. European pantheon. In Baltic, Slavic and , he is documented as Jūras māte – (Mother of the Sea) was the the god of thunder, rain, mountains, goddess of the sea. She was the patron of

43 fishermen, sailors and healers ceremonies marking births, deaths, (particularly invoked to heal bleeding). marriages and other occasions. She protected ships, when sailors worshiped her, and sunk those who Rijas māte – (Mother of the Threshing displeased her. house) oversaw the shelling of grain and other threshing-related activities. Kapu māte – (Mother of Graves) presided over cemeteries and graves. Sēņu māte – (Mother of Mushrooms) presided over mushrooms and Krūmu māte – (Mother of Bushes) mushroom gathering. presided over bushes, shrubs and saplings. Smilšu māte – (Mother of Sands) held dominion over death. Lapu māte – (Mother of Leaves) a goddess who presided over the changing Sniega māte – (Mother of Snow) held colors of the leaves in autumn. dominion over snow.

Lauku māte – (Mother of Fields) a Tirgus māte – (Mother of the Market) goddess of fields. Farmers sacrificed to held dominion over a marketplace and her in order to ensure a bountiful commerce. harvest. Ūdens māte – (Mother of Water) Lazdu māte – (Mother of Hazel-Trees) a presided over small bodies of water such goddess of hazel trees. as wells and ponds.

Lietus māte – (Mother of Rain) a Upes māte – (Mother of Rivers) presided goddess of rain. over rivers.

Linu māte – (Mother of Flax) a goddess Vēja māte – (Mother of Wind) a goddess of flax. of the wind, forests and birds, as well as a patron of sailors. Lopu māte – (Mother of Livestock) presided over cattle and other livestock. Veļu māte – (Mother of Veļi) a goddess She may have been equivalent to Māra. of the dead and Queen of Viņsaule, the world of the dead. She is clothed in a Meža māte – (Mother of the Forests) a white, wool cape. Veļu māte is also patron goddess of forests, the animals called Kapu māte ("Graveyard mother"), within it and hunters and woodcutters. and is said to receive the dead at cemeteries. She is also identified with Miglas māte – (Mother of Fog) held the fertility goddess Zemes māte dominion over fog. She was especially ("Mother of the Soil"). An expression in venerated by sailors. Latvian stated that "When a rainbow appears in the sky, Veļu Māte is dancing Pirts māte – (Mother of the Bathhouse) a amongst the graves". ruler of bathhouses, which were the scene of many important and

44 Zemes māte – (Mother of the Soil) a evil Velns was stupid and simply fertility goddess, who was also identified outwitted by shepherds and small boys. with Veļu mate, the goddess of the dead. Alternative names include Jods.

Ziedu māte – (Mother of Flowers) Vilkacis – (Warewolf, literally Wolf- presided over blossoms and flowers. eye) was a type of monster that was originally a person. In Latvian and Kuka māte – (Mother of Kuks (ancient Lithuanian mythology, Devil was a good name for wine)) presided over drinking hearted creature, who wanted to and smoking. participate in the folk songs mentioned animal digging of Daugava river. But he Spirits and demons failed in every task and upset Dievs. He Mājas gari – was the name given to is described as a clumsy creature, who protective household spirits. They can be easily fooled by a boy or a brought prosperity and good luck to the farmer. It was similar to a werewolf. family living in the household, if they Occasionally, a vilkacis brought treasure were properly placated with gifts. or was otherwise beneficial. Alternative Alternative names include Mājas kungs. names include Vilkatas, Vilkatis.

Pūķis (Dragon)– was a household spirit. Austras Koks – (Tree of the East or Tree Pūķis flew, stealing items for its master. of the Dawn) was a tree that grew from They can be bought, bred or stolen. the start of Saules' (the Sun's) daily Alternative names include Pukys, journey across the sky. It is usually Puhkis. Today word "Pūķis" means considered to be an oak. Austras Koks dragon or kite (toy). had silver leaves, copper roots and gold branches and is located on the shores of Vadātājs – (literally Leader, Driver) was the Daugava River (Kurzeme), Vidzeme a type of demon responsible for getting or Latgale. people lost. He can be either visible or invisible. If the vadātājs is in its invisible Debeskalns – (Sky mountain) was the form, victim realises that he or she is mountain upon which the various gods walking in circles. In visible form, the and goddesses lived. Notwithstanding vadātājs appears as friendly being such their homes on Debeskalns, it was as a child or dog and leads victim believed that deities often walked among straight toward death. If victim stopped mortals posing as ordinary people. to follow vadātājs they would later Debeskalns has many analogues among realise that they stopped one step from European , including Mount deep water. Olympus in and in . Veļi – were dead souls, associated with Velns and clouds. The underworld was Dieviņš – (Minor god) was an epithet called Viņsaule. The Veļi visited their applied to several male deities, including old homes during autumn. Ceroklis (Dewing Cereklicing) and Ūsiņš (Dewing Uschinge) Velns – (Devil) was a demon. He was married to Ragana. In many stories, the

45 Dieva dēli – were the sons of Dievs and Ausschauts, Auschauts - God of the sick suitors of Saules meitas. Their number Aesculapius varied in different accounts. Alternative names include Ašvieniai in Lithuanian Autrympus, Autrimpus - God of seas mythology. Castor

Dieviņi – refers to the minor gods, Potrympus, Potrimpus - God of running collectively. They were primarily water Pollux patrons of households and other specific functions. They were more frequently Bardoyas, Bardoayts - God of ships honored by worshippers than the deities Neptune of more power and importance, who Pergrubrius - God of plants were only invoked for emergencies. Piluuytus, Pilnitis - God of abundance Dievturība – is a modern revival of the Ceres traditional religion. Parcuns, Parkuns - God of thunder Lāčplēsis is an epic poem by Andrejs Jupiter Pumpurs, a Latvian poet, who wrote it between 1872-1887 based on local Pecols and Pocols and Pockols - legends. Lāčplēsis is regarded as the God of hell, evil spirit Furies Latvian national epic. Puschkayts - God of earth Māte – (Mother) was an epithet applied to some sixty-seventy goddesses. They Barstucke and Markopole - Servants of were clearly distinct goddesses in most Puschkayts or all cases, so the term definitely referred to the mother-goddess of Heroes and heroines specific phenomena. Alternative Pajauta - the legendary princess of spellings include , maate, mate. Kernavė Saules meitas – were the daughters of Jūratė and Kastytis - are heroes of a Saule, the Sun. They were known Lithuanian legend, which subsequently primarily from their interaction with became popular, mostly because of its suitors, including the Dieva dēli. modern poetic interpretation by Maironis. The queen of the amber palace Viņsaule – (Beyond the Sun) was the Jūratė may be considered a land of the dead, ruled by Veļu mate. manifestation of the goddess of Sea in The shades of people were called veļi. this legend. Alternative names include Aizsaule. Local and nature spirits Occopirmus, Ockopirmus - Chief sky god Ežerinis - a spirit of lakes

Suaixtix, Swayxtix - God of light Sol Upinis - a spirit of rivers

46 Auštaras (Auštra) - the god of the (spirit of rye), Papiokė, Pypalas, Žebris, northeast wind, who stands at the gates Arklys (horse), Vilkas (wolf). of paradise and lights the way for those going to paradise. His function of Various lower beings shining this beacon makes him similar to Kaukas - spirits similar to . Aušrinė; some consider him to be her Laumė - a fairy-like female creature cousin. (). Described as white and blue as the sky itself. Good spirit, very friendly Bangpūtys - the god of the seas and with the Earth and Nature gods. storms ––he is two-faced like the Roman However, if anyone tried to use them, god . the punishment was severe. Nykštukas - gnomes. Javinė - a household god who protects Vėlės - spirits of dead human beings. grain in barns.

Jievaras - a household spirit who Demonic beings protects grain. Sacrifices to Jievaras are - a household spirit bringing made after the rye harvest. While cutting both good and bad luck grain, women would leave a few grain tufts uncut, which would later be braided Baubas - an evil spirit with long lean into plaits. arms, wrinkly fingers and red eyes. He harasses people and tears their hair or Kupolė - the spirit of springtime stifles them. To children, he is the vegetation and flowers. The Festival of equivalent of the boogeyman of the Kupolė (Kupolinės) was associated with English-speaking countries. A Feast of St. John the Baptist (Joninės). In misbehaving child could be told by the this festival, women picked sacral herbs, parents: "Behave, or baubas will come danced and sang songs. Kupolinės is and get you". Also it could be described also known as Rasos. Compare this with as a black and dark creature living under Ziedu māte in Latvian mythology, the carpet or in some dark spot of the Kupala in Polish mythology and Ivan house. Kupala in Russian mythology Giltinė – goddess of death, also The Laukų dvasios (spirits of fields) - spirits, Reaper. Other names include Kaulinyčia, who were running through the fields. Maras (black death or the Plague), Maro When crops in the fields waved in the mergos, Kolera, Pavietrė, Kapinių wind, people saw them as being the žmogus.[2] Her sacral bird is the owl. actions of spirits. Laukų dvasios include Sometimes she was considered to be a Nuogalis, Kiškis (hare), Meška (bear), sister of Laima (luck). Lapė (fox), Katinas (tomcat), Bubis, Bubas, Bubė, Baubas, Babaužis, Bobas, Ragana - is an old-looking female or Maumas (bugaboo), Raudongalvis (red- witch. Mostly has dark intentions and headed), Raudongerklis (red-throated), powers to control forces of nature. They Žaliaakis (green-eyed), Paplėštakis, probably were old ladies living by the Guda, Dizikas, Smauglys (boa), Ruginis forest, having a good knowledge of plants and their use for medical and other purposes.

47 Slogutis - means pain, misery or Galtzagorriak - are a specific type of nightmare. Also can mean fear or bad iratxoak (). feelings. Gaueko - is an evil character of the Pinčiukas - devil, not the pure evil being night. of Christianity, but a trickster. Earlier - dweller or even god of bogs and Herensuge - is the name of a dragon who marshes. plays an important role in a few legends.

Žiburinis - a scary forest spirit that Erge - is an evil spirit that takes men's appears as a phosphorescent skeleton. lives.

Holy places and things Ilargi or Ile - are the known names of the Dausos or Dangus - the home of good Moon, also a daughter of Ama Lur. souls. Dausos is on a high mountain (Latvian Debeskalns, or Norse ), Iratxoak - imps. between two rivers. There are -trees in the Dausos garden. Day in Jean de l'Ours - a man born to a woman the garden is perpetual but outside its and a bear confines is perpetual night. Master of Dausos is Vėjopatis (Lord of the wind) Jentilak (gentiles) - giants, sometimes or Vėjas (Wind) who is also one of the portrayed throwing rocks at churches. oldest gods in Lithuanian mythology. They are believed to be pagan Vėjas is identical to Vayu of . themselves, seen from a partly Auštaras and Vėjopatis are keepers of Christianized viewpoint. A surviving Dausos’s gates (Dausų Vartai). While jentil is Olentzero, the Basque equivalent Auštaras shows the way for good souls, of Santa Claus. Vėjas (Vėjopatis) blows bad souls into oblivion. Lamiak or laminak - a type of with bird-feet that dwelt in rivers and springs. Mairuak or Intxisuak - are the male The Basque Pantheon equivalent of lamiak in the Pyrenean Aatxe - or Etsai is a cave-dwelling evil region, where they are said to have built spirit who adopts the form of a young up the cromlechs. red bull, but being a shapeshifter, sometimes takes the shape of a man. - is depicted in many different forms: sometimes as various women, as Atxular and Mikelatz - are said to be different red animals, as the black he- sons of Mari, among others. goat, etc. Her consort , however, appears only as a man or a Basajaun - the wild man of the serpent/dragon. Mari is said to be served and his female version: basandere. by the , semi-mythical creatures impossible to differentiate from actual Eki - the , the daughter of witches or pagan priestesses. The cadre Lurbira.

48 of witches near met at the Arioch - A fallen angel in Milton's field and were the target of the Paradise Lost. At times, known as 's largest witch hunt Arioch. at Logroño. As a result, akelarre in Basque and aquelarre in Spanish are Armstrong, Anne - A Northumbrian today still the local names of the sabbat. witch. In some lore, occasionally called Armstrong, Anne. Odei - is a personification of storm clouds. Arnemetia - A water-goddess. In some lore, occasionally identified as San Martin Txiki - a popular local Arnemetia. Christian character, is a trickster. Askefrue - Forest said to be able Sorginak - are both mythological beings to cure disease. In some references, that travel with Mari and real witches. known as Askefrue.

Tartalo - the Basque version of the Awe - The chief god: the sun. Also Greco-Roman . called Awe, Ave or Ave.

Aywell - A Celtic guardian-god of the The British Pantheon north of England. Consort of Mm. On occassion, known as Aywell. Abandinus - A Roman-Celtic god. Sometimes identified as Abandinus. Barbason - A demon in Shakespeare. In some accounts he is the same as Marbas. Agape - A fairy in Spenser's The Faerie Identified as Barbason, Barbas, Barbas Queene. Mother of Diamond, Priamond or Marbas. and Triamond. In some accounts, called Barinthus - A sea-god. He was the pilot Agape. of the boat that carried King Arthur to Avalon. In some accounts, known as Agdistes - A god in The Faerie Queene. Barinthus, Navigator or Navigator. Ruler of the Bower of Bliss. Known as Agdistes. Beal - A supreme deity: a fire-god. Also Alchendic - A giant. King of Sarras. He identified as Beal, Berith, Berith, Baal- fought the Crusaders but later converted Berith, Beal, Bofi, Bolfry or Baal-Berith. to Christianity. In some lore, occasionally called Alchendic. Belatucadros - A war-god. Also commonly referred to as Belatucadros, Andrasta - A war-goddess. On Roman , Roman Mars, Anhur, occassion, called Andrasta, Adraste, Camulos, Camulos, Cariociecus, Maris, Adraste, Andate, Andate, , Nergal or Tyr. Andraste, Gaulish Andarta or Gaulish Andarta. - A British river-goddess or lake-goddess. A Celtic name for Ariel - A rebel angel in Milton's Paradise Minerva. Occasionally known as Lost. Also known as Ariel.

49 Belisama, Belishma, Belishma, Belisima Nudd, Welsh Nudd, Welsh Nudd or or Belisma. Nuada. Robin - The god of witches. In some Belphoebe - A goddess of the hunt in references, referred to as Robin, Red The Faerie Queene. Daughter of Champion, Red Champion, Robin, Chrysogone. Sister of Amoret. In some Witch God, redbreast, redbreast, robin or accounts, identified as Belphoebe. robin.

Briganta - A war-goddess or water- Samothea - A goddess. Called goddess of the Brigante tribe. Called Samothea, White Goddess, White Briganta, , Briganti, Briganda, Goddess, Freya, of the Mill or , Brigantia, High One, The, Olwen. High One, The, , The High One, The High One, Briganti(a), Briganti(a), Totates - A war-god. Also referred to as Irish Brigit, Irish Brigit, Sul, Roman Dea Totates, Tutates, Tutates, Roman Caelistis or Roman Dea Caelistis. Teutates or Roman Teutates. Wayland - The smith-god, god of - The tutelary-goddess of craftsmen. Son of Wade. Father of Britain. Occasionally called Britannia, Widia. On occassion, known as Britannias, Britannias, Roman Minerva, Wayland, Weiland, Weiland, Weland, Roman Minerva, Menrfa or Sirl. Weland, Weyland, Weyland, Wayland Smith, Wayland Smith, We(i)land, Daronwy - A thunder god and an oak We(i)land, French Galand, French god in Wales. In some lore, occasionally Galand, Volund, Wieland, called Daronwy. German Wieland, Galand, Norse Volund or Norse Volund. - Goddess of the River Dee. Occasionally called Divona, Divonia or Divonia. The Burmese Pantheon Arathaso - Malevolent tree spirits. Eiturn - A Celtic god in . Referred to as Arathaso. Referred to as Eiturn, Iturna or Iturna. Bilu - A cannibal ogre. This being is said Marian - A sea-goddess. Called Marian, to cast no shadow. Also commonly Mariam or Mariam. identified as Bilu. Nicor - An ancient water-god. Father of Byat-Ta - A wind spirit. Father of Shwe the nixes. Identified as Nicor, Stromkarl, Pyin Nyi-nuang. Brother of Byat-Twe. Stromkarl, Nickel, Nicker, Nicor, Nicor, Occasionally identified as Byat-Ta. nix, Neck(ar), Necker, Nix(ie) or Nixy. Byat-Twe - Brother of Byat-Ta. Known - God of the chase, dogs and as Byat-Twe, Shwe Pyin Nyi-Nuang or water. God of the Severn. Occasionally Shwe Pyin Nyi-Nuang. identified as Nodens, Nodons, Nodons, Irish Nuada, Irish Nuada, Lludd, Lud,

50 Chiton - One of the first nats, created by hminza - A malignant in the form Chinun Way Shun. Occasionally of a cat or dog: a form of tasé. Also identified as Chiton. identified as hminza.

E-u - The first woman, made by Ea-pe. hPaung-daw-u - A Buddhist water- Consort of Thanai. In some lore, dragon god, guardian of lakes. At times, occasionally called E-u. called hPaung-daw-u.

Ea-pe - The supreme deity of the Karen. hPi - A demon. This being is said to He created the first man, Thanai and the have red eyes and cast no shadow. In first woman, E-u. In some lore, some accounts, referred to as hPi, hPi- occasionally called Ea-pe. hPai or hPi-hPai. eingsaung nat - A benevolent house- Huyen-thien - A Buddhist dragon-god, spirit. Called eingsaung nat. guardian of the north and of Tongking. Sometimes identified as Huyen-thien, erawng krak - Tall, forked sticks Nguyen-quan, Nguyen-quan, Tran-vu, planted in the ground. These sticks Tran-vu, Chinese Huyen-vu or Chinese record the sacrifice of buffalo to the Huyen-vu. gods. Sometimes referred to as erawng mot krak, wang un keng or wang un Jan - A benevolent nat of the sun. One of keng. the original nats created by Chinun Way Hkeo - A lake. In some lore, Shun. In some accounts, identified as occasionally identified as Hkeo, Hkun Jan. Hsang L'rong or Hkun Hsang L'rong. kyoung - A Buddhist monastery. Hkrip Hkrawp - A male earth-spirit. Occasionally known as kyoung, Husband of Sik Sawp. Father of Buddhist vihara or Buddhist vihara. Chanum, Ngawn-wa-Mogam and Woi- shun. Sometimes identified as Hkrip Lahu - A fertility-god. Also commonly Hkrawp. known as Lahu. Lan Yein - A progenitor of the Karens. Hkum Yeng - A guardian spirit of Called Lan Yein. villages. One of the nats. Sometimes called Hkum Yeng. Loi Hsao Mong - A sacred mountain, home of the gods. Called Loi Hsao Hkun Ai - A hero who married a Mong. dragonwoman. When he left his wife she gave him an egg from which a son, Tung Long-Do - A guardian deity. Hkam, was born. Occasionally known as Occasionally identified as Long-Do. Hkun Ai. Madali Wi-hsa-kyuna - A powerful nat. Hkun Sak-ya - The Burmese name for Also commonly identified as Madali Wi- Indra. At times, called Hkun Sak-ya. hsa-kyuna. travellers with the ague or drives them mad. In some accounts, called Hmin.

51 Maha Gita Medani - A collection of stories about Burmese demons known as Ngawn-wa Mogam - Son of Hkrip nats. In some references, known as Maha Hkrawp and Sik Sawp. He shaped the Gita Medani. world with a hammer and made it fit for human beings. In some accounts, known Majaw Shringa Pum - A sacred as Ngawn-wa Mogam. mountain, home of the first man. Also commonly called Majaw Shringa Pum, Ngoyama Devils - These beings are Majoi Shringa Pum, Majoi Shringa Pum envisaged as somewhat like humans but or Majaw Shringha Pum. with tails. They are said to eat real humans. Also commonly identified as Min Kyawzwa - A nat, spirit of wine and Ngoyama. merrymaking. Sometimes identified as Min Kyawzwa. Nguyen-hu'u-do - A viceroy who was deified as a god of wisdom. Also known Mong Hsang - Heaven, the home of as Nguyen-hu'u-do. Hkun Hsan Long. In some accounts, referred to as Mong Hsang. Ning Sang - The Buddhist supreme being. On occassion, called Ning Sang, Myiammo Taung - A sacred mountain Npham Wa or Npham Wa. regarded as the centre of the earth. Sometimes identified as Myiammo Pawpaw Nan Chuang - Brother of Taung. Chang-hko, in some accounts he Naga Min - A serpent-king. Identified as survived the flood as well as his sister. Naga Min. Occasionally known as Pawpaw Nan Chuang. nat-kadau - Mediums officiating at the festivals. Dedicated to the nats. Also pongyi - A senior monk. In some lore, commonly identified as nat-kadau. occasionally identified as pongyi, Pali thera or Pali thera. nat-thami - A group of female nats. The Ponphyoi - One of the original nats, function of this group is to guard the created by Chinun Way Shun. Called umbrellas of the royal family. Also Ponphyoi. known as nat-thami. Saba-Leippya - A spirit of the soil. At nat-than - Spirit-songs. These songs or times, identified as Saba-Leippya. chants are used at the festivals dedicated to individual nats. At times, identified as sal - A sacred tree. It is said that Maya, nat-than. the mother of the Buddha, was holding a branch of this tree when her son was natsin - A shrine dedicated to a nat. born. Occasionally identified as sal. Occasionally referred to as natsin. Sao Kang - A fertility-spirit living in a Nga-hlut Piwe - A Buddhist festival of lake. On occassion, known as Sao Kang. purification. On occassion, identified as Nga-hlut Piwe.

52 sayadaw - A title for the head of a Thanai - In the lore of the Karen the first monastery. In some lore, occasionally man, made by Ea-pe. Consort of E-U. referred to as sayadaw. Sometimes called Thanai, Thanoi or Thanoi. Shin Ne Mi - A nat in the form of a nature-spirit. Niece of Min Magaye. thaye - spirits of men who Sometimes referred to as Shin Ne Mi. have died violently. A form of tasé. These beings take the form of giants Shippawn Ayawng - The ancestor of the with very long, slimy tongues. Also Kachin. People, descended from the referred to as thaye, thabet or thabet. creator, Shingrawa. At times, referred to as Shippawn Ayawng. Thein Rain-nats - It is said that rain is caused by battles between these nats. Shitta - The nat of the moon. One of the Also identified as Thein. original nats, created by Chinun Way Shun. Called Shitta. to - A monster, part lion, part deer. Identified as to, 'the way', 'the way', Tao, Shwe Na Be - Wife of Min Magaye. To, Chinese Tao or Chinese Tao. Also commonly known as Shwe Na Be. Trikurat - A forest-spirit. A nat who Siksawp - A female spirit of heaven. helps the hunter. Sometimes identified as Consort of Hkrip Hkrawp. Mother of Trikurat. Chanum, Ngawn-wa- Mogam and Woi- shun. Also referred to as Siksawp. tumsa - An exorcist. In some references, identified as tumsa. Sinlap - One of the first nats, created by Chinum Way Shun. A giver of wisdom. Upaka - A nat, a snapper-up of human Occasionally called Sinlap. beings. Known as Upaka. Van Xuong - A dragon-god of literature. Tawadeintha - The land of the nats. In In some accounts, referred to as Van some references, known as Tawadeintha, Xuong. Siamese Taweda or Siamese Taweda. Wawn - One of the original nats created thabet Monsters, spirits of women who by Chinun Way Shun. In some accounts, have died in childbirth. A form of tasé. referred to as Wawn. These beings take the form of giants with very long, slimy tongues. Also Weza - Necromancers. There are eight known as thabet, thaye or thaye. different types of weza, each working with specific elements. In some Thagya - Spirits of the air: nats. In some accounts, identified as Weza. references, known as Thagya. Thagya Min - Chief of the 37 nats. His The Cambodian Pantheon appearance signals the start of the year Avichi - The Cambodian version of and determines its outcome. Also Avici. At times, identified as Avichi, commonly identified as Thagya Min.

53 Avichey, Avichey, Avici, Buddhist Kubera, Buddhist Kubera, Kompira, Avici or Buddhist Avici. Kupera, Kuwera, Hindu Vaishravana, Hindu Vaishravana, Kubera, -li Bentei Srei - The name for Shakti, the Shou, Peysrap or To Wen. female aspect of Shiva. Sometimes known as Bentei Srei, Hindu Shakti or kru - A shaman. This type of shaman is Hindu Shakti. said to be able to exorcise the demons that cause illness. Also commonly daerechlan - Spirits of the dead that have known as kru. been. Reborn as animals or giants. Also identified as daerechlan. Kruth - A fabulous bird. Also commonly referred to as Kruth, Hindu Garuda, dvarapala - Ogres acting as doorkeepers. Hindu Garuda, Khyung, Khyung-Gai Also commonly known as dvarapala. mGo-Can, Thai Khrut, Thai Khrut or Garuda. gaja-simha - A monster in the form of an Kruthreach - King of the garudas. At elephant/lion. Also commonly identified times, referred to as Kruthreach. as gaja-simha, makara, makara, kalamaka, makara or makara. Lady Po Nagar - A name for or Uma. Occasionally identified as Lady Po Kampean - The blue tevodas. In some Nagar. references, called Kampean, Hindu Khumbhandas or Hindu Khumbhandas. Lukabal - A guardian spirit of the earth and human beings. Also referred to as Kenor - A being with a female head and Lukabal, Hindu Dikpala or Hindu thorax. But the wings and feet of a bird. Dikpala. Occasionally referred to as Kenor, Kenarey, Kenarey, Kenary, Kenary, Neak Ta - A protective spirit of towns Hindu or Hindu Gandharva. and villages. On occassion, called Neak Khandas - The white tevodas. Ta. Sometimes called Khandas, Hindu or Hindu Gandharvas. Nirpean - The highest of the 26 paradises. In some accounts, identified kmoch - . Sometimes known as as Nirpean, Buddhist Nirvana or kmoch. Buddhist Nirvana. kmoch pray - Ghosts of women or Peysrap - A version of Vaishravana. In children who died in childbirth. Some some accounts, he takes the role of say these spirits can enter living relatives Kovero as ruler of the north. Sometimes and make them ill. Referred to as kmoch referred to as Peysrap, Hindu pray. Vaishravana, Hindu Vaishravana, Kovero, Kubera, Mo-li Shou or To Wen. Kovero A Lukabal - Ruler of the north. Ruler of the yeaks. In some versions, Prah Alit - The sun, controlling the lion, this role is played by Peysrap. gold and Sunday. Occasionally known as Sometimes called Kovero, Buddhist Prah Alit.

54 Prah Shan - The moon, controlling the Prah Ankea - The planet Mars, tiger, silver and Monday. Occasionally controlling the pig, blue and Tuesday. In referred to as Prah Shan. some references, called Prah Ankea. Prah Sok - The planet Venus, controlling prah bat - The Cambodian name for the the peacock, green and Friday. Called Footprints of Buddha. In some lore, Prah Sok. occasionally called prah bat. Prah Sumer - The Cambodian version of Prah En - The Cambodian name for Mount Meru. Also called Prah Sumer. Indra. At times, called Prah En. Prah Thorni - The earth. Sometimes Prah Ket - An unknown planet, known as Prah Thorni. controlling giants and gold. At times, referred to as Prah Ket. Preas Eyn - A god of the Khmer. He is Prah Noreai-Naraya - The Cambodian depicted riding an elephant with three version of Vishnu. In some references, heads. In some references, called Preas known as Prah Noreai-Naraya, Prah Eyn, Hindu Indra, Hindu Indra, Noreay or Prah Noreay. Amoghasiddhi, Phra In, Shakra, Tung Wang Kung, Venda, Verethragna or Prah Phrom - The unformed, uncreated Wei-t'o. source of all things. Also commonly referred to as Prah Phrom, Prah Keo or Preas Eyssam - A destructive god of the Prah Keo. Khmer. Also identified as Preas Eyssam.

Prah Prahas - The planet Jupiter, Preas Prohm - A four-faced creator-god controlling the elephant, red and of the Khmer. On occassion, identified Thursday. Also known as Prah Prahas. as Preas Prohm, Hindu Brahma, Hindu Brahma, Dainichi or Vairocana. Prah Prohm - The Cambodian name for Brahma. In some lore, occasionally Reachaa-Sey - A flying-lion. Also called Prah Prohm. commonly called Reachaa-Sey.

Prah Put - The planet , Reahu - A Khmer demon which chases controlling the donkey, light colours and and tries to swallow the sun. In some Wednesday. On occassion, known as references, referred to as Reahu. Prah Put. Sanselchay - A hero. He defeated the Prah Rahu - An unknown planet, giant Yeak and rescued his aunt who had controlling. Kruthreach and yellow. been captured by the giant. Also referred Sometimes called Prah Rahu. to as Sanselchay.

Prah Sau - The planet Saturn, controlling Simhanara Lokesvara - A name for the buffalo, blue and Saturday. Avalokiteshvara with 5. Buddhas Occasionally known as Prah Sau. emanating from his. Body. Sometimes called Simhanara Lokesvara.

55 Tossarot A Lukabal - Ruler of the white tevodas, the Khandas. Ruler of the east. In the Baal cycle, Ba'al Hadad is At times, called Tossarot. challenged by and defeats , using two magical weapons (called "Driver" Vesandar - The Cambodian version of and "Chaser") made for Him by Kothar- Vessantara. At times, called Vesandar, wa-Khasis. Afterward, with the help of Buddhist Vessantara, Buddhist Athirat and , Ba'al persuades El to Vessantara Hindu Vishvantara, Hindu allow Him a palace. El approves, and the Vishvantara or Vessantara. palace is built by Kothar-wa-Khasis. Virulak - A Lukabal. Guardian of the After the palace is constructed, Ba'al south. Ruler of the blue tevodas, the gives forth a thunderous roar out of the Kampean. In some lore, occasionally palace window and challenges Mot. Mot referred to as Virulak, Buddhist enters through the window and swallows Virudhaka, Buddhist Virudhaka, Ba'al, sending Him to the Underworld. Komoku, Tseng Chang or Virudka. With no one to give rain, there is a terrible drought in Ba'al's absence. Virulappak - A Lukabal. Guardian of the west. Ruler of the Kruths and Nagas. In The other deities, especially El and Anat, some accounts, called Virulappak. are distraught that Ba'al has been taken to the Underworld. Anat goes to the Underworld, attacks Mot with a knife, The Canaanite Pantheon grinds Him up into pieces, and scatters Him far and wide. With Mot defeated, Canaanite religion is the name for the Ba'al is able to return and refresh the group of Ancient Semitic religions Earth with rain. practiced by the Canaanites living in the ancient Levant from at least the early The Akkadian word "kinahhu", however Bronze Age through the first centuries of referred to the purple-colored wool, dyed the Common Era. Canaanite religion was from the Murex molluscs of the coast, polytheistic, and in some cases which was throughout history a key monolatristic. In Canaanite mythology export of the region. When the Greeks there were twin mountains Targhizizi later traded with the Canaanites, this and Tharumagi which hold the meaning of the word seems to have firmament up above the earth-circling predominated as they called the ocean, thereby bounding the earth. Canaanites the Phoenikes or "Phoenicians", which may derive from The idea of two mountains being the Greek word "Phoenix" meaning associated here as the breasts of the crimson or purple, and again described Earth, fits into the Canaanite mythology the cloth for which the Greeks also quite well. The ideas of pairs of traded. mountains seem to be quite common in Canaanite mythology (similar to Horeb The Romans transcribed "phoenix" to and Sinai in the Bible). "poenus", thus calling the descendants of The late period of this cosmology makes the Canaanite settlers in Carthage it difficult to tell what influences "Punic". Thus while "Phoenician" and (Roman, Greek, or Hebrew) may have "Canaanite" refer to the same culture, informed Philo's writings.

56 archaeologists and historians commonly Hittite storm god Tarhunt. Canaanite refer to the Bronze Age, pre-1200 BC divinities seem to have been almost Levantines as Canaanites and their Iron identical in form and function to the Age descendants, particularly those neighboring Aramaeans to the east, and living on the coast, as Phoenicians. Baal Hadad and El can be distinguished amongst earlier Amorites, who at the More recently, the term Canaanite has end of the Early Bronze Age invaded been used for the secondary Iron Age Mesopotamia. states of the interior, that were not ruled by Aramaean peoples, a separate and Carried west by Phoenician sailors, closely related ethnic group which Canaanite religious influences can be included the Philistines and the states of seen in Greek mythology, particularly in Israel and Judah. the tripartite division between the Canaanite religion was strongly Olympians Zeus, and Hades, influenced by their more powerful and mirroring the division between Baal, populous neighbors, and shows clear Yam and Mot, and in the story of the influence of Mesopotamian and Labours of Hercules, mirroring the Egyptian religious practices. stories of the Tyrian Melkart, who was often equated with Hercules. Like other people of the Ancient Near East Canaanite religious beliefs were Anat - virgin goddess of war and strife, polytheistic, with families typically sister and putative mate of Ba'al Hadad focusing worship on ancestral household gods and goddesses, the Elohim, while Athirat - "walker of the sea", Mother acknowledging the existence of other Goddess, wife of El (also known as Elat deities such as Baal and El. Kings also and after the Bronze Age as ) played an important religious role and in certain ceremonies, such as the sacred Athtart - better known by her Greek marriage of the New Year Festival may name Astarte, assists Anat in The Myth have been revered as gods. of Ba'al

"At the center of Canaanite religion was Baalat - or Baalit, the wife or female royal concern for religious and political counterpart of Baal (also Belili) legitimacy and the imposition of a divinely ordained legal structure, as well Ba'al Hadad - storm god, perhaps as peasant emphasis on fertility of the superseded El as head of the Pantheon crops, flocks, and humans." Baal Hammon - god of fertility and Canaanite religion was influenced by its renewer of all energies in the Phoenician peripheral position, intermediary colonies of the Western Mediterranean between Egypt and Mesopotamia, whose religions had a growing impact upon Dagon - god of crop fertility and grain, Canaanite religion. The Hurrian goddess father of Baal or Hadad Hebat was worshiped in Jerusalem, and Baal was closely considered equivalent - god, or as Baalat Asclepius, to the Hurrian storm god Teshub and the goddess, of healing

57 Ishat - goddess of fire. She was slain by Yarikh - god of the moon and husband Anat. of

Kotharat - goddesses of marriage and pregnancy The Celtic Pantheon is a combination of Kothar-wa-Khasis - the skilled, god of numerous basic mythologies of craftsmanship numerous barbarian tribes. One of the earliest of those tribes has been called Lotan - serpent ally of Yam the Iberian, Berber, , Basque, or Euskarian race. This tribe spoke a Marqod - God of Dance Hamitic language. Another of those - king of the city, the earliest tribes are popularly called the underworld and cycle of vegetation in who spoke an language. Tyre These Celts were made up of the Goidals (), Brythons (Britons, Bretons), Molech - or Moloch, putative god of fire Continental , Irish (or Irish Gaelic), Manx, and Scottish Gaelic. Mot - or Mawat, god of death (not worshiped or given offerings) Information is difficult to find but their mythology was divided into : Nikkal-wa-Ib - goddess of orchards and The ; deals with the fruit Celtic gods and beings. The ; deals with the exploits Qadeshtu - putative goddess of love, of the warrior caste of pre-Christian modernly thought to be a sacred . prostitute, although there is no evidence of sacred prostitution in ancient The Historical Cycle; deals with the Canaanite cities activities of historical figures. The Fenian Cycle; deals with the tales of Resheph - god of plague and of healing Finn Mac Cumaill and his band of followers, the . Shachar - and , twin gods of dawn and dusk, respectively Aedh - (fire). Irish. A son of Ler. He is a Lord of fire, and may thus be considered Shamayim - the god of the heavens as a male aspect of the Brigit. He is one of the children of Ler transformed into a - also transliterated Shapshu, by a wicked stepmother, see Conn goddess of the sun; sometimes equated for fuller details. with the Mesopotamian sun god Shemesh whose is disputed - (unique strength). Irish. Son of the Daghda. Associated with birds, Yam-nahar - or Yaw, also called Judge particularly songbirds. An accomplished Nahar. musician, He is considered a God of Beauty and perfection of form.

58 Aeron - (slaughtering). Welsh. A war- her name derives from the root for "fire", god, a male Aspect of the Irish She may be considered as an aspect of Morrigan. He is a later-period male the Brigit. counterpart to Agrona, of earlier British belief. Andrasta - British. A warrior Goddess of the Iceni tribe, who accepted sacrifices Afagddu - (utter darkness). Welsh. The of hares and, perhaps, humans. She is ill-favoured child of Ceridwen, whose perhaps best known as the deity invoked name means "Dark" or "Ugly", for by the Iceni warrior-queen Boudicca in whom the of Knowledge is her rebellion against Rome. See also, intended. This Archetype reappears in Andarta immediately above, for a the Arthurian cycle as a mortal warrior possible continental connection. whose unsurpassed ugliness prevents him from ever being struck at by an Andraste - (Britain) Andraste is a opponent, for fear that he might be the warrior goddess, the goddess of victory. Devil. Angus - Scottish The Scottish version of Agrona - (slaughtering). British. A Aengus, and also a God of youthful warrior Goddess, seemingly a version of vigour and perfection of form. Much of the Irish Morrigan, in that she is His tale revolves around conflicts with associated with rivers as well. Later this Bheur, who attempts to deny archetype became masculinized among Him His consort, Bride. the Cymri as Aeron, which see, above. Annwn - (Britain) The otherworld. Aife I - (pleasant, beautiful). Irish Third Arianrhod - (Wales) The goddess of the wife of Ler, the evil stepmother of Aedh, moon. Her palace is the Aurora Borealis. Conn, Fiachra, and Finnguala, who transforms them into talking in a Arawn - Welsh. Lord of Annwn, the heat of jealous spite (she being underworld and realm of departed childless). Her deed discovered, she spirits. He makes a pact with Pwyll, to herself is transformed into a vulture, and exchange places with him for one year, made to stay eternally in the winds. in order that Pwyll might defeat an enemy, King Hafgan. Though Arawn set Aife II - (pleasant, beautiful). Irish Lover no conditions upon the exchange, when of Ilbrech, she is transformed into a the pact was successfully concluded and crane by a jealous rival. In such form, each had returned to his own heritage, and as a water-bird, she becomes a part Arawn discovered that Pwyll had denied of Manannan's Realm; when at length himself of his own accord the rights of a she , he makes of her remains the husband to Arawn's Lady. Thus Arawn fabulous Crane Bag, in which he stores swore an eternal vow of friendship and his chief treasures. support toward Pwyll.

Aine - (brightness, glow, splendour, Arecurius - (one who stands before the glory). Irish. A Faery Goddess of love assembly, lawgiver?). British. A and desire, she is also the tutelary Tutelary God of northern Britannia Goddess of Knockany, Munster. In that during the Roman occupation.

59 Arianrhod - (silverwheel). Welsh. The unfortunate as she encompassed his mother of Llew, the tale of how she death through infatuation with another. needed to be guiled into granting him a For this, she was cursed by Gwydion to name and arms is a mainstay of the perpetual abhorrence of sunlight, and . She is associated with transformed into an owl, a bird vilified Night, with the star Polaris, and her hall and detested by all other birds. is said to be the aurora borealis. As her name clearly implies, she may very well Boand - (she of the white cattle). Irish. be a late version of a Moon-Goddess. Wife of Nechtain, and mother by the Daghda of Aengus Og. She is associated - () Irish. One of the three with the . -aspects of the Morrigan. - (Irish) Boann is the goddess of Banbha - (pig, sow). Irish. One of the rivers and fertility. triplicity of Goddesses who are patronesses of all Ireland (for whom, see Bodb Dearg - (Bodb the red). Irish. A Eriu and Fotla). Her Name derives from daughter of the Daghda, and the tutelary the same root as "sow", or "pig". God over southern and part of Munster. Banghaisghidheach - (white ...). Irish. Boudicca - (victory). Irish/British. A Chief of the cats of Kilkenny. female personification of Victory, especially in a martial sense. A very Belatucadros - (shining one, bright). appropriate personification of her is seen British. Apparently an early version of in the historical Boadicca, Queen of the Bran the Blessed, and clearly cognate Iceni, who fought the Romans to a with . He was honoured by common standstill in the first century CE. soldiers in the north of Britain during the Although she ultimately lost, this Roman occupation. original Victoria resembles her namesake very strongly. Beli - (bright). Welsh. Brother, or perhaps precursor, of Bran the Blessed, Bran - (raven, crow). Irish. A master of and reputed to be father of all the Gods the Isle of Britain, he is a cauldron-God, in some cycles. Quite possibly a solar associated with a cauldron of deity in early times. regeneration which would revive the slain while leaving them voiceless. His Belisama - (Celtic) Goddess of light and cauldron destroyed, and he mortally fire, the forge and of crafts. She is the wounded in a war to rescue his sister wife of the god . Branwen, he instructed his adherents to decapitate him and, after many travels, Bendigeidfran - Welsh. The Cymric bear the head to London and bury it, equivalent of Bran. where it would become a defense and a protection to the whole Isle. Blodeuedd - (flowerface). Welsh. A woman created by Math out of flowers Branwen - (white raven, white crow). (those of Oak, , and Welsh. In the Mabinogion, She is a Meadowsweet) to be a wife to Llew central figure in being wed to the High Llaw Gyffes. The match proved King of Ireland and thereby

60 encompassing the doom of both the Irish Cailleach Bheur - (genteel ) and Britons, when her brother Bran Scottish A giantess associated with invades Ireland to rescue her from the Winter. She is said to be blue in color, degradation she experiences at the hands and a peculiarity of hers is that she of a vengeful Court. emerges on as a ancient hag, gradually ages in reverse, and disappears - (Gaelic) God of fertility and at Beltain as a young and beautiful agriculture; one of the first kings of the maiden. Tuatha De Danaan. Cenn Cruaich - (Gaelic) The heaven-god Brianan - Scottish A very obscure figure, (akin to Zeus). apparently a Divinity whose Name is Ceridwen - Welsh. A cauldron-Goddess used in oaths and exclamations, often as associated with the brewing of a potion an invoking force with which to hurl of Knowledge which she created for the fortune (sometimes good, but more benefit of her child, Afagddu. When the usually bad) toward another. boy Gwion inadvertently tastes the brew instead, she pursues him in a Brighid - (Brigit) (Gaelic) Brighid was transformation hunt which is a thinly the goddess of fertility, therapy, glossed description of an initiatory metalworking, and poetic inspiration. rebirth. See also, Taliesin. She is the wife of Bres. She is known as Caridwen (Cerridwen) in Wales. Cliodna - (Gaelic) Goddess of beauty and the otherworld. Brigit - (exalted one). Irish and British. A triplicity of Goddesses associated with - (Britain) God associated Fire and smithcraft, with poetry, and sometimes with forests and hunting with motherhood and childbirth. As an (linked with the Roman god ), individual, she is a daughter of the sometimes with war (equated with Daghda. In pre-, she was Mars). the tutelary Goddess of the tribe, and like so many Celtic - (Irish) Powerful Goddesses, she has some riverine warrior; his name means "strong and associations. She was conflated into victorious". as Saint Brigit. Conchobar - (Celtic) Conchobar's Cailleach Beara - (crone of Beare). Irish. intended bride, Deidre, eloped with A giantess associated with mountains. Noisi. Conchobar killed Noisi and his She holds in her apron huge boulders brothers and Deidre died of sorrow. with which to add to mountainous - (Britain) God who realms. She is a Tutelary to southwest personified the waters. Munster. She also appears in tales describing a knight being importuned by Conn - Irish. A son of Ler, and twin an old hag for love, acceptance of which brother of Fiachra. He, his twin, and two transforms her into a beautiful maiden. other siblings (Aedh and Finnguala) are transformed into swans who can speak and sing by a jealous and spiteful

61 stepmother, Aife. They spend many Cymidei Cymeinfoll - Welsh. A War- centuries in this form, and are eventually Hag, said to give birth every six weeks brought into the household of a Christian to a fully armed warrior. Wife to Llasar, , who binds them together keeper of the Cauldron of regeneration. with a silver chain. Dagda - (Cian) (Celtic) The god who A Queen of Ireland hears of the was the supreme head of the People of remarkable birds and, coveting them, Dana. (The equivalent of Cronus.) attempts to seize them. In the ensuing Dagda possesses a bottomless cauldron struggle, the chain breaks, and they of plenty and rules the seasons with the become pillars of dust, representing music of his harp. With his mighty club human bodies many centuries old. Dagda can slay nine men with a single blow, and with its small end he can bring - (Britain) Goddess who them back to life. personified a holy spring that had healing powers. (the) Daghda - (lord of skill). Irish. An important figure associated with a sacred Crearwy - (light, beautiful). Welsh. The well, and water in general. Also a favoured child of Ceridwen, sibling to fertility God. Various names and epithets Afagddu. (Eochaid Ollathair, all-father; Ruadh Rofhessa, master of knowledge; Credne - (craftsman). Irish. One of a Deirgderc, redeye, the sun) of his seem triplicity of Smithy-Gods. He is an to link him to horse-cults, fire, and artisan of worked metal, usually bronze, knowledge. He is the father of many of brass, or gold. The others are Goibhniu the others, including Brigit, Mider, and Luchta. Aengus, Oghma, and Bodb Dearg.

Creidhne - (Celtic) was the god Interestingly enough, he is often of metal working. One of the trio of portrayed as a rather sly but bumptious craft-gods of the Tuatha De Danaan, as rustic, one who can be fooled, defeated, were Goibhniu and Luchta. or bargained with by plying some idiosyncrasy or personal trait. His Cruacha - Irish. An obscure figure, favoured weapon is a giant club, or maidservant to Etain. maul.

Cu Chulainn - (Celtic) A hero akin to Dana - () (Celtic) The goddess Heracles or Theseus, born with the from whom Tuatha Dé Danann (The strength of a man and a burning rage to People of Dana) were descended. She conquer all in his path. His most famous was the daughter of the god Dagda (the exploits are described in "The Cattle Good), and had three sons, who had only Raid of Cu Chulainn". one son between them, (Knowledge). She was another of the Cuda - (Britain) Mother goddess. three war goddesses known collectively as the Morrigan. Cu Roi - (Irish) A sorcerer who transforms himself into various guises.

62 Danu - Irish, Celtic, and general Aryan. Efnisien - (unpeaceful). Welsh. Maternal A river Goddess whose name appears half-brother to Bendigeidfran (Bran) and across the face of Europe, the tutelary full brother to Nisien. Quarrelsome and a deity of many nations and places (cf. natural antagonist, he is said to be able Don River, Danube River, Denmark, to cause strife between two brothers etc.). In the isles, she was the Mistress of when they were most loving. He it is that the Tuatha De Danaan, the race of divine is responsible for the heinous insult to and semi-divine inhabitants of Ireland the Irish leading to Branwen's before the coming of the . punishment; he it is that slays her son Gwern at the feast of reconciliation. Deidre - (Celtic) Deidre was the When the Irish begin using the Cauldron beautiful intended bride of Conchobar. of Regeneration to overwhelm Bran's She ran off with Noísi (), and died forces, he feels remorse and, pretending of sorrow when Conchobar killed him to be a slain Irish warrior, is cast alive and his brothers. into the Cauldron, breaking it and killing himself. Dewi - (Wales) The Red Dragon god. The emblem of Wales. Eochaid - (horse-rider). Irish. A very early Aspect of the Daghda, A solar Diancecht - (Irish) Diancecht is the god deity associated with lightning. Usually of healing. He killed the giant serpent spoken of as one-eyed, and often refered that was destroying cattle throughout the to by an epithet of Daghda's, Deirgderc, land. He also killed his own son whose redeye, the sun. skill in healing endangered his father's reputation. - (Celtic) The horse goddess. Usually portrayed as riding a , Dioncecht - Irish. God closely associated sometimes with a foal. with healing and mending of physical ills. Eriu - Irish. One of the triplicity of Goddesses who are patronesses of all Don - Welsh. The Cymric equivalent of Ireland (for whom, see Banbha and Danu, which see, above. There seems to Fotla). She it was whose name was have been some conflation between Don applied to all Ireland. and St. Anne within Mediaeval times. Etain - Irish. Wife of Mider. By Eochaid, - (lord, master). Irish. A God of the mother of Liban. She has the underworld, and of the dead. associations with horses, and may be a Associated territorially with western later period aspect of an early sun Munster. The Romans recognized him as goddess. an aspect of their own Dis Pater. Expectedly enough from his attributes, Etan - Irish. Sometimes confused with He is a silent and solitary figure, unusual Etain, above. The daughter of Dioncecht enough among the often tumultuous and and the wife of Oghma; she is extroverted Irish divinities. considered a Patroness of craftsmanship and artisans.

63 - (tear; but also Fann, weak or helpless person). Irish. Wife of Goewin - Welsh. The footmaiden of Manannan and a lover of Cuchullain. Math, and the object of Gilfaethwy's Her name apparently derives from the uncontrolled desires. same Aryan root that produces "Venus". Goibhniu - (smith). Irish. A God of Fedelma - (Irish) Poet and prophetess in smithcraft, one of a trio (see also Credne the service of Queen . and Luchta ). Aside from his craftsmanship, he is known as the Ferghus - (Irish) King of Ulster prior to provider of the Fled Goibnenn, a Sacred Conchobar. Feast. Associated, among other things, with brewcrafting, he is said to have Fiachra - Irish. A son of Ler, and twin formulated a draught of immortality; brother of Conn, which see for a fuller note the similarity with the Greco- telling of their tale. Roman Hephaestus/Vulcan, a divine smith who was also a brewer. His name Finn - (Irish) Leader of the Fianna. survives in Abergavenny (Goibhniu's River). Finnguala - Irish A daughter of Ler, sister to Aedh, Conn, and Fiachra and, Govannon - (Wales) God of smiths and like them, a victim of Aife. metalworkers. The weapons he makes are deadly in their aim, the armor - Irish. A Celtic Artemis; a unfailing in its protection. Those who figure associated with archery, drink from his sacred cup need no longer the sanctity of forests and the wildlife fear old age and infirmity. therein, and the chase. Unlike Artemis, however, Her lustiness and sexual Grainne - (Irish) She is betrothed to appetite is legendary. Finn, but falls in love with Diarmaid.

Fodla - (Gaelic) One of the trio of Gwydion - Welsh. The Cymric goddesses who lent their name to equivalent of Goibhniu. In Welsh Ireland. The other two were Banbha and sources his hall is the Milky Way; he Eriu. was a magician of high repute, and the tutor and mentor of Llew. Fotla - (under-Earth). Irish. One of the triplicity of Goddesses who are Gwynn ap Nudd - (Southern) Welsh. A patronesses of All Ireland. The others Cthonic divinity, leader of the Wild are Banbha and Eriu. Hunt, in chase of the White Stag. Closely parallelling the Gaulish Geofon - (Britain) She was the ocean and British Herne, he also goddess. has affiliations with the northern Welsh Arawn. Gilfaethwy - (servant of ... ). Welsh. The brother of Gwydion, his doom is Hafgan - Welsh. A lord in Annwyn, and encompassed by his uncontrolled lust for a mortal enemy of Arawn, he may only Goewin. be slain if struck a single killing blow; to

64 strike a mercy-blow to his mortally Llyr - Welsh. The Cymric equivalent of wounded body would be to revive him Ler. again. This is accomplished by Pwyll when he comes to Arawn's aid, as Luchta - Irish. One of a triplicity of related in the First Branch of the Smithy-Gods, his aspect is that of the Mabinogi. wright, a mechanic and artificer. The others are Credne and Goibhniu. Hafren - Welsh. Another river Goddess, she is the tutulary of the River Severn. Luchtaine - (Celtic) He was the god of wheel making. Ilbrech - Irish. A son of Manannan, he Luchtigern - (mouse-lord). Irish. Chief rules over a section of County Donegal. of the mice of Kilkenny, slain by - (Britain) Goddess associated with Banghaisghidheach. water. - (light, brightness). Irish. Ler - Irish. A God of the sea. Father of Considered the chief Lord of the Tuatha Bran, Fiachra, Aedh, Manannan, and De Danaan, the Celtic Zeus. His numerous others. archetype appears to derive from an early solar deity, and he has many Liban - Irish. A water-spirit, the epithets and sobriquets, among which: daughter of Eochaid, by Etain. Lamhfhada, Long-arm, refering to his skill with or sling; Samildanach, (Llyr) - (Wales) God of the sea. much-skilled, having many talents; Ildanach, seer; and Maicnia, boy- Llasar Llaes Gyfnewid - Welsh. The warrior. husband of Cymidei, and bearer of the Cauldron later taken by Bran. Mabon - (Celtic) The Son of Light (akin to the Roman Apollo). He was the god Lleu - (Wales) The god who is the of liberation, harmony, music and unity. Welsh equivalent of the Irish Lugh. He was pictured as young, strong, radiant Mac Da Tho - (Irish) A god of the with hair of gold, master of all arts, skills otherworld. and crafts. - (field, plain). Irish. One of the Llew Llaw Gyffes - (bright one of the three Valkyrie-aspects of the Morrigan. steady hand). Welsh. The Cymric equivalent of Lugh. In the Mabinogion, Manannan - (he of the [Irish] sea). Irish. he is portrayed as a youth who struggles A child of Ler, and the principal sea- against a series of malign geases cast by God; his name seems to derive from an his mother, Arianrhod, and is assisted by earlier form of the Isle of Man. He Gwydion. He is later severely injured possesses among other things, the out of circumstances arising from his fabulous Crane-Bag, holder of all his wife Blodeuedd's infidelity. In all of this treasures, including Language. As with he displays a rather feckless naivete, and many Aryan Sea-Gods, he has a close does not appear as a pantheon Chieftain. association with horses.

65 Maponus - British. Lord of poetry and seem to be a connection with the the music; revered during the Roman Morrigan. occupation of Britain. - (Britain) His name means Math - Welsh. Uncle to Llew. Tutelary "great one". to Gwynedd, in North Wales. He is considered the premier sage of Britain: (the) Morrigan - (great queen). Irish. A old beyond reckoning, most skilled in triplicity of (see Badb, Macha, Magick, and knowledgeable beyond and ), exalting in battle frenzy, measure. It was said that he could hear chaos, and the gore of slaughter. anything spoken that was uttered in the She/they have a particular role in being presence of the slightest breeze; the wind the Choosers of the Slain; selecting, would carry the words to him. severing from the body, and guiding to the afterworld the spirits of fallen Mathonwy - Welsh. Father to Math. warriors. She has, however, many and diverse aspects and functions. Mabon - (son, youth). Welsh. The God associated with youthfulness, he is She has been closely associated with sometimes conflated with Pryderi. His water in general, and rivers in particular. full name is "Mabon Ap Modron", She seems in this latter aspect to be a which simply means "Son, son of chooser of the slain as well, in that she is Mother". seen by those whose fate it is to die in an upcoming battle as a crone, washing Manawydan - Welsh. The Cymric their clothing beside a river. See also equivalent to Manannan. , for a late version.

Medb - (Irish) Queen of Connacht, her Nechtain - Irish. Another water-spirit, name means "she who intoxicates". A He is associated with a sacred Well goddess of war. Where the Morrigan use within which live the Salmon of magic in battle, Medb wields a weapon Knowledge. He is closely associated herself. The sight of Medb blinds with the Daghda, and has been conflated enemies, and she runs faster than the with him. fastest horse. - (steerswoman). Gallo- Mider - (central one). Irish. His Name Belgic. Primarily associated with derives from the root for "middle", and protection of travelers over the sea. Her implies judgement or negotiation. known temple locations are always on Among the Tuatha De Danaan, he is a the coast, and surviving inscriptions chieftain, and known for his stinginess often praise her for successfully and misplaced pride. completed voyages, or implore her for similar journeys to come. She is Modron - (mother). Welsh, British, and invariably associated with a large dog as Gaulish. Often conflated with the Roman a companion. She has occasionally been Matrona, she is the Tutelary of the conflated with the Roman Goddess Marne in . In Britain, she appears as . Note also the Anglo-Saxon a washerwoman, and thus there would Elen.

66 Nemain - (frenzy). Irish. One of the Partholon (Irish) He led the first group to three Valkyrie-aspects of the the colonize Ireland, according to some Morrigan. legends.

Nisien - (peaceful). Welsh. Maternal Pryderi - (care, thought). Welsh. The son half-brother to Bendigeidfran (Bran) and of Pwyll, whom he succeeds in his lands. full brother to Efnisien. Well-favored, he He is stolen away as a newborn infant by was a natural diplomat of whom it was a nameless Fiend who, on a horse- said that he could make a peace between thieving expedition, drops him once two embattled armies at the height of more into the world when it is struck a their fury. He spent much of his time blow by the guardian of the horses. Note repairing the damage done by Efnisien. the equine connection with his mother, . Nodens - (Britain) God of healing, akin Pwyll - (wisdom, prudence). Welsh. to the Irish god Nuadu. Lord of Arberth. Father of Pryderi, Husband of Rhiannon, trusted associate Nuada - (cloud maker or catcher). Irish. of Arawn as related in the first book of A warrior God, He was twice king over the Mabinogi. the Tuatha De Danaan. He lost his office when his arm was severed in combat Rhiannon - Welsh. Wife of Pwyll, with the ; as Kings must be mother of Pryderi. Unjustly accused of physical whole, he could not resume his destroying Her newborn son (who had kingship until Dioncecht fashioned a been kidnapped by a nameless Fiend; see silver arm for him. above), She is compelled to take on the role of a horse, until Her son is Nudd - Welsh. Another form of Nuada. unexpectedly returned to her. She is considered as an aspect of the Gaulish - (Britain) King of the elves. Epona, and the Irish Morrigan.

Oenghus - (Angus) (Irish) He is the son Scathach - (Shadowed) Irish/Scottish. of Daghdha and Boann. He is the god of "Lady of Shadows", or, "of the Shadowy fatal love (akin to ). Angus' kisses Isle". She is a warrior, with additional turn into singing birds, and the music he associations in smithcraft and oracular plays draws all who hear it to his side. wisdom. She dwells in Albannach (), on (most tales agree) the Isle Oghma - Irish. A child of the Daghda, a of Skye (Scaith), and is best known as warrior God who is closely connected to the tutor of CuChulainn in the arts of knowledge, magick, and eloquence. He both love and war. is the inventor of Ogham script, the Celtic variety of ; and note well, he Silvanus - A woodland spirit associated is said to have designed the letters as a with parks, villas, and fields, and at an way of encoding knowledge--- they were earlier date associated with the forest not granted to him by mystical . beyond the settlements, the wildwood. He is a Roman Deity, but so closely did Oisin (Irish) Son of Finn. He resonate with Celtic notions that He

67 is often combined with other Celtic Danu) responsible for all the tales of Deities of similar attributes. But note that Ireland is famous for telling. well one difference: to the Roman, the They were said to be adept in magic and, Forest was a place of fear, a nightmare because of this, were banished from land of chaos, and thus Silvanus had for heaven. They possessed four them a shadowy or darker side; to the of great power: the stone of Fal which Celt, however, the Forest was Home, shrieked under the true heir to the and as such held no mystery or fear. throne; the spear of Lug which made victory certain; the sword of Nuadhu Sinann - Irish. Patron Goddess of the which slays all enemies; and the ever . full cauldron of Daghda from which no man ever goes away hungry. They came - (Britain) Goddess of healing, she to Ireland where they were forced to go is akin to the Roman goddess Minerva. into hiding when that country was Tailltiu - Irish. Tutulary Goddess of the invaded by the Milesians, forerunners of Telltown region of Ulster. today's Irish.

Taliesin - (radiant-brow). Welsh. A - Irish. Son of Oghma and semi-mythical figure whose life has Etan, Husband to the Brigit. become deeply intertwined with the Divinities of the Celts. He apparently - (Spectral). Irish/Scottish. lived in the 6th century CE, and was Daughter of Scathach and, like Her, a regarded as the premier , or poet of lover of CuChulainn. his or any other time. A book of his work exists, set down in the 13th Vitiris - (Britain) God of wisdom (not century; several of the works within it sure, but his name implies that). are regarded as genuine. He figures in many tales, but chief The Chinese Pantheon among them is the story that he began as In the beginning, the universe was a the boy Gwion, was asked by the black egg where heaven and earth were Cauldron-Crone Ceridwen to watch the mixed together, and in this egg was vessel in which she brewed a Knowledge contained Pangu. He felt suffocated, so potion, inadvertently tasted it himself, he cracked the egg with a broadax, and was pursued by her in a chase involving the light, clear part of the egg floated up many shapeshifts, and was at length to form Heaven while the cold, heavy swallowed by Her, to be reborn nine part stayed down and formed Earth. months later as the Divine bard Taliesin. Pangu stood in the middle, and he and the egg's two parts grew and grew until Taran - (thunder). Welsh/Continental. A he was nine million li in height. war god who may very well be the source of the image I describe as the When Pangu died, his breath became the God of the Wheel, below. wind and clouds, his voice the rolling thunder, and his eyes the sun and the Tuatha Dé Danann - The mythical race moon. His hair and beard became the of people (descended from the goddess stars in the sky, the flowers and trees

68 from his skin, the marrow in his bones century BC. The myths and legends became and pearls, and his sweat were passed down in oral form for over a the good rain that nurtured the Earth. thousand years, before being written in There are several versions of the Pangu books such as Shan Hai Jing. Other legend, but one that is common in myths continued to be passed down southern China is that of King Fang and through oral traditions like theater and King Gao Xin. Pangu was King Gao song, before being recorded as novels Xin's dog, and King Gao Xin had a great such as Hei'an Zhuan - Epic of Darkness enmity with King Fang. He proclaimed, (literally Epic of the Darkness). This "Anyone who can bring King Fang's collection of epic legends is preserved head will have my daughter's hand in by a community of Chinese Han marriage," but no one would try because nationality, inhabitants of the of King Fang's fearsome army. Shennongjia mountain area in Hubei, and contains accounts from the birth of One day Pangu slipped away and went Pangu up to the historical era. Imperial to King Fang's court. King Fang was historical documents and philosophical happy to see that he had deserted King canons such as Shangshu, Shiji, Liji, Gao Xin, and welcomed him with a Lüshi Chunqiu, and others, all contain banquet. However, that night, Pangu Chinese myths. sneaked into the king's chambers and bit off his head, returning back to King Gao The Jade Emperor is charged with Xin with it. running of the three realms: heaven, hell and that of the living. The Jade Emperor King Gao Xin was overjoyed to see that adjudicates and metes out rewards and Pangu had brought King Fang's head, remedies to actions of saints, the living but did not think to marry his daughter to and the deceased according to a merit a dog. Pangu would not eat for three system loosely called the Jade Principles days, and the king asked, "Why do you Golden Script. When judgments not eat? Are you angry that I would not proposed were objected to, usually by marry my daughter to you?" Pangu said, other saints, the administration would "No, just cover me with your golden bell occasionally resort to the counsels of the for seven days and I'll turn into a man." advisory elders.

The king did so, but the princess peeked The Chinese dragon is one of the most under on the sixth day. She found that important mythical creatures in Chinese Pangu already had man's body but mythology. The Chinese dragon is retained a dog's head. However, once the considered to be the most powerful and bell had been raised the magic change divine creature and is believed to be the stopped, and he remained a man with a controller of all waters. The dragon dog's head. The princess married him symbolised great power and was very and the settled in southern China, where supportive of heroes and gods. One of they had four children, who became the the most famous dragons in Chinese ancestors of mankind. mythology is Yinglong "Responding Dragon", said to be the god of rain. Historians have conjectured that the Many people in different places pray to began in the 12th Yinglong in order to receive rain.

69 In Chinese mythology, dragons are Au-Co - Vietnamese creator of believed to be able to create clouds with humanity. their breath. Chinese people sometimes use the term "Descendants of the Ba - Goddess of drought. Dragon" as a sign of their ethnic identity. Caishen - God of wealth.

For the most part, Chinese myths Chang Fei - God of butchers. involve moral issues which inform people of their culture and values. Chang Hsien - God of dreams and god of pregnancy. There has been extensive interaction Ch'ang-O - Originally a woman who between Chinese mythology and the lived on earth and became a goddess major belief systems of , when she drank all the water of , and Buddhism. On the one immortality that was given to her hand, elements of pre-Han dynasty husband by the gods as an award, mythologies such as those in Shan Hai thereby cheating him of that honor. She Jing were adapted into these belief became goddess of the moon. systems as they developed (in the case of Taoism), or were assimilated into Chang Pan - God of masons. Chinese culture (in the case of Buddhism). Ch'ang Tsai - God of the spleen.

On the other hand, elements from the Chao san-Niang - Goddess of wig teachings and beliefs of these systems salesmen. became incorporated into Chinese mythology. For example, the Taoist Chao T'eng-k'ang - God of the bowels. belief of a spiritual paradise became incorporated into mythology, as the Ch'eng Huang - God responsible for the place where immortals and deities dwell. land, its moats, ditches, and walls, and the people. The Chinese had a god for everything and as a result well over a thousand Cheng San-Kung - God of fishing. different ones. Presented here are a small selection of game related ones.. a very Cheng Yuan-ho - God of strolling small selection.. singers.

Aizen-Myoo - A deity, who despite his Chen Kao - God of the ears. terrible appearance, is full of compassion for mankind. He is pictured with six Chien-Ti - A Chinese ancestral mother arms, three eyes, a lion's head with who accidentally swallowed a multi- bristling mane, and atop his head a colored swallow's egg and gave birth thunder-bolt (Vajra), with which he thereafter to the ancestors of the Shang calms evil passions and forbidden dynasty. desires.

70 Chih Jih - God of the day. Fan K'uei - A god of butchers.

Chih Nii - Goddess of spinning. Fei Lien - A god of the wind.

Chih Nu - She wove the beautiful robes Fengbo - Another god of the wind. of all the other divinities. Goddess of weaving. Feng Pho-Pho - Goddess of the winds of China, Feng Pho-Pho was pictured as Ch'ih Sung-tzu - Lord of the rain. riding a tiger for her steed and with clouds for her roadway. She was Ching Ling Tzu - God of tea. depicted as an old, wrinkled woman. On calm days, it was thought she rounded Ch'ing Lung - God of the lungs. up the winds and stuffed them into the bag she carried on her shoulder. Chin-hua Niang-niang - God of drums Fu-Hsi - The god of vegetation and the and violins. inventor of writing.

Chio Yuan-Tzu - God of the brain. Fu Hsing - He was one of the three divinities known as Fu-Shou-Lu. He was Chi Po - God of the winds. considered a spirit of happiness.

Chou Wang - God of sodomy. Fu-Pao - The Yellow Emperor of China was another hero with an unusual Chuang-Mu - Goddess of the bedroom. conception. His mother, Fu-Pao, sat outdoors one night watching an Chu-jung - God of fire and celestial unearthly light play across the sky, and . she became inpregnated. Her child Huang-Ti, the Yellow Emperor, gestated Chung-kuei - Protector of those who for two years (another common travel. God of examinations. phenomenon among heroes) before his birth. Chung-li Ch'üan - One of the Eight Immortals of Taoism. Gaomei - Originally an ancient Chinese goddess whose name, means "first Ch'ung Ling-yu - God of the nose. mother". She was later changed into a male divinity. Chung Liu - God of eaves. Guan Di - A god of war. Chu Niao - God of the heart. Hao Ch'iu - A god of the heart. Chun T'i - Goddess of the dawn. Hariti - She had been a cannibal Chu Ying - God of the eyes. devourer of children until converted by Buddha, at which time she became the Di Jun - God of the eastern sky. protectress of children.

71 Heng-o - Goddess of the moon. Consort Keng Yen-cheng - Another god of of Yi the Archer. robbers and thieves.

Ho Po (Ping-I) - God of the Yellow King Wan - A god of luck. River. Foremost among the river gods. Ko Hsien-Weng - God of jugglers.

Hou Chi - Lord of abundant harvests. He Kongo-Myoo - Depicted as surrounded was miraculously conceived when his by fire; has three heads and six arms. His childless mother stepped on the footprint front face has five eyes. of a god. Kuan Ti - God of war, literature, Hou T'u - A god of the earth. fortune-telling and upholder of justice.

Hsiao Wu - God of prisons. Kuei-ku Tzu - Another god of fortune- Hsieh T'ien-chun - God personification telling. of the planet Saturn. Kujaku-Myoo - He is always shown Hsien Nung - A god of agriculture. seated on a peacock. He gives protection against drought. Hsi Ling-su - God of silk. Kuo Tzu-i - Another god of happiness. Hsi-shen - God of joy. Lai Cho - A god of agriculture. Hsi Shih - Goddess of face cream. Lao Lang - God of actors. Hsi Wang Mu - Mother goddess of the Western Paradise. Lei Kung - God of thunder.

Hsuan Wen-hua - The god of hair. Lei Tsu - God of innkeepers.

Hsu Ch'ang - God of archery. Li Lao-chun - God of leatherworkers.

Huang Ti - God of architecture. Li Tien - God of firecrackers.

Huang T'ing - God of the spleen. Liu Meng - God of agriculture.

Huo Pu - A god of fire. Liu Pei - God of basket-makers.

Hu-Shen - God of hail. Lo Shen - Goddess of rivers.

Jen An - God of robbers. Lo-Tsu Ta-Hsien - God of barbers and beggars. Jizo Bosatsu - The great protector of suffering humanity. He averts fires, Lo Yu - God of tea. facilitates childbirth, and is especially honored as a protector of children.

72 Lu Hsing - Another of the three gods Pai Chung - Another god of agriculture. who were known as Fu-Shou-Lu. God of justice. Pai Liu-Fang - God of the throat.

Lung Yen - God of the liver. Pai Yu - God of guitars. Lu-pan - God of carpenters. P'an-Chin-Lien - Goddess of brothels, Ma-Ku - Goddess of springtime. prostitution, and sex.

Mang Chin-i - Goddess of the womb. P'an Niang - Goddess of vaccination.

Mang Shen) - God of agriculture. Pao Yuan-ch'uan - God of the spleen.

Mao Meng - God of the planets Jupiter Phan Ku - The creator who formed the and Mercury. mountains, valleys, rivers and oceans. When he died, his skull became the sky, Men Shen - The two guardians of his breath the wind, his voice thunder, doorways, who protect against evil his legs and arms the four directions, his spirits and hostile influences. flesh the soil, and his blood the rivers. Then the fleas in his hair became the Miao Hu - A god of agriculture. people.

Mi-lo Fo - The coming Buddha. P'i Chia-Ma - God of the ribs.

Ming Shang - God of the eyes. Pien Ho - God of jewellers.

Mulhalmoni - Goddess of water. Po Yan Dari - () Goddess of disease. Nan-chi Hsien-weng - God of longevity. Quan Yin (Kuan Yin) - Quan Yin is a Ni-O - The protector of the Buddhist mother/protectress type Goddess. She faith. died in life but was made a Goddess, and because she saw a lot of pain while she Niu Wang - God of oxen. was living, she swore to protect all humans, and would not rest until the Nu-kua - Goddess inventor of marriage. suffering of man-kind ended. In some myths the one who created mankind. Samanta-Bhadra - name of Kuntu-bzang-mo, mother goddess in Nu Wa - Goddess of those who arrange BARDO . marriages. San Kuan - Collective name for the Pa - Goddess of drought. Three Officials, who were T'ien Kuan (official of heaven), Ti Kuan (official of Pa Cha - Goddess of grasshoppers. earth) and Shui Kuan (official of water).

73 Sao-ch'ing Niang - Goddess of good Sun Ssu-miao - God of druggists. weather. Tan Chu - God of the teeth. Sarudahiko - The god of the crossroads and the embodiment of male sexuality. T'ang Ming Huang - God of the theater. He is shown with a large nose, which is of phallic significance. Tankun - (Korea) The sun god and founder of Korea. Sengdroma - (Tibet) A lion-faced goddess called upon as a protector of Tao Kung - God of the diaphragm. herds. Tengri - (Mongolia) God of the sky. Sgeg-mo-ma - (Tibet) Goddess of beauty, often depicted as holding a Tho-og - (Tibet) Mother goddess, first of mirror. the gods to exist.

Shang Chien - God of the neck. T'ien Fei - Goddess of sailing.

Shang - Ti Originally the supreme god. Tien Hou - Ocean goddess who rode He was later known as T'ien (Sky). across the sky on clouds and, with her wind servants, looked for sailors in She chi - Another god of agriculture, danger. She then hastened to their especially of grain and the land. rescue.

Sheng Mu - Goddess of . Tien Mu - Goddess of lightning.

Shen Hsui-Chih - God of medicine. Ti-tsang - Deity who protects mankind; is able to rescue souls from hell and Shen Nung - Another agriculture god. bring them to paradise.

Shih Liang - God of the tongue. Tsai Shen - God of wealth.

Shiu Fang - God of embankments. Ts'ang Chien - God of writing.

Shou-lao - God who determines man's Ts'an Nu - Goddess of silkworms. longevity. Tsao Chun - The kitchen god. The most Shun I Fu-jen - Goddess of famine and important god of the family and home. floods. Tsao-Wang - God of the hearth. Sien-Tsang - Goddess of silk cultivation. Ssu-ma Hsiang-ju - God of wine sellers. T'shai-Shen - A god of wealth.

Sung-Chiang - God of thieves. Tung Chun - God of the day.

Sun Pin - God of shoemakers. T'ung Chung-chung - God of the skin.

74 T'ung Lai-yu - God of the stomach. Yaoji - This goddess was said to have been worshiped in the form of a sacred Tung Lu - God of snow. rock at the summit of a hill called the T'ung Ming - God of the tongue. Mount of the Sorceress. According to an old legend, a king encountered her on Tzu-ku Shen - God of toilets. that hill in a dream in which she revealed not only her name but the location of a Ui Tango - One of three creator plant to be used in . goddesses. The other two are Nguntre and Ninguerre. Yen-lo - Ruler of the underworld.

Wa - A divine woman who, in ancient Yen-Lo-Wang - God of the earth. times, "produced the ten thousand beings through metamorphosis." It is difficult to Yi - Husband of Chang-o. He saved the tell from the writings about her exactly earth from destruction when all ten of its how this creator goddess populated the suns appeared in the sky at the same world. time. Yi, an expert archer with a magic bow, shot down nine of the suns. Wang-Mu-Niang-Niang - Goddess of female energy. Yu - The engineer hero who measured the world from east to west and from Wang Ta-hsien - God of white ants. north to south in order to lay it out. Yu, the son of K'un, the emperor of China, Weiwobo - Another goddess of female was a thin, reedy man who was ill and energy. crippled causing him to hop about on one foot. He dug out the mountains and Wen-ch'ang - God of literature. allowed waters to flow from a catastrophic flood. Wu-tai Yuan-shuai - God of musicians. He worked at it for 13 years without Xi Hou - Goddess who gave birth to ten returning home. When he became a god, suns. Each morning she bathes the ten Yu travelled the world in order to plan it. suns, and then places the one which is to He stabilized five sacred mountains at light that day into a chariot drawn by the four cardinal points and at the center dragons for the day's journey. of the earth. Yu's wife was the daughter of T'u-chan the mountain of the earth. Xi Wangmu - Personification of the Yu was the first emperor of the Hsia female principle (yin), who with Mu Dynasty. Kung (yang), created heaven and earth, and all living beings. Yu Ch'iang - God of the ocean winds. He appears as a giant sea bird or a Xiu Wenyin - Goddess of lightning and whale, or any other sea creature, but he thunder. always has the face, hands, and feet of a human male. Yanwang - A god of death.

75 Yu Huang - Emperor of the gods. God of worshippers with vengeance, and he is purity. God of nature. The Jade God. the father of a brood of children as ugly and malicious as himself whose main Yum-chen-mo - (Tibet) Goddess of duty was to torture the wicked dead. wisdom. The Egyptian divinities are well-known Yun-T'ung - God of the clouds. for being portrayed with the heads and visages of various beasts. These Yu-Tzu - A god of the rain. creatures were not necessarily the only animals sacred to the God or Goddess Zaoshen - God of kitchens. they are connected with, or that they Zas-ster-ma-dmar-mo - (Tibet) Goddess were the exclusive figure used to image of wealth. the divinity - in some cases the God or Goddess claimed more than one animal, Zhang Xi - A creator goddess who gave and in some cases the God or Goddess birth to twelve . was portrayed with any of several different creatures faces. Zhinü - A goddess of marriage and a patron of weavers. The Egyptian pantheon consisted of the many Gods worshipped by the Ancient Zhongguei - God of examinations. Egyptians. A number of major deities are addressed as the creator of the Zigu Shen - Bathroom goddess cosmos. These include Atum, Ra, Amun (Amen) and Ptah amongst others, as well Zisun - Goddess of weddings. as composite forms of these Gods such as Amun-Ra. This was not seen as contradictory by the Egyptians. Egyptian Pantheon Aker - deification of the horizon Egypt was historically divided into two kingdoms. There was Upper Egypt and Am-heh - minor underworld god Lower Egypt. Upper Egypt seemed to contain a more educated or civilized Ammit – crocodile-headed devourer in peoples than Lower Egypt. The peoples Duat, not a true deity of Upper Egypt were somewhat of a different race (a mixture of different Amun or Amen – "the hidden one", a ethnic groups) than those of Lower local creator deity later married to Mut Egypt. The gods listed here (mostly from after rising in importance Upper Egypt), and their various depictions were in the main totally Amunet – female aspect of the different in some aspect or another than primordial concept of air in the Ogdoad the gods of Lower Egypt. cosmogony; depicted as a cobra snake or a snake-headed woman For instance Ptah the great god of Upper Egypt is in Lower Egypt an ugly Andjety - god thought to be a precursor with an enlarged head carrying a club to Osiris over his head as if threatening his

76 Anhur - god of war Bat – cow goddess who gave authority to the king; her cult originated in Hu and Ankt - a minor war goddess persisted widely until absorbed as an aspect of Hathor after the eleventh Anput - female aspect of Anubis dynasty

Anti - god of ferrymen Bata - bull god

Anubis or Yinepu – dog or jackal God of – dwarfed demigod associated with embalming and tomb-caretaker who protection of the household, particularly watches over the dead childbirth, and entertainment Anuket - gazelle-headed goddess of the Nile River, the child of Satis and among Chenti-cheti - crocodile god the Elephantine of deities Geb –god of the Earth, first ruler of Apep or Apophis – evil serpent of the Egypt and husband of Nut Underworld and enemy of Ra; formed from a length of Neith's spit during her Ha - god of the western deserts creation of the world Hapi or Hapy – deification of the annual Apis – bull deity worshipped in the flooding of the Nile, associated with Memphis region fertility

Ash - god of oases and the vineyards of Hathor or Hethert – cow or cow-goddess the western Nile Delta of the sky, fertility, love, beauty and music The Aten – sun god worshipped primarily during the period of Atenism Hatmehit - fish goddess, originally a in the eighteenth dynasty when Pharaoh deification of the Nile River Amenhotep IV () introduced monotheistic worship Hedetet - scorpion goddess, later incorporated into Isis Atum – a creator deity, and the setting sun Heka - deification of magic

Babi - baboon god associated with death Hemen - falcon god and virility Heqet – frog or a frog-headed goddess of childbirth and fertility Banebdjedet - ram god of fertility Hemsut - goddess of fate and protection Ba-Pef - minor underworld god Heryshaf - ram god Bastet – protector of the pharaoh and solar goddess, depicted as a lioness, Horus or Heru – falcon-headed god of house cat, cat-bodied or cat-headed the sky, pharaohs, war and protection woman

77 The four sons of Horus - personifications Ma'at – goddess who personified of the four canopic jars concept of truth, balance, justice and order Hu - deification of the first word Mafdet – goddess who protected against Huh - deification of eternity snakes and scorpions

Iabet - goddess of the east, consort of Mehen - protective snake god which Min and cleanser of Ra coils around the sun god Ra during his journey through the night Iah - god of the moon Menhit – goddess of war, associated Iat - minor goddess of milk and, by with Sekhmet association, of nurturing and childbirth Meret - goddess associated with Imentet - goddess of the necropoleis rejoicing, singing and dancing west of the Nile Meretseger – cobra-goddess of tomb Isis or Aset – goddess of magic, builders and protector of royal tombs motherhood and fertility and consort of Osiris; represented as the throne Meskhenet – goddess of childbirth and the creator of each person's , a part of Iusaaset – a primal goddess described as their soul, which she breathed into them "the grandmother of all of the deities" at the moment of birth

Kebechet - deification of embalming Min – god of fertility and lettuce, often liquid represented as a man with an erect penis

Khepri – the scarab beetle or scarab- Mnevis – the sacred bull of Heliopolis headed god of rebirth and the sunrise Monthu - falcon god of war Kneph - a creator deity Mut – mother goddess, associated with Khnum – ram-headed creator god of the the waters from which everything was flooding of the Nile River born

Khonsu – god of youth and the moon Nefertem - god of healing and beauty

Kuk –frog-headed personification of Nehebkau - guardian of the entrance to darkness, whose consort or female form the underworld was the snake-headed Kauket Neith – goddess of creation, weaving, Maahes – lion-headed god of war, war and the dead weather. Nekhbet – vulture goddess; patron of pharaohs and Upper Egypt

78 Neper - androgynous deification of grain Seshat – Goddess of writing, astronomy, astrology, architecture, and mathematics; Nephthys or Nebthet – goddess of death, depicted as a scribe night and lamentation; the nursing mother of Horus and the pharaohs Set or Seth – god of the desert, storms and foreigners; later god of chaos Nu – deification of the primordial watery Shai - deification of the concept of fate abyss Shed - savior deity Nut – goddess of the sky and heavens Shezmu - god of execution, slaughter, Osiris or Wesir – merciful judge of the blood, oil and wine dead in the afterlife and consort of Isis Shu - personification of air Pakhet – a synthesis of Sekhmet and Bast Sobek – crocodile God of the Nile; patron of the military Petbe - god of revenge Sobkou - messenger god Ptah – creator deity, also a god of craft Sopdet - deification of the star Sothis Qebui – god of the north wind (Sirius) Ra – the sun, also a creator deity, whose chief cult centre was based in Heliopolis Sopdu - personification of the scorching heat of the sun Rem - fish god who fertilises the land with his tears Ta-Bitjet - scorpion goddess identified as the consort of Horus Renenutet - deification of the act of giving a true name during birth Tatenen - god of the primordial mound

Saa or Sia - deification of perception Taweret – hippopotamus goddess of pregnant women and protector during Satet – goddess of war, hunting, fertility childbirth and the flooding of the Nile River Tefnut – goddess of moisture, moist air, Sekhmet – lioness goddess of dew and rain. destruction, pestilence and war; fierce protector of the pharaoh, and later as an Tenenet - goddess of beer aspect of Hathor Thoth or Djehuty – ibis-headed god of the moon, drawing, writing, geometry, Seker or Sokar - falcon god of the wisdom, medicine, music, astronomy Memphite necropolis and magic

Serket – scorpion goddess of healing Unut - snake goddess stings and bites

79 Wadjet – snake goddess and protector of realms of awareness to determine the Lower Egypt causes of the negative event or circumstance. Adlivun is where the dead Wadj-wer – fertility God and are purified before continuing on to the personification of the Mediterranean Sea Land of the Moon. or lakes of the Nile Delta Weneg - plant god supporting the Inuit mythology has many similarities to heavens the religions of other polar regions. Inuit traditional religious practices could be Werethekau - personification of very briefly summarised as a form of supernatural powers based on animist principles. In some respects, Inuit mythology Wepwawet – jackal god of warfare and stretches the common conception of hunting what the term "mythology" means.

Wosret – a localized guardian Goddess, While the dominant religious system of protector of the young God Horus; an the Inuit today is Christianity, many early consort of Amun, later superseded Inuit do still hold to at least some by Mut element of their traditional religious beliefs. Inuit traditional cosmology is not religion in the usual theological sense, Eskimo Pantheon and is similar to what most people think of as mythology only in that it is a All people, animals and plants have narrative about the world and the place souls (anua). The anerneq was the part of of people in it. a soul that went to the underworld, while the tarneq (taren-raq) was the physical The harshness and randomness of life in embodiment of the soul. exist in the Arctic ensured that Inuit lived order to ensure monetary prosperity, constantly in fear of unseen forces. A health and that animals will be available run of bad luck could end an entire to hunters. Ritual ceremonies performed community, and begging potentially before, during and after hunting trips angry and vengeful but unseen powers help to accomplish this. Each species of for the necessities of day-to-day survival animal has a deity, called a Keeper or a is a common consequence of a Master. The Angakut is the Shaman of precarious existence even in modern his tribe. society. For the Inuit, to offend an anirniq was to risk extinction. He remembers the taboos and guides his people in the following of them. He The principal role of the angakkuq in interprets omens, causes of illness or Inuit society was to advise and remind lack of success in hunting or other people of the rituals and taboos they ventures. Interpreting these signs needed to obey to placate the spirits, indicates which an individual, since he was held to be able to see and family or entire tribe has violated. Often, contact them. The anirniit were seen to the shaman will enter a trance state using be a part of the sila - the sky or air drum beating, chanting or other methods and thereby astrally travel to alternate

80 around them - and were merely Adlivun - The home of , goddess borrowed from it. of the sea. This is where the dead are purified before continuing on to the Although each person's anirniq was Land of the Moon. individual, shaped by the life and body it inhabited, at the same time it was part of Akycha - Sun god of the Alaskan a larger whole. This enabled Inuit to Eskimo. borrow the powers or characteristics of an anirniq by taking its name. Alignak - God of the moon, storms, Furthermore, the spirits of a single class earthquakes and tides. of thing - be it sea mammals, Polar Bears, or plants - were in some sense Aningan - Moon god. Called in held to be the same, and could be Alaska. invoked through a sort of keeper or master who was connected in some Asiaq - Goddess of weather. fashion with that class of thing. In some cases, it is the anirniq of a human or Idliragijenget - A sea goddess. animal who became a figure of respect or influence over animals things through Idlirvirisong - The demonic cousin of the some action, recounted in a traditional sun. tale. In other cases, it is a tuurngaq, as described below. Igaluk - God of the moon.

Some spirits were by nature unconnected Ignirtoq - Goddess of lightning. She to physical bodies. These figures were made lightning by rubbing pieces of flint called tuurngait (also tornait, tornat, together. tornrait, singular tuurngaq, torngak, tornrak, tarngek). Some were helping Kadlu - The thunder goddess; sister of spirits that could be called upon in times Ignirtoq. She made thunder by jumping of need. Some were evil and monstrous, on hollow ice. responsible for bad hunts and broken tools. Mallina - The sun goddess; sister to the god Anningat, the moon. They could also possess humans, as recounted in the story of Atanarjuat. An - The Bear god. (The Pleiades) angakkuq with good intentions could use them to heal sickness, and find animals Negafok - The cold weather spirit. to hunt and feed the community. He or she could fight or exorcise bad tuurngait, - She cares for the souls of the dead or they could be held at bay by rituals; in heaven while they wait to be However, an angakkuq with harmful reincarnated. intentions could also use "tuurngait" for their own personal gain, or to attack - She takes the souls of the dead to other people and their tuurngait. heaven, and gives them to the care of Pana.

81 Pukkeenegak - Goddess of childbirth. celestial bodies, sky and weather deities and fertility gods gained importance in Sedna - The goddess of the sea. An earth the world of the farmers. There may mother figure who had been a child of have been a sky and thunder god called giants. When her ravenous hunger led Uku or , also called Vanaisa her to start eating her sleeping parents, (Grandfather) or Taevataat (). they took her out to sea and cut off her fingers, which became whales, walrus, Proto Estonian pre-Christian deities may seals and fish. They then cast her into also have included a sky-god by name the depths of the ocean which she then Jumal, known also by other Finnic ruled. Called Arnarquagsaq in Greenland peoples as in Finnish and Jumo and Nerivik in Alaska. in Mari. Many recorded legends and myths depicting a supreme sky god are Tekkeitserto - God of hunting. however probably of later origin and feature Christian and/or foreign influences. Estonian Pantheon Estonian legends about giants is a complex of (, Suur Tõll, Leiger) may be myths belonging the Estonian folk a reflection of Germanic (especially heritage and literary mythology. Some Scandinavian) influences. There are traces of the oldest authentic myths may numerous legends interpreting various have survived in runic songs. There is a natural objects and features as traces of song about the birth of the world – a bird Kalevipoeg's deeds. The giant has lays three eggs and starts to lay out the merged together with Christian Devil, nestlings – one becomes Sun, one giving birth to a new character – becomes Moon and one becomes the Vanapagan (a giant demon living on his Earth. Other Finno-Ugric peoples have farm or manor and his farm hand Kaval- also myths according to which the world Ants (Crafty Hans). has emerged from an egg. Äiatar – a female demon The world of the ’ ancestors is believed to have turned around a pillar Äike - thunder god or a tree, to which the skies were nailed with North Star. Milky Way (Linnutee Ebajalg - demonic whirlwind or Birds' Way in Estonian) was a branch of the (Ilmapuu) or the way Ehaema - Mother Twilight, a nocturnal by which birds moved (and took the spirit or , encouraging spinning souls of the deceased to the other world). These myths were based on animistic Eksitaja - an evil spirit who makes beliefs. people lose their way in a forest or a bog Changes occurred in proto-Estonian Haldjas (the ruler) - elf, fairy, protector mythology as a result of the contacts spirit of some place, person, plant or with Baltic and Germanic tribes, as well animal as the transition from hunting and gathering to farming. Personifications of

82 Hall - personification of malaria Kaitsja - protector

Hiid - a giant Kalevipoeg, Kalevine, Sohni, Soini, Osmi - giant hero, mythical ancient king Hiiela - another world, land of the dead of

Hiieneitsid - maidens from the land of Kalm - grave; spirit of a dead person; the dead ruler of the land of the dead

Hiis - holy grove Kalmuneiu - Maiden of the Grave; a girl from the land of the dead Hingeliblikas – a person's spirit in the form of a moth Kaval-Ants (Crafty/Sly Hans) - wicked farm hand who deceives his master Hingeloom - a person's spirit in the form Vanapagan - the Devil of an insect or a small animal Kodukäija - a restless visitant ghost Hoidja - protector Koerakoonlane - a demonic warrior with Hämarik - personification of dusk, a a dog snout beautiful young maiden Koit - personification of Dawn, a young Hännamees – a demon who stole and man, eternal lover of Hämarik brought food, money and other worldly goods to its maker and owner Koll - bogey

Härjapõlvlane - Kolumats –

Ilmaneitsi, Ilmatütar - Air Maiden, Sky Kratt - a demon who stole and brought Maiden food, money and other worldly goods to its maker and owner in the form of a Ilmarine, Ilmasepp - a mythical whirlwind or meteor-like tail of fire (also blacksmith who forged among other called puuk, pisuhänd, tulihänd, things the Sun and the Moon (cp. hännamees) ) Kurat, Kuri, Vanakuri - devil (The Evil Ilo - Joy, the hostess of feasts One)

Jutta - queen of the birds, daughter of - Moon Taara Kõu - Thunder; son of Uku, brother of Juudaline - demon Pikker

Järvevana - Old Man from the Lake Kääbas - grave, death spirit

Kaevukoll - bogeyman of the well Külmking - a spirit of an unholy dead

83 Lapi nõid - witch of Lapland Metsik - a fertility god

Laurits - fire god or spirit, related to St. Mumm - bogey, monster, ghost Lawrence Murueide Tütred - daughters of Murueit, Leiger (player) - a giant living in beautiful maidens Hiiumaa island Murueit - a female spirit of forest and Lendva - an illness sent by an evil witch earth, connected to the land of the dead

Libahunt - werewolf Nõid - witch

Linda - mother of Kalevipoeg Näkk -

Lummutis - ghost, wraith Olevipoeg - the brother of Kalevipoeg, city builder, related to St Olaf Luupainaja - incubus, nightmare Painaja - nightmare, incubus Lämmeküne - cp. Lemminkäinen Pakane - Frost Maa-alune - a creature living under the earth and causing illnesses Pardiajaja - half-demonic warrior

Maaema - Mother Earth Peko - Seto god of fertility and brewing

Maajumalad - Gods of Earth Pell - a fertility god

Majauss - domestic grass-snake, Peninukk - half-demonic warrior protector spirit Peremees - Master Mana - a hypothetical ruler of the dead , Pikker - Thunder, "The Long Manala - land of the dead One"

Manalane - inhabitant of the land of the Piret - wife of Suur Tõll dead Pisuhänd - tail of fire, treasure-bringing Marras - spirit of death, predictor of goblin death Puuk – treasure-bringing goblin Mereveised - Sea cows Põrguneitsi - virgin of Hell Metsaema - Mother of Forest Päike - Sun god Metsavana - Old Man of the Forest

84 Rõugutaja - a female deity, protector of Udres-Kudres - serf, called "Son of the the rye crops, women in labor and the Sun", hero of folksongs city of Narva Uku - the supreme god Sarvik - a horned demon, a devil Sulevipoeg - Sulev's son, friend of Vanatühi - "Old Empty One", or Kalevipoeg Vanapagan, "Old Heathen" called Old Nick, the devil depicted as dumb giant Surm - Death god farmer

Suur Tõll - giant hero living in - the god of songs Island Varavedaja - loot carrier Taara - the supreme god of the pantheon of Estonian pseudomythology Varjuline - shadowling

Taarapita, Tarapita, - veehaldjas - spirit of the water, the mythological Osilian God of War weaver of a spring Ahjualune

Taevataat - God, literally Sky Father Veteema – Mother of Waters

Tont - ghost Vetevana - Water Spirit

Toonela - land of the dead Virmalised - Polar Lights

Tooni - god of death, ruler of the dead Christian saints interpreted as gods: Jüri (St George) - god of agriculture Toor, Tooru - a deity known in western Estonia, related to Scandinavian Thor Laurits (St Lawrence) - god of fire

Tulihänd, Pisuhänd - "tail of fire" - Mart (St Martin) - god of fertility flying house elf, helps to gather and protect the wealth Tõnn (St Anthony) - god of the crops and pigs Tuule-Ema - Mother Wind Tuuleisa - Father Wind Etruscan Pantheon Achlae - Greek river god, Achelous. Tuulispea - whirlwind Achle, Achile - Legendary hero of the Tuuslar - a sorcerer living in Finland Trojan War, from the Greek Achilles. Tõnn - a fertility god related to St. Achmemrun - Legendary king of Anthony Mycenaean Greece, from the Greek Agamemnon. Täht - god of stars

85 Achrum, Acharum - Legendary Greek Amuce, Amuche, Amuke - The Greek river of the underworld, the Acheron. legendary figure Amycus of the Argonauts myth Achvizr, Achuvesr, Achuvizr, Achviztr - character associated with Turan. Apulu, Aplu - The god, Apollo

Aita, Eita - The Etruscan equivalent of Areatha - The mythological figure, the Greek god of the underworld and Ariadne ruler of the dead, Hades. Aril - Etruscan deity identified with Atlas. Aivas Tlamunus, Aivas Vilates Also Eivas or Evas - Etruscan equivalents of Aritimi, Artumes - The goddess Artemis the Greek heroes Ajax, son of Telamon and Ajax, son of Oileus. Ataiun - The mythological figure, Actaeon Alchumena - The Greek legendary character, Alcmena. Athrpa - The deity,

Alcstei, Alcsti - The Greek legendary Atlenta, Atlnta - The mythological character, Alcestis. person, Atalanta]

Alichsantre, Alechsantre, Alcsentre, Atmite - The legendary character, Elchsntre, Elachśantre, Elachśntre, Admetus. Elcste - The Trojan legendary character, Alexandrus, otherwise known as Paris. Atunis - The mythological figure, Adonis. Alpan, Alpanu, Alpnu - Etruscan goddess, whose name is identical to Aturmica - The mythological figure, Etruscan "willingly." Andromache, the Amazon.

Althaia - The Greek figure Althaea, Aulunthe - Etruscan, the name of a . mother of Meleager. BBegoë, Vegoia Etruscan nymph Ani - Divinity named on the periphery of believed to have power over lightnings; the Piacenza Liver as dominant in that she was also said to have composed a section. It seems to correspond to tract known as Ars Fulguritarum which 's Templum I, north, was included in the Roman pagan canon, ruled by Janus, for which Ani appears to along with the . be the Etruscan word Calaina The Greek Nereid, Galena Aminth - Etruscan winged deity in the form of a child, probably identified with Calanice A Greek name of Hercle, Amor Kallinikos.

Calu Etruscan infernal god of wolves, represented by a wolf

86 Capne, Kapne The legendary hero, Capaneus Cluthumustha, Clutmsta The female legendary character, Clytemnestra Caśntra prophetess, Cassandra, of the Trojan War. Crapsti Umbrian local deity, Grabouie

Castur legendary figure, Castor. Crisitha The heroine of the Trojan War, Catha, Cavtha, Cath An Etruscan deity, the Greek name Chryseis. god and goddess, not well represented in the art. She appears in the expression ati Culsans God of doors and doorways, cath, "Mother Cath and also maru corresponding to the two-faced Roman Cathsc, "the maru of Cath"; however, the god Janus. nature of the maru is not known. She is also called śech, "daughter," which Culsu Also Cul. A female underworld seems to fit Martianus Capella's demon who was associated with identification of the ruler of Region VI gateways. Her attributes included a torch of the sky as Celeritas solis filia, and scissors. She was often represented "Celerity the daughter of the sun." In the next to Culsans. Piacenza Liver the corresponding region is ruled by Cath. Easun, Heasun. Heiasun Etruscan version of the mythological hero Jason. Catmite The mythological figure, Ganymede, from an alternative Greek Ecapa The tragic heroine of the Trojan spelling, Gadymedes From the Etruscan War, Hecuba is Latin Catamitus Ectur Hero of the Trojan War, Hector. Cel Etruscan goddess, probably identified with Ge, as she had a giant for Elinei, Elinai, Elina The character Helen a son. Her name occurs in the expression of Trojan War fame ati Cel, "Mother Cel Enie Greek Enyo, one of the Graeae Celsclan Etruscan Gigas, "son of Cel", identifying her as "Earth", as the giants Epiur, Epeur Greek epiouros, in Greek mythology were the offspring "guardian", a boy presented to Tinia by of the earth. Hercle, possibly Tages.

Cerca of the Odyssey, Ermania legendary character Hermione, daughter of Menelaus and Helen Chaluchasu Translation of Greek panchalkos, "wholly of bronze", perhaps Eris divinity Eris, Erus divinity Eros the robot of Crete, Talos Esplace legendary healer, Asklepios Charun, Charu The mythological figure, Ethausva, Eth Etruscan goddess, Charon attendant at the birth of Menrva

Chelphun An Etruscan satyr.

87 Etule Greek Aitolos, confused with his Horta Goddess of agriculture (highly brother, Epeios, who built the Trojan conjectural). horse IIlithiia The goddess of childbirth, Euturpa, Euterpe The Greek divinity, known to the Greeks as Eileithyia. Euterpe Occurs also in the expression flereś atis ilithiial, "statue of mother Eileithyia] Evan An attendant on Turan, sometimes LLaran Etruscan God of war. male, sometimes female Lasa One of a class of deities, plural Evtucle, [Ev]thucle The hero, Eteocles Lasas, mainly female, but sometimes male, from which the Roman An obscure rural goddess came. Where the latter were the primarily known from the various guardians of the dead, the Etruscan Roman cults who worshipped her originals formed the court of Turan. Lasa often precedes an epithet referring Fufluns Etruscan god of wine, identified to a particular deity: Lasa Sitmica, Lasa with Dionysus. The name is used in the Achununa, Lasa Racuneta, Lasa expressions Fufluns Pacha (Bacchus) Thimrae, and Fufluns Pachie. Puplona (Populonia) Lasa Vecuvia Goddess of prophecy, was named from Fufluns associated with the nymph Vegoia. Hamphiare, Amphare Legendary seer, Amphiaraus. Latva The mythological person also known as Leda Hathna Etruscan satyr. Leinth Etruscan divinity, male and Hercle, Hercele, Herecele, Herkle, Hrcle femalepossibly related to lein, Etruscan Etruscan form of the legendary hero word for "to die", but does not appear in known to the Greeks as Hēraklēs and the any death scenes Romans as Hercules. With Perseus, the main Etruscan hero, the adopted son of Letham, Lethns, Letha, Lethms, Leta An Uni/Juno, who suckled the adult Hercle. Etruscan infernal goddess His image appears more often than any other on Etruscan carved hardstones. His Letun The goddess known to the Greeks name appears on the bronze Piacenza as Leto Liver, used for divination (hepatoscopy), a major element of Etruscan religious Lunc, Lnche The legendary figure, practice. His Etruscan epithet, Lynceus sometimes substituted for his name, is Calanice, "beautiful victory", derived Malavisch Etruscan divinity of the from Greek Kallinikos mirrors, probably from malena, "mirror Man, Mani Etruscan class of spirits Hipece The magic spring, Hippocrene, representing "the dead and yet not the represented in Etruscan art as a water same as a hinthial, "ghost." From the spout in the form of a lion's head Mani came the Latin , which are

88 both "the good" and the deified spirits of Menerva, Menrva The Etruscan original the dead. to the Roman Minerva, made into Greek Athena. Mania Etruscan infernal deity, one of a dyad including Mantus She went on into Menle The hero Menelaus, of Trojan , ruling beside Mantus War fame. and was reported to be the and Manes Under the Etruscan Metaia, Metua, Metvia The mythological kings, she received the sacrifices of slain character, . children during the Laralia festival of Metus The , . The head May 1 She continued to survive in post- appears on the Aegis of Menrva as a classical Tuscan folklore as Mania della Gorgoneion. Notte, a nocturnal spirit bringing nightmares Mlacuch A young Etruscan woman kidnapped by Hercle. Mantus Etruscan infernal deity, one of a dyad including Mania. A tradition of Nestur The legendary hero, Nestor. Latin literature names the Etruscan city of Manthua, later Mantua, after the Nethuns Italic divinity, probably deity. Umbrian, of springs and water, identified with Greek Poseidon and Mariś A class of divinity used with Roman Neptune, from which the name epithets: mariś turans, mariś husurnana, comes. It occurs in the expression flere mariś menitla, mariś halna, mariś Nethuns, "the divinity of Nethuns." isminthians. The appearances in art are varied: a man, a youth, a group of babies Nortia Goddess of fate and chance. cared for by Menrva. The Roman god, Unattested in Etruscan texts but Mars, is believed to have come from this mentioned by Roman historian . Her name. Pallottino refers to the formation attribute was a nail, which was driven of a god by "... fusing groups of into a wall in her temple during the beings ... into one." Of Mars he says "... Etruscan new year festival as a fertility the protecting spirits of war, represented rite. as armed heroes, tend to coalesce into a single deity, the Etrusco-Roman Mars, Pacha Greek Bacchus, an epithet of on the model of the Greek god Ares." Fufluns.

Mean, Meanpe Etruscan deity, Palmithe, Talmithe The hero, equivalent of Nike or Victoria. Palamedes.

Meleacr The legendary figure,known to Pantasila, Pentasila The Greek name, the Greeks as Meleager. Penthesilea, queen of the Amazons.

Memnum, Memrum Memnon, a Trojan Patrucle Patroclus, of Trojan War fame. saved from Achle by his mother, Thesan.

89 Pecse, Pakste The name of the legendary Rathmtr The Greek mythological winged horse, Pegasus, assigned by the character, Rhadamanthys. Etruscans to the Trojan Horse. Satre Etruscan deity, source of the Pele The hero Peleus. Roman god, Saturn.

Pemphetru Greek Pemphredo, one of the Sime An Etruscan satyr who has a Greek Graeae. name.

Perse, Pherse The mythological hero, Selvans God who appears in the Perseus. expression Selvansl Tularias, "Selvans Phaun, , Phamu The mythological of the boundaries", which identifies him character, Phaon. as a god of boundaries. The name is either borrowed from the Roman god, Phersipnai, Phersipnei, Proserpnai Silvanus or the original source of the Queen of the underworld, equivalent to Roman god's name the Greek Persephone and Roman Semla The Greek goddess, Semele . Sethlans Etruscan blacksmith and Phersu A divinity of the mask, probably craftsman God, often wielding an axe. from Greek prosopon, "face". The god Equivalent to the Greek Hephaistos and becomes adjectival, *phersuna, from Roman Vulcanus. See also under which Latin persona. Velchans below Sispe, Sisphe The legendary king, Phuinis The Greek Phoinix, friend of Sisyphus. Peleus. Svutaf A winged Etruscan deity whose Phulsphna The legendary figure name, if from the same Latin root as the Polyxena. second segment of persuade, might mean "yearning" and therefore be identifiable Prisis The Greek Briseis mentioned in with Eros. the Iliad. Taitle The Etruscan form of the Priumne Priam king of Troy. mythological figure Daedalus. Prumathe The Greek mythological figure Prometheus. Tarchies Occurs in Pava Tarchies, label of a central figure in depictions of Puanea Etruscan name of a satyr. divination, who, along with Epiur, a divinatory child, is believed to be the Pultuce, Pulutuce, Pulutuke, Pultuke same as Tages, founder of the Etruscan One of the mythological twins, known to religion, mentioned by Roman authors. the Greeks as Pollux. Tarchon An Etruscan culture hero who, Rath Etruscan deity identified with with his brother, Tyrrhenus, founded the Apollo. Tarquinia was his sanctuary. Etruscan Federation of twelve cities.

90 Tecum God of the lucomenes, or ruling within the Etruscan window of class. ascendance, as the Etruscan kings built the first temple of Jupiter at Rome. Techrs From the Greek, the Trojan War Called apa, "father" in inscriptions hero, Teucer. (parallel to the -piter in Ju-piter), he has most of the attributes of his Indo- Telmun, Tlamun, Talmun, Tlamu A European counterpart, with whom some legendary Argonaut, Telamon. have postulated a more remote linguistic connection. Teriasals, Teriasa Legendary blind prophet, Tiresias. The name means "day" in Etruscan. He is the god of boundaries and justice. He Thalna, Thalana, Talna Etruscan divine is depicted as a young, bearded male, figure of multiple roles shown male, seated or standing at the center of the female and androgynous: it attends the scene, grasping a stock of thunderbolts. births of Menrva and Fufluns, dances as According to Latin literature, the bolts a Maenad and expounds prophecy. In are of three types: for warning, good or Greek thallein, "to bloom". A number of bad interventions, and drastic divinities fit the etymology: Greek catastrophes. Unlike Zeus, Tin needs the Thallo and Hebe and Roman Iuventas, permission of the Dii Consentes "youth." (consultant gods) and Dii Involuti (hidden gods) to wield the last two Thanr An Etruscan deity shown present categories. at the births of deities. A further epithet, Calusna (of Calu), Thesan Etruscan goddess of the dawn. hints at a connection to wolves or dogs She was identified with the Roman and the underworld. In post-classical Aurora and Greek Eos. Tuscan folklore he became an evil spirit, Tigna, who causes lightening stikes, hail, These A hero who is the equivalent of rain, whirlwinds and mildew. Theseus. Tinas cliniar Etruscan expression, "sons Thethis nymph Thetis, mother of of Tina", designating the Dioscuri, Achilles. proving that Tin was identified with Zeus. Thetlvmth deity of the Piacenza Liver, which is not a picture bilingual. Tiur, Tivr, Tiv Etruscan deity identified with Greek Selene and Roman Luna Thevrumines Minotaur (goddess).

Thufltha deity of the Piacenza Liver, Tlusc, Tluscv, Mar Tlusc deity of the which is not a picture bilingual. Piacenza Liver, which is not a picture Tinia, Tina, Tin Chief Etruscan god, the bilingual. The corresponding region in ruler of the skies, husband of Uni, and Martianus Capella is ruled by Sancus, an father of Hercle, identified with the Italic god and Sabine progenitor, who Greek Zeus and Roman Jupiter well had a temple on the , and

91 appears on an Etruscan boundary stone Hercle, and patroness of Perugia. With in the expression Selvans Sanchuneta, in Tinia and Menrva, she was a member of which Sanchuneta seems to refer to the the ruling triad of Etruscan deities. Uni oaths establishing the boundary. Sancus was the equivalent of the Roman Juno, probably comes from Latin sancire, "to whose name Uni may be derived from, ratify an oath." and the Greek Hera.

Truia, Truials Troy, Trojan, the city of Urphe The mythological figure, the Iliad. Orpheus. Tuchulcha An Etruscan demon. Urusthe The homeric legendary Tuntle The legendary figure, known to character, Orestes. the Greeks as Tyndareus. Usil Etruscan deity identified with Greek Turan Etruscan goddess identified with Helios, Roman Sol. Greek Aphrodite and Roman Venus. She appears in the expression, Turan ati, Uthste Legendary hero, Odysseus "Mother Turan", equivalent to Venus Genetrix. Her Vanth - Etruscan winged demon of the name is a noun meaning "the act of underworld often depicted in the giving" in Etruscan, based on the verb company of Charun. She could be stem Tur- 'to give.' present at the moment of death, and frequently acted as a guide of the Turms, Turmś Etruscan god identified deceased to the underworld. with Greek Hermes and Roman Mercurius. In his capacity as guide to the Vea - Etruscan divinity, possibly taking ghost of Tiresias, who has been its name from the city of Veii or vice summoned by Odysseus, he is Turms versa. Aitas, "Turms Hades." Vecu, Vecui, Vecuvia, Vegoia - The Turnu An Etruscan deity, a type of Eros, prophetic nymph, Vegoia. See under child of Turan. Lasa Vecuvia, Begoë.

Tusna Perhaps from *Turansna, "of Veltha, Velthume, Vethune, Veltune - Turan." The swan of Turan. Etruscan deity, possible state god of the Etruscan league of Etruria, the Voltumna Tute The Greek hero, Tydeus. in the Latin expression Fanum Voltumnae, "shrine of Voltumna", which Tv[?]th deity of the Piacenza Liver, was their meeting place, believed located which is not a picture bilingual. at Orvieto. The identification is based on reconstruction of a root *velthumna Tyrrhenus An Etruscan culture hero and from Latin Voltumna, Vertumnus and twin brother of Tarchon. Voltumnus of literary sources, probably from Etruscan veltha, "earth" or "field." Uni Supreme goddess of the Etruscan Representations of a bearded male with a pantheon, wife of Tinia, mother of

92 long spear suggest Velthune may be an Philippine mythology and folklore epithet of Tinia. include a collection of tales and superstitions about magical creatures and Veiove, Veive, Vetis - Etruscan infernal entities. Some Filipinos, even though deity whose temple stood at Rome near heavily westernized and Christianized, the Capitoline Hill. The identification is still believe in such entities. The made from the deity's Latin names prevalence of belief in the figures of related by a number of ancient authors Philippines mythology is strong in the over the centuries: Vēi, Vēdi, Vēdii, provinces. Veiovis, Vediovis, Vediiovis, Vedius. Because the country has many islands Velparun - The Greek hero, Elpenor. and is inhabited by different ethnic groups, Philippine mythology and Vesuna - Italic goddess mentioned also superstitions are very diverse. However, in the Iguvine Tables. certain similarities exist among these groups, such as the belief in Heaven Vikare - Son of Taitle, the mythological (kaluwalhatian, kalangitan, figure of Icarus. The name is found kamurawayan), Hell (impiyerno, inscribed once, on a golden bulla dating kasamaan), and the human soul to the 5th century BCE now housed at (kaluluwa). the Walters Art Museum. Philippine mythology is derived from Vile, Vilae - Greek Iolaos, nephew of Philippine folk literature, which is the Hercle traditional oral literature of the Filipino people. This refers to a wide range of material due to the ethnic mix of the Filipino Pantheon Philippines. The deities of Philippine mythology are Each unique ethnic group has its own the gods, goddesses and diwatas stories and myths to tell. The Philippines worshiped by ancient Filipinos before had cultural ties with India through the the Christianization of the natives after other Indianized kingdoms of Southeast the Spanish conquest of the Philippines. Asia for a considerable amount of time While not as widely known as its prior to the 16th century. European and Asian counterparts, they have similar elements and characteristics In the beginning of time there were three when compared to other mythologies. powerful gods who lived in the universe. Ancient Philippine mythology varies Bathala was the caretaker of the earth, among the many indigenous tribes of the Ulilang Kaluluwa (lit. Orphaned Spirit), Philippines. a huge serpent who lived in the clouds, and Galang Kaluluwa (lit. Wandering Some tribes during the pre-Spanish era spirit), the winged god who loves to believed in a single supreme being travel. These three gods did not know alongside with the lesser divinities who each other. Bathala often dreamt of created the world and everything in it creating mortals but the empty earth while others chose to worship a stops him from doing so. Ulilang multitude of trees as an act of .

93 Kaluluwa who was equally lonely as Bathala built a house for them out of the Bathala, liked to visit places and the trunk and leaves of the trees. earth was his favorite. For food, they drank the coconut juice and ate its delicious white meat. Its One day the two gods met. Ulilang leaves, they discovered, were great for Kaluluwa, seeing another god rivalling making mats, hats, and . Its fiber him, was not pleased. He challenged could be used for rope and many other Bathala to a fight to decide who would things. be the ruler of the universe. After three days and three nights, Ulilang Kaluluwa Ancient Tagalog was slain by Bathala. Instead of giving Bathala - The supreme god of the him a proper burial, Bathala burned the Tagalogs; creator of man and earth and snake's remains. addressed sometimes as Bathalang Maykapal. He dwells in Kaluwalhatian A few years later the third god, Galang together with the lesser gods and Kaluluwa, wandered into Bathala's goddesses. Aside from the lesser gods home. He welcomed the winged god and goddesses, he sent his in order with much kindness and even invited to assist the daily lives of every human. him to live in his kingdom. They became When most of the natives were true friends and were very happy for converted to Christianity during the many years. Spanish Era, he was referred to the Christian God Galang Kaluluwa became very ill. Before he died he instructed Bathala to Amanikable - The ill-tempered god of bury him on the spot where Ulilang the sea because among of the first Kaluluwa’s body was burned. Bathala generation gods (aside from Bathala), he did exactly as he was told. Out of the was never married after his love was grave of the two dead gods grew a tall spurned by a beautiful mortal maiden, tree with a big round nut, which is the Maganda. In frustration, he swored coconut tree. Bathala took the nut and vengeance against the humans by husked it. He noticed that the inner skin sending turbulent waves and horrible was hard. The nut itself reminded him of tempest in order to wreck boats and to Galang Kaluluwa’s head. drown men]

It had two eyes, a flat nose, and a round Idiyanale - The goddess of labor and mouth. Its leaves looked so much like good deeds. Natives used to call for her the wings of his dear winged friend. But guidance in order to make their works the trunk was hard and ugly, like the successful. She married Dimangan and body of his enemy, the snake Ulilang had two offspring.[ Kaluluwa. Bathala realized that he was ready to create the creatures he wanted Dimangan - The god of good harvest. He with him on earth. He created the was married to Idiyanale and had two vegetation, animals, and the first man offspring. and woman. Lakapati - The goddess of fertility and the most understanding and kind of all the deities. Also known as Ikapati, she

94 was the giver of food and prosperity. Her youngest of all the deities. After the best gift to mankind was agriculture conversion of the natives to Christianity (cultivated fields). Through this, she was during the Spanish Era, she was then respected and loved by the people. Later, referred as Maria Makiling she was married to Mapulon and had a daughter.[ Mapulon The god of seasons Amansinaya - god of fishermen. and husband of Lakapati of whom they had a daughter Galang Kaluluwa - (Wandering Spirit) The winged god present in some creation Mayari - The goddess of moon and one myths who loves to travel. He is of the three daughters of Bathala by a identified as a close friend of Bathala mortal women. She was the most charming of all the goddesses and had Haik - god of the sea. two sister namely Tala and Hanan Lakambakod - The protector of the Tala - The goddess of the stars; sister of growing crops. Mayari and Hanan and one of the three daughters of Bathala by a mortal woman Lakambini - The Spanish called him as "Abogado de la Garganta" (The Throat Hanan - The goddess of morning; sister Advocate). He is referred as the god of of Mayari and Tala and one of the three gluttony, food and eating. daughters of Bathala by a mortal woman Lingga - a phallic god. Dumakulem - The strong, agile guardian of mountains and the son of Idiyanale Ulilang Kaluluwa - (Orphaned Spirit) It and Dimangan. His sister was Anitun is a serpent god present in some creation Tabu. He later married Anagolay myths that was killed by Bathala after an ensuing rival. Anitun Tabu - The fickle-minded goddess of wind and rain. She was the God/goddess-like, residents of daughter of Idiyanale and Dimangan and Kasamaan (Ancient Tagalogs the sister of Dumakulem counterpart of Hell). They were the evil entities all opposed to Bathala and the Anagolay - The goddess of lost things rest of his deities and the only offspring of Lakapati and Mapulon. She was married to Sitan - The guardian of Kasamaan and Dumakulem. the keeper of all the souls that goes therein and hence, the counterpart of Apolaki - The god of sun and was Satan. He had four agents whose task chiefly the patron of warriors. He was was to lead man to sin and destruction the son of Anagolay and Dumakulem Manggagaway - She was the first agent Diyan Masalanta - The goddess of love, of Sitan and primarily blamed as cause conception and childbirth and the of diseases. Sometimes, she would protector of lovers. She was the daughter change herself into a human form and of Anagolay and Dumakulem and end up as a false healer. If she wish to

95 kill someone, she would do it by her magic Haliya - The masked goddess of the moon and the arch-enemy of Bakunawa. Manisilat - The second agent of Sitan as Her cult is composed primarily of she's tasked to destroy and break every women. There is also a ritual dance happy and united family that she could named after her as it is performed to be a find. counter-measure against Bakunawa.

Mangkukulam - The only male agent of Bakunawa - A gigantic sea serpent deity Sitan as he's task to emit fire at night and who is often considered as the cause of when there is bad weather. Like his eclipses. As the devourer of the sun and fellow agents, he practically change his the moon, this serpent became an form as a healer and then induce fire at adversary of Haliya. his victim's house. If the fire will be extinguished immediately, the victim Kaptan - The supreme god who dwells would eventually die. His name remains in the sky. He is the Ancient Visayan today as witch. counterpart of Bathala. Of all the supreme deities in the Visayas, he is the Hukluban - The last agent of Sitan that most worshiped by the natives. He had a also changes herself into any form she son named Lihangin desired. She could kill someone by simply raising her hand and could heal Magwayen - The goddess of the sea who without any difficulty is she wants so. is believed to take the souls of the dead Her name literally means crone or hag. in Sulad (Ancient Visayan counterpart of Hell). She had a daughter named Lidagat Ancient Bikolano Deities living in Ibalon (present Bicol Region) Lihangin - The god of the wind and the Gugurang - The supreme god who son of Kaptan. He later married Lidagat dwells inside of Mount Mayon where he and had four children guards and protects the sacred fire in which Aswang, his brother was trying to Lidagat - The goddess of the sea after steal. Whenever people disobey his Magwayen. She later married Lihangin orders, wishes and commit numerous and had four children sins, he would cause Mount Mayon to burst lava as a sign of warning for Likabutan - The god of the world and the people to mend their crooked ways. eldest children of Lihangin and Lidagat Ancient Bikolanos had a rite performed for him called Atang. Ladlaw - The god of the sun and the second children of Lihangin ang Lidagat Aswang - The evil god who always try to steal the sacred fire of Mount Mayon Libulan - The goddess of the moon and from his brother, Gugurang. Addressed the third children of Lihangin and sometimes as Asuang, he dwells mainly Lidagat inside Mount Malinao. As an evil god, he would cause the people to suffer Lisuga - The deity in which Silalak and misfortunes and commit sins. Sibabay came from. She was the

96 youngest children of Lihangin and Maklium sa Tiwan - God of the valleys Lidagat. and plains.

Alunsina - She was the virgin goddess of Maklium sa Tubig - God of the sea. the eastern skies. Munsad Buralakaw - God of politics and Bangun - Bangun God of time and affairs of men. cosmic movements. Barangaw - He is the god of the Nagined, Arapayan, and Makbarubak - rainbow. God who could be appealed to when concocting poisonous oil. Bulalakaw - Bird god, causer of illness. Pahulangkug - God of seasons. Burigadang Pada Sinaklang - Bulawan Goddess of greediness. Paiburong - God of the middle world (not Middle-Earth…). Dalikamata - The many-eyed goddess, cures eye illnesses. Pandaki - God who rescues the deserving for a more pleasant fate. Inaginid and Malanduk - God invoked for success in battle and plunder. Panlinugun - Ruler of the underworld, god of earthquakes. Kan-Laon - The supreme god worshiped by the Ancient Visayans who lived in Ribung Linti - God of lightning and the Negros Island that dwells in Mount thunder. Kanlaon. As well as Kaptan, he is the Ancient Visayans counterpart of Santonilyo - God of graces. Bathala). Saraganka Bagyo - God of storms. Kasaraysarayan sa Silgan - God of rivers. Saragnayan - God of darkness.

Lalahon - She is the goddess of fire, Sidapa - The god of death who is said to volcanoes and harvest. In ancient times, reside on top of Mount Madia-as in Ancient Visayans blamed her for province of Antique. sending armies of locusts to destroy their harvests. In response, natives will offer Siginarugan - He is identified as the god her gifts in order to please her and of the underworld. prevent her from doing that. Lubay-Lubyok Hanginun si Suimuran and Suiguinarugan - Gods of Mahuyokhuyokan - Goddess of the night hell, the final destination for all deceased breeze. souls. Luyong Baybay - Goddess of the tides. Suklang Malayon - Goddess of Magdang Diriinin - God of the lakes. homeliness, sister of Alunsina.

97 Sumalongson - God of the rivers and the children from Hyu We (Litik, Blanga, sea. Teme Lus, Tdolok, Ginton, Lmugot Mangay, and Fun Bulol) and six from Sumpoy - God of the afterlife. Sedek We. For a place to stay, he asked Bong Libun for the land that was once Tungkung Langit - Upper world and Sfedat's body. supreme god, counterpart of Bathala. Bong Libun agreed on the condition that Ynaguinid and Macanduc - Gods of she married one of his sons. Dwata war / battle spread the land, and planted the trees and other vegetation; the result is earth. The Tboli deities first people were created after Dwata Kadaw La Sambad - The sun god and breathed life into the clay figurines made supreme god. Married to Bulon La by Hyu We and Sedek We. However Mogoaw, they reside in the seventh Dwata did not fulfill his side of the heaven. They begot seven sons and bargain with Bong Libun, because his daughters who end up marrying each sons will not have her as wife. other. Litik - The god of thunder. Bulon La Mogoaw – The moon goddess and supreme goddess, wife of Kadaw La Blanga - The god of stones and rocks. Sambad. Teme Lus - The god of wild beasts. Cumucul - The eldest son who was given a cohort of fire, a tok (sword), Tdolok - The god of death. , and the magical horse, Kaunting, who can be as small as a mouse when Ginton - The god of metallurgy. not ridden and who can be kept in a box (This reflects the honor given by the Lmugot Mangay - The god of life and of Tboli to eldest sons and the value they all growing things. accord horses). Cumucul is married to Boi Kabil. Fun Bulol - The god of the mountains.

Sfedat - The second son who married his Bong Libun – Married to her brother sister, the second daughter, Bong Libun. Sfedat, however their marriage did not This marriage produced no progeny, produce any progeny that lead to leading to Sfedat's despondency. One Sfedat’s despondency. Sfedat asked her day, he asked his wife to kill him. His to kill him, when she did as she was told, corpse became land from which sprouted the corpse of Sfedat became land. Her all kinds of plants and trees. other brother Dwata asked her for a piece of land that was once Sfedat’s Dwata - The third son who married two body for a place to stay. She agreed on of his sisters, Sedek We and Hyu We. the condition that she married one of his His request for one of the powers sons. Dwata spread the land, and planted granted Cumucul is refused. Thus, he trees and other vegetation; the result is left the sky with his wives and seven earth. The first people were created after

98 Dwata breathed life into the clay Apo Angin - Lord Wind figurines made by Hyu we and Sedek We. Apo Init - Lord Sun

However, Dwata does not fulfill his side Apo Tudo - Lord Rain of the bargain with Bong Libun, because his sons will not have her as wife. She The Ilokanos also believed in the married her youngest brother Datu following (spirits). Bnoling. With him she had seven sons, who became scourges of the earth: Fun Mangmankik - spirits who dwell in Knkel, Fun Daskulo, Fun Lkef, Fun woodlands and trees Kumuga, Fun Blekes, and Fun Lalang. Kaibaan - dwarfs who dwell in anthills Fun Knkel - The god of fever. Bagbagutot - spirits who swell in shrubs Fun Daskulo - The god of head diseases. Namagayak - the soul of the (pagay) Fun Lkef - The god of colds. Other mythological creatures are: Fun Kumuga - The god of eye afflictions. Katataoan - giants

Fun Blekes - The god of skin diseases. Ansisit - dwarfs the size of a finger

Fun Lalang - The god of baldness. Kaibaan - dwarfs two to three feet tall

Loos Klagan and La Fun - The divine Pugot - spirits of ancestral aborigines couple; to alleviate the damage done by (Aetas) who guard treasures the scourges (the sons of Bong Libun and Datu Bnoling) they assumed the role Kumao - half-bird half-animals of healers. Aswang - spirits that sell and kidnap Muhen – A bird who is one of the most children influential figures in the Tboli pantheon who is considered the god of fate, whose Karma - ego: responsible for the normal song when heard is thought to presage feeling in the individual. It is thought of misfortune. Any undertaking is as vapor and assumes the form of insects immediately abandoned or postponed after leaving the body. when one hears the Muhen sing. Alingaas - shadow Ilokano deities is from Llamzon Buni - God Kararwa - soul, which existed even after death Parsua - Creator Apo Langit - Lord Heaven (Apo means Kapampangan deities "Lord")

99 Mangechay or Mangacha - The great Lakandanum - A variant of the Naga, elder, is said the creator of the Heavens, known to rule the waters it is said that she is the 'net weaver' with the sky as her weaved fabric and at night Bilaan deities the stars that shine are the fabric holes. Melu – The Supreme Being and creator. He is assisted by Fiu Weh and Tasu Aring Sinukûan – The Kapampangan Weh. sun god of war and death, taught the early inhabitants the industry of Fiu Weh – The good spirit. metallurgy, cutting, rice culture and even waging war. Tasu Weh – The evil spirit.

Apûng Malyari – The moon god who Fon Kayoo – The spirit of the trees. lives in Mt. Pinatubo and ruler of the eight rivers. Fon Eel – The spirit of water.

Tálâ – The bright star, the one who Fon Batoo – The spirit of rocks and introduced wet-rice culture. stones.

Munag Sumalâ – One of the children of Loos Klagan– The most feared deity, Aring Sinukuan who represent dawn. uttering his name is considered a curse. Also known as the golden serpent. Batak deities Lakandanup – Son of Aring Sinukuan, Maguimba - Who in remotest times lived the god of gluttony and represents the among the people, having been sun at noon time. summoned by a powerful babaylan, and he supplied all the necessities of Batak Gatpanapun – Son of Aring Sinukuan, life, as well as all the cures for illness. the noble who only knew pleasure, his He even had the power to bring the dead name means 'afternoon' in Kapampangan back to life. language. Diwata - Provided for the needs of men Sisilim – The child of Apûng Malyari, and women, and gives out rewards for she represent dusk and greeted by the good deeds. Sanbay is a ritual in honor songs of the cicada upon her arrival, her of Diwata, who is asked by the people to name means dusk or early evening in bless them with generous harvests of Kapampangan language. palay (unhusked rice) and honey. This Galurâ - The winged assistant of Aring ritual takes place inside a forest, about Sinukuan, he is represented by a giant 2–3 km from the beach. Two huts are eagle and believed to be the bringer of constructed for the ritual. Palay is placed storms. in one of the huts. A replica of a beehive, meanwhile, is situated in Nága - Are serpent deities known for another small hut. are recited to their protective nature. Their presence in Diwata by the babaylan, after which the structures are talismans against fire. people in attendance gather together in festive eating, drinking, and dancing.

10 Angoro - Lives in Basad, a place beyond Bukidnon Deities this world where the souls of the dead Magbabaya (The Ruler of All) - The go, and it is there where they come to supreme god who has minor gods and know if they are to proceed to Lampanag goddesses beneath him to do specific (heaven)or be cast into depths of the jobs and take care of certain things, he is Basad , where fire and boiling water also the god of the west. await these hapless ones. Domalondong – The god of the north. Batungbayanin - Spirit of the mountains. Ongli – The god of the south. Paglimusan - Spirit of the small stones. Tagolambong – The god of the east. Balungbunganin - Spirit of the almaciga trees. Ibabasok - He watches over the crops and their growth in a simple ceremony at Sulingbunganin - Spirit of the big rocks. the centre of the rice field.

Palawan Deities Dagingon – They worship this deity in Ampu - The god who wove the world an elaborated celebration complete with and created several kinds of humanity, songs and dances which will last for nine hence he is also called "Nagsalad", the nights during planting and after harvest Weaver. He is the supreme deity in a seasons. system of religious thought that can be qualified as "theist" and “animist." He is Bulalakaw - The spirit who watches the a protective watching presence, always rivers and takes care of the fishermen's invisible to tawbanar or the real people. catch. In the verticality of the universe, andunawan represents his abode. While Tumpaa Nanapiyaw or Intumbangol - people live on dunya or earth. Watches the base of the earth night and day lest it crumbles. Diwata - A benevolent and protective deity stays in lalangaw, the median Isneg Deities space, he is the mediator between The spiritual world of the Isneg is humans and Ampu. populated by more than 300 anito (spirits) who assume various forms. Ampu at Paray - The god of Rice. There are actually no gods or hierarchical deities in the otherworld of Linamin at Barat - The goddess of the the Isneg, only good or bad spirits. Monsoon Winds. Anlabban - The spirit who looks after Linamin at Bulag - The goddess of the the general welfare of the people and is Dry Season. recognized as the special protector of Upa Kuyaw - God of Thunder. hunters.

Bago - The spirit of the forest. Sirinan - The river spirit.

10 Landusan - Held responsible for some food to the spirits. The old woman who cases of extreme poverty. Those performs this utters the following : believed to be suffering from the "Ne uwamo ilay ta ubatbattugammo ya machinations of this spirit are said to be an-ana-a, umaammo ka mabtugda malandusan (impoverished). peyan" (Here, this is yours, Pilay, so that you feed my children fully, and make Alupundan - Causes the reapers' toes to sure that they are always satisfied). get sore all over and swell. Another ritual is performed right in the Arurin - She sees to it that the harvest is fields where the harvest is going on. The bad, if the Isneg farmers fail to give her inapugan, takkag (a kind of share. fern), and herbs are tied to a stalk of palay, which later will be place in the Dagdagamiyan - A female spirit who granary before the other palay. Again, causes sickness in children for playing in these are reserved for Pilay. In case a places where the harvest is being done. new granary is built, and the contents of the old granary transferred, the spirit's Darupaypay - Devours the palay stored special share is also transferred to the in the hut before it is transferred to the new place. It is never consumed. granary. Tiruray Deities Ginuudan - Come to measure the Minaden – The goddess who creates of containers of palay, and causes it to the world, had a brother named Tulus, dwindle. also called Meketefu and Sualla.

Sildado - Resembles a horse, and kills Tulus - Is the chief of all good spirits children who play noisily outside the who bestow gifts and favors upon human house. beings. He goes around with a retinue of messengers called telaki. Tulus is said to Inargay - Kills people during harvest have rectified some errors in the first time. When inapugan, a ritual plant is creation of the world and of human offered to Inargay, the following prayer beings. is recited by the Isneg farmer: "Iapugko iyaw Inargay ta dinaami patpatay" (I Mangyan Deities offer this betel to you, Inargay, so that Mahal na Makaako – The Supreme you may not kill us). Being who gave life to all human beings merely by gazing at them. Alipugpug - A good harvest is portended by the rising of a little whirlwind from Binayi – Owner of a garden where all the burned field. This, it is said, is the spirits rest. spirit of Alipugpug. Binayo - Is a sacred female spirit, Pilay - Rice pudding is offered to Pilay, caretaker of the rice spirits or the kalag the spirit of the rice, who resides on the paray. She is married to the spirit paga, a shelf above the Isneg hearth. Bulungabon. The kalag paray must be This is the pisi, the ritual offering of appeased, to ensure a bountiful harvest.

10 It is for this reason that specific rituals natural surroundings, believed to be the are conducted in every phase of rice guardian of the deer and the wild pigs. cultivation. Talaandig Deities Some of these rituals include the Magbabaya – The Supreme God. panudlak, the rite of the first planting; Dadagunan hu Suguy – A house spirit the rite of rice planting itself; and the who guard of the lawn of the house. rites of harvesting which consist of the magbugkos or binding rice stalks, and Anilaw ha Sumagda – A house spirit, the the pamag-uhan, which follows the guard of the door. harvest. Sinyuda Kahibunan – A house spirit, the Bulungabon – The spirit aided by 12 keeper of the hall. fierce dogs. Erring souls are chased by these dogs are eventually drowned in a Diwata ha Manilib – A house spirit who caldron of boiling water. He is Binayo’s records the activity of people inside the husband. house

Tinguian Deities Diwata Pinatanlay – A house spirit who Bagatulayan – The Supreme Being and guard the house at the ridge of the roof. Creator of the world. He lives and rules the celestial realm, directing its Gaddang Deities activities. Nanolay - Is both creator of all things and a culture hero. In the latter role, he is Kadaklan - Is a deity subordinate to a beneficent deity. Nanolay is described Bagatulayan. He is a friendly spirit who in myth as a fully benevolent deity, teaches the Tinguian how to pray, never inflicting pain or punishment on harvest their crops, ward off evil spirits, the people. He is responsible for the and overcome bad omens and cure origin and development of the world. sicknesses. Ofag - Nanolay's cousin. Apadel or Kalagang - A deity who is known to be the guardian and dweller of Dasal - To whom the epic warriors the spirit-stones called pinaing which Biwag and Malana prayed for strength play an important role in the spiritual and courage before going off to their world of the Tinguian. Of various sizes final battle. and shapes, the pinaing are usually found in sports marked out as hallowed Bunag - The god of the earth. ground, often under old trees, and are deemed to be the protectors of such Limat - The god of the sea. places and of the creatures who live in the forests. Ifugao Deities Mah-nongan - The chief god generally Makaboteng (one who frightens) – A refer to as the honorary dead and creator benevolent spirit who dwells in the of all things, even though Ifugaos do not consider any of their deities as supreme.

10 Liddum - Is regarded as the chief Cain and Abal travel from place to place. mediator between the people and the Their road is called Keat (lightning). other gods. Kidu (thunder) follows the road. In the beginning, Cain and Abal lived together Monlolot - The winder of thread on the in the sky; but they had a quarrel and spindle, one of the twenty-three different separated, as Abal wanted to live on deities preside over the art of weaving. earth where he could herd his animals. He was the one who created the Mamiyo - Stretcher of skeins, one of the lowlanders, who have the use of his twenty-three different deities preside carabaos and other animals. over the art of weaving. Cain - Created all the mountain people, Bumigi - In charge of worms, one of the including the Ilongots. He gave them eleven beings importuned to stamp out their customs, which they have followed rice pests. throughout the centuries. He was a killer and a head-hunter; so they are also. Abal Lumadab - Has the power to dry up the is stronger and more powerful than Cain rice leaves, one of the eleven beings and so there are more lowlanders than importuned to stamp out rice pests. mountain people.

Ampual - Of the Fourth Skyworld, is the Oden – The rain, they worship him (it) god who bestowed animals and plants on for its life-giving water. the people and who controls the transplanting of rice. He is one of those Elag - The sun, they worship him (it) so gods who expects gifts in return for his as the moon and stars because they give blessings. life and growth. He has a great, magnificent house in Gacay. When he Wigan - Is the god of good harvest. gets tired giving light and goes into his house, it is night. Puwok - Controls the dread typhoons. Delan - The moon, usually he and Elag Yogyog and Alyog - Cause the earth to are congenial and take turns giving light; quake. They dwell in the underworld. but sometimes they quarrel and Elag covers Delan more or less with a great, Ilongot Deities huge winnowing biga-o (basket). Thus Abal – He and his brother Cain are the we have the different phases of the creators and guardian lords of all things. moon. They are benevolent and their particular care is that of the people who live on Gemang - The guardian of wild beasts. earth. They are invincible and live in the When a party of men is starting on a sky Taon, sometimes on the sun Elag, or hunt, they build a fire, take hold of the the moon Dalan, or perchance some star dogs and the weapons and pass them one Pandac. Their messengers are called by one through the smoke. The last dog Binangunan or Cabuligian. to be passed through the smoke is the leader of the pack. After taking it out of the smoke, the owner spits on its face,

10 and rubs the saliva down its back and mythology and folklore. She was the sides. protector and guardian of Mount Makiling located in Los Baños, Laguna. Meanwhile, he has been talking and Thus, modern sightings of her were even shouting to Gemang, saying: “Do not let reported. Maria Makiling is a common our dogs get sick. You must give us one theme among Filipino artists, ranging of your animals. Do not take the form of from painters and sculptors to graphic a wild beast so that the dogs chase you novelists. Before, the Spanish arrived in by mistake. If you will let the dogs catch the Philippines, she was known as Diyan one beast, then we will give you to eat Masalanta. and drink and likewise your wife.” Following this ceremony, the part starts Maria Sinukuan - She was the resident out in a successful hunt. and protector of Mount Arayat located in Arayat, Pampanga. Lampong - The dwarf shepherd of the wild animals. Maria Cacao - She dwells in Mount Lantoy, Argao, Cebu where she had a Agta Deities cacao trees, hence a plantation outside There are four manifestations of the her own cave. After harvest, rain comes "great creator" who rules the world: that wash down the mountain, enabling Tigbalog is the source of life and action; her to float down to the towns below in Lueve takes care of production and her golden ship to sell her products. growth; Amas moves people to pity, love, unity, and peace of heart; while Diwata ng Kagubatan - (Enchantress of Binangewan is responsible for change, the Forest) Also known as Virgen Del sickness, and death. Monte, she was worshiped by the ancient Cuyunon of Cuyo Island, Gutugutumakkan – The Supreme Being. Palawan. She is honored in a celebrated feast, periodically held atop of Mount Kedes - The god of the hunt. Caimana in the mentioned island. When most of the natives were converted to Pawi - The god of the forest. Christianity during the Spanish Era, about 2/3 of the converted Cuyunon are Sedsed - The god of the sea. still celebrating her feast that upset the Spanish authorities. The situation led the List of Famous Diwatas Spanish authorities to intensify their Aside from the gods and goddesses, evangelization and governance efforts. ancient Filipinos also worshiped numerous forest deities known as diwatas (Filipinos counterpart of Finnish Pantheon nymphs/enchanter or enchantress). There Finnic mythology is the mythologies of are lot of diwatas in the Philippine the Finnic peoples, such as the Volga mythology and folklore but this section , Baltic Finns, Permians, and Sami. includes only the list of well-known. Maria Makiling - The most famous of all The mythologies of the Finno-Lappic the enchantress in the Philippine speakers have some common aspects;

10 the Sami people are deeply shamanistic Antero Vipunen - deceased giant, and these traits are present also in protector of deep knowledge and magic. Finnish-Karelian mythology. Baltic Finnic mythologies are also related to - demon, originally meaning a on one hand, and , later a mean goblin. to Indo-European Baltic and Germanic Iku-Turso - a malevolent sea monster; mythologies on the other. probably same as Tursas.

Especially the mythologies of the Baltic Ilmarinen - the great smith, maker of Finns were directly influenced by their heaven. Designed the mill of Indo-European neighbors, the fortune. Originally a male spirit of air. Scandinavians, the and the Baltic peoples. One aspect in common to many - female spirit of air; the of the Finnic peoples is the myth that the daughter of primeval substance of world is created from an egg. Another creative spirit. Mother of Väinämöinen central aspect of these mythologies has in . been astronomy, that includes several Milky Way myths and ideas about the Jumala - a generic name for a major existence of the World tree or pillar deity. Originally the name given by the while the star formations were thought to Finns to the sky, the sky-god, and the represent animal spirits. supreme god. Later taivas and Ukko were used as the names for the sky and Finnish mythology is the mythology that the sky-god. The word means god and went with Finnish which was was later used for the Christian God. The practised by the Finnish people prior to origin of the word is – some possible Christianisation. It has many features explanations are derivation from Jomali, shared with fellow Finnic Estonian the supreme deity of the Permians and mythology and its non-Finnic origination from the Estonian word neighbours, the Balts and the jume. Scandinavians. Some of their myths are also distantly related to the myths of Kalevanpoika (son/man of Kaleva) - a other Finno-Ugric speakers like the giant hero who can cut down forests and Samis. mow down huge meadows, identical with Estonian national epic hero (or Ahto) - god of the depths, giver Kalevipoeg. of fish. Kave - ancient god of sky, later the deity Ajatar (sometimes Ajattara) - an evil of the lunar cycle. Father of forest spirit. Väinämöinen.

Akka ("old lady") - female spirit, Kotitonttu - tutelary of the home. feminine counterpart of "Ukko". - tragic antihero. Model for Äkräs - the god of fertility and the Túrin Turambar in Tolkien's protector of plants, especially the turnip. Silmarillion.

10 Kuu - goddess of the Moon. Pihatonttu - tutelary of the yard. Lemminkäinen (Ahti Saarelainen, Kaukomieli) - a brash hero. Piru - spirit, demon. Probably later loan word related to "spirit". - originally a fertility spirit, Päivätär - the goddess of day. [citation needed] became synonymous Rahko - the Karelian god of time; Rahko with demon in the Christian era. tars the moon describes the phases of the moon. Lalli - Finn who slew Bishop Henry on the ice of Lake Köyliö, according to a Surma - the personification of a violent legend. death.

Louhi - the matriarch of , hostess Saunatonttu - tutelary of the sauna. of the Underworld. - the god of the forest. - the blind daughter of and the mother of Nine diseases. - the goddess of the forest, daughter of Tapio and . Luonnotar - spirit of nature, feminine creator. Tonttu - generally benign tutelary. Originally, a patron of cultivated land, Menninkäinen - a fairy spirit, . keeper of lot.

Mielikki - wife of Tapio, the goddess of Tuonetar - name referring to both the the forest. mistress and the daughter of Tuoni.

Nyyrikki - the god of hunting, son of Tuoni - the personification of Death. Tapio. Tursas - the Tavastian god of war. May be same as the Norse Tyr and the Näkki - the fearsome spirit of pools, Germanic Tîwaz. wells and bridges. Same as Nix. - the spirit of bear (one of many Tuulikki - daughter of Tapio and circumlocutory epithets). Mielikki, goddess of animals.

Pekko (or Pellon Pekko) - the god of Ukko ("old man") - the god of the sky crops, especially barley and brewing. and thunder, related to Thor (Estonian Taara). Perkele - the Devil. Originally a god of thunder, Perkele was demonized with the - the wife of Ahti, goddess of introduction of the Christian religion. the sea, lakes and storms. A current Related to Baltic Perkunas and Norse image of Vellamo can be seen on the Thor. coat of arms of Päijät-häme.

Pellervo (or Sampsa Pellervoinen) - the Vedenemo ("mother of waters") - god of harvest. Karelian goddess of water

10 across the into , where Väinämöinen - the old and wise man, they mixed with the indigenous Iberians who possessed a potent, magical voice. as Galloiberians (also known as The central character in Finnish folklore ). and he is the main character in the Gauls under Brennus sacked Rome circa Kalevala. 390 BC. In the Aegean world, a huge migration of Eastern Gauls appeared in Kyöpelinvuori (Raatikko) - where Thrace, north of Greece, in 281 BC. women who die as virgins go, and later a Another Gaulish chieftain named place where witches meet at Easter. Brennus, at the head of a large army, was only turned back from desecrating (also Manala, Pohjola) - abode the Temple of Apollo at Delphi at the of the dead, Underworld. last minute, alarmed, it was said, by portents of thunder and lightning. At the Pohjola Aarnivalkea - an eternal flame same time a migrating band of Celts, marking the spot of buried treasure some 10,000 fighting men, with their women and children and slaves, were Lintukoto - a mythical place where moving through Thrace. migratory birds where believed to live in wintertime, the word is used as a Three tribes of Gauls crossed over from metaphor for a happy place in Finnish. Thrace to Asia Minor at express invitation of Nicomedes I of Bithynia, who required help in a dynastic struggle Gaulish Pantheon against his brother. Eventually they settled down in eastern and Gallia (in English Gaul) is the Latin Cappadocia in central Anatolia, in a name for the region of Western Europe region henceforth known as . occupied by present-day , , western Switzerland and the Roman rule in Gaul was established by parts of the and Germany on , who defeated the Celtic the west bank of the Rhine river (Gallia tribes in Gaul 58-51 BC and described is also the Modern Greek name of his experiences in De Bello Gallico, France.) In English the word Gaul which means About the Gallic War. The commonly refers to a Celtic inhabitant of war cost the lives of more than a million that region in ancient times, but the Gauls, and a million further were Gauls were widespread in Europe by enslaved. The area conquered by Caesar Roman times, speaking was Gallia Comata: literally, "long- that had diverged into two groups. haired Gaul." Besides the Gauls of modern-day The area was subsequently governed as a France, Gauls had settled in the plains of number of provinces, the principal ones northern Italy, in the province Romans being , Gallia knew as Gallia Cisalpina (Gaul this side Lugdunensis, Gallia Aquitania and of the Alps), and had even reached as far . The capital of the Gauls as Anatolia (modern day Turkey), where was Lyon (Lugdunum). On December they gave their name to the area known 31, 406 the Vandals, and Suebians as Galatia. Other Gauls had migrated

10 crossed the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. After coming under increasing - An Artemis/Diana-like pressure from the tribes of Germany figure, the tutelary Goddess of the from the middle of the 3rd century AD, Ardennes Forest region. She seems to be Roman rule in Gaul ended with the a particular protectress of wild boars, defeat of the Roman governor Syagrius and is imaged as riding upon one at least by the Franks in AD 486. once. Often conflated with the Roman Diana. Refusing to acknowledge Roman rule, the Celts were formidable fighters under - A Goddess of Bears, a protector any circumstances. Exceedingly good at and nurturer of ursine virtues. Closely hit-and-run warfare, they were adept at associated with the Helvetican city of scattering to isolated areas in small Berne. See also, Andarta. groups - taking their Gods with them. Ireland (never conquered by the Belenus (Bel or Belenos) - God of light, Romans) became another stronghold, and referred to as "The Shining One". and so did the bits of Britain nobody else He is in charge of the welfare of sheep much wanted. Wales, for example. and cattle. His wife is the goddess Belisama. They can be compared with They also infiltrated the Orkneys, Apollo and Minerva. Baleiric Islands, bits of and the Caucasus. The Celts were doing - God of healing. alright until Christianity came along. The Church nicked some of their Gods Cernunnos (horned one) - The horned for promotional sainthood purposes and God associated with the Wild Hunt. A thus began the conversion process. Only lord of the natural world, of animal and by building churches on already sacred vegetive strength. Also the god of the sites could Celts be converted. underworld and of animals.

Abnoba - Goddess of the hunt (similar to - Goddess of fertility and the Roman Diana) healing; her name means "divine cow".

Ancamna - A Goddess known from Epona - Female associated with inscriptions in the Moselle valley, near sovereignty and rulership. Aspect is as a Trier. Apparently recognized as a horse, which are sacred to her. Consort to a divinity identified by the Romans as Mars. - A divinity revered before and during the Roman occupation of Gaul, Andarta - An obscure continental most of our information about him Goddess known from inscriptions in comes from the Roman author , Berne and in the south of France. who speaks of dark and savage human Apparently a Patroness of the sacrifices to this woodland God. tribe, and perhaps a counterpart or Although a number of altars and Aspect of Artio. She may also have a memorial stones of Esus survive, his connection with Andrasta (see attributes have become mysterious and immediately below). his story has more-or-less vanished. He

10 is often portrayed in the act of cutting almost invariably associated with willow branches, and his images often "Mercury", which see just above. connect him with waterbirds, particularly storks or cranes. Sequanna - Patron Goddess of the River - Goddess of nature; the Seine. wife of . Silvanus - A woodland spirit associated Nehalennia - Primarily associated with with parks, villas, and fields, and at an protection of travelers over the sea. Her earlier date associated with the forest known temple locations are always on beyond the settlements, the wildwood. the coast, and surviving inscriptions He is a Roman Deity, but so closely did often praise her for successfully He resonate with Celtic notions that He completed voyages, or implore her for is often combined with other Celtic similar journeys to come. She is Deities of similar attributes. But note invariably associated with a large dog as well one difference: to the Roman, the a companion. She has occasionally been Forest was a place of fear, a nightmare conflated with the Roman Goddess land of chaos, and thus Silvanus had for Fortuna. Note also the Anglo-Saxon them a shadowy or darker side; to the Elen. Celt, however, the Forest was Home, and as such held no mystery or fear. - (she of the sacred grove). A Continental Deity revered during Roman - A Continental divinity of times; her name may be cognate with the healing and fertility. Irish Valkyrie Nemain, and in fact the Romans seem to have regarded her as Sucellus - God of agriculture and forests having some connection with Mars. and a hammer god. His consort is Nantosvelta. Noudens - A derivation from Nuada, and as such revered during Roman - God whose name means times.This name has the somewhat "thunderer". Taranis is the god of the unenviable distinction of being borrowed wheel, associated with forces of change. by H. P. Lovecraft to play a bit part in his famous Cthulhu Cycle. Teutates, - Another pre-Roman Gaulish deity commented on by the - The continental equivalent of Roman author Lucan, Teutates seems to Oghma, portrayed as a bald old man have been a war god, but is also leading a contented group of followers connected in obscure ways with by chains attached to their ears. Cauldrons. Lucan claims that human sacrifices were due to the God, in this . Gaulish/Continental. A Celtic instance by drowning. The name is Goddess whose name has not survived, meaningless, it simply means "Tribe" or except for Her Latin nomen, which "Nation" (cf. Irish Tuatha). means "Good Provider". She is essentially a Goddess of success and prosperity, and her chief attribute is an Greek Pantheon inexhaustable Purse of Plenty. She is

11 To the Greeks, man was the measure of were ruled by the mighty Zeus. But this all things, and gods mirrored them was not always so, for the Mycenaean faithfully. Like men, the gods were gods were older than the Greek gods, noble and proud, but they were also and the Minoan gods were older still. quarrelsome, scheming, lecherous. These Thus, the Greek gods had a history of deities appeared in more or less human their own, just as Greek culture did. In form, though they were always more the beginning, there was only Chaos, beautiful than any mortal could hope to from which formed Gaea (the earth), be. Invariably, the gods suffered from Tarterus (beneath the earth), many other human faults and engaged in very human primeval gods such as Eros, Night, and behaviour, such as falling in love, Day. Gaea created Uranus, the resorting to treachery to win a cherished Mountains, and the Sea, then married goal and hungering for power. Uranus and gave birth to the Titans, the Cyclopes, and the Hecatoncheires. Unlike the gods of many ancient civilizations, the deities of the Greeks Uranus turned out to be a harsh and were far from remote or mysterious. jealous husband who cruelly kept the Their motives could almost always be Hecatoncheires prisoner inside their understood in human terms. There were mother. In retaliation, she called upon two important differences between the her other children to avenge her, and the gods and men, however. Although the Titan Cronus wounded his father so gods were moved by the same emotional severely that the cruel Uranus was forces that ruled the lives of men, they vanquished. The Furies, the Ash Tree were not expected to follow the rules of Nymphs, and the Giants were created human behaviour. Were free to engage when the deposed ruler’s blood fell to in all sorts of conduct that would not be earth. After assuming his father’s reign, tolerated in human society: thievery, Cronus married Rhea.. lechery, gluttony, adultery, and so on. But, fearing that one of his offspring The second important difference (who were the gods) would usurp his between gods and men was power. The throne as he had his father’s, he Greek gods were all, to some degree, swallowed all of his children as Rhea embodiments of power, whether in the gave birth to them. The furious Rhea physical world or in the minds of men. managed to hide her sixth born child, They controlled literally everything, Zeus. After growing to manhood on the from storms that ravaged the seas to the island of Crete, he returned to his father love that bound men and women disguised as a cupbearer. Zeus served together. It was because of this power Cronus a potion that caused the Titan to that the Greeks sought the favour of the vomit up the young god’s siblings and gods through prayers and sacrifice. the gods united to overthrow their When the Greeks honoured excellence in despotic father. any domain, it was the gift of some of this godly power that they were praising. The task was far from over, however. After their victory over Cronus, Zeus The Greek gods, who were thought to and the other gods had to battle the rest live atop the heights of Mount Olympus, of the Titans. After more than a decade

11 of cosmos-shaking warfare, in which the nothingness. Below Hades was Tartarus, elements of nature raged unchecked, the the vast realm of nebulous darkness gods finally managed to confine the where the gods had confined the Titans. Titans to Tartarus, the Greek Áphroditē - Goddess of love and beauty. underworld. Although married to Hephaestus she had many lovers, most notably Ares. She Next, the gods had to fight a similar was depicted as a beautiful woman battle against Typhoeus, a hundred- usually accompanied by her son Eros. headed dragon that Gaea had created to Her symbols include the dove, apple, attack the gods after the defeat of her rose, scallop shell and myrtle wreath. Titans. The gods had no sooner buried Her sacred animal is the dove. the monster beneath Mt. Etna than the Giants challenged their rule. It required Apóllō - God of music, healing, plague, all of their prowess and the assistance of , poetry, and archery; the mortal Heracles to kill the giants. associated with light, truth and the sun. Finally, after vanquishing the Titans, He is Artemis's twin brother and Hermes Typhoeus, and the Giants, the gods were elder brother, and son of Zeus and Leto. at last the unchallenged rulers of He was depicted as a handsome, Olympus and the earth. beardless youth with long hair and various attributes including a laurel Their domain was far different than the wreath, bow and quiver, raven, and lyre. world we know today, however. The Apollo's sacred animal are red cattle. home of the gods, Mount Olympus, stood at the centre of the earth. Around Árēs - God of war, bloodlust, violence, the earth ran a limitless river called manly courage, and civil order. The son Ocean. On the far shore of this river of Zeus and Hera, he was depicted as lived the Hyperboreans, a race of blessed either a mature, bearded warrior dressed men who did not know care, toil, illness, in battle arms, or a nude beardless youth or old age. Their home was isolated from with helm and spear. His atributes are the rest of the world, being completely golden armour and a bronze-tipped unapproachable by land or sea. spear. His sacred animals are the vulture, venomous snakes, and dogs. To the West was Hesperia, populated by such monstrous beings as the Cyclops, Ártemis - Virgin goddess of the hunt, the cannibalistic Laestrygonians, Scylla, wilderness, wild animals, childbirth and Charybdis, and the Sirens. Beyond plague. In later times she became Hesperia lay the Elysian Fields, where associated with the moon. She is the certain favoured heroes went when they daughter of Zeus and Leto, and twin died. To the South were the Ethiopians, sister of Apollo. In art she was usually the lucky, virtuous people with whom depicted as a young woman dressed in a the gods banqueted. In the East were the short knee-length chiton and equipped barbarians, fierce peoples who could not with a hunting bow and a quiver of speak Greek and did not know the arrows. In addition to the bow, her blessings of civilization. Directly attributes include hunting , animal beneath the earth was the kingdom of pelts, deer and other wild animals. Deer Hades, where the dead went to fade into and wolves are Artemis's sacred animals.

11 brother of Zeus, he is only rarely listed Athēnâ - Goddess of wisdom, warfare, among the Olympians. The sacred strategy, heroic endeavour, handicrafts animals of Hades are black bulls, black and reason. The daughter of Zeus and sheep, and other black animals. Metis, she was born from Zeus's head fully-formed and armoured. She was Hephaistos - Hephaestus Crippled god of depicted crowned with a crested helm, fire, metalworking, stonemasonry, armed with shield and spear, and sculpture and volcanism. The son of wearing the snake-trimmed aegis cloak Hera by parthenogenesis, he is the smith adorned with the head of the Gorgon. of the gods and the husband of the Her symbols include the aegis and the adulterous Aphrodite. He was usually olive tree. Her sacred animal is depicted as a bearded man holding commonly seen with her, the owl hammer and tongs—the tools of a smith —and riding a donkey. His symbols are Dēmtēr - Goddess of fertility, the hammer, tongs and anvil. The sacred agriculture, horticulture, grain and animals of Hephaestus are birds harvest. is a daughter of Cronus and Rhea and sister of Zeus, by whom Hera - Queen of marriage, women, she bore Persephone. She was depicted childbirth, heirs, kings and empires. She as a mature woman, often crowned and is daughter of Cronus and Rhea. She was holding sheafs of wheat and a torch. Her usually depicted as a beautiful woman symbols are the (horn of wearing a crown and holding a royal, plenty), wheat-ears, the winged serpent lotus-tipped staff. Her symbols are lotus- and the lotus staff. Demeter's sacred staff. Hera's sacred animal is the peacock animals are pigs and snakes. and the cow. Hērmēs - God of travel, messengers, Diónysos - God of wine, parties and trade, thievery, cunning wiles, language, festivals, madness, civilization, writing, diplomacy, athletics, and animal drunkenness and pleasure. He was husbandry. He is the messenger of the depicted in art as either an older bearded gods, a psychopomp who leads the souls god or a pretty effeminate, long-haired of the dead into Hades' realm, and the youth. His attributes include the thyrsus son of Zeus and . He was depicted (a pinecone-tipped staff), drinking cup, either as a handsome and athletic grape vine and a crown of ivy. A later beardless youth, or as an older bearded addition to the Olympians, in some man. His attributes include the herald's accounts he replaced Hestia. Dionysus wand or caduceus, winged sandals, and a had the panther and tiger as his sacred traveler's cap. Hermes had scorpians and animals. hares as his sacred animals.

Hádēs - King of the Underworld and god Hestía - Virgin goddess of the hearth, of death, the dead, and the hidden wealth home and cooking. She is a daughter of of the Earth. His consort is Persephone Rhea and Cronus and sister of Zeus. She and his attributes are the key of Hades, was depicted as a modestly veiled the Helm of Darkness, and the three- woman, whose symbols are the hearth headed dog, Cerberus. Despite being the and kettle. In some accounts, she gave son of Cronus and Rhea and the elder up her seat as one of the Twelve

11 Olympians to tend to the sacred flame on Nēsoi - Goddesses of the islands. Mount Olympus for Dionysus. Hestia's sacred animals are the pig and donkey. Nýx - Goddess of night. She is also the only being from which Zeus turned Poseidōn - God of the sea, rivers, floods, when her son Hypnos, who had angered droughts, earthquakes and horses; Zeus, hid behind her. known as the "Earth Shaker" or "Storm Bringer". He is a son of Cronus and Ouranós- or Uranus God of the heavens Rhea and brother to Zeus and Hades. In (Father Sky); father of the Titans. He classical artwork he was depicted as a banished his children, the Cyclopes and mature man of sturdy build with a dark the Hecatonchires, to the underworld beard, and holding a trident. His attribute because they did not please him. is the trident. Poseidon has horses and dolphins as his sacred animals. Oúrea - Gods of mountains.

Zeús - The king of the gods, the ruler of Phánēs - God of procreation in the Mount Olympus and the god of the sky, Orphic tradition. weather, thunder, law, order and fate. He is the youngest son of Cronus and Rhea, Póntos - or Pontus God of the sea, father whom he overthrew, and brother- of the fish and other sea creatures. husband to Hera. In artwork, he was depicted as a regal man, mature with Tártaros - or Tartarus The darkest, sturdy figure and dark beard. His deepest part of the underworld. symbols are the thunderbolt, royal sceptre. His sacred animal is the Thálassa - Spirit of the sea and consort almighty eagle of Pontos.

Aither - God of the upper air and light The Titans Hyperíōn - Titan of light. With Theia, he Anánkē - Goddess of inevitability, is the father of Helios (the sun), Selene compulsion and necessity. (the moon) and Eos (the dawn).

Cháos - The nothingness from which all Iapetós - or Iapetus Titan of mortality else sprang and father of Prometheus, Epimetheus and Atlas. Érebos - or Erebus God of darkness and shadow. Koîos - or Coeus. Titan of intellect and the axis of heaven around which the Gaîa - or Gaea Goddess of the Earth constellations revolved. (Mother Earth); mother of the Titans. Kreîōs - or Crius The least Hēméra - Goddess of daylight and the individualized of the Twelve Titans, he sun. is the father of Astraios, Pallas and Krónos - or Chronos The Keeper of Perses. Time. Not to be confused with the Titan Cronus, the father of Zeus.

11 Crónos - or Cronus the leader of the Dione - Titan of the oracle of Dodona. Titans, who overthrew his father Ouranos only to be overthrown in turn Eos - Titan of the dawn. by his son, Zeus. Not to be confused with Chronos, the god of time. Epimētheús - God of afterthought and the father of excuses. Mnēmosýnē - or Mnemosyne Titan of memory and remembrance, and mother Eurybía - Titan of the mastery of the of the Nine Muses. seas and consort of Krios.

Ōceanós - or Oceanus Titan of the all- Eurynómē - Titan of water-meadows and encircling river Oceanus around the pasturelands, and mother of the three earth, the font of all the Earth's fresh- Charites by Zeus. water. Helios - Titan of the sun and guardian of Phoíbē - or Phoebe Titan of the "bright" oaths. intellect and prophecy, and consort of Koios. Clyménē - or Asia. Titan of renown, fame and infamy, and wife of Iapetos. Rhéa - Titan of female fertility, motherhood, and generation. She is the Lēlantos - Titan of air and the hunter's sister and consort of Cronus, and mother skill of stalking prey. He is the male of Zeus, Hades, Poseidon, Hera, counterpart of Leto. Demeter and Hestia. Leto - Titan of motherhood and mother Tēthýs - Wife of Oceanus, and the of Artemis and Apollo. mother of the rivers, springs, streams, fountains and clouds. Menoítios - Titan of violent anger, rash action, and human mortality. Killed by Theía - Titan of sight and the shining Zeus. light of the clear blue sky. She is the consort of Hyperion, and mother of Metis - Titan of good counsel, advise, Helios, Selene and Eos. planning, cunning, craftiness and Thémis - Titan of divine law and order. wisdom, and mother of Athena.

Astería - Asteria Titan of nocturnal Ophíōn - An elder Titan, in some oracles and falling stars. versions of the myth he ruled the Earth with his consort Eurynome before Astraîos - or Astraeus Titan of stars and Cronus overthrew him. planets, and the art of astrology. Pállas - Titan of warcraft. He was killed Átlas - Son of Iapetus, condemned to by Athena during the Titanomachy. carry the heavens upon his shoulders. Pérsēs - Titan of destruction. Aúra - Titan of the breeze and the fresh, cool air of early morning.

11 Promētheús - Titan of forethought and Persephone - queen of the underworld, crafty counsel, and creator of mankind. wife of Hades and goddess of spring growth Selene - Titan of the moon. Stýx - Titan of the Underworld river Hindu Pantheon Styx and personification of hatred. The have created a rich, complex mythology which is still very much Gigantes - giants, the Hekatoncheires, or alive. Hundreds of millions of people Centimanes (Latin), the Hundred- continue to believe in the multitudes of Handed Ones, giant gods of violent gods which inhabit the Hindu pantheon. storms and hurricanes. Three sons of This tapestry of religion is the result of Uranus and Gaea, each with their own millennia of integration. The Indian sub- distinct characters. continent has been a crossroad for several cultures, and the Indian people Cyclopes - (Younger), a tribe of one- have incorporated numerous ideas from eyed cannibalistic giants who different . shepherded flocks of sheep on the island of Sicily Still one cosmic truth holds in Hindu thought and that is that all things are Cerberus - the three-headed hound who simply a part of a greater, whole One. In guarded the gates of Hades early Hindu belief this Universal whole was called Brahmam. All beings and Charon - ferryman of Hades things from the gods and demons through humans on to the lowliest Empusa - a monstrous underworld spirit pebble on the beach were and are part of or spirits with flaming hair, the leg of a this One. In later times the neuter goat and a leg of bronze Brahmam became equated with the masculine Brahma but the original idea Erebos - the primeval god of darkness, is still very much a part of Hindu his mists encircled the underworld and thought. filled the hollows of the earth The history of can be - goddess of magic, , broken up into several different ages, all the night, moon, ghosts and of which have contributed to the faith as a whole. The first is the pre-Vedic age, Macaria - daughter of Hades and which goes back to the time of the early goddess of blessed death (not to be Indus valley civilizations of Harappa and confused with the daughter of Heracles) Mohenjo-daro, which were established Melinoe - daughter of Persephone and around 2400 BC. These cities were Zeus who presided over the propitiations destroyed by 1700. offered to the ghosts of the dead Some think that the Aryan invaders who Menoetes - an Underworld spirit who came to dominate the sub-continent herded the cattle of Hades destroyed those cities, but current archaeological evidence suggest they

11 may have disappeared before the It was during this time that the Brahman arrived. In any event, the Indo-European caste asserted that the gods need human invaders known as the Indo-Aryans priests to keep their power and some of came and conquered both much of India the rishis or sages became more and Persia by about 1500 BC. They powerful than the gods. Sacrifice brought with them new gods and hymns became the chief form of worship. The dedicated to them. These hymns came to major Vedic deities began to fall from be called collectively the Vedas. their high positions and were slowly usurped by the cults of the three gods The Vedic age is when Hinduism proper who came to dominate Hinduism: begins. The Indo-Aryans became the Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. lords of India, and their gods became the most important in the pantheon, but From 500 BC to about 100 AD, the age earlier gods were still revered; they were of Buddhism and put Hinduism just given different roles. The Aryans in decline. The Buddha's doctrine took also brought with them a distinct class India by storm, and the older religion structure which included a priestly class, almost was suppressed entirely. a warrior or ruling class, and the trade or Hinduism still included its child into merchant class. The native peoples who itself however and was able to survive were subject to Aryan rule were the storm with new ideas. Sacrifice went incorporated into a fourth class. out of favour and influence by the ascetic worshipers of Jainism and This is the basis for the caste system Buddhism led to the composition of the which still is very much a part of Indian Upanishads. life. By the end of the Vedic period, these castes were called, respectively: It was also during this time that Vishnu Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, and and Shiva completed their eclipse of Sudras. The Vedic gods were led by Indra and the other Vedic gods. The next Indra, the archetypical thunder god and age was the Epic or Classical period, the they got their strength from the drink time of the great Hindu epics the Soma, a form of ambrosia. and the Mahabharata. These great works were compiled into their From around 900 BC to 500 BC as present form during thins time, but their Aryan culture spread further into the origins go back at least to Vedic times. sub-continent, Hinduism underwent The Puranas were also composed at this some major changes. This period has time. Finally around 1000 AD we come been referred to as the Brahmanic Age, to modern Hinduism when the religion for it was during this time that the once again became the dominant faith on Brahmans and the Kshatriyas fought for the sub-continent. supremacy over Indian life. had been adopted with the idea of the Aditi - Supreme creator of all that has soul or atman becoming a major part of been created. Variously described as the Hinduism and the transmigration of that mother, wife, and/or daughter of Vishnu; soul becoming a foundation of the mother of the gods, and all heavenly religion. bodies.

11 Adityas - The divine sons of Aditi, chief Balarama - Older brother of Krishna. among them was Varuna (Aditya). The Fought against the evil King Kamsa with others were Indra, Mitra, Rudra, Krishna. He was later killed in a drunken Tvashtar and Vishnu. brawl.

Agni - God of fire. He exists as Banka-Mundi - A hunting goddess in lightning. India.

Aizen-Myoo - A deity, who despite his Bhairavi - Goddess of terror. terrible appearance, is full of compassion for mankind. He is pictured with six Brahma - The post-Vedic form of arms, three eyes, a lion's head with Prajapati, the creator. bristling mane, and atop his head a thunder-bolt (Vajra), with which he Brihaspati - The god of incantation and calms evil passions and forbidden ritual, the personification of priestly desires. magic.

Ambika - A feminine personification of Buddha Gautama - the founder of Parvati in Hindu mythology. An Buddhism. Regarded as an avatar of astonishingly beautiful woman she lured Vishnu. demons to their deaths. She announced Budhi Pallien - A forest goddess in to them that she would not bed with North India who roamed the jungle in anyone who had not bested her in battle, the form of a tiger. and when they approached to fight her she killed their retinue with a supersonic Candi - Another name for the goddess hum, then transformed herself into the (in her moon form). The moon fearsome Kali and slew them. was considered a god one month (), a goddess (Candi) the next. Ammavaru - An ancient goddess of India who existed before the beginning Challalamma - Goddess of buttermilk. of time. She laid an egg that hatched into the divine trinity of Brahma, Vishnu, and Chandra - God of the moon. Shiva. Dakini - Female attendants of Kali. Ananta - (Shesha) The coiled serpent of Terrifying-looking, they were pictured infinite time. as huge in size, and sometimes with fish bodies. Annapurna - (Annapatni) A Hindu avatar of Durga who ruled over food Devas - Gods at perpetual war with the production. Asuras (demons). Aruna - God of the dawn. - A twelve-armed warrior goddess, Ashvins - Benevolent gods. Twin created by Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva to horsemen and sons of the sun. slay Mahishasura, the shape-shifting monster who menaced the universe. She

11 rode a lion into the fray and was Diti, whose earlier children Indra had victorious. killed, practiced magic when pregnant again. So threatened was Indra that he Dewi Nawang Sasih - (Sundanese) watched her constantly. When Diti fell Celestial nymph who taught people how into a doze, Indra entered her vagina, to cook rice. The myth says she gave the traveled to her womb, and dismembered women a simple recipe; place one grain the fetus. Even cut to pieces, the fetus of rice in a pot, boil, and wait until it was so powerful that it reformed into sub-divides again and again until the pot forty-nine separate warriors. is full. Her one restriction was that no man ever touch a woman's cooking Draupadi - A heroine of the utensils. Mahabharata, she was a polyandrous woman who slept in turn with each of The people feasted fully, and easily, her five husbands, who were all brothers. following her instructions until one king who felt above all others deliberately Dyaus - God of the rain. touched a cooking implement. The goddess in disgust departed the earth, Durga - One of the forms of the goddess and since that time it takes a whole Shakti, and the wife of Shiva. She was bunch of rice to fill a pot, because born fully grown. Durga is famous as the although the grains swell up, they no many-armed many-weaponed goddess longer divide and reproduce. that slays the buffalo-demon.

Dewi - The rice goddess of . Dyaush - The first supreme god. Goddess of both the underworld and the moon, she has both earthly and celestial Ganesa - (Ganesha) The god of powers. Although she rules life, through prosperity and wisdom. He is depicted her control of the foodstuffs of the earth, with a fat human body, four arms, and an she also controls death, which returns us elephant's head. Son of Shiva and to her bosom. Parvati.

Dharma - God of justice. Ganga - (Ganges) The story goes that this "mother of rivers" once lived in Dhisana - Goddess of prosperity. heaven with her sister, the virgin, Uma. When sea-dwelling demons harassed the Diti - An Indian goddess. Many earth, Agastya swallowed the ocean mythographers see Aditi as the endless where they hid, thereby getting rid of the sky; Diti as the earth. Both apparently demons; but the earth was left seriously come from a non-Aryan source of Hindu parched and dry. Because of the prayers mythology, for their children, though of the people, the heavenly water recognized as supernatural, were never goddess Ganga descended to earth. She part of the official pantheon. Diti's became embodied as the sacred river children were asuras, non-gods. They Ganges. Her role is as the goddess of were powerful beings, especially the health, happiness, fertility, and wealth. warrior Maruts, who might have One of the wives of Shiva, she was the conquered the gods. daughter of the mountain Himalaya.

11 Garuda - The god-mount of Vishnu and chariot across the sky and wields his consort , it is usually thunderbolts. pictured as a creature with the head, talons, beak, and wings of an eagle (or a Jagganath - () The god whose vulture) and limbs and trunk of human name means "Lord of the World" (It is a shape. cult title of Vishnu).

Gauri - Said to be a form of the mighty Jyeshtha - Goddess of bad luck. Durga. Kali - Cult name of the goddess Durga. Gauri-Sankar - A mountain goddess. Wife to Shiva. A bloodthirsty fertility goddess to whom the Thugs (Under the Giri Devi - (Sri Lanka) This legendary title Bhavani, she was invoked by this woman is invoked in dances and songs. secret brotherhood of murderers.) She was the sister of the evil demon sacrificed their victims. Her idol is Dala Kumara, who indulged himself in black, is smeared with blood, has huge illicit desires for her. This grew to be an fang-like teeth, and a protruding tongue obsession with him, until her wedding, that drips with blood. She wears a where he snapped and kidnapped her. necklace of skulls, earrings of corpses, Taking her to the forest, he raped her and is girdled with serpents. She usually repeatedly and kept her as a prisoner. has four arms, symbolizing absolute She finally committed suicide by dominion over all finite things. hanging herself from a tree. He never recovered from this loss, but the efforts One hand holds a sword, the second of Pattini kept him from devastating the holds a severed human head, the third is world by instituting rituals to hold him at believed by her devotees to be removing bay. fear, and the fourth is often interpreted as granting bliss. Kali-omnipotent, Gopis - The "milkmaids"; said to be the absolute, and all-pervasive-is beyond lovers of the young Krishna. fear and finite existence and is therefore believed able to protect her devotees Grhadevi - God of the household. against fear and to give them limitless Gujeswari - A mother goddess. peace.

Hanuman - Chief minister and general of Finally, as absolute night, devouring all the monkey people. that exists, she is sometimes depicted as standing on the corpse of Shiva, which, Hari-Hara - A composite god; the like the garland of skulls, symbolizes the combination of Shiva and Vishnu. remains of finite existence. Kali's worshipers reportedly appeased her in Hulka Devi - Goddess of cholera. the past with human sacrifices. She is propitiated today with the blood of Indra - Main god of the Vedas. In Vedic mammals. myth, god of the atmosphere, storms, rain, and battle. Indra is the most Kama - God of love and desire. Son of celebrated Vedic god. He rides the solar Vishnu and Lakshmi, and husband of

12 (goddess of voluptuousness, like the or good spirit, and ruler of the world. He Roman Venus). was supposed to have slain the divine bull, from whose dying body sprang all Karttikeya - God of war. He is shown plants and animals beneficial to riding on a peacock, with a bow in one humanity. hand and an arrow in the other. He is also called Skanda and Kumara. After the conquest of Assyria in the 7th century bc and of Babylonia in the 6th Krishna - Worshipped as an incarnation century bc, Mitra became the god of the of Vishnu. sun, which was worshipped in his name. The Greeks of Asia Minor, by Krtya - Goddess of witchcraft. identifying Mitra with Helios, the Greek god of the sun, helped to spread the cult. Kubera - He is the guardian of the north It was brought to Rome about 68 bc, and and is associated with all the teasures of during the early empire it spread rapidly. the earth that lie underground. It was a rival to Christianity in the Roman world. Kubjika - Goddess of pottery. Lakshmi or Laksmi - A consort of was similar to Christianity in Vishnu and mother of Kama. She is the many respects, for example, in the ideals goddess of beauty, wealth, and pleasure. of humility and brotherly love, baptism, She was born from the foam of the sea, the rite of communion, the use of holy like the Greek Aphrodite. water, the adoption of Sundays and of December 25 (Mitra's birthday) as holy Lohasur Devi - Goddess of the forging days, and the belief in the immortality of of iron. the soul, the last judgment, and the resurrection. Manasha - Goddess of snakes. Mithraism differed from Christianity in Manu - Ancestor of the human race. the exclusion of women from its Saved from the flood by a great fish. ceremonies and in its willingness to compromise with polytheism. Maya - The Queen Mother. His cult expanded to become a Mayavel - Another goddess of children. worldwide religion, called Mithraism. It declined rapidly in the late 3d century Meru - akin to "Olympus" of the Greeks, A.D. a mountain in the center of the world. The abode of Vishnu, and a perfect Nagas - Human-headed snakes that Paradise. appear frequently in myth and legend. They sprung from Kadru, wife of Mitra, Mithra - the ancient Persian god Kasyapa. They lived in the underworld of light and wisdom. In the Avesta, the where they rule as semi-devine beings. sacred Zoroastrian writings of the The Naga and Nagina are genii kings ancient Persians, Mitra appears as the and queens. Naga women can marry chief yazata (Avestan, "beneficent one"), humans. The Nagas are enemies of the

12 Garuda bird (a mythical symbolic bird in - One of the 10 incarnations of the Hindu religion). Vishnu, Rama is a traditional hero. His story forms the epic Ramayana. He is Nandi - The bull; the vehicle of Shiva. perfect in every aspect; the perfect man, the perfect husband, the perfect brother, Naraka - The place of torture for the perfect king, etc. and the obedient departed evil-doers. son. He is believed to have been born for the sole purpose of killing the demon Nataraja - Lord of the Dance. king Ravana. This "Perfect One" is depicted usually with his wife and Nirriti - Goddess of corruption, decay, his brother Lakshmana and his greatest and disease. devotee, the monkey Hanuman at his feet. Parjanya - God of lightning and thunder. Rati - Goddess of love and sexual Parvati - Shiva's wife (or consort). Turns passions. into Kali when "necessary". Ratri - Goddess of the night. Paurnamasi - Goddess of the full moon. Rodasi - Goddess of lightning. Prajapati - The father of gods and demons, he is the master of created Rudra - Vedic god of wild nature and of beings, and the protector of those who disease. procreate. Rudrani - Goddess of storms. Prithivi - Goddess of the earth; consort of Dyaush. Rumina - Still another goddess of children. Puchan - Brings all things into Samundra - Goddess of rivers. relationship, blessing marriage, providing food, guiding travelers, and Sanjna - Goddess of the dawn. ushering the dead. Sarasvati - Goddess of knowledge and of Purandhi - Goddess of childbirth and fertility and prosperity. She is considered abundance. the originator of speech and of all the arts. She is one (the maiden aspect) of Purusha - He was sacrificed and all parts the trinity which includes Devi and of the cosmos were made from his Lakshmi. Sarasvati is pictured as a dismembered body. graceful woman with white skin, usually sitting on a lotus (or a peacock), and Radha - The principal mistress of usually adorned with a crescent moon. Krishna. - First wife of Shiva. She Rakshas - Evil semi-devine creatures established the custom of suttee. that practice black magic and afflict men with misfortune.

12 Savitar - The god of motion, with golden Sura - Goddess of wine. eyes, hands, and tongues. Surabhi - A fourth goddess of children. Shashti - Goddess who protects children and women in childbirth. - God of the sun. Tulsi - Goddess of the basil herb. Shatala - Goddess of smallpox. Tvashtar - Craftsman of the gods. Shuzanghu - (Dhammai of India) He and his wife, Zumaing-Nui, exist before Uma - Another name for Shiva's consort. anything. After making love they give birth to a girl (Earth) and a boy (Sky), Urjani - Goddess of strength. who marry and give birth to gods, and to two frogs. The frogs mate and give birth Ushas - The beautiful goddess of the to people. dawn.

Sitala - (Satala) Goddess of smallpox. Vach - Goddess of speech. Varuna - The top god, ruler of the sky. Siva - (Shiva) The god of destruction. He is guardian of the west and is One of the gods of the Hindu Trimurti, associated with oceans and waters. or triad of supreme gods. Shiva, also called Siva, personifies both the Vata - The god of the wind. destructive and the procreative forces of the universe. As the he is Vayu - God of air and wind. represented wearing a necklace of skulls and surrounded by demons. His Vishnu - The supreme Hindu god. reproductive aspect is symbolized by the Vishnu rose to power during the battle lingam, a phallic emblem. Shiva is also between the devas and the asuras. Both the god of asceticism and of art, wanted dominion over the world. The especially dancing. He rides on the bull asuras finally agreed to cede whatever Nandi, and his consort is the mother territory a devas could measure out in goddess Uma, or Kali. Some Hindus three paces. Vishnu, who at this time worship Shiva as the supreme deity and was only a dwarf, proclaimed himself consider him a benevolent god of champion of his fellow creatures, and in salvation as well as a god of destruction. three strides traversed the whole world (the earth, the sky, and all the Skanda - A warrior-god. The six-headed intervening space). son of Shiva. Vishnu's retinue was composed of Soma - Both a narcotic plant and a god Garuda (the eagle which served as his who gives inspiration, liberates men, and steed) and Hanuman (the king of the represents the principle of life. monkeys). Certain objects are linked to him: the disc, the conch, the lotus Sraddha - Goddess of faith. flower. He was married to Lakhsmi. His avatars were: a fish, a tortoise, a wild Sunrta - Goddess of happiness. boar, a man-lion, the dwarf, Parasurama,

12 Rama, Krishna, Buddha, Kalkin (to Vritra - A demon who imprisons the come at the end of this age). waters before Indra slays him.

He is always depicted sleeping on a Waghai Devi - A tiger goddess. large serpent named Adisesha or Ananda. The snake represents the earth Yama - The lord of death. Yama was the and by sleeping on it, Vishnu becomes first man, son of Vivasvant, the sun. He the "Preserver of the Earth" (one of mated with his sister Yami to create many of Vishnu's names). Vishnu humanity. He is acknowledged as the accomplished many things: he killed the first man that died, creating the path demon Madhu, he caused people to which all men since have followed. worship, and he took and takes great care of the Earth. Yayu - God of air.

Vishvakarman - He personifies the Zumiang Nui - Creator goddess. Mother creative power. He fashioned the cities of the earth and the sky. and weapons of the gods. Visvamitra - A ksatriya (warrior), he aspired to become a Brahman (high Hittite Pantheon priest). To this end he withdrew to a A'as - god of wisdom, derived from the forest and practiced austerity. After a Mesopotamian god Enki thousand years, Brahma gave him the title of royal rsi, (a position lower than Alalus - primordial entity Brahman). He attempted to create a new sky, without success, and lost all the Arinna - sun goddess and consort of merits he had accumulated. He returned Tarhunt to his austerity for another thousand years, and again Brahma made him a rsi. Arinniti - sun goddess, possibly another name for Arinna This time he fell in love with a nymph, Arma - minor moon god Mechaka, and consorted with her for ten years. Thus again he lost all merits. Still Aruna - god of the sea and son of he persisted. This time he placed himself Kamrusepa between the five fires in summer, and in water in winter. Now he earned the title Aserdus - goddess of fertility and wife of maharsi (super-rsi). But the gods sent Elkunirsa him the nymph Rambha to tempt him. He flew into a rage that they would do Elkunirsa - creator god and husband of this and lost all his merits again. Aserdus Visvamitra then stopped eating and breathing for some years, stayed away Ellel - god of the sky and protector of from temptation and anger, and he oaths finally became a Brahman. Vivasvat - God of sunrise. Halki - god of grain Hannahannah - mother goddess Hanwasuit - goddess of sovereignty

12 Hasameli - god of metalworkers and Tilla - bull god craftsmen Upelluri - god of dreaming Hazzi - god of the mountains and oaths Wurrukatte - god of war Hutena - goddesses of fate, similar to the Moirae - god of war, possibly another name for Wurrukatte Inara - goddess of the wild animals of the steppe Hungarian Pantheon - goddess of oaths and love The world is divided into three spheres: the first is the Upper World (Felső Istanu - god of the sun and of judgement világ), the home of the gods; the second is the Middle World (Középső világ) Jarri - god of plague and pestilence where the world we know is, and finally the underworld (Alsó világ). In the Kamrusepa - goddess of healing, centre of the world, a tall tree is medicine and magic standing: the World Tree / / Life Tree (Világfa/Életfa). Kaskuh - god of the moon Its foliage is the Upper World. The Khipa - Middle World is located at its trunk and the underworld is around its roots. In Lelwani - goddess of the underworld some stories, the tree has fruits: these are the golden apples. The gods and the Pirwa - deity of uncertain nature good souls live in the Upper World. Gods have the same rank, although the Rundas - god of the hunt and good most important figure of them is Isten fortune (meaning 'God' in Hungarian). He controls the world, shapes the fate of Sandas - lion god humans, observes the Middle World from the sky, and sometimes gives - god of the mountains, son of warning by lightning (mennykő). Teshub and Hebat Isten created the world with the help of Šauška - goddess of fertility, war and Ördög ("the devil" Evil). Other gods healing include: Istenanya ('Mother God'), also known as Boldogasszony ('Blessed Sutekh - weather god, possibly another Lady'; later identified with the Virgin name for Teshub Mary), and Hadúr (War Lord or Army Lord). The major celestial bodies, (the Telepinu - god of farming Sun and the Moon), are also located in Teshub - god of the sky, weather and the Upper World. The sky was thought storms to be a big tent held up by the Tree of

12 Life. There are several holes on it: those the creator of everything that is bad for are the stars. humans: for example, the creator of the annoying animals (such as fleas, lice, The Middle World is shared among and flies). One of the theory of the humans and many mythological ancient Hungarian religion is that it was creatures, the latter are often a form of Tengriism, a shamanistic supernatural. There are ghosts of the religion common among the early forests and waters, who are ordered to Turkic, Uralic and Mongol people, that scare humans. was influenced by from the Persians whom the Magyars had They have different names in different encountered during their westward places. There are females, for example, migration. the sellő (mermaid), which lives in waters and has a human torso with the The shaman role was filled by the táltos. tail of a fish. The wind is controlled by Their souls were thought to be able to an old lady called Szélanya (Wind travel between the three spheres Mother) or Szélkirály (Wind King). The (révülés). Táltos' were also doctors. Sárkány (dragon) is a frightening beast: They were selected by fate; their slight he is the enemy of many heroes in fairy abnormalities at birth (neonatal teeth, tales, symbolising the psychical inner caulbearer, additional fingers, etc.) were struggle of the hero. believed to be the sign of a divine order. They had the ability to contact spirits by The lidérc is a ghostly, mysterious specific rituals and praying. Thus, they creature with several different interpreted dreams, mediated between appearances, its works are always humans and spirits, cured and removed malicious. The manók (elves / ) curses, and had an ability to find and and the törpék (dwarfs) are foxy beings bring back lost souls. They directed living in woods or under the ground. animal sacrifices and guessed the reason Óriások (giants) live in the mountains. of an ancestor's anger. After death, the They have both good and bad qualities. human soul leaves the body. The body is The most favourite creatures are the buried by relatives on the other bank of a tündérek (fairies), who are beautiful and river, looking towards east. If the soul young virgins or female creatures. They had been good, it gets to the Other aid humans, who sometimes can ask World (Túlvilág), for eternal peace. If it three wishes from them. Their opposites had been bad, it must suffer in the are the bábák, who are equated with underworld (Alsó Világ, Alvilág), where catty, old witches. (Bába means Ördög ("the devil") and numerous evil 'midwife' in Hungarian, and originally ghosts live. they were wise old women, later equated with witches as Christianity became Boldogasszony (Holy Virgin) - Her widespread.) name means "Blessed Lady" or "Bountiful Queen". She was the goddess The Underworld is the place of bad souls of motherhood and helped women in (this includes evil spirits and the souls of childbirth. After Hungarians were dead people who were cruel and evil in Christianized with the help of St. Gerard their lives) and the home of Ördög. He is of Csanad, her figure fell out of fervor

12 for that of the Virgin Mary. She is also degraded and became evil. Although she considered the "Queen (Regina) of had magical abilities, she was not a Hungary". witch (boszorkány). She was thought to live in fountains, and if young children Csodaszarvas (animal) - A central figure went too close to her lair, she lured them in the legends surrounding the origin of in. the Hungarian people. The name translates to "Miraculous Deer". Boszorkány (witch) - A hostile, harm- According to Hungarian legend, while doing, supernatural old lady, the witch. out hunting, the brothers Hunor and She had an ability to transform, fly and Magor saw a miraculous white stag. curse. A boszorkány corrupted the They pursued the animal, but it always animals, for example, soured the milk of stayed ahead of them, leading them the cows. For humans, she brought an westward into Levedia, where they abrupt illness. They "operated" in the married two princesses and founded the night, or in the nightfall. Hun and Magyar peoples. Bubus (spirit) - A small being that lives Hunor and Magor (people) - Legendary in caves. Dula (person) Dula's name twin patriarchs of the Huns and Magyars appears in the Legend of the (Hungarians), respectively. They were Csodaszarvas. He is said to be a prince said to be the sons of the Biblical Menrot of the Alans. In fact, he probably was a (Nimrod), or of Japheth according to a kind of chief of the Volga . slightly different version of the legend. Fene (spirit) - The demon of illness. Álmos (person) - Son of Ügyek and Today, a common saying still uses its Emese. He was a semi-legendary figure name: "A fene egye meg!", which born in c. 819 and the ancestor of the literally means "Let it be eaten by the house of Árpád. Álmos ruled the fene!", and is uttered when something Magyars in Levedia and Etelköz. His does not occur as one wishes. "Fene" is name means "dreamy" as his birth was also considered the place where demons foretold in his mother's dream (see the roam, i.e. the popular Hungarian curse legend of his birth at Emese.) "menj a fenébe!" is equivalent to the English "go to hell!". Emese (person) - Wife of Ügyek, mother of Álmos (meaning, "the one from/with Garabonciás (person) - A male figure the dream"). She was impregnated by a who learned magic, unlike the →táltos, turul bird, which appeared to her in a who had the ability by birth. He is able dream and told her "a river will spring to create storms. Some alumni were from your womb, which will flow and thought to possess these abilities as late spread to a new land". The táltos as the 19th century. (shaman) explained the dream as saying that she would give birth to a son, who Guta (spirit) - A fearsome Hungarian would be the ancestor of a great ruling demon who beats his victims to death, family in a foreign land. often associated with strokes, heart Bába (creature) - Meaning "old woman", attacks, or sudden paralysis. she was originally a good fairy who later

12 Hadúr (god) - Short for Hadak Ura, meaning "War Lord" or "Army Lord" Vadleány (creature) - Meaning "Forest and was the war god in the religion of Girl", she is an elusive forest who the early Hungarians (Magyars). He was seduces shepherds, saps their strength the third son of Arany Atyácska (Golden and makes the forest rustle. She is Father) and Hajnal Anyácska (Dawn usually nude and her long hair reaches Mother) and was also the metalsmith of the ground. She can sometimes be lured the gods. He wore armor and weapons and caught with one boot (she tries, to made of pure copper, which is his sacred put two of her feet to one boot). metal, and it was said that he forged the Sword of God (Isten kardja) which was Griff (animal) - Also known as griffin in discovered by Attila the Hun and Western Europe, but without special secured his rule. It was customary for the features. In Hungarian mythology, it is Magyars to sacrifice white stallions to similar to turul. Featuring in some fairy him before a battle. tales (like Fehérlófia, The son of the white horse), it is a cruel, greedy bird Napkirály (god) - Meaning "King of the eating humans, but its the only way to Sun", he is the Hungarian sun god and is get back from Under World to Middle the oldest son of Arany Atyácska World. (Golden Father) and Hajnal Anyácska (Dawn Mother) brother of Hadúr and Sárkány (dragon) - Appearing in almost Szélkirály. He rides his silver-haired all folk tales, a creature not similar to horse fron East to West every day, Chinese dragon or dragon from West seeing everything below him. Europe. He is always man-shaped, can ride a horse, and has usually 7 heads, Szélkirály (god) - Meaning "King of the sometimes 3, 12 or 21 (relating to Wind", he is the Hungarian god of wind numbers in astronomy). Dragons usually and rain, and is the second son of Arany symbolised human behaviour or Atyácska (Golden Father) and Hajnal characteristic, i.e. when the hero was Anyácska (Dawn Mother), brother of fighting with him, he was fighting to Hadúr and Napkirály. His armor and overcome his own bad behaviour, habit weapons are made of pure silver, his or characteristic. sacred metal. Szépasszony (spirit) - Meaning "Fair Hurrian Pantheon Lady", she is a female demon with long The also Khurrites were a hair and a white dress. She appears and people of the Ancient Near East who dances in storms and hail, and seduces lived in Northern Mesopotamia and young men. adjacent regions during the Bronze Age. The largest and most influential Hurrian Turul (animal) - The great bird nation was the kingdom of . The resembling to a falcon that was sent population of the Hittite Empire in forth by Isten to guide the creation and Anatolia to a large part consisted of destiny of the Magyar people. The first Hurrians, and there is significant Hurrian kings after St Stephen I. were the influence in Hittite mythology. By the hereditiary of Turul ("Turul nemzetség") Early Iron Age, the Hurrians had been

12 assimilated with other peoples, except Empire indicating they had a firm hold perhaps in the kingdom of . on the area by the reign of Naram-Suen of Akkad. The Hurrians (also Khurrites) were a people of the Ancient Near East who This region hosted other rich cultures lived in Northern Mesopotamia and (see Tell Halaf and ). The city adjacent regions during the Bronze Age. state of had some powerful The largest and most influential Hurrian neighbors. At some point in the early nation was the kingdom of Mitanni. The second millennium BC, the Amorite population of the Hittite Empire in kingdom of Mari to the south subdued Anatolia to a large part consisted of Urkesh into a vassal state. In the Hurrians, and there is significant Hurrian continuous power struggles over influence in Hittite mythology. By the Mesopotamia, another Amorite dynasty Early Iron Age, the Hurrians had been made themselves masters over Mari in assimilated with other peoples, except the eighteenth century BC. perhaps in the kingdom of Urartu. The The capital of this Old Assyrian Hurrians spoke an ergative-agglutinative kingdom called Shubat-Enlil was language, conventionally called Hurrian, founded some distance from Urkesh at unrelated to neighboring Semitic or another Hurrian settlement in the Khabur Indo-European languages. River valley, modern Tell Leilan. The Hurrians also migrated west in this The Iron Age Urartian language is period. closely related to or a direct descendant of Hurrian. Some linguists believe By 1725 BC they are found also in parts Hurrian is distantly related to the Nakh of northern Syria, such as . The language of the Caucasas. The Hurrians Amoritic-Hurrian kingdom of Yamhad is adopted the Akkadian cuneiform script recorded as struggling for this area with for their own language about 2000 BC. the early Hittite king Hattusilis I around Texts in the Hurrian language have been 1600 BC. Hurrians also settled in the found at Hattusa, Ugarit (Ras Shamra), coastal region of Adaniya in the country as well as one of the longest of the of . Yamhad eventually , written by King weakened to the powerful , but of Mitanni to Pharaoh this also opened Anatolia for Hurrian Amenhotep III. It was the only long cultural influences. The Hittites were Hurrian text known until a multi-tablet influenced by the Hurrian culture over collection of literature in Hurrian with a the course of several centuries. Hittite translation was discovered at Hattusas in 1983. The Hittites continued expanding south after the defeat of Yamhad. The army of The Khabur River valley became the the Hittite king Mursili I made its way heart of the Hurrian lands for a down to Babylon and sacked the city. millennium. The first known Hurrian The destruction of the Babylonian kingdom emerged around the city of kingdom, as well as the kingdom of Urkesh (modern Tell Mozan) during the Yamhad, helped the rise of another third millennium BC. There is evidence Hurrian dynasty. The first ruler was a that they were allied with the Akkadian legendary king called who founded

12 the kingdom of Mitanni around 1500 Imbaluris - He is ' messenger. BC. Mitanni gradually grew from the He is sent to warn the Sea that region around Khabur valley and Kumarbis' must remain the father of the became the most powerful kingdom of gods. the Near East in c. 1450-1350 BC. The heart of the Hurrian lands, the Khabur Hannahanna(s) (Nintu, Mah) - the river valley, became an Assyrian mother of all the gods. She is associated province. with Gulses. After Telepinu disappears, the Storm-god complains to her. She It is not clear what happened to the sends him to search himself and when he Hurrian people at the end of the Bronze gives up, she dispatches a bee, charging Age. Some scholars have suggested it to purify the god by stinging his hands Hurrians lived on in the country of and feat and wiping his eyes and feet Subartu north of Assyria during the early with wax. Iron Age. The Hurrian population of Upelluri (Ubelluris) - Similar to Atlas, Syria in the following centuries seems to this giant carries the world on his have given up their language in favor of shoulders. The olden gods built the earth the Assyrian dialect of Akkadian or, and heaven upon him though he did not more likely, Aramaic. This was around notice, even when those two were the same time that an aristocracy separated with a cleaver. speaking Urartian, similar to old Hurrian, seems to have first imposed Seris (Serisu) - This is one of the bulls itself on the population around Lake sacred to the Storm-god. In preparation Van, and formed the Kingdom of Urartu. for battle, the Storm-god has Tasmisus anoint his horns with oil and drive him Alalu(s) - He was the king in heaven in up Mount Imgarra with Tella and the olden days and Anus was the first among battle wagon. the gods. Anus served as his cupbearer Tella (Hurris) - This is another bull for 9 years before defeating him and sacred to the Storm-god. In preparation dispatching him to under the earth. for battle, the Storm-god has Tasmisus plate his tail with gold and drive him up Anu(s) - (Akkadian in origin) While Mount Imgarra with Seris and the battle Alalus was king in heaven, Anus was wagon. more powerful. He served as Alalus' cup bearer for nine years and then defeated Aranzahas - The river deified. A him, dispatching him to under the earth. child of Anus and Kumarbis, he was the He took his seat on the throne and had brother of the Storm-god and Tasmisus, Kumarbis as his cupbearer. spat out of Kumarbis' mouth onto Mount Kanzuras. Later he colludes with Anus (s) - 'the father of all gods' and the Storm-god to destroy Kumarbis. according to the Hurrians. He is sometimes equated with Enlil and Tasmisus - A child of Anus and Dagan. His city is Urkis. He thinks wise Kumarbis, he is conceived along with thoughts and carries a staff. the Storm-god and Aranzahus. The brother of the Storm-god and Aranzahus, he was spat out of Kumarbis upon

13 Mount Kanzuras. Later he colludes with Anus and the Storm-god to destroy Sharruma (Hurrian name) - 'the calf of Kumarbis. He serves as the Storm-god's Teshub' The son of Teshub and Hebat, attendant. this god is symbolized by a pair of human legs, or a human head on a bull's Suwaliyattas - He is a warrior god and body. He is later identified with the probably the brother of the Storm-god. Weather-god of Nerik and Zippalanda.

Hebat (Hurrian name) (Hepit, Hepatu) - Takitis - He is Hebat's servant. After The matronly wife of the Storm-god. Hebat was driven from her temple he is She is sometimes depicted standing on told of her concern for her husband and her sacred animal, the lion. After the charged with convening the assembly of Storm-god and Astabis' failed attacks on the gods and returning with word of her Ullikummis, the giant forced her out of husband's fate. her temple, causing her to lose Mezzullas - She is the daughter of the communication with the gods. She frets Storm-god and the Sun-goddess of that Ullikummis may have defeated her Arinna. She has influence with her husband and expresses her concern to parents. her servant Takitis, charging him to convene the assembly of the gods and Zintuhis - She is the granddaughter of bring back word of her husband. the Storm-god and the Sun-goddess of Arinna. Presumably she is brought word of his defeat. Tasmisus visits her in the high Telepinu(s) - 'the noble god' An watchtower, telling her that the Storm- agricultural god, he is the favorite and god is consigned to a 'lowly place' for a firstborn son of the Storm-god. He length of time. She is the mother of 'harrows and plows. He irrigates the Sharruma. fields and makes the crops grow.'

Wurusemu, (Wuruntemu?) - 'Sun (s) - the diorite man He is Goddess of Arrina', 'mistress of the Hatti born of Kumarbis and the Rock. This lands, the queen of heaven and earth', god is made entirely of diorite. He was 'mistress of the kings and queens of born to be used as a weapon to defeat the Hatti, directing the government of the Storm-godand his alliesSun-god (of King and Queen of Hatti'. This goddess Heaven) Probably an Akkadian import, is later assimilated with Hebat. She this god is one of justice and is made the cedar land. sometimes the king of all gods. An ally of the Storm-god, he notices the giant She is the primary goddess in Arrina, Ullikummis in the sea and visited the with Taru as her consort. She is a Storm-god, refusing to eat until he goddess of battle and is associated with reports his news. After he has done so, Hittite military victory. She is the the Storm-god proclaims that the food on mother of the Storm-god of Nerik, and the table shall become pleasant, which it thereby possibly associated with does, and so the Sun-god enjoys his meal Ereshkigal. She aids in returning him and returns to his route in heaven. from the underworld.

13 Hapantallis - He is the Sun-god's Uliliyassis - He is a minor god who, shepherd. properly attended to, removes impotence. Moon-god (Hurrian Kashku) - He fell upon the 'killamar', the gate complex, Kubaba - She is the chief goddess of the from heaven and disappeared. Storm- Neo-Hittites, she became Cybebe to the god/Taru rain-stormed after him, and to the Romans. frightening him. him. Yarris - He is a god of pestilence. A Inaras - Daughter of the Storm-god and festival was held for him every autumn. goddess of the wild animals of the steppe. Hasamelis - He is a god who can protect travelers, possibly by causing them to be Illuyankas - the Dragon. He defeated the invisible. Storm-god in Kiskilussa. Later he was lured from his lair with his children by a Zashapuna - He is the chief god of the well dressed Inaras with a feast. After town of Kastama, held in greater regard they were too engorged to get into their there than the Storm-god, possibly lair again, the Storm-god, accompanied gaining such influence through drawing by the other gods, killed him. lots with the other gods.

Hedammu - He is a serpent who loved Papaya - One of the deities who sat Ishtar. under the Hawthorn tree awaiting the return of Telipinus. Hapantalliyas/Hapantalli - He took his place at the Moon-god's side when he Istustaya - One of the deities who sat fell from heaven on the gate complex under the Hawthorn tree awaiting the and uttered a spell. return of Telipinus.

Kamrusepa(s) (Katahziwuri) - She is the Miyatanzipa - One of the deities who sat goddess of magic and healing. She under the Hawthorn tree awaiting the witnessed and announced the Moon- return of Telipinu. (S)he? also sat under god's fall from heaven on to the gate th ippiyas tree when Hannahanna found complex. the hunting bag.

Astabis (Zamama, Akkadian Ninurta) - Uruzimu - A deity involved in returning He is a Hurrian warrior god. After the the lost Storm-god of Nerik. Storm-god's first attack on Ullikummis is unsuccessful, he leads seventy gods in Hahhimas (Frost) - When the Sea-god battle wagons on an attack on the diorite captures the Sun-god, he takes hold of giant. They try to draw the water away the other gods and of the land's plants from him, perhaps in order to stop his and animals, paralyzing them. He is half- growth, but they fall from the sky and brother to Hasamili's brothers and spares Ullikummis grows even larger, towering them from his grip. over the gate of Kummiya.

13 The Inca Pantheon legend Manco Capac and his siblings were sent up to the earth by the sun god Once a mighty empire stretched over the and emerged from the cave of central highlands of the Andes, way Pacaritambo carrying a golden staff down South past Mexico. Ranging from called tapac-yauri. Like the Romans and Chile to Peru where the capital city of the English, the Inca permitted the Cuzco prevailed. After 400 years and cultures they integrated into their empire much personal sacrifice to keep the sun to keep their individual religions. shining and the Gods contented there was not a lot they could not do. Apo or Apu - a god or spirit of mountains. All of the important Mighty buildings without the aid of mountains have their own Apu, and cement mixers, casting metals, weaving, some of them receive sacrifices to bring pottery, paved roads, suspension bridges, out certain aspects of their being. Some amazing art and sculpture, some quite rocks and caves also are credited as abstract, and a thriving music scene. having their own apu. Agriculture thrived although there were no horses. With all these skills they Apocatequil (aka Apotequil) or Illapa - didn't bother with things like wheels, and the god of lightning. reading and writing. All their records were done with knotted string. Ataguchu - a god who assisted in creation myth To a large extent a good time was had by all but naturally it couldn't last. The Catequil - a god of thunder and lightning Spaniards came and under Pizzaro used all the cunning, treachery, greed and Cavillace - a virgin goddess who ate a cruelty to seize power after the Incan fruit, which was actually the sperm of ruler Huayna Capac had just died and Coniraya, the moon god. When she gave there was a state of indecision as to who birth to a son, she demanded that the should be the next divine ruler. father step forward. No one did, so she put the baby on the ground and it It wasn't long before all the Inc ran out. crawled towards Coniraya. She was But just when you thought it was all over ashamed because of Coniraya's low the Incas had one secret city Machu stature among the gods, and ran to the Picchu, hidden high in the mountains coast of Peru, where she changed herself which the Spaniards never found. Or and her son into rocks. anyone else until 1911 when Hiram Bingham of Yale University stumbled Chasca - the goddess of dawn and across it, by which time it was deserted twilight, and Venus. She protected virgin but still magnificent in it's desolation. girls. Adventurers have been searching for other secret cities and El Dorado ever Chasca Coyllur - the goddess of since. flowers,young maidens, and sex. The founder of the first dynasty of the kingdom of Cuzco was Manco Capac. Kuka Mama or Mama Kuka (in quechua: Manco Capac himself was worshiped as Mother coca) - a goddess of health and a fire and sun god. According to the Inti

13 joy. She was originally a promiscuous Kon - the god of rain and wind that came woman who was cut in half by her many from the south. He was a son of Inti and lovers. Her body grew into the first coca Mama Quilla. plant, the leaves of which men were only allowed to chew (to bring health and Mama Allpa - a fertility goddess happiness). depicted with multiple breasts.

Coniraya - the deity of the moon who Mama Cocha ("sea mother") - the sea fashioned his sperm into a fruit, which and fish goddess, protectress of sailors Cavillaca then ate. When she gave birth and fishermen. In one legend she to a son, she demanded that the father mothered Inti and Mama Quilla with step forward. No one did, so she put the Viracocha. baby on the ground and it crawled towards Coniraya. She was ashamed Mama Pacha (aka Pachamama) - the because of Coniraya's low stature among wife of Pachacamac and a dragoness the gods, and ran to the coast of Peru, fertility deity who presided over planting where she changed herself and her son and harvesting. She caused earthquakes. into rock huacas. Mama Quilla ("mother moon" or Copacati - a lake goddess. "golden mother") - a marriage, festival and moon goddess and daughter of Ekkeko - a god of the hearth and wealth. Viracocha and Mama Cocha, as well as The ancients made dolls that represented wife and sister of Inti. She was the him and placed a miniature version of mother of Manco Capac, Pachacamac, their desires onto the doll; this was Kon and Mama Ocllo. believed to caused the user to receive what he desired. Mama Zara ("grain mother", aka Zaramama) - the goddess of grain. She Illapa ("thunder and lightning"; aka Apu was associated with maize that grew in Illapu, Ilyap'a, Katoylla) - a very popular multiples or were similarly strange. weather god. His holiday was on July These strange plants were sometimes 25. He was said to keep the Milky Way dressed as dolls of Mama Zara. She was in a jug and use it to create rain. He also associated with willow trees. appeared as a man in shining clothes, Pacha Camac ("Earth-maker") - a carrying a club (weapon) and stones. He chthonic creator god, earlier worshiped was formerly the main god of the by the Ichma but later adopted into the Kingdom of Colla after which the creation myth of the Inca. Collasuyu province of the Inca empire was named. Pariacaca - a god of water in pre- that was adopted by the Inca. Inti - the sun god. Source of warmth and He was a god of rainstorms and a light and a protector of the people. Inti creator-god. He was born a falcon but was considered the most important god. later became human. The Inca Emperors were believed to be the lineal descendants of the sun god. Paricia - a god who sent a flood to kill humans who did not respect him

13 adequately. Possibly another name for epics such as Ramayana and Pachacamac. Mahabharata were adopted and adapted into a uniquely local form. Supay - both the god of death and ruler of the Uca Pacha as well as a race of Ancient people in and Bali believed demons. in an unseen spiritual entity that has supernatural powers identified as Urcaguary - the god of metals, jewels . This spirit can be either divine and other underground items of great or ancestral. The reverence for this value. spiritual entity can be found in , Kejawen, and Balinese Urcuchillay - a deity that watched over Hinduism. animals. - is a lion-like creature and Viracocha - the god of everything. In the character in the mythology of Bali, beginning he was the main god, but . He is the king of the spirits, when Pachacutec became Inca, he leader of the hosts of good, and enemy changed this god's importance pointing of , the demon queen and mother out that it was Inti who allowed him to of all spirit guarders in the mythological defeat the chancas (the Incas' main traditions of Bali. The battle between enemies at that time) Barong and Rangda is featured in Barong dance to represent the eternal battle between good and evil. Indonesian Pantheon - or Shridevi (Dewi literally The mythology of Indonesia is very means goddess) (Javanese), Nyai Pohaci diverse, the Indonesian people consisting Sanghyang Asri (Sundanese) is the of hundreds of ethnic groups, each with Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese pre- their own myths and legends that explain Hindu and pre- era goddess of rice the origin of their people, the tales of and fertility, still widely worshipped on their ancestors and the demons or deities the islands of Bali and Java. Despite her in their belief systems. The tendency to mythology is native to the island of Java, syncretize by overlying older traditions after the adoption of Hinduism in Java as with newer foreign ideas has occurred. early as first century, the goddess is Some native Indonesian ethnic groups associated with the Hindu goddess that were isolated from the rest of the Lakshmi as both are attributed to wealth world until recent centuries have their and family prosperity. own native myths and gods. The Ebu Gogo - are a group of human- These native mythologies are relatively like creatures that appear in the free from foreign influences, such as mythology of Flores, Indonesia.[1] In Torajans, Nias, Bataks, Dayaks and the Nage language of central Flores, ebu Papuans. By contrast, Javanese, means "grandmother" and gogo means Balinese, and to some degree Sundanese "he who eats anything". A colloquial were influenced by Hindu-Buddhist English equivalent might be something Indian mythology as early as the 1st like "granny glutton." century CE. Hindu gods, legends and

13 also talks about the decline of the Hainuwele - 'The Coconut Girl', is a nobility as real rulers. The mantle of figure from the Wemale and Alune Ratu Adil has been claimed by a number folklore of the island of Seram in the of persons in recent Indonesian history, , Indonesia. Her story is including Prince Diponegoro, Sultan an . Hamengkubuwono IX, President Sukarno and Dutch military officer A - (Kawi, Javanese, Sundanese, Raymond Westerling. and Balinese) is an unseen spiritual entity that has supernatural power in A - is a deformed humanoid ancient Indonesian mythology. This creature in Indonesian culture and spirit can be either divine or ancestral. mythology. It is described as looking The reverence for this spiritual entity can much like a tiny, living human doll and be found in Sunda Wiwitan, Kejawen, is sometimes said to have formerly been and . In the modern a human being. Indonesian this term tends to be associated with gods, devata, or God. In Indonesian mythology, a Sundel The realm where the hyangs reside is Bolong is a mythical ghost from the called kahyangan; now a synonym for archipelago which is generally described svarga or heaven in modern Indonesian as a woman with beautiful long hair and a long white dress (her form is similar to Nyai Loro Kidul - (also spelled Nyi ). The name and myth is Roro Kidul) is an Indonesian goddess of closely linked to prostitutes, meaning a the sea. She is the Queen of the Southern "prostitute with a hole in her", in Sea (Indian Ocean) in Javanese and reference to the large hole which is said Sundanese mythology. According to to appear in her back. Javanese beliefs, she is also the mythical spiritual consort of the Sultans of Batara - is the god of the Mataram and , beginning underworld in traditional Javanese and with Senopati and continuing to the Balinese mythology, ruling over it in a present day. cave along with Setesuyara. is also named the creator of light and the The Ratu Adil - literally meaning Just earth. He is also the god of time and King, is a messianic figure in Indonesian destruction, who devours unlucky folklore. He (or she) will establish people. He is related to Hindu concept of universal peace and justice in the manner Kala, or time. In mythology, he causes of similar figures, such as King Arthur in eclipses by trying to eat the Sun or the European folklore. The Ratu Adil is first Moon. mentioned in the Pralembang Joyoboyo, the set of prophecies ascribed to King In the folklore of Bali, the (in Joyoboyo of Kediri. The prophecy Indonesian, people called it 'Leak' (le- predicts that the Ratu Adil will be poor ak)—the Y is not written or spoken) is a and at first unknown. mythological figure in the form of flying head with entrails (heart, lung, liver, This was highly advantageous to most etc.) still attached. Leyak is said to fly early nationalist leaders. The prophecy trying to find a pregnant woman in order

13 to suck her baby's blood or a newborn Pontianak - is called Churel, or Churayl, child. There are three legendary Leyak, in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. The two females and one male. pontianak are said to be the spirits of women who died while pregnant. This is Setesuyara - is the goddess of the despite the fact that the earliest underworld, along with Batara Kala, in recordings of pontianaks in Malay lore traditional Balinese mythology. describe the ghost as originating from a stillborn child. This is often confused Twalen - is a member of the pantheon of with a related creature, the lang suir, gods and demi-gods of Balinese which is the ghost of a woman who died mythology. He is considered to be a while giving birth. clown in contemporary Balinese stories. He frequently appears in the form of a The word pontianak is reportedly a servant in .[1] However, he is corruption of the Malaysian perempuan older and more powerful than all the mati beranak, or “woman who died in Hindu gods, being really the elder childbirth”. Another theory is that the brother of Shiva (Siwa in Balinese). His word is a combination of puan (woman) cognate in Javanese tradition is . + mati (die) + anak (child). The term matianak means "death of a child". The Demons city of Pontianak in Indonesia is named Demons are malevolent beings and evil after this wicked creature, which was spirits. Some of these demons are claimed to have haunted the first sultan derived from older traditions, while who once settled there. other might derived from recent urban legends. In the folklore of Bali, the Leyak (in Indonesian, people called it 'Leak' (le- - is a boar demon in ak)—the Y is not written or spoken) is a Indonesian mythology. mythological figure in the form of flying head with entrails (heart, lung, liver, Hantu Air, Puaka Air or Mambang Air - etc.) still attached. Leyak is said to fly is the Malay translation for Spirit of the trying to find a pregnant woman in order Water, which according to animist to suck her baby's blood or a newborn traditions in Maritime , is child. There are three legendary Leyak, the unseen inhabitant of watery places two females and one male. such as rivers, lakes, seas, swamps and even ditches associated with bad things A - also known as wrapped happening to people which includes ghost, is an Indonesian/Malaysian ghost drowning, missing, flooding and many that is said to be the soul of a dead more. person trapped in its shroud. Known in The kuntilanak - is a female vampiric Indonesia/Malaysia as kain kafan, the ghost in Malaysian and Indonesian shroud is the prescribed length of cloth mythology. It is also known as a used in Muslim burials to wrap the body matianak or kuntilanak, sometimes of the dead person. The dead body is shortened to kunti. covered in white fabric tied over the head, under the feet, and on the neck. According to traditional beliefs, the soul

13 of a dead person will stay on the Earth appearance is nearly identical to humans for 40 days after the death. dressed in ancient Southeast Asian style. They are sometimes said to lack a When the ties aren't released after 40 philtrum, but are always extremely days, the body is said to jump out from beautiful. the grave to warn people that the soul need the bonds to be released. After the Modern depictions deviate considerably ties are released, the soul will leave the from the traditional view, and are Earth and never show up anymore. increasingly elf-like. It is now common Because of the tie under the feet, the in popular culture to see bunian depicted ghost can't walk. This causes the pocong as having pointed ears, high fantasy- to hop like a rabbit. Most importantly, influenced attire, or dressed in modern they also have the ability to fly and Malay-Muslim clothing. The bunian teleport. usually inhabit the deep forests or high mountains, far from human contact, but is a malevolent spirit in the they are also known to live near human folklore of the Maluku Islands, communities, and are even said to share Indonesia. the same houses as human families.

A or Tuyul - is a mythical spirit in Their social structure is similar to that of Malay mythology of South-East Asia, humans in the ancient Malay Peninsula, especially in Brunei, Indonesia, with families, clans, and royalty. As with Malaysia, , and Singapore. other mythical beings in , bunian often have supernatural powers, - is a female supernatural and must be appeased with certain rituals being or ghost in Javanese mythology. It and customs before humans are allowed is said that she kidnaps children. to trespass areas which they inhabit. They are sometimes blamed when Rangda - is the demon queen of the children get lost or when someone gets in Bali, according to traditional lost in the wilderness. Balinese mythology. Terrifying to behold, the child-eating Rangda leads an However, bunian are generally regarded army of evil witches against the leader as benevolent, and have been known to of the forces of good — Barong. The befriend and assist humans, particularly battle between Barong and Rangda is magicians ( or ) and featured in a Barong dance which shamans (). It is even possible represents the eternal battle between for them to intermarry with humans and good and evil. Rangda is a term in old bear invisible children. Stories are Javanese that means "widow". recounted of men who married bunian women but, pining for their families they - are supernatural beings left behind, decided to leave the bunian in Malay folklore, invisible to most community. Upon their return to human humans except those with spiritual sight. society, they found that everyone they While the term is often translated as once knew has died, and that many years "elves", it literally translates to "hidden have passed—similar to Urashima Taro people" or "whistling people". Their and Rip Van Winkle.

13 Lugh - legendary hero and High King of - is a Malay term for an inherited Ireland spirit or demon which serves a master. It is found in early Malay animism. Manannán mac Lir - god of the sea, like his father Lir Tokata - is a malevolent spirit of the dead which has become dangerous as a The Morrígna - a trio of war goddesses result of its incomplete transformation Badb - a war goddess who caused fear into an ancestor spirit. and confusion among soldiers, often taking the form of a crow Suanggi - is a malevolent spirit in the folklore of the Maluku Islands, Macha - a goddess associated with war, Indonesia. battle, horses and sovereignty

The Morrígan - a goddess of battle, strife Irish Pantheon and fertility Aengus - a god possibly associated with Nuada Airgetlám - first king of the love, youth and poetic inspiration Tuatha Dé Danann Áine - goddess of love, summer, wealth - a warrior-poet, said to have and sovereignty invented the Ogham alphabet Trí Dée Dána - the three gods of crafting , Ériu and Fódla - patron goddesses of Ireland Creidhne - the artificer of the Tuatha Dé Danann, working in bronze, brass and Bodb Derg - a king of the Tuatha Dé gold Danann - the smith of the Tuatha Dé - daughter of ; Danann associated with healing, fertility, craft and poetry Luchtaine - the carpenter of the Tuatha Dé Danann Clíodhna - queen of the Abartach - also known as the Giolla The Dagda - the supreme god and king Deacair ("the hard servant"), he was of the Tuatha Dé Danann associated with Danu - the mother goddess of the Tuatha Abcán - dwarf poet of the Tuatha Dé Dé Danann Danann - a poet of the Tuatha Dé - god of healing Danann Étaín - the heroine of Tochmarc Étaíne - a god of the underworld Lir - god of the sea Aoi Mac Ollamain - a god of poetry

13 Fand - a sea goddess and lover of Cú - daughter of Dian Cecht; Chulainn associated with healing Fiacha mac Delbaíth - a legendary High Anann - another name for the Morrígan King of Ireland

Beag - a minor goddess, known for - a daughter of Lir, who was possessing a magic well transformed into a swan and cursed by her stepmother Bé Chuille - a sorceress of the Tuatha Dé Danann Flidais - goddess of the forest, hunting and wild beasts Bébinn - a goddess associated with birth a witch of the Tuatha Dé Boann - goddess of the River Boyne Danann

Brea - a minor god of the Tuatha Dé Iuchar - a son of Tuireann and murderer Danann of Cían

Bres - an unpopular and treacherous king Iucharba - a son of Tuireann and of the Tuatha Dé Danann murderer of Cían - a son of Tuireann and murderer of Cían Lí Ban - sister of Fand

Caer Ibormeith - a princess cursed to , and Mac Gréine - spend every second year in the form of a a trio of brothers who killed Lugh and swan shared the kingship of Ireland between each other - a son of the Dagda, killed by Lugh - a healer and son of Dian Cecht, killed by his father out of jealousy due to Cían - the father of Lugh; able to turn his superior healing talents into a pig at will - a son of the Dagda - daughter of Delbáeth - father and/or husband of Delbáeth - a king of the Tuatha Dé Boann Danann - a god of war

Ecne - god of wisdom and knowledge Nemain - a goddess of war; possibly an Egobail - foster son of Manannan mac alternative name for Badb Lir and father of Aine - a queen of Tír na nÓg - chief steward to the Dagda - a mother goddess Tuireann - father of Creidhne, Luchtaine and Goibniu

14 - oppressive leader of the Fomorians Eochaid mac Eirc - a , the last Fir Bolg king and the - Fomorian prince first king to establish a system of justice - ruler of following his Fiacha Cennfinnán - a High King of death during the Second Battle of Mag Ireland Tuired

Fodbgen - a High King of Ireland Ethniu - daughter of and mother of Lugh Gaillimh inion Breasail - the mythical woman from whom the river and city of Milesians Galway derive their name Amergin Glúingel - a , bard and judge Gann and - joint High Kings of Ireland Eber Finn - a High King of Ireland

Rinnal - a High King of Ireland and the Érimón - a High King of Ireland first king to use spearheads Míl Espáine - Irish ancestral figure

Rudraige mac Dela - the second High Ulster Cycle King of Ireland Ailill mac Máta - king of Connacht and husband of Medb Sengann mac Dela - a High King of Ireland - king of Ulster

Sláine mac Dela - the first High King of Cú Chulainn - mythological hero known Ireland for his terrible battle frenzy

Sreng - champion of the Fir Bolg who - tragic heroine of the Ulster cut off Nuada's arm Cycle; when she was born it was prophesied that she would be beautiful, - wife of Eochaid mac Eirc but that kings and lords would go to war over her Fomorians Balor - last king of the Fomorians, - the Brown Bull of capable of killing with his deadly eye Cooley, an extremely fertile stud bull over whom the [[Táin Bó Cúailnge]] was Buarainech - parent of Balor fought

Cethlenn - prophetess and wife of Balor - former king of Ulster, now in exile Cichol Gricenchos - an early leader of Medb - queen of Connacht, best known the Fomorians for starting the Táin Bó Cúailnge

14 Amergin mac Eccit - poet and warrior in Furbaide Ferbend - a son of Conchobar the court of Conchobar mac Nessa mac Nessa

Athirne - poet and satirist in the court of Láeg - charioteer of Cú Chulainn Conchobar mac Nessa Lóegaire Búadach - a hapless Ulster Blaí Briugu - an Ulster warrior with a warrior who functions largely as comic geis which requires him to sleep with relief any woman who stays at his hostel unaccompanied - wife of Conchobar mac Nessa

Bricriu - a hospitaller, troublemaker and Naoise - lover of Deidre poet - mother of Conchobar mac Nessa - chief druid in the court of Conchobar mac Nessa Súaltam - mortal father of Cú Chulainn

Celtchar - hero of the Connacht characters Cethern mac Fintain - an Ulster warrior Bélchú - warrior of Connacht who assists Cú Chulainn Cet mac Mágach - warrior of Connacht Conall Cernach - hero of the Ulaid - warrior of Connacht Cruinniuc - a wealthy cattle owner who marries a mysterious woman, later - daughter of Ailill and Medb revealed to be the goddess Macha Fráech - warrior of Connacht, who woos Cúscraid - a son of Conchobar mac Findabair Nessa - warrior of Connacht

Dáire mac Fiachna - an Ulster cattle-lord Ulster exiles and owner of Donn Cuailnge, the Brown Cormac Cond Longas - eldest son of Bull of Cooley Conchobar mac Nessa

Deichtine - mother of Cú Chulainn Dubthach Dóeltenga - cynical ally of Fergus mac Róich Éogan mac Durthacht - King of Fernmag - daughter of Cairbre Nia Fer Fedlimid mac Daill - harper and chief Áed Rúad, Díthorba and Cimbáeth - storyteller in the court of Conchobar mac three brothers who shared the kingship Nessa of Ireland Aífe - rival of Scáthach Findchóem - the sister of Conchobar mac Nessa and wet nurse of Cú Bláthnat - wife of Cú Roí and lover of Chulainn Cú Chulainn

14 - son of Cú Chulainn and Aife Diarmuid Ua Duibhne a warrior of the Fianna and lover of Fionn's betrothed, Cairbre Nia Fer - king of Tara Gráinne - a warrior of the Cú Roí - warrior king of Munster Fianna and uneasy ally of Fionn mac Cumhaill wife of Cú Chulainn Liath Luachra - a tall, hideous warrior of Erc mac Cairpri - son of Cairbre Nia Fer the Fianna

Fedelm - female prophet and poet - son of Fionn mac Cumhaill, a warrior of the Fianna and a great poet Noíchrothach - daughter of Conchobar mac Nessa, unfaithful wife of - the warrior son of Oisín and Cairbre Nia Fer and lover of both Cú Niamh Chulainn and Conall Cernach Flidais - lover of Fergus mac Róich Aillen - a monstrous being killed by Fionn mac Cumhaill Lugaid mac Con Roí - son of Cú Roí and killer of Cú Chulainn Bodhmall - a druidess, warrior woman and aunt of Fionn mac Cumhaill Mesgegra - king of - legendary High King Scáthach - legendary warrior woman of Ireland who trains Cú Chulainn in the arts of combat Finn Eces - poet, sage, and teacher of Fionn mac Cumhaill Uathach - daughter of Scáthach Gráinne - lover of Diarmuid Ua Fenian Cycle Duibhne, betrothed to Fionn mac Fionn mac Cumhaill - legendary hunter- Cumhaill warrior and leader of the Fianna - a powerful blind druid Caílte mac Rónáin - a warrior of the Fianna who could run at remarkable Plor na mBan - daughter of Oisín and speed and communicate with animals, Niamh and was a great storyteller - mother of Oisín by Fionn mac Conán mac Morna - a warrior of the Cumhaill Fianna, often portrayed as a troublemaker and a comic figure - the of - a leader of the Fianna and father of Fionn mac Cumhaill Amadan Dubh - a trickster fairy known as the "dark fool"

Cailleach - a divine hag

14 Canola - mythical inventor of the harp Polynesia is a vast region of the Pacific Ocean consisting of many hundreds of Crobh Dearg - a harvest goddess widely separated, culturally and politically diverse island groups. Medb Lethderg - goddess of sovereignty Ranging from Midway and in the associated with Tara north to New Zealand in the south, the triangular area called Polynesia also - a powerful druidess includes Tahiti, , Tonga, Tuamotu, the Cook Islands, and the Pitcairn Islands. Islander Pantheon Although the mythology of Polynesia Here Islander refers to island took different forms on various islands, mythologies such as from Hawaii, many of the basic stories, themes, and Melanesia, , and Polynesia. deities were surprisingly similar The trouble with these legends is that throughout the region. Polynesian there are more islands and peoples than placed great fishes in the sea, and every culture has emphasis on nature, particularly the its own twist on the legendary themes. ocean environment. The Gods from one island pop up in another, became masters of navigation and other they change their names, they hide and seafaring skills, and their religion and sneak about, they impersonate one myths strongly reflected the importance another. of nature and the sea. Polynesians believed that all things in nature, Melanesia, an area in the southwest including humans, contained a sacred Pacific Ocean, consists of thousands of and supernatural power called mana. islands and a remarkable variety of cultures. These individual cultures Mana could be good or evil, and possess different mythologies and individuals, animals, and objects deities. The main island groups of the contained varying amounts of mana. region are New Guinea, New Caledonia, Because mana was sacred, Polynesians Vanuatu (formerly New Hebrides), New invented complicated rules to protect it. Britain, the Solomon Islands, the Ordinary people were not allowed, for Admiralty Islands, the Trobriand Islands, example, to touch even the shadow of a and the Fiji Islands. great chief. Nor could they step inside sacred groves or temples. Micronesia, an area in the southwest Pacific Ocean containing thousands of The punishment for breaking important islands, has no single mythology. The rules, known as tapus (the source of the various islands and island groups— word taboo), was often death. Illness and including the Caroline Islands, Marshall misfortune were believed to come from Islands, Mariana Islands, and Gilbert breaking minor tapus. The Polynesians' Islands—each have their own collection religion included many gods, local of legends and mythological beings. deities as well as the great gods of their Micronesia is part of a vast region pantheon. The people felt a close known as Oceania.

14 personal connection to their deities and begotten other sons in heaven who were to various heroes, demigods, and jealous when Eitumatupua mentioned his tricksters of their mythology. earth-son, so they ambushed Ahoeitu and devoured him. The most popular character was Maui, a hero-trickster well known throughout As soon as Eutumatupua discovered this Polynesia. Worship of the gods involved conspiracy, he summoned all his chants and prayers, elaborate rituals, and heavenly sons to hime and ordered them sacrifices (including human sacrifice) to vomit. As soon as he had all the performed by various classes of priests, pieces of Ahoeitu gathered together, he some of whom acted as oracles. Magic rejoined them using magin herbs, and also flourished among the Polynesians, Ahoeitu came to life again. He was who used incantations, charms, and given the kingdom of Tonga as spells to summon the gods or ask for recompense for his pain. their guidance or assistance. Ahu - An ahu is a burial platform on Abeguwo - (Melanesia/New Guinea) Easter Island. There were 160 on the Rain goddess whose urine turns to island, where the ancestors lay moisture. entombed.

Abere - (Melanesia) An evil demoness 'Aiaru - (Polynesia) One of the seven who attacks males. guardians of the world. Her function is to predict death. The others are Fa'a'ipu, Adaro - (Polynesia and Melanesia) A sea Firifiri'Aufau, Nihoniho teitei, god. In the myths of the Solomon 'Orerorero, Tahu'a, and Islands, an adaro is a malevolent sea- Tamaumau'orero. spirit in the shape of a fish-man with all fins on his feet and gills behind his ears. Ai Tupua'i - (Polynesia) Goddess of He has a horn like a shark's back fin and healing and of war. a pike on his head like a sword fish or sawfish. An adaro can travel along Ala Muki - (Polynesia) A river goddess rainbows and koll men by shooting who takes the form of a dragon. poisonous flying fish at them. Afa - The Samoan Storm-God. Alalahe - (Polynesia) Goddess of love.

Afekan - (Melanesia/New Guinea) The Alii Menehune - (Hawaii) Chief of the creator goddess. Little People. The aboriginal little people of long, long ago were called menehune; Ahoeitu - A legendary King Tonga, Alii means highest: thus Alii Menehune. grandson of Kohai who may have been a primeval earth serpent. The Sky-God Aluluei - (Micronesia) God of Eitumatupua descended from heaven one knowledge. day and married Ilaheva, an earth- Amai-te-rangi - A Polynesian deity of goddess. Until their son Ahoeitu was full the sky who 'angles' for mortals on earth, grown, he had never seen his father, who pulling them up in baskets to devour lived in heaven. Eitumatupua had them.

14 Atea - ('Space') Atea was the Sky-God in Ao - The God of Clouds. the cosmology of the people of Tuamotu. He married Fa'ahotu. Their Apu Hau - A god of storms. God of the first son was Tahu, 'Knowledge', who 'Fierce Squall'. became a great magician. Their second son was Tane, according to some Apu Matangi - The Maori god of storms, versions of the myth, and another son God of the 'Howling Rainfall'. was Ro'o. Tane and Atea were later cocked in a deadly struggle, like Zeus Arahuta - The daughter of Tawhaki and and Kronos. Finally Tane, using the Tangotango. thunderbolt Fatu-Titi, slew Atea, Many kings of the Tuamotu islands trave their Ara Tiotio (or Awhiowhio) - The descent to Atea. See also Tangaroa. Polynesian God of the Whirlwind and Tornado. Ati - The Maori chief who managed to catch a lovely fairy in a net, and married Aremata-rorua and Aremata-popoa - her. 'Long-wave' and 'Short-wave', two ocean demons who destroy mariners. They are Atonga - In Samoan myth, a hero who is greatly feared by Polynesian mariners half-human, half-spirit. He built a because they were totally at the mercy of miraculous canoe which he completed in their immense power. one night. Then he summoned the birds from heaven to carry the light craft to the Areoi - In the mythology of the Tuamotu beach of Upolu where chief Alutanga (Society) Islands, a religious order first Nuku was awaiting it impatiently. organized by the gods Oro-Teteta and Atonga even taught the birds the song he Uru-Tetefa, two brothers living in wanted them to sing. Thus Atonga is a heaven but later settling on earth. Like culture hero who invented canoe- the Knights of St John, they were building as well as the songs for the celibate warriors, who recruited their rowers. members from among the nobility. Atu - Name of the first man on Fiji and Arohirohi - The Maori Goddess of the first man on Tonga, according to Marages. Samoan myth.

Ata - An island in the Tongan Atua - An ancestor's spirit revered as a archipelago. The story runs that Ata was god. thrown down from heaven. Such stony islands were called Maka-Fonua Atutuahi (or Autahi) - The south star, 'Thrown-Land'. Canopus, Alpha Carinae, God of the Atanea - A dawn goddess in some South Heavens, which guided Polynesian Pacific islands, who created the seas navigators on their voyages lasting many when she miscarried and filled the months. Atutuahi is addressed in hymns hollows of the earth with amniotic fluid. as the 'Mother of the Moon and the Star'.

14 Auahi-Turoa and the Fire Children - meet his father. He wanted to receive According to Polynesian myth, Auahi- wisdom, rabakau, and knowledge, Turoa was the son of the Sun-God Tama ataibai, from the Sun God. Nui-Te-Ra, who sent him down to earth as a comet, carrying the Seed of Fire. On Hours before sunrise he set out and earth, Auahi-Turoa married Mahuika, travelled east in his fast vessel until he the Fire-Goddess, or Mother of Fire. saw the sunrise quite close. His father They had five sons, the Fire Children, taught him the art of building boats and who bear the names of the fingers: Koiti houses and gave him the power to call (little finger), Konui (thumb), Koroa up the winds and soothe the storms, the (index finger), Manawa (ring finger) and knowledge to cure diseases, the secret of Mapere (middle finger). wealth and the art of poetry. Audjal - (Caroline Islands) The earth goddess. Dakuwanga - The Fijian Shark-God, eater of lost souls. Aumakua - (Hawaii) Means "Ghost of Your Ancestors". Huna, the religion of Dengei/Degei - (Melanesia/Fiji) The early Hawaii, taught that each person Serpent-God, a judge in the Land of the had two souls. When one died the Dead. In Fijian mythology, Degei is the earthly soul (unihi-pili) remained earth- Serpent-God in the Kauvadra hills. After bound and descended to the underworld. death the soul faces a long journey from The aumakua (higher soul) ascended to the sunny land of the living to the cold, the heavens to rejoin the deceased misty Land of the Dead. Degei will ancestors. interrogate the souls as soon as they arrive. Idle men, whose nails are long, Auraka - ('The All-Devouring') A deity will be punished. of death in Polynesian mythology. Industrious souls will be rewarded. After Auriaria - A king in Kiribati mythology. judgment the soul will be thrown into a See Nei Tituabine. deep lake. It will sink for a long time until it reaches Murimuria, a sort of Awha - The Maori Storm-God. Purgatory. There some will be rewarded and others will receive dire punishment. Babamik - (New Guinea) A cannibalistic Only a few are chosen by the gods - ogress. When she died she became the arbitrarily, it seems - to go to Burotu, the crocodile ancestor. land of eternal life and joy, where they will rest in the cool shade. Bakoa - A Kiribati demi-god. De ai - (Micronesia) Mother of the sun, Bue - In Kiribati there is a myth of the moon, and sea. Sun-God in which he sent a of light to a woman on earth and so made her Dogai - (Melanesia) A malignant spirit pregnant. She gave birth to a son whom who tried constantly to frustrate human she called Bue. She told her son who his enterprise by making crops fail, scaring father was, so he built a canoe and set fish away from nets, etc. Some places he out one night towards the east, hoping to

14 was a male god, in other places she was a female goddess. It went in and up as far as the knees. There it stoppe4d and only Eleio's Ele'ele - The Samoan first woman. untiring incantations induced it to go further and spread out into all the parts Eleio - In Hawaiian mythology, a of the body. The girl woke up and rose. kabuna, a diviner who can see the spirits, Her parents, weeping with joy, helped cure diseases and return the dead to life. her to place her first steps in her new One day, Eleio set out to find the root of life. Bringing her home in triumph, they the awa (kava) plant. Ahead of him he offered the meal to the gods, after which saw a lovely girl. He walked faster to they gave a feast. The girl, whose name catch up with her but so did she. e ran, was Aula, suddenly felt hungry. The but so did she. Over hills and woods she parents spoke to Eleio: 'You have flew ahead of him. At last, on top of a created our daughter anew. Without you high rock overlooking the ocean, by an we would have been inconsolable for old tower in which the kings of the past life. Please take her as your wife.' The lay buried with their families, she turned leaves of the awa or kava plant are to face him, saying, 'Leave me alone. I believed to have the power to revive the am a spirit. dead if administered with the right formulae. This is my home. Now go to that house there in the valley. My parents live there. Enda semangko - (Melanesia) Both a Tell them you saw me and they will give war goddess and a fertility goddess. you presents.' After these words, the Fa'atiu - The Samoan Wind-God. ghost vanished. Eleio entered the tower and there he saw the dead body of the Faumea - (Polynesia) Goddess of girl. She had not been dead for long. She fertility. was as beautiful as her spirit had been. Quickly, Eleio left the mortuary (you Fe'e - In , he is the must not stay long near the dead), and War-God, who is described as a huge went to the house she had indicated. octopus, living under the sea with his There he found her parents mourning tentacles reaching to the far corners of their beloved daughter. the known world like a huge compass with eight hands. Fe'e was believed to He told them that he had seen their cause in which his voice daughter, and what she had told him. He would be heard. The king's diviners ordered a pig to be slaughtered, a meal would listen and if the god's voice was to be cooked and various objects to be inauspicious, all war plans would be brought. Then he went back to the old postponed. Fe'e courted the daughter of tower, accompanied by the dead girl's the King of Upolu, and when the king family. He chanted his magic refused him, he knocked a hole in the incantations continuously. Suddenly he barrier reef protecting the island, there saw the girl's spirit again. This time he the city of Apia now lies. There he had a caught it. Bringing it back to the body, stone house built for himself, the ruins of he held it there, pressing it against the which have been pointed out to insteps.

14 researchers. Under the sea he had a crafts. She loved Tuna the fish-man, out palace called Bale-Fe'e. of whose head grew the first coconut.

Goga - In Melanesia- New Guinea Hine-te-ngaru-moana - The Lady of the and nearby islands the story of how Ocean Waves. Hine in her fish form. humans got fire goes like this: The primal being was an ageless old woman Hine-tu-whenua - A benevolent goddess named Goga. In her body she nurtured of the wind who blows vessels to their fire, which a human boy stole from her. destination. She pursued the boy who, trying to elude her, accidentally dropped the burning Hoa-Tapu - (Tahiti) God of war. branch onto a tree, which caught fire. Inside the tree was a snake, whose tail Hua-hega - The mother of the trickster caught fire. Though Goga deluged the demi-god Maui. world with rain, hoping to quench the Imoa - (Polynesia) The first woman. stolen fire, the snake's tail continued to smolder, and humans used it to light the Io - Polynesian myth tells how their first earthly blaze. supreme god, Io, created the world. In the beginning there were only waters and 'Hau Maringi - God of Mists and Fog. darkness. By his word and thought Io separated the waters and created Earth Haumea - (Hawaii) Goddess of and sky. He said: "Let the waters be childbirth. separated, let the heavens be formed, let the Earth be." Haumia Tiketike - The God of Wild The Supreme Being, the "Old One", Roots and ferns greatest of the gods who dwells above the sky, in the highest of the twelve Hiiaka' - (Polynesia) Sister to Pele and upper worlds. her helper in keeping the fires of Kilauea burning. (Hawaii) Patroness of hula Kanaloa - (Hawaii) God of the sea. dancing. Kane - (Hawaii) God of fertility, fresh Hina - (Hawaii) Goddess of the moon. water, and the woodlands.

Hine - (Polynesia) Goddess of darkness. Kapo - (Hawaii) Goddess of abortions, childbirth, and fertility. Hine-keha, Hine-uri - The Moon- Goddess, wife of Marama the Moon- Konori - (New Guinea) Creator of the God, whose forms are Hina-keha (bright world. moon) and Hine-uri (dark room). Hine-nui-te-po - Goddess of the Night, Ku - (Hawaii) The god of power and of Darkness and Death. Hine is actually war. a universal goddess with many functions. She is represented with two Kukailimoku - Hawaiian god of war. heads, night and day. One of her functions is as patroness of arts and Kuklikimoku - (Polynesia) God of war.

14 Kulu Lau - Goddess of mirages. Loa - According to the myths of the people of the Marshall Islands, Loa was La'a Maomao - The Polynesian God of the name of the Creator. Living alone in the Winds. the primeval ocean, he created the colourful reefs and barriers which Laka - (Hawaii) Goddess of fertile land gradually filled up with sand. Then he and dance. made the plants, trees, birds and colourful fish. He placed a god as Laufakanaa - In the mythology of Ata, guardian over each of the islands. one of the Tongan islands, Laufakanaa is the God of inds. The heavenly god Then he created, from between his legs, Tamapo sent Laufakanaa down to earth Wulleb and Limdunanji, the first man to rule the winds. He landed on Ata and and woman. They had many children became its ruler. The skipper of all who, when they had grown up, conspired Tongan vessels would pray to to kill their father. Wulleb fled and Laufakanaa for favourable winds and landed on an uninhabited island. There, would even visit Ata with offerings of out of his leg, he gave birth to two more bread and coconut oil to appease the children. The youngest son was called god's stormy temper. Laufakanaa Edao; he became the first magic-worker. brought the banana tree from heaven and taught the Tongans the art of fishing Lona - The Moon-Goddess in north with a net and of making the nets. His Polynesian mythology, who fell in love name means 'Speaking' (lau) and 'Peace', with a mortal man, Ai Kanaka, and just as the wind in the Pacific is quiet married him. She carried him on her one moment and roaring the next. wings to the White Kingdom she ruled. They lived very happily until Ai Kanaka Laulaati - (Loyalty Islands) Creator of died because he was an earthling. the world. Lono - (Hawaii) God of the sky, rain, Limu - The Polynesian God of the Dead. and agriculture who descended on a rainbow to marry a Hawaiian girl who Lingadua - The one-armed Fijian god of was the goddess Laka. drums. Lugeilan - In the mythology of some Ligoupup - In , Caroline Islands peoples, Lugeilan was she is the great goddess who was never the God of Knowledge who descended born. She created the world and all that from heaven to teach the people one is in it. She lies on her back beneath the earth how to cultivate crops. He is sea and when she stirs, it is an associated with the coconut palm. earthquake. Her son became the ruler of the ocean and the Underworld, her Magantu - The great white shark, a daughter rose up to heaven where she monster fish able to swallow a pahi married the Sky-God. They had a son, canoe whole. Aluelap, who is the possessor of all knowledge.

15 MakeMake - (Easter Island) Half human, Menehune - The "little people" of half bird, he was the protector of birds. Polynesian folklore are also called "menehune". Mahiuki - (Polynesia) Ruler of the underworld, and as Mahuika is goddess Milu - Ruler of the underworld. of fire and earthquakes. Moeuhane - (Hawaii) God of dreams. Maomao - The great wind-god, father of the many storm-god, including "howling Moko - The lizard-god. rainfall" and "fierce squall". Nangananga - Goddess of punishment, Marama - God of the moon, husband of who waits at the entrance to the land of Hine-keha, Hine-uri. the dead for bachelors.

Marikoriko - First woman and divine Nareau - The spider-god. ancestor, wife of Tiki. She was fashioned by the goddess of mirages out Ndauthina - (Fiji) God of adultery, fire, of the noon day heatwaves. and fishing.

Marruni - (Melanesia) God of Ne Te-reere - (Micronesia) Goddess of earthquakes. trees.

Maui - The most famous folktale Nevinbimbaau - (Melanesia) Initiation character of Polynesia is Maui, the goddess. trickster hero who steals fire for man (The legend describes the descent of Nganga - The god of sleet. Maui to the underworld, where he learns the art of making fire by rubbing two Ngendei/Degei - (Fiji) The creator, and sticks together), fishes up the islands of head god of all the original Fiji gods. the South Pacific, traps the sun to Supporter of the world; every time he lengthen the day, and helps raise the sky. moves we have an earthquake. He is also Maui is also known in Micronesian and the god of good harvest and the king of some Melanesian folklore as the great the land of the dead. He is half snake and Oceanian trickster hero, with powers half rock. almost equal those of a god. Nobu - (Vanuatu) In part of Vanuatu he Maui was born to Taranga, who wrapped is considered the creator of the world. the child in her hair and gave him to the sea-fairies. Maui is responsible for many Oro - God of war and peace, commander things, including the birth of the myriads of the warrior hordes of the spirit world. of islands in Oceania, the coconut, and In peace time he is "Oro with the spear the length of the day, which was once down" but in war he is "killer of men". too short until Maui beat Ra with a stick Patron of the Arioi. and forced him to travel across the sky more slowly. Ove - (Fiji) Creator of the world.

15 Paka'a - (Hawaii) A son of a guardian of Rangi - God of the upper sky, originally the king, who serves the king so well coupled to his wife's Papa, the Goddess himself that he becomes the greatest of the Earth, but separated by their chief of all. children, mainly Tane the God of Forests whose trees pushed the couple apart and Papa - (or Enua, Hotu-Papa, Whenua) provide a space between the brown earth Mother earth, wife of Rangi, first and the blue sky, to make room for woman. (Hawaii) Goddess of the creatures to walk and fly. Underworld. The earth, a goddess, and the first woman in Polynesian Ratu-mbati-ndua - (Fiji) The god of hell mythology. Her husband is variously is a man with only one tooth with which called Wakea, Vatea or Tangi. Some he devours the dead. traditions relate that this first couple came to Hawaii from the Society Islands Ratu-Mai-Mbula - (Fiji) God of fertility. in a canoe with two pigs, two dogs and two fowls. Rehua - The star-god, son of Rangi and Papa, ancestor of the demi-god Maui. Others relate that their original homeland was Ilolo (Jilolo) or Ololoi in Ro - A demi-god, wife of the trickster the Moluccas, now part of Indonesia. demi-god Maui who became tired of his This name, Muluka or Moloka mischief and left him to live in the ( 'Molucca' ), was the origin of the name netherworld. of Molokai, one of the Hawaiian islands. Rongo - God of agriculture, fruits and Pele - Goddess of fire and the volcano. cultivated plants. Along with Tane and Tu he forms the creative unity, the Pere - Goddess of the waters which Trinity, equal in essence but each with surround islands. Her mother was distinctly attributes. They are Tahinariki or Haoumea, or Papa. She responsible for making man, in the married Wahiaroa. One morning Pere image of Tane, out of pieces of earth wanted to travel so her mother gave her fetched by Rongo and shaped, using his the ocean in a jar to take with her and spittle as mortar, by Tu Constructor. later to carry her in her royal yacht. In When they breathed over him, Man the beginning there was no sea at all, so came to life. Pere poured it out whenever she wanted to go. Rongo-ma-tane - God of the sweet potato, staple diet of the people of At first she carried the ocean in a jar on Oceania. her head, and later, when she had poured it all out, the ocean carried h3r in her Rongo-mai - God of comets and whales. lovely divine ship. Thus a mother will give birth to a son who will one day Ro'o 0 The healer-god whose curative 'support' her. chants were taught to men to help them drive out evil spirits which cause Quat - Melanesian sun god. sickness.

15 Rua - (Tahiti) God of crafts. Tagaloa - The Samoan Ocean-God Ruau-Moko - Unborn God of Earthquakes, trapped in Papa's womb. Tawhaki - God of Thunder and Lightning. Tawhaki gives birth to Uira Ruahatu - (Tahiti) A sea god. (lightning) out of his armpits. Tawhaki is also the God of Good Health, an artisan Samulayo - God of death in battle. god particularly adept at building houses and plaiting decorative mats. Ta'aroa - (Tahiti) Supreme deity. Tawhiri-matea - The God of Storms and Taburimai - In the myths of the people Winds, leveller of forests, wave- of Kiribati, Taburimai was the ancestor whipper. of the people, son of the demi-god Bakoa. He had a brother Teanoi, the Te Tuna - A fish-god and vegetarian- hammer-headed shark. One day the god. Tuna lived in a tidal pool near the people of his island plotted to kill beach and one day Hine went down to Taburimai but Bakoa got wind of the the pool to bathe. Tuna made love to her evil plans. He asked Teanoi to carry his while she did so and they lived for some brother to safety. This he did by time on the ocean bed. swimming away across the sea. Then, having left his brother safely on the Tiki - The divine ancestor of all beach at Samoa, Teanoi flew up into the Oceanians who let his people in their sky where he can still be seen (probably fleet to the first islands of Oceania. as the constellation Pisces). Tikokura - A wave-god of monstrous Tamakaia - (Vanuatu) Creator of the size whose enormous power and quick world. flaring temper are to be greatly feared.

Tane - Son of Rangi, the sky-god and Tini Rau - Lord of the Fishes. himself the god of artisans and boat (Polynesia) God of the sea. builders. He is also the God of Light (especially to underwater swimmers Tu - (Polynesia) The war god. because to skin divers light is where life is), the God of artistic beauty, the God of Tu-Matauenga - The God of War, the the Forest, and Lord of the Fairies. As first man creator in one of his minor forms, he is the God of Hope. Tui Tofua - God of all the Sharks.

Tanemahuta - (Polynesia) The Maori Tuli - (Polynesia) Goddess in charge of peoples' God of the Forests, Birds and keeping the volcano Kilauea burning. Insects. Turi-a-faumea - (Polynesia) God of fish Tangaroa - God of the ocean who and reptiles. breathes only twice in 24 hours thus creating the tides.

15 Ua - The Rain God, whose many sons and clearwater streams, before again and daughters, such as "long rains" and retreating to the ocean. "short rains" are responsible for providing the earth with water. Wari-Ma-Te-Takere - (Polynesia) This goddess was a coconut-shell divinity Uira - Lightning who parthenogenetically produced the other gods from her right and left sides. Ukupanipo - (Hawaii) God of sharks. Wari symbolizes the fertile slime of primordial times and literally means Ulupoka - A minor god of evil, "mud". decapitated in a battle amongst the gods and whose head now rolls along beaches Whaitiri - (Polynesia) She was a looking for victims. powerful figure who owned the thunder and ate human flesh. Once she Wahini-Hal - (Polynesian) The demonic descended to earth to marry a warrior mother figure of Polynesia looked like a chief, misunderstanding his title, seductive woman (except for her "mankiller." When Whaitiri had taken up protruding eyes and her tongue hanging residence with her husband, she found to her toes!). She sneaked through the that he did not, after all, share her world at night stealing and eating small affection for eating humans. Not only children. that, but he complained about the smell of their children's excrement. She Walutahanga - (Melanesia) The eight- invented the toilet, showed humans how fold snake goddess was born to a human to use it, and returned to the sky, where mother; the woman was afraid of her she still lives. husband and hid the serpent girl. But he discovered the deception and was so Whatu - The Maori God of Hail. shocked he cut Walutahanga into eight pieces. After eight days of rain, the girl's Whiro - The Maori Lizard-God of the body rejoined into a whole. Walutahanga Dead who lives in the dark misty traveled through the islands, tormenting Underworld and inspires evil thoughts in humans in retaliation for her murder. the minds of people.

Captured, she was again chopped into Wulleb - A god and the first man eight pieces; everyone, except a woman according to the myths of some of the and her daughter ate the body, and threw Marshall Islands peoples. He was born her bones into the sea;. It rained for in an oyster shell from between Loa's another eight days. Then the bones under legs. When he lifted the top half of the the sea again formed themselves into the shell, it became the sky, while the goddess. To punish humanity, bottom became the earth. This myth Walutahanga covered the islands with aptly explains the Pacific's colours. eight huge flooding waves, which killed everyone but the woman and her child, the only ones who had not eaten the Japanese Pantheon goddess' flesh. The goddess gave these is a system of two many gifts, including the coconut beliefs that embraces and

15 Buddhist traditions as well as heaven and made their home on the agriculture-based . The island. Eventually they wished to mate, Shinto pantheon alone consists of an because they fell in love. uncountable number of kami (Japanese for "gods" or "spirits"). This article will So they built a pillar called discuss only the typical elements present Amenomihashira around which they in Oriental mythology such as built a palace called Yashirodono ("the cosmogony, important deities and the hall whose area is 8 arms' length best-known Japanese stories. squared"). Izanagi and Izanami circled the pillar in opposite directions, and Mainstream Japanese myths as generally when they met on the other side Izanami, recognized today are based on the the female deity, spoke first in greeting. Kojiki, Nihon Shoki and some Izanagi didn't think that this was proper, complementary books. The Kojiki or but they mated anyway. "Record of Ancient Matters" is the oldest recognized book of myths, They had two children, Hiruko ("leech legends and history of Japan. The child") and Awashima ("pale island"), Shintoshu explains origins of Japanese but they were badly-formed and are not deities from a Buddhist perspective considered gods in their original form. while the Hotsuma Tsutae records a (Hiruko later became the Japanese god substantially different version of Ebisu). mythology. One notable result of Japanese mythology is that it explains The parents dismayed at their the origin of the Imperial family, and misfortune, put the children into a boat assigned them godhood. The Japanese and set them out to sea, and then word for the Emperor of Japan, tennō, petitioned the other gods for an answer means "heavenly emperor". as to what they had done wrong. They were informed that Izanami's lack of The first gods summoned two divine manners was the reason for the misbirth: beings into existence, Izanagi no Mikoto a woman should never speak prior to a ("Exalted Male") and Izanami no Mikoto man; the male deity should have spoken ("Exalted Female") and charged them first in greeting during the ceremony. with creating the first land. To help them do this, Izanagi and Izanami were given So Izanagi and Izanami went around the a naginata decorated with jewels, named pillar again, and this time when they met Ame-no-nuboko ("Heavenly Jeweled Izanagi spoke first and their union was Spear"). successful. From their union were born the Ōyashima, or the eight great islands The two deities then went to the bridge of Japan: Awaji, Iyo (later Shikoku), between heaven and earth, Oki, Tsukushi (later Kyūshū), Amenoukihashi ("Floating Bridge of Iki, Tsushima, Sado, and Yamato (later Heaven") and churned the sea below Honshū). Note that Hokkaidō, Chishima with the halberd. When drops of salty and Okinawa were not part of Japan in water fell from the halberd, they formed ancient times. into the island Onogoro ("self-forming"). They descended from the bridge of

15 The divine couple bore eight more Under the sudden burst of light, he saw offspring, who later became the eight the horrid form of the once beautiful and great islands of Japan. Izanami, graceful Izanami. She was now a rotting however, died giving birth to the child form of flesh with maggots and foul Kagutsuchi (incarnation of fire) or creatures running over her ravaged body. Homusubi (causer of fire). She was then Crying out loud, Izanagi could no longer buried on Mt. Hiba, at the border of the control his fear and started to run, old provinces of Izumo and Hoki, near intending to return to the living and modern-day Yasugi of Shimane abandon his death-ridden wife. Izanami Prefecture. woke up shrieking and indignant and chased after him. Wild shikome or foul In anger, Izanagi killed Kagutsuchi. His women also hunted for the frightened death also created dozens of deities. Izanagi, instructed by Izanami to bring Izanagi lamented the death of Izanami him back. and undertook a journey to Yomi, or "the shadowy land of the dead". Izanagi Izanagi, thinking quickly, hurled down found little difference between Yomi his headdress which became a bunch of and the land above, except for the eternal black grapes. The shikome fell on these darkness. However, this suffocating but continued pursuit. Next, Izanagi darkness was enough to make him ache threw down his comb which became a for the light and life above. Quickly, he clump of shoots. Now it was searched for Izanami and found her. At Yomi's creatures that began to give first, Izanagi could not see her at all for chase, but Izanagi urinated against a tree, the shadows hid her appearance well. creating a great river that increased his Nevertheless, he asked her to return with lead. Unfortunately, they still pursued him. Izanami spat out at him, informing Izanagi, forcing him to hurl peaches at Izanagi that he was too late. She had them. He knew this would not delay already eaten the food of the underworld them for long, but he was nearly free, for and was now one with the land of the the boundary of Yomi was now close at dead. She could no longer return to the hand. Izanagi burst out of the entrance surface with the living. and quickly pushed a boulder in the mouth of the cavern that was the Izanagi was shocked at this news, but he entrance of Yomi. refused to give in to her wishes of being left to the dark embrace of Yomi. Izanami screamed from behind this Izanami agreed to go back to the world impenetrable barricade and told Izanagi above but first requested to have some that if he left her she would destroy time to rest and instructed Izanagi not to 1,000 living people every day. He come into her bedroom After a long furiously replied he would give life to wait, Izanami did not come out of her 1,500. And so began the existence of bedroom and Izanagi was worried. Death, caused by the hands of the proud While Izanami was sleeping, he took the Izanami, the abandoned wife of Izanagi. comb that bound his long hair and set it alight as a torch. As could be expected, Izanagi went on to purify himself after recovering from his descent to Yomi. As he undressed and

15 removed the adornments of his body, faith. A challenge was set as to who each item he dropped to the ground could bring forth more noble and divine formed a deity. Even more gods came children. Amaterasu made three women into being when he went to the water to from Susanoo's sword, while Susanoo wash himself. The most important ones made five men from Amaterasu's were created once he washed his face: ornament chain. Amaterasu claimed the Amaterasu (incarnation of the sun) from title to the five men made from her his left eye, Tsukuyomi (incarnation of belongings. Therefore, the three women the moon) from his right eye, and were attributed to Susanoo. Susanoo (incarnation of storms and ruler of the sea and storms) from his nose. Torii at Ama-no-Iwato Shrine, Takachiho, Miyazaki PrefectureBoth Izanagi went on to divide the world gods declared themselves to be between them with Amaterasu inheriting victorious. Amaterasu's insistence in her the heavens, Tsukuyomi taking control claim drove Susanoo to violent of the night and moon and the storm god campaigns that reached their climax Susanoo owning the seas. In some when he hurled a half-flayed pony (an versions of the myth, Susanoo rules not animal sacred to Amaterasu) into only the seas but also all elements of a Amatarasu's weaving hall, causing the storm, including snow and hail, and in death of one of her attendants. rare cases even sand. Amaterasu, angered by the display, fled and hid in the cave called Iwayado. Amaterasu, the powerful sun goddess of Japan, is the most well-known deity of As the sun goddess disappeared into the Japanese mythology. Her feuding with cave, darkness covered the world. All her uncontrollable brother Susanoo, the gods and goddesses in their turn however, is equally infamous and strove to coax Amaterasu out of the appears in several tales. One story tells cave, but she ignored them all. Finally, of Susanoo's wicked behavior toward the kami of merriment, Ame-no-Uzume, Izanagi. Izanagi, tired of Susanoo's hatched a plan. She placed a large repeated complaints, banished him to bronze mirror on a tree, facing Yomi. Amaterasu's cave. Then, Uzume clothed herself in flowers and leaves, overturned Susanoo grudgingly acquiesced, but had a washtub and began to dance on it, to attend to some unfinished business drumming the tub with her feet. Finally, first. He went to Takamagahara Uzume shed the leaves and flowers and ("heaven") to bid farewell to his sister, danced naked. Amaterasu. Amaterasu knew her unpredictable brother did not have any All the male gods roared with laughter, good intentions in mind and prepared for and Amaterasu became curious. When battle. "For what purpose do you come she peeked outside from her long stay in here?", asked Amaterasu. "To say the dark, a ray of light called "dawn" farewell", answered Susanoo. escaped and Amaterasu was dazzled by the beautiful goddess she saw, this being But she did not believe him and her own reflection in the mirror. The god requested a contest for proof of his good Ameno-Tajikarawo pulled her from the

15 cave and it was sealed with a fence stood in their way, blocking any shimenawa. Surrounded by merriment, method of reaching it. Amaterasu's depression disappeared and she agreed to return her light to the One head first suggested they simply world. Uzume was from then on known smash the barrier down... but that would as the kami of dawn as well as mirth. knock over and waste the sake making it all for naught. Another proposed they Susanoo, exiled from heaven, came to combine their fiery breath and burn the Izumo Province (now part of Shimane fence into ash.. but then the sake would Prefecture). It was not long before he evaporate. The heads began searching met an old man and his wife sobbing for an opening and found the hatches beside their daughter. The old couple and eager for the sake, they were keen to explained that they originally had eight poke their heads through to go and drink daughters who were devoured one-by- it. Yet the eighth head, which was the one each year by the dragon named wisest, warned his brethren of the folly Yamata no Orochi ("eight-forked of such a thing and volunteered to go serpent", who was said to originate from through first to make sure all was well. Kosi—now Hokuriku region). Susanoo waited for his chance, letting The terrible dragon had eight heads and the head drink some sake in safety and eight tails, stretched over eight hills and report back to the others that there was was said to have eyes as red as good no danger. All eight heads plunged wine. Kushinada-hime ("rice paddy through a hatch each and greedily drank princess") was the last of the eight every last drop of the sake in the casks. daughters. Susanoo, who knew at once As the heads finished, Susanoo launched of the old couple's relation to the sun his attack on Orochi. Drunken from goddess Amaterasu, offered his drinking so much sake, the great serpent assistance in return for their beautiful was no match for the spry Susanoo who daughter's hand in marriage. The parents decapitated each head in turn and slew accepted and Susanoo transformed Orochi. A nearby river was said to have Kushinada into a comb and hid her turned red with the blood of the defeated safely in his hair. He also ordered a large serpent. fence-like barrier built around the house, eight gates opened in the fence, eight As Susanoo cut the dragon into pieces, tables placed at each gate, eight casks he found an excellent sword from a tail placed on each table, and the casks filled of the dragon that his sword had been with eight-times brewed rice wine. unable to cut. The sword was later presented to Amaterasu and named Ama Orochi arrived there, and found his path no Murakumo no Tsurugi "Sword of the blocked and after boasting of his Gathering Clouds of Heaven", which prowess he found that he could not get was later called Kusanagi, "Grass through the barrier. His keen sense of Mower"). This sword was to feature smell took in the sake—which Orochi prominently in many other tales. loved—and the eight heads had a dilemma. They wanted to drink the Ōnamuji (also known as Ōkuninushi) delicious sake that called to them, yet the was a descendant of Susanoo. He, along

15 with his many brothers, competed for the replica of which is now in Atsuta Shrine, hand of Princess Yakami of Inaba. Nagoya). While travelling from Izumo to Inaba to court her, the brothers met a skinned The first two were made to lure rabbit lying on a beach. Seeing this, they Amaterasu out of Amano-Iwato. The last told the rabbit to bathe in the sea and dry was found in the Orochi, an eight- in the wind at a high mountain. The headed . Of these three, the mirror rabbit believed them and thereby is the token of Amaterasu. The three suffered in agony. together constitute the Imperial Regalia of Japan. Ninigi and his company went Ōnamuji, who was lagging behind his down to the earth and came to Himuka, brothers, came and saw the rabbit in pain there he founded his palace. and instructed the rabbit to bathe in fresh water and be covered with powder of the Ninigi met Konohanasakuya-hime "gama" ("cattail") flower. The cured (symbol of flowers), the daughter of rabbit, who was in reality a deity, Yamatsumi (master of mountains), and informed Ōnamuji it was he who would they fell in love. Ninigi asked marry Princess Yakami. The trials of Yamatsumi for his daughter's hand. The Ōnamuji were many and he died twice at father was delighted and offered both of the hands of his jealous brothers. Each his daughters, Iwanaga (symbol of time he would be saved by his mother rocks) and Sakuya (symbol of flowers). Kushinada-hime. Pursued by his But Ninigi married only Sakuya and enemies, he ventured to Susanoo's realm refused Iwanaga. "Iwanaga is blessed where he would meet the vengeful god's with eternity and Sakuya with daughter, Suseri-hime. The crafty prosperity", Yamatsumi said in regret, Susanoo would test Ōnamuji several "by refusing Iwanaga, your life will be times but in the end, Susanoo approved brief from now on". of the young boy and foretold his victory against his brothers. Because of this, Ninigi and his descendants became mortal. Sakuya Although the Yamato tradition attributes conceived by a night and Ninigi doubted the creation of the Japanese islands to her. To prove legitimacy of her children, Izanagi and Izanami, the Izumo tradition Sakuya swore by her luck and took a claims Ōnamuji, along with a dwarf god chance; she set fire to her room when called Sukunabiko, would contribute to she had given birth to her three babies. or at least finish the creation of the By this, Ninigi knew her chastity. The islands of Japan. names of the children were Hoderi, Hosuseri and Howori. Amaterasu ordered her grandson Ninigi to rule over the ground. She gave him Hoderi lived by fishing in sea while his the Three Sacred Treasures: the brother Howori lived by hunting in magatama necklace of Yasakani no mountains. One day, Howori asked his magatama (now situated in the imperial brother to swap places for a day. Howori palace); the bronze mirror of Yata no tried fishing, but he could not get a kagami (now in the Grand Shrine of Ise); catch, and what was worse, he lost the and the sword Kusanagi (a possible fishhook he borrowed from his brother.

15 Hoderi relentlessly accused his brother monster Yamata-no-Orochi and the and did not accept his brother's apology. subsequent discovery of the sacred sword Kusanagi. While Howori was sitting on a beach, sorely perplexed, Shihotsuchi told him to Ame-no-naemasu-no-Mikoto - ride on a ship called the reportedly called "Futsushi" and said a Manashikatsuma and go wherever the son or elder brother of "Futsu". current went. Following this advice, Howori reached the house of Watatsumi Nigihayahi-no-mikoto - reportedly (master of seas). There he met called "Furu" and said a sone of Toyotama, Watatsumi's daughter, and "Futsushi". Only Nigihayahi (Furu) has married her. After three years of the name of "Amateru " among Japanese marriage, he remembered his brother and deities. It is clearly described that his fishhook, then told Watatsumi about Nigihayahi was ruling Yamato (ancient it. name of the capital and the center of Japan) before conquest war of emperor Watatsumi soon found the fishhook in Jinmu in the two oldest official history the throat of a bream and handed it to books of Japan, "Kojiki" (712) or Howori. Watatsumi also gave him two "Nihon Shoki" magical balls, Shihomitsutama, which could cause a flood, and Shihohirutama, Ame-no-Uzume - Commonly called which could cause an ebb, and sent him Uzume, she is the goddess of dawn and off, along with his bride, to land. As revelry, instrumental to the "missing sun Toyotama was giving birth, she asked legend" in Shinto. She is also known as Howori not to look at her delivery. The Great Persuader and The Heavenly However, Howori, filled with curiosity, Alarming Female. peeped in, and saw her transforming into a shark at the moment his son, Ugaya, Amaterasu-Ō-Mi-Kami - Commonly was born. Aware of this, Toyotama called Amaterasu, she is the goddess of disappeared into sea and did not return, the sun as well as the purported but she entrusted her sister Tamayori ancestress of the Imperial Household of with her yearning for Howori. Ugaya Japan. Her full name means "Great married his aunt Tamayori and had five Goddess" or "Great Spirit Who Shines in children, including Itsuse and the Heavens"; she may also be referred Yamatobiko. to as Ōhiru-menomuchi-no-kami. Due to her ties to the Imperial family, she is Susanoo-no-Mikoto - Alternately often considered (though not official) to romanized as Susano-o, Susa-no-o, and be the "primary god" of Shinto. Susanowo. Reportedly called "Futsushi". He is the god of storms as well as in Ame-no-Koyane - A male deity, he is some cases the god of the sea. He is also considered the "First in Charge of somewhat of a trickster god, as Japanese Divine Affairs", as well as the aide to the mythology extensively documents the first Emperor of Japan . He is also "sibling rivalry" between him and considered to be the ancestor of the Amaterasu. Susanoo also was Fujiwara family. responsible for the slaying of the

16 Fūjin - Also known as Kami-no-Kaze, known as Emperor Jimmu, first emperor he is the Japanese god of the wind and of Japan. one of the eldest Shinto gods, said to be present at the creation of the world. He Omoikane - The deity of wisdom and is often depicted as an with a bag intelligence, who is always called upon slung over his back. to "ponder" and give good counsel in the deliberations of the heavenly deities. Hachiman - Also known as Hachiman- shin or Yawata no Kami, he is the god of Raijin - Commonly called Raiden, he is war and the divine protector of Japan the god of thunder and lightning, and is and its people. Originally an agricultural often paired with Fūjin. As with the deity, he later became the guardian of latter, Raijin is usually depicted as an the Minamoto clan. His symbolic animal oni. and messenger is the dove. Ryūjin - Also known as Ōwatatsumi, he Inari - The god or goddess of rice and is a dragon, as well as god of the sea. He fertility. His/her messengers and resides in Ryūgū-jō, his palace under the symbolic animal are foxes. He/she is sea built out of red and white coral, from often identified with the Buddhist deity where he controlled the tides with Dakiniten. magical tide jewels. His great-grandson would become Emperor Jimmu. Izanagi - The forefather of the gods, he is the first male as well as the god of Sukuna-Biko-Na - A small deity of creation and life. He and his wife, medicine and rain, who created and Izanami, were responsible for the birth solidified the land with Ōkuninushi. of the islands of Japan and many kami, though she died in childbirth. Later, after Tenjin - The god of scholarship, he is the his failed attempt to retrieve her from the deified Sugawara no Michizane (845– underworld, he sired Amaterasu, c903), who was elevated to his position Susanoo and Tsukuyomi. after dying in exile and subsequent disasters in Heiankyo were attributed to Izanami - Izanagi's wife and sister, she is his angered spirit. the first female as well as the goddess of creation and death. She died shortly after Toyotama-hime - Also known as the birth of Kagu-tsuchi, and Izanagi Otohime, she was the daughter of Ryūjin followed her to the underworld, but and the grandmother of Jimmu. It is said failed to bring her back to the living that after she gave birth to her son, she world. A marital spat between the pair turned into a dragon and disappeared. caused the cycle of life and death for all living beings. Tsukuyomi-no-Mikoto - Also known as Tsukiyomi, Tsuki no Kami, Ninigi-no-Mikoto - Commonly called Tsukiyomino Mikoto, and Tsukiyumi no Ninigi, he was the grandson of Mikoto, he is the god of the moon. He Amaterasu. His great-grandson was killed the goddess of food, Uke Mochi, Kamuyamato Iwarebiko, later to be out of disgust and anger in the way she had prepared a meal. This caused

16 Amaterasu to never face him again, religious beliefs and practices of the causing the sun and moon to be in Korean people and the Korean area. different parts of the sky. In contemporary South Korea, the most Amatsu-Mikaboshi - the kami of all evil used term is Muism and a shaman is and stars who existed before the known as a mudang. The role of the Kotoamatsukami. mudang, usually a woman, is to act as intercessor between a god or gods and Konohanasakuya-hime - the wife of human beings. Women are enlisted by Ninigi and daughter of Ohoyamatsumi, those who want the help of the spirit and great-grandmother of Jimmu. She is world. Shamans hold gut, or services, in also known as the goddess of Mount order to gain good fortune for clients, Fuji. She is also known by the name cure illnesses by exorcising lost spirits Sengen. that cling to people, or propitiate local or village gods. Such services are also held Ōhoyamatsumi - an elder brother of to guide the spirit of a deceased person Amaterasu, and an important god who to heaven. rules mountain, sea, and war, as well as the father of Konohanasakuya-hime. At the beginning the world did not exist. A deity named Yul-ryeo and a goddess Sarutahiko Ōkami - a kami of the Earth named Mago appeared. Yul-ryeo then that guided Ninigi to the Japanese died. Mago in turn gave birth to two islands. goddesses: Gung-hee and So-hee. They in turn each gave birth to two Men of Uke Mochi - sometimes called Ogetsu- Heaven and two Women of Heaven. hime-no-Kami, a goddess of food. After she had spat a fish, vomited or defecated After the appearance of the Heavenly game and coughed rice, she had been People, Yul-ryeo is revived and through killed by a disgusted Tsukuyomi, or in her re-birth heaven, earth, and the oceans some other versions, Susanoo. were created, along with (soul), fire, water, and earth. These four elements in turn mixed and became herbs and plants, Korean Pantheon birds and animals. Mago decided to stay with Yul-ryeo, whose body had now consists of national become the world, and the Heavenly legends and folk-tales which come from People ruled all living things from their all over the Korean Peninsula. The heavenly fortress named Magoseong in original religion of Korea was a form of honour of the goddess. the Eurasian shamanism and the totemism of Far East Asia, specifically Later there were four Heavenly Men of the nomadic peoples of present-day guarding each cardinal direction of the Manchuria. , today fortress, and they were Cheong-gung, known as Muism (Mugyo, "religion of Hwang-gung who were children of the Mu") or Sinism (Singyo, "religion of Gunghwee, and Hukso, Baekso who the gods", with sin being the Korean were children of Sohwee. They in turn derivative of the Chinese shen), married the four Heavenly Women, and encompasses a variety of indigenous

16 gave birth to twelve children, who would point when the people of Magosung become the ancestors of the humans. began blaming Jiso for the These ancestors were pure and were transformation, and he along with his have said to drink from Earth's Milk, family and all those who had eaten the which came from a spring inside the grapes were forced to leave Magosung. castle. As the line of Jiso was leaving, however, They could speak without making Hwang-gung one of the four guardians sounds, and act without seeing and never and a direct ancestor of the Korean died. Thus they lived for ten thousand people) tried to encourage them by years undisturbed. Then there came a saying that if they could recover their time when the number of people became pure nature, they would be free of their too large. There was not enough of misery. Upon hearing this, the people Earth's Milk (or "Jiyu") to go around for became convinced that the only way to everyone. Because of this, a man from become pure once more was to drink the line of Baekso by the name of Jiso from Earth's Milk again. decided to cede his meal of Earth's Milk five times to his neighbours (other They then stormed the castle and versions say that he waited in line but overwhelmed it, razing the fortress to its the line was so long he never got his foundations in order to reveal the source turn). Eventually his hunger grew of the spring that had given them Earth's intolerable, and deciding to kill himself Milk. The spring, however, began to he headed towards a cliff, where he saw flow in all directions and thereafter the a grape vine growing in the edges. milk turned into inedible earth, leaving Unable to suppress his hunger, he ate the not only the original perpetrators but all grapes and immediately acquired the the former inhabitants of the now five tastes of sourness, bitterness, destroyed castle to starve. spiciness, sweetness, and saltiness. This is known as the Incident of the Five Soon thereafter there ensued a massive Tastes. famine, and everyone was reduced to devouring not only grapes, but all sorts Jiso returned to his people and told them of plants and even animals in an attempt of his discovery. Soon however, those to satiate their hunger. Of them only who ate from these grapes began to grow Hwang-gung came forth to Mago and teeth. From the teeth spewed a saliva begged her for forgiveness. He swore he that turned into venom. This was would not rest until mankind could because they had eaten another living recover its pure nature. From her he thing in order to stay alive. Soon they obtained the Three Heavenly Heirlooms, were able to see, but were no longer able and great knowledge. to hear the heavens. He then called together all the people of Their skin became coarse, their feet the earth, taught them agriculture, and heavy, and they were no longer pure. gave each clan leader a Heavenly They gave birth to many animal- Heirloom and then sent them off in resembling children and their lifespans different directions to people the earth. began to shrink. There eventually came a Cheong-gung went to the East, where he

16 established China. Baekso and his appearance and slowly began recovering people moved to the West and became their image. the people of Europe and the . Heukso moved to the South, into Haneul-nim - The Heavenly Emperor, the region that is now India and Ruler of Heaven and Earth. Southeast Asia. Contemporary adaptation "God"

Hwang-gung took three thousand Okhwang Sangje - the King of Heaven followers and they alone went to the (of Taoism) harsh North, to a place called Cheonsanju, meaning "land of the Dal(soon)-nim - The moon, sister of the heavenly mountain" where the land was sun. cold and dangerous. He had done this on purpose, because he wanted to be Hae(sik)-nim - The sun, sister of the purified once more. Upon arrival, moon. Hwang-gung signed an oath swearing that he would recover his purity. SeOhNyuh - A woman who was routinely harvesting mussels by the sea Hwang-gung ruled for a thousand years, but was accidentally swept away to the using the Heavenly Heirloom, which ocean and eventually to Japan on a granted him power over fire and the sun. magically moving rock. The people Hwang-gung eventually achieved his made her a queen. Before her transport, goal of self-purification. To his oldest she had a husband named YeonOrang, son Yuin he gave the Heavenly who would follow her later. Heirloom as a sign of his right to govern the kingdom, whereas to his two YeonOrang - Husband of SeOhNyuh. He younger sons he gave the responsibility too was swept away to Japan on a of governing over a province each. He magical rock. He met his wife there and then departed to the Heavenly Mountain the two lived happy lives. where he became a stone that could speak Yul-ryeo's message, constantly Aryong Jong - Korean goddess of reminding men of their path to rainfall. innocence. Cheonha Daejanggun - Village Guardian Yuin ruled for another thousand years. & General under Heaven, husband of Using the Heavenly Heirloom, he taught Jiha yeojanggun. He is represented as a his people how to tame fire and cook totem pole with a scary face, constructed food. He later left for the Heavenly in front of a village entrance. Mountain as well and gave the heirloom to his a son by the name of Han-in. Han- Jiha yeojanggun - Village Guardian & in was the last of the heavenly rulers, General under Earth, wife of Cheonha who used the power of the Heirloom to Daejanggun. She is represented as a bring abundant sunlight and good totem pole with also scary but more weather. Under the three thousand years feminine face, constructed in front of a of peaceful reign since Hwang-gung, the village entrance with her husband. She people eventually lost their animal-like protects the village with her husband.

16 Bulyeowoo - A fox that is more than 100 Sanshilyeong/Sanshin - The God of The years old, and can be disguised as a Mountains woman.

Yongwang - The benevolent Dragon Dokkaebi - spirits who keep clubs and King of the seas, but not necessarily a enjoy mischievous tricks. Most are dragon (usually an old human). believed to possess horns and magical powers. Hwanin - The Heavenly initiator a title of 7 rulers on earth. Lusitanian Pantheon Hwanung - The son of Heaven & Lusitanian mythology is the mythology dynasty of rulers in Greater Mongolia. of the , the Indo-European people of western Iberia, in the territory Ungnyeo - The Bear who became a comprising most of modern , woman & conceived Dangun with Extremadura and a small part of Hwanin. Salamanca. Lusitanian deities heavily influenced all of the religious practices Dangun - son of Hwanung - The first in western Iberia, namely also in Korean king of Gojoseon. . They mingled with Roman Seon-nyeo - Fairies deities after was conquered. GyuhnU & JigNyuh - They meet on July Because the borders shifted numerous the 7th at every year by lunar calendar, times and Lusitanians and Gallaecians and their weeping is raining on July the were often referred to as one people, it is 7th. relevant to note that some of the so- called Gallaecian or Lusitanian deities Juhseung Saja - "Emissaries of the had the same names. Juhseung (meaning 'Other/That World')." Angels of Death. They reap ARENCIA (ARENTIA, ARANTIA, souls and guide them through the dark ARENGIA) - Lusitanian warrior misty forests into the netherworld. There goddess, she represents the victory of is no heaven or hell, just a place where those who fight for her people. She is the dead go, named "JuhSeung," (means: Arencio's wife, and is represented by a That World) which is opposite of mare. YiSeung, or Earth. (means: This World) Chi Woo - A semi-legendary king who ARENCIO (ARENGIOTANGINAECO, defeated the Yellow Emperor in a ten- ARENTIO, ARENTIUS, ARANTIO) - year war. God of War and Lusitanian national. It represents the force. Together with his Pear Blossom - the Korean Cinderella wife the Goddess Arencia form the main divine pair of the Lusitanos. YokweKumiho - A many-tailed fox who can use powerful illusions and curses. QUANGEIO (QUANGEIUS, KUANIKIO) - Creator God, fertility, fields and protector of animals. It is the

16 third most important God of the national northern Lusitania. It is this deity who Lusitanian Pantheon commands and makes the laws.

TREBARUNA (TREBARUNIS, (NABICA, NAVIA, NABIAE, TREBARUNE, TRIBORUNIS, NAVIAE) - Most important goddess in TRIBORUNNI, TRIBARONA) - northern Lusitania. She is a fertilizing Warrior Goddess and Protector of Goddess of Nature, of renewal, of Heroes, is also the Protector of Property, waters, fountains and rivers, as well as Home and Families. It is the most of the woods. Married to the God important female deity of the Lusitanian Coronus. Pantheon, married to Brigade, is the lunar goddess and fate. It has several REVA (REAE, REUA, REA, REVE natures. AHARÁCUI) - It is a feminine manifestation of the god REVE. Your BANDABRIALEACUS female character is Reua, your male (BRIALEAKUS BAND, BRIELAICUI) character is Reue. She both personifies - Another manifestation of the Band the Mother Goddess of life and death as deity is the god of warrior education. she protects men and is the protector of worlds. BANDERAEICUS - It's another worship of the god . REVE (REUS, REVS, REUE, RAUUE, ) - It is the most important deity of BANDIOILENAICO - This is another the original Galaic-Lusitanian manifestation of the god Bandue in supranational pantheon. He personifies northern Lusitania. as the Great Masculine Spirit of Nature who protects men and worlds. BANDGA (BANDONGA) - It is an important deity in northern Lusitania. It ACTIUS- It is one of the lesser gods of is the feminine character of the deity, the Lusitania. protector of the tribe and the family, who ordains and makes the laws. ALBUCELAINCUS- It is a minor deity worshiped in the heart of deep Lusitania. BANDUA (BANDUE, BANDUJE) - This masculine character of God is the ARATIBRO (ARATIBRUS) - It is a protector of territories and localities. He minor god worshiped by the Lusitanians. is the one who orders and does to comply with the established traditional ATURRUS - God of the underworld, laws. worshiped in Lusitania.

BANDUEAETOBRIGUS - It's another BESENCLA- It is a minor deity nature of the Bandue God. worshiped in Lusitania.

BANDUS (BANDI, BAND, BAND, BRIGO (BRIGUS) - God of Creation. It BAND) - It is an important deity revered is a protective God and promoter of by the tribes of the Galaic federation in human civilization. It is the destroyer of chaos, darkness and hell, it is linked to

16 the creation of the cosmos. It is the production and progress; after growth, symbol of racial man's victory over wild development, death and resurrection. A nature. It represents order, stability and summoning service was also devoted to happiness. Christians adopted him as St. him, formerly through certain formulas, Michael who overcomes the dragon. It is deities were invoked to harm someone. the husband of Trebaruna. Equivalent to the Roman Proserpina. It has several natures. CORONO (CORO, CORONUS) - Horned God crowned in the ATTEDIA - Goddess of cattle and underground worlds, is linked to war and nature to whom sacrificial rites were death. Often represented by a horse. She performed. is the husband of Goddess Navia. Adored by the Calaicos. BROENEA (BROENEIAE, BROENEA) - Deity worshiped by COSSUE (COSUS, COSO, COSUE) - southern Celtic Lusitans. Warrior and martial god equivalent to the Roman Consus Martiano, worshiped CARIA - Goddess of Celtic Lusitans. by the Lusitans. ENDOVELICO (ENDOVELLICO, COSUNEA - Martial and warrior INDOVELLICUS) - Most important goddess, she is the wife of the God God in all southern Lusitania. Or at least Cosus. Deity of the tribe of the Fiduena. south of the Tagus River. He is the healing God who is connected with CUSUNENEAECUS miracles and faith, as well as medicine, (CUSUNENEOECUS) - God warrior health, earth, and nature, but He is also a venerated by the Calaicos. god of the underworld and protector of the afterlife. Hence they call it the ANDOVELICO - Celestial or solar Hidden. He is the god of wisdom and the evolutionary manifestation of the of the mountain. They call it The supreme healer God and the Endovelic Very Good. It was also adopted by heavens. It represents the good and is Christians as the archangel St. Gabriel related to the elements air and fire. patron of Portugal. It has different natures and manifestations. Often ATAEGIN (ATAECIN, ATTAEGIN, represented by a wild boar, other ATAEGINAE, ATTEGIN, ATACIN, manifestations suggest a dove. ATTAECIN, ADDAECIN, ADAEGIN, ADEGIN, ADECINE, ATEGIN) - Most ENOBOLICO (INDIBILIS) - Original important Goddess of southern and infernal black manifestation of the Lusitania, She is the Reborn. She is a endovelic lunar God, lord of the Triple Mother Goddess: of Nature, of underworld. It is related to the elements Healing and Infernal. As the Goddess of earth and water. fertility, she is the one who disappears in the underworld and is later reborn and HARACUI (HARACUO, AHARACUI, bears the fruits of the earth from which AHARACUO) - Deity worshiped by the life springs. Thus it follows the cycles of southern Celtic Lusitans. life and as patron of the fields stimulates

16 HARASE (HARASA) - Deity worshiped by the Lusitanian Celts. CROUGA (GROUGEA, GROUGEAI, CROUGAE, CROUGEA, CROUGIAI) - PANDITI - God of culture and wisdom God worshiped by some mountain tribes worshiped by the Lusitanos. of central Lusitania.

TOGAE (TOGA) - Deity worshiped ERBINA (ERBINE IAEDI) - Igaeditan locally by Celtic and Vetoes tribes of goddess worshiped in the countryside Lusitania. and countryside of Lusitania.

VASECO - Local deity venerated by ICCONA (ICCONALOIMINA, Celtic tribes of the Lusitanian EPONA) - Warrior and horse goddess, Confederation. much revered by the Lusitanian tribes who live in the western mountains. ELOHIM (ELOHI, ELEL, ELIEL) - The One and Supreme God of the Canons or IGAEDO (IGAEDUS, IAEDI) - God Royal People, of Ibero-Mediterranean worshiped by the Igaeditan Lusitans. race and of Phoenician-Semitic influence. LAEPO (LABBO, LAEPUS, LAEBO, LAHBO) - Deity worshiped by rural AELVA - Goddess venerated in the mountain tribes in Lusitania. mountainous regions by the tribes of Lusitania. LANEANA - Local Goddess worshiped in Lusitania. AETIO (AETIUS) - God worshiped inside Lusitania. LUCUBO (LUGUEI, LUGOVES) - Guardian god of cobblers and travelers, ALVA - Deity worshiped in some worshiped by many Lusitanian tribes. localities of Lusitania. LURU (LURUNI, LURUNIO) - God of AMPILVA - God of the woods the hells linked to the chthonic cults. worshiped in Lusitania. God of death who frees the living from his body, in the sense of guidance and ANA - The Great Universal Mother of seeking light through darkness and the Mediterranean and pre-Indu-German chaos, is also a God of travelers, paths, peoples, also worshiped by the peoples waters, hunting and merchants. As a of Lusitania. deity born of the earth is the symbol of immortality that defies the power of the BERECO (BERECC) - Local deity tutelary gods like Band and Brigade. worshiped by the tribe of Ocelenses. MUNIS (NIMIDIS, NIMMEDUS, CORUAE - Deity worshiped by the NUMIDI, MUNIDIS, MUNIDI, Lusitanian mountain tribes. NUMINI) - Agrarian goddess worshiped by local Lusitanian tribes. CRONISNESI (CRONIENSE) - A regional deity worshiped in Lusitania.

16 MUNITIE (MUNITIA, MUNICIA) - TREBOPALA - Goddess worshiped Lusitanian agrarian deity. locally by some tribe. It is the protector of the communities PAISICAICO (PAISICAICUS) - Local god worshiped by some Lusitanian TUERAEU (ARES TERAEU, tribes. TIRAECO FLAG) - Lusitanian God of the Paésuros. PEINTICIS - Local deity worshiped by Lusitanian tribes. URGO - God worshiped in Lusitania.

QUANGEIUS (QUANGEIO) - A minor VORUS (VORDUS, VORDIUS) - God deity of Lusitania. of thunder, thunderstorms and storms, and wholesome worshiped by the REGONI - Local God worshiped by Lusitans in rural areas. Lusitanian tribes. ASITRITA - Agrarian goddess of the REMETIBUS - Local deity worshiped locally worshiped Caluri Lusitan tribe in by Lusitanian tribes. the border region with Hispanic peoples.

RONCO (RONCOE, RONGO) - BARRAECA (REVABARAECUS, Divinity of the youth of northern ANABARAECO) - Deity worshiped by Lusitania. the Lusitanos.

SALAMA - Deity worshiped by the CANDAMIUS (CANDAMIO, Lancian mountain tribes of Lusitania. CANDAMO) - God of Celtic origin. Connected to the people of the SALAMATI - God worshiped in the mountains. eastern part (today in Spanish Extremadura) of Lusitania. YOUNG PEOPLE - Local God worshiped in the border Lusitania. SALQIU - Warrior God of death and the lower worlds revered by the Lusitanian EDOVIO - God worshiped in Hispanic peoples. Celtiberia.

SENIO - Local deity worshiped by LACIPAEA - Goddess venerated by Lusitanian tribes. Lusitanian tribes in eastern Lusitania SULAE - Deity worshiped by northern (today in Spanish Extremadura). Lusitans. MOELIO - Lusitanian God venerated in Spanish Extremadura. TABUDICO - Local deity worshiped by Lusitanian tribes. OIPAINGIA (OIPAINCIA, OIPAENGIA, DIPAINCIA, TENCOPALA - Deity worshiped by DIPAINCIAE) - Goddess of the Tapori some Lusitanian tribes. Lusitana tribe locally venerated by Hispanic tribes from the border region.

16 TOGA - Goddess of the Lancian Lusitanian tribe worshiped locally by BMERVASECUS - God revered by the Hispanic tribes. Calaicos.

TRITIAECIUS - God of the Lusitanian BORMANIA - Aquatic goddess of hot Caluri tribe, worshiped locally by springs and fountains, she is related to Hispanic people who live in the border the Bormanic god. region. BORMANICO (BORMO, ABIAFELAESURRAECUS - Divinity BORMANICUS) - Guardian God of the venerated by the Bracara Calaicos. thermal waters. It is linked to water, flood, catastrophe and death. The waters ABNE (ABNA) - Deity worshiped have the virtue of purification, rebirth locally by the Calaicos. and revelation. It is a deity of the primordial ocean. Worshiped near AEGIAMUNNIAEGUS - Deity Guimaraes. venerated by the Bracara Calaicos. BURI (BURICI) - Locally venerated AERNUS (AERNUS) - Powerful God of deity of Lusitanian homes. northern Lusitania. He is the God of Time and Storm and above all is the CABAR - Lusitanian local god Lord of the northern winds. worshiped by the Aristrocacia.

ALBOCO - God worshiped locally in CABUNIAEGENIS - Deity worshiped northern Lusitania by the Calaicos. by the Bracara Calaicos.

ALBUCELUS - God of Vaccei. CAEPUS - Deity worshiped locally by some northern Portuguese tribes. AMEIPICER - Deity worshiped by the Bracara Calaicos. CALAICIA - Goddess much worshiped locally in northern by the AMBIEICRI - Divinity worshiped Calaicas tribes. locally by the Calaicas tribes. CANDEBERO (CANDEBERONIO) - AMBIOREBI - Divinity worshiped Deity worshiped locally by the locally by the Calaicas tribes. Lusitanos.

ANTISCREUS - Deity worshiped by the CARIOCECO (CARIOCIECO, Lusitanos. CARIOCECUS) - Lusitanian god of war, hunting, animals, mysteries and the ARUS (ARO) - Lusitanian god of war future. Goats, horses, and prisoners were equivalent to the Roman Ares. often sacrificed to this God.

ASECO (ASSAECUS, ASEDDIAGUS, DEAR (CARUS, CARIO, CARIECO, KASSAECUS) - God worshiped locally CARIENSE) - Lusitano local warrior by Lusitanian tribes. god, equivalent to Roman Mars.

17 DURBEDIC (DURBEDICUS, CASAICO (KASSAECO) - God DURBEICUS) - God connected with worshiped locally by the Lusitanos. water cults. It is a deity of rivers, lakes and fountains, as well as of weather and CASTAECIS (CASTAECAE) - Local rain. deity associated with the Nymphs of northern Lusitania. DURI (DURIUS) - Water and river god worshiped by some tribes in northern CAULECES - Deity venerated by the Lusitania. Calaicos. IBIDONE - Deity worshiped locally by CERENAECIS - Deity worshiped by Portuguese tribes. some Lusitanian tribes. ISSIBAEO - Local deity worshiped by COHUE - Celtic God venerated in the Lusitanian tribes. north of the Calaica Confederation by tribes of Celtic origin. LAPITAE (LAPITA) - Local deities of the indigenous tribes of Calecia. COSUNEA - Goddess worshiped by the Calaicos. LARIBUS (DIS LARIBUS) - Goddess revered by the peoples of Calacia. CUSICELENSES - God revered by the Calaicos. LAROUCO (LAROUCUS, LARAUCUS, LARAUKO) - High CUSUNENEOECUS (CUSUS mountainous god worshiped in the north NEMEDECUS) - God revered by the by some of the Calaicos tribes. Calaicas tribes. LONGOBRIGU - God worshiped in DEBARONI - Deity worshiped locally northern Lusitania by the Calaicos. by some tribes of the Calaica Confederation. MACARIO (MACARIUS, MAGARIO) - God of nutrition and protector of DENSO - Deity worshiped locally by the nature. It is also linked to the cycles of Calaicos. the seasons, especially the summer. In Lusitanian mythology he is also a DERCETIUS (DISTERCIO) - Mountain naturalistic God of hunting, beauty and deity worshiped in Bracara by the fertility; it is an instinctive and jealous Calaicos. deity; Patron of weddings, young people and travelers. Equivalent to Apollo. DOMAECO - Divinity locally venerated by Calaicas tribes. MANIBUS (DIBUS MANIBUS) - Infernal God worshiped by the northern DOVANCIUS - Deity worshiped locally Calaicos. by Lusitanian tribes.

17 MARANDICO (MARANDICUS) - The TONGOENABIACO, TONGAE, highest mountainous god worshiped by TONGOENABIAGUS, TONGOE some tribes of Calaicos. NABIAGOI) - God of the Calaicos Brácaros, aquatic of the sources and MIROBIEO (MIROBIEUS, oaths that were made to him near the MIROBICO) - Deity worshiped by sources of his invocation. It is also a downtown Lusitanian tribes. fertilizing God.

NAOVICO (NAUVICO, NAVICO, TURIACO (TURIACUS, TURIAGO, NAWIKO) - Worshiped deity in the COSUS TURIACUS) - Very powerful north. god worshiped in northern Lusitania by the Tribe of the Calaicos Grovians. He is NENEOECUS (NEMEDECUS) - the God of Power, he is the Warlord and Divinity worshiped by the Calaicos. the King of his adoring People.

NETACI - Divinity worshiped by the TUROLICI - Divinity worshiped by the Calaicas tribes. Calaicas tribes.

OCAERE - Deity worshiped locally by VISUCEUS - Local deity venerated in Lusitanian tribes. Lusitania.

PARAMECO (PARAMO) - God ARACO (ARACUS, worshiped locally by the Calaicas tribes. AROCOARANIONICEUS, ARANTONICEO) - God worshiped in PICIO - Local God worshiped by the Cascais area of Lusitania. Lusitanian tribes. BANDIARBARIAICUS - Deity ROUDEAKUS - God worshiped in venerated in the region of Olisipo. northern Lusitania. MEAT (KARNEIOS, MEAT, MEAT) - SAUR - Deity worshiped in Calecia. God worshiped on the plains of Lusitania by peoples of Celtic origin. SENAICO - Local God venerated by Calaicas tribes. COARANIONICEUS - God of horses and wind, worshiped in Olisipo. TAMEOBRIGO (TAMEOBRIGUS) - Powerful God, protector of the sick and CONIUMBRICENSES - Deity companion of the deep. He is also venerated near Olisipo deorige Cónia. worshiped as a warrior god of war, ILURBEDA (ILURBEDAE) - Goddess hunting and forests of the Calaicos. worshiped locally by Celtic tribes of Lusitania. TELLUS (TELLO) - The earthly spirit of the ancient Galaic peoples. LOUCIRI - Locally worshiped deity in the center of Lusitania wetlands. TONGOENABIAGO (TONGE, TONG, TONGENABIAGO,

17 MANDICEO - God worshiped locally in Portuguese Strenna. CERNUNOS - Horned warrior god of the Celts and Lusitanian royalty, very MARATIS - God warrior worshiped by venerated in the eastern part of the the upper and aristrocratic classes, country. equivalent to Roman Mars. CYBELE (CIBELES, MATRI DEUM) - MERMANDICEO (MERMANDICUS) Mother Goddess of Eastern Origin - God venerated locally in the region of (Thrace) very revered by the young Sintra. people of Lusitanian cities.

OCRIMIRAE - Deity worshiped locally (DIVONA) - Goddess worshiped by Portuguese tribes. by early Lusitanian tribes.

RUNESOCESIO (RUNESUS, EBURA - Goddess of Celtic origin, RUNOCESIUS) - Warrior God of war represented by a yew. and mysteries revered by the Celts of southern Lusitania. EBURUS (EBURO) - Venerated Celtic God in southern Lusitania. AIRON - God of wells and fountains, worshiped in the Portuguese Lands. EPONA (EPANE) - Goddess of Celtic origin. ANA - Primitive agrarian goddess worshiped since ancient times in Iberia. EQUELUBOS - Divinity of foreign origin. AQUIAE - Aquatic deity venerated by Lusitanos of Latin origin. ERUDINO - God worshiped in the Portuguese Lands. BEL - God of Phoenician origin worshiped by Lusitanian merchant EVEDUTONIUS - God of Astur origin. classes, as Baal he represents the god of battles, fertility and fertility FONTANO (FONTANUS) - God linked to the hot springs. BERO - God of Iberian origin worshiped by some Portuguese tribes. FROVIDA - Goddess worshiped by some Lusitanos. BONCONCIO - God Hero and Warrior. Lord of the victories in the wars. The (JANAS, ANAH) - Lunar attributes of God are particularly goddess of the locally worshiped hunt. emphasized by his devotees. IBERUS - God of Iberian origin of the CAESARICIAECO - God venerated in Hispanic peoples. Lusitania. INNOMINATE God worshiped by some CARONTE - Celtic deity worshiped in Lusitans in northern Mesopotamia. the Portuguese Lands.

17 IOVEA (IOUEA, IOUEAI, IOVEAI, (SALFUS) - Aquatic and IOUEAS) - Superior deity worshiped by wholesome Goddess of Lusitanian the Lusitania Aristrocacia, equivalent to veneration the Roman Jupiterian Iovia. SEGIA - Goddess worshiped by the ISCALLIS - Goddess of Celtiberian Lusitania Aristrocacia, equivalent to the origin. Roman Seia.

ISIDI - Oriental Deity venerated by the SERAPIS (SERAPIDI) - Egyptian deity Lusitanos. very revered by the Lusitans of the cities. LANTARU - Venerated aquatic god in Iberia, equivalent to the Greco-Roman TABALIENO - God of Astur origin. Neptune. TANIRA - Goddess of beauty and the LIDA - Goddess linked to the seasons, arts, much revered among the especially spring. Lusitanians of the most favored classes.

LUGUS (LUG, LUGU, LUGGONI, LOUGEI, LUCOUBO) - God of pre- Malaysian Pantheon Celtic origin worshiped in Galicia by the Aftabul Ardi - A sea king. Father of tribes of the region. Muhtabul Bahri. In some references, called Aftabul Ardi. LUZELOS - Celtic blacksmith and agrarian god worshiped by some Ali - A king. He was said to have three Lusitanian populations. regiments of fighting animals - elephants, horses and lions. Sometimes MAGA (MÄGA, MACA, MACHA) - called Ali, Sheik Ali, Sheik Ali, Ali, Female deity, Goddess of nature. Vali, Vali, Boe, Bous, wali, Walia- Allah, Beav or Wali. MATRES - Mother Goddess of Oriental origin. Amir Hamza - A hero. Father of Badiu Zaman. He is said to have had many MITRAS (MITHRAS, MITRA) - wonderful adventures. Sometimes Eastern Deity very venerated by the referred to as Amir Hamza, Javanese Luso. Menak or Javanese Menak. NEMESIS - Eastern deity worshiped by Arisatun - Son of Alexander the Great the Lusitanos of the coast. (Iskandar) and Syarul Baria. Occasionally called Arisatun. NETO (NETON, NEDO, NIDA, NITA) - God warrior and avenger worshiped by adang - A ghost of the forest. Also the Celtic peoples of Lusitania. Revered referred to as . by the warrior classes. Often represented Badiu Zamar - Son of Amir Hamza. He by a wolf. accompanied his father on many of his

17 remarkable adventures. Called Badiu when they disappeared. Referred to as Zamar. Bukit Peraja.

Balam Bacham - The bridge leading Chaya Bulan - A princess. She was the from this world to Belet, the home of the owner of the magical bird Indera Bayu. dead. On occassion, known as Balam Called Chaya Bulan, Moonshade or Bacham. Moonshade. bela kampong - An animal ceremony to chinoi - The spirit said to possess a appease. The spirits and avert illness and halak. During a trance. Occasionally misfortune. In some accounts, known as called chinoi. bela kampong. Bidasari - An epic poem telling the story Chulan - A king of Siam. Father of of Mengindera. On occassion, referred to Onang Kiu. He was defeated by Sulana as Bidasari. who then married Onang Kiu. On occassion, identified as Chulan. Bilalang - A grasshopper featured in folk tales. Occasionally identified as Datu Jinn Hitam - A demon, king of the Bilalang, Pa Bilalang, Pa Bilalang, Pa black jinnees. In some accounts, Bilialang or Pa Bilialang. identified as Datu Jinn Hitam.

Bisan - The spirit of camphor. This Farasul Bahri - A sea-horse, said to be female spirit is envisaged in the form of the mount of Salana. In some lore, a cicada. On occassion, known as . occasionally identified as Farasul Bahri, Farasi Bahari, Farasi Bahari, bomor A medicine man. This type of hippocampus, Egyptian Sabgarifiya or sorcerer specialises in curing the sick by Greek Hippocampus. exorcising evil spirits. In some accounts, identified as bomor, bomoh, bomoh, Halak Ghimal A chinoi - This pawang or pawang. supernatural being sits on Mat Chinoi's back and supervises the contents of his Budiman - A king. Father of Lela Muda stomach. Also known as Halak Ghimal. and Naga Mas. He had a bird, Indera Bayu, as prime minister. Occasionally - A hero. He and some of his known as Budiman. friends are said to have repelled a fleet of pirates. He became a pupil of Adi Bujang Sembelih - A demon said to cut Putra. Occasionally identified as Hang the throats of human beings. In some Tuah. lore, occasionally called Bujang hantu - A ghost: a demon. These beings Sembelih. are said to capture humans and demand ransom. Also referred to as hantu. Bukit Kaca - A glass mountain reaching to the sky. Also known as Bukit Kaca. Hantu Air - A Malaysian sea-god. Also known as Hantu Air, Hantu Ayer or Bukit Peraja - The mountain to which Hantu Ayer. Khatib and the Bamboo Princess went

17 Hantu Belian - A tiger-demon. Identified Kesna - The Malay form of Krishna. In as Hantu Belian. some references, identified as Kesna. Hantu Kibor - A demon of graves. Lambong - The upper part of the pillar, Sometimes identified as Hantu Kibor. Batu. Herem. Sometimes referred to as Lambong, Batu Herem or Batu Herem. Hantu Puteri - The ghost of a young girl. Lebai Malang - Bad luck personified: a She is said to appear to young men and character for whom everything he does drive them mad. Occasionally identified goes. Wrong. Also known as Lebai as Hantu Puteri. Malang.

Hantu Ribit - A storm-demon. Lela Muda - A prince. Son of Budiman. Occasionally known as Hantu Ribit. Brother of Naga Mas. In some references, referred to as Lela Muda. Hantu Rinaba - A spirit of the deep forests. Sometimes known as Hantu Lida Bumi - A plant. It is said that, if Rinaba. one puts an ear close to this plant, one can hear the earth speaking, passing on Harimau Kramet - Ghostly tigers. Also knowledge. Sometimes referred to as called Harimau Kramet. Lida Bumi.

Hikayat Bayan - A book of legends and Mambang Kuning - An evil spirit of the fables. In some accounts, called Hikayat sunset. Also identified as Mambang Bayan. Kuning. Mampes - A psychopomp. This being Hikayat Hang Tuah - The story of the escorts the souls of the good dead across life and exploits of the hero Hang Tuah. the bridge Balan Bacham to Belet, the In some accounts, called Hikayat Hang home of the dead. Also known as Tuah. Mampes. Hikayat Pandawa Jaya - The Malay version of the Mahabharata. At times, Mbon - A wind-spirit. One of the known as Hikayat Pandawa Jaya. original nats created by Chinum Way Shun. Occasionally called Mbon. Jalang - Daughter of Yak Lepeh. Wife of Tak Pern. Some say that she was Tak Moyang Engko - Consort of Moyang Pern's sister. Also known as Jalang. Melur. Sometimes identified as Moyang Engko. Jewa-Jewa - A heavenly being who intercedes with god on behalf of Naga Mas - A sea-monster. Son of humans. Sometimes referred to as Jewa- Budiman. Brother of Lela Muda. In Jewa, Sanskrit Deva Deva or Sanskrit some accounts, referred to as Naga Mas. Deva Deva. Nila Utama - Son of Sapurba. He is said Kaidu - A king of India. Father of Syarul to have founded Singapore and took the Baria. Sometimes known as Kaidu, name Seri Turi when he became its first Kida, Kida, Indian Puru or Indian Puru. ruler. Known as Nila Utama.

17 Pa Pandir - A stupid character who make one invisible. Occasionally always does the wrong thing. Sometimes referred to as ruwakruwak. known as Pa Pandir. Sang Gala Raja Jin - The black king of Palan Bah - The home of the dead. Also the demons. Occasionally identified as known as Palan Bah, Island of Fruit or Sang Gala Raja Jin, Sangkara or Island of Fruit. Sangkara. pawang - A medicine man. These Selindung Dalima - Daughter of Dewa sorcerers act as mediums, prophets, Laksana and Seri Bunian. Also identified of weather, curers of sickness as Selindung Dalima. and are consulted before one embarks on any new project. Also commonly known Seri Turi - The name taken by Nila as pawang, bomor, bomor or bomoh. Utama when he became the first ruler of Singapore. Known as Seri Turi. Penyakit - An evil spirit known as 'the sickmaker'. In some references, known Si Jari - A midget who outwitted a as Penyakit. reksoso. Occasionally referred to as Si Jari, Finger Man or Finger Man. Ple - A deity, companion of Karei. Also identified as Ple. Si Raya - In Java, Malaya, etc., the spirit which controls the seas from lowwater. polecat - This animal is regarded as an Mark to the middle of the ocean. Also evil. Spirit. Occasionally known as commonly identified as Si Raya. polecat. sumangat - The soul which, it is said, Pusat Tasih - The undersea home of Raja wanders. Away from the body during Naga. In some references, known as illness. In some accounts, referred to as Pusat Tasih. sumangat, semangat, semangat, tanoana, tanoana, tondi or tondi. Puteri Sembaran - A giantess. She is reputed to be able to feed whole tribes sumangat negari - A guardian spirit of from her enormous breasts. Also the town. Sometimes identified as identified as Puteri Sembaran. sumangat negari.

Raja Angin - A wind-god. In some Syarul Baria - An Indian princess. references, called Raja Angin. Daughter of Kaidu. Wife of Iskandar. Raja Jinn - King of the fairies. In Mother of Arisatun. In some references, some lore, occasionally identified as identified as Syarul Baria. Raja Jinn Peri. Tak Pern - The supreme being. Husband Raja Naga - King of the sea-serpents. of Jalang. In some accounts, Jalang was Occasionally referred to as Raja Naga. his sister. Sometimes identified as Tak ruwakruwak - The heron. The nest of Pern. this bird is said to have the power to

17 Tnong - A sun-god in the Malacca shore leave. With traders came muskets, peninsula. This deity is envisaged as a with settlers came . With dragonfly. At times, known as Tnong. property came bloodshed and the need for agreement. toucan Buttons made from the bill of this bird are said to detect poison. By turning In 1840 at a place called Waitangi the black. Occasionally known as toucan. Māori chief Hone Heke became the first of 46 to sign the founding document of White Deity - A sun-god, god of the bi-cultural New Zealand. More than 500 noonday sun. In some lore, occasionally Māori leaders followed. The Maori view known as White Deity, Yellow Deity or of creation in which all nature was seen Yellow Deity. as a great kinship tracing its origins back to a single pair, the Sky Father and the Yak Lepeh - Mother of Yulang. Earth Mother, was a conception which Occasionally called Yak Lepeh. they brought with them when they came from Central Polynesia. Yellow Deity - A sun-god, god of the setting sun. On occassion, referred to as Ao - personification of light and the Yellow Deity, White Deity or White world of the living Deity. Ārohirohi - goddess of mirages Yinlugen Bud - A tree-spirit. Occasionally referred to as Yinlugen Auahitūroa - personification of comets, Bud. and the origin of fire

Haumia-tiketike (Haumi) - god of wild Maori Pantheon or uncultivated food In , long before the sea Hine-nui-te-pō - goddess of night and and land agreed on continents, Maui death, and ruler of the underworld fished up the North Island. Before the time of Christ the people of Maui visited Ika-Roa - the fish that gave birth to all the northern lands called Te Tai the stars in the Milky Way Tokerau. Around 950 AD the leader Kupe landed with some of his people Ikatere - fish god; father of all sea from the distant land of Hawaiki. In creatures 1642 Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sailed around New Zealand but the land did not Kiwa - divine guardian of the ocean feel European footsteps until127 years Kui - chthonic demigod later when British captain James Cook came ashore. Mahuika - fire goddess By the beginning of the 19th century Makeatutara - father of Māui and Northland’s bays were giving shelter to guardian of the underworld sealers and whaling boats from many nations and the Bay of Islands town of Maru - god of war Russell became infamous for its raucous

17 Tinirau - guardian of fish Māui - demigod and culture hero Tūmatauenga - god of war Papatūānuku (Papa) - primordial earth mother Tū-te-wehiwehi - father of all reptiles

Pūhaorangi - celestial god Uenuku - god of rainbows

Punga - ancestor of sharks, lizard, rays Whaitiri - personification of thunder and all things ugly Whiro - lord of darkness and Ranginui (Rangi) - primordial sky father embodiment of evil

Rehua - star god with the power of healing Mayan Pantheon The Mayans were south of the border Rohe - goddess of the spirit world and down Mexico way, reaching down as far wife of Māui as Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador. This amazing civilisation Rongo - god of cultivated food started with the Zapotecs and included the Olmecs and Mixtecs before ending Rongomai - the name of a number of with the Toltecs. Their city Teotihuacan, separate beings preceded Mayan culture and is full of mysteries from an earlier civilisation. It Ruaumoko - god of volcanoes, seems to have suffered fire at some earthquakes and seasons point, but parts of it were in use up to Aztec times. With its pyramid of the sun Tama-nui-te-rā - personification of the built over a chambered cave, this may sun even have been PACARI, 'The Place Of Emergence', where the Incan Gods hid Tāne - god of forests and birds during a terrible disaster. Tane-rore - personification of Teotihuacan was the size of Rome, and shimmering air the Mayans could have achieved status if it hadn't been for their Tangaroa - god of the sea aversion to getting their feathered costumes ruined by salt water. Plus all Tangotango - celestial goddess that messing about with sails and rigging Tāwhaki - supernatural being associated just to end up somewhere with lousy with thunder and lightning cold weather. From 250 to 900 A.D. life was all plain sailing without putting out Tāwhirimātea - god of weather, thunder, to sea. lightning, rain, wind and storms They didn't have horses so they didn't Te Uira - personification of lightning need carts. Instead they had a river and canal system for shifting heavy goods.

17 And shift they did, especially when it Acat - One of those referred to as a came to moving blocks for their stepped Becab, possibly the Becab of the East. buildings of clean-cut grandeur. Some of He has several diverse functions, among their cities have never been bettered, and which He is Lord of the art of Tattooing. after so many years of neglect much is He is regarded as a Life Spirit, and has still standing in Copan, Chichen-Itza, charge over the growth and proper Kabah, Palenque, Exmal, Tikal and development of fetuses. Mayapan. Ahau-Chamahez - An obscure Healer Mayan culture was amazing and their divinity, often called Lord of the Magic skills manifold. Especially in the artistic Tooth. department. They invented a very colourful style of picture-writing with Ahluic - A merchant's God, and ruler of glyphs, and made codex books the size wealth. He is a member of a Triad, with of screens. Unfortunately their books Chac and Hobnil. were unspeakably fragile and only four precious volumes have survived the Ahmucen-Cab - A creator divinity, one ravages of time for us to consult. Their who figures in several tales of earliest holy book was called the Popol-Vuh. times, albeit with some lack of clarity as This is nothing to do with the views of to His role. He is said to have descended the Pope, as when the inquisitorial from the skies, and scattered seeds and Spaniards arrived in 1511 to inflict boulders over the land which had newly treachery, unremitting torture and arisen out of the depths. This creation suffering, they were 611 years too late. was erased, however, by the Becabs, who started the work anew. The Mayan Empire had already dissipated and it was the poor old Aztecs Ahpuch - A God of Death, cthonic who got the full brunt of the aggravation. demon ruler of the Ninth Underworld The Maya are not utterly extinct, as Realm of Mitnal. descendents of the classical Mayan civilisation are still to be found in Ajbit - A creator divinity, one of a group isolated pockets, practising modernised of thirteen who attempted the creation of versions of the old beliefs. sentient creatures - from wooden models - after two previous attempts had met "A" - Lord of Death, and ruler of the with failure. realm of the dead. His dwelling place is in the uttermost West, a land of the Ajtzak - A creator divinity, involved in bones of His subjects. His attributes are the attempt to form sentient creatures a skull and an obsidian knife. from wood.

Acan - the Patron of drunkeness and Akna - A Goddess of motherhood and ruler of the the art of brewing Balche, a birthing, She is associated with the fermented honey concoction flavored Becabs. with Balche bark. Alom - A creator divinity, one who attempted to form sentient creatures at the beginning of days. His associates in

18 this were Bitol, Qaholom, and Tzacol. of the four: Cauac, Ik, Kan, and Mulac. At the time of the third creation, He Also associated with these four are other became Hunahpu-Guch. spirits as well: Acat, Akna, Backlum Chaam, Chin. Backlum Chaam - One of the Becabs, He is Lord of male sexuality, invariably Bitol - A creator divinity, one who displayed with the appropriate attribute. attempted to form sentient creatures at the beginning of days. His associates in B'alam - The Jaguar God, dweller in the this were Alom, Qaholom, and Tzacol. forest and Lordof the wild. He is mainly In the third creation, He was transformed described in Quiche sources. into Ixmacane.

The B'alams - A group of four entities Camalotz - Demon servitor of Alom, His who are the progenitors of humankind, name means "Sudden-Bloodletter". He in Quiche tradition. They were originally aided in the destruction of the Second Godlike in form and power, created by Creation, by beheading most of the Gucumatz, Huracan, and Tepeu from Tsabol-People who inhabited that world. stalks of maize to govern the four quadrants of the earth. Granted the Camazotz - Demon Bat-God inhabiting ability to see all things, no matter how the Mayan hell, Xibalba. A blood-feeder well hidden, they drew upon themselves (similar in some ways to the indigenous the jealousy of other divinities, who vampire bat), He clawed the head off of clouded their sight and reduced them to Hun Hunahpu, but was ultimately human level. They were : B'alam Agab defeated and cast out of creation. (Night Jaguar), B'alam Quitze (Smiling Jaguar), Iqi B'alam (Dark Jaguar), and Caprakan - Demon spirit of earthquakes, Mahucatah (Not Right Now). Child of Gucup Cakix and brother of Zipacna. He was defeated by Hunahpu The Becabs - A set of divinities, and Ixbalanque. normally regarded as being four in number. They are creator Gods, and Cauac - One of the principal Becabs, represent the successful attempt (after Cauac is regarded as the Upholder of the previous failures) to construct the world South. He represents the beginning of as we know it. They have many the year, and the first quarter of the 260- functions, but are primarily Lords of the day religious calendar cycle (the so- Winds, each seated at a corner of the called Tsolk'in). His color symbol is world and holding up the sky. They normally red, but some authorities say it appear as immense iguana-like entities. is blue, or even yellow.

They are intimately associated with a Chac - An important weather divinity, number of four-part divisions and Chac is Lord of the Rains, and is also symbolic orderings. Unfortunately, associated with wells, springs, and other Mayan society is diverse enough that water sources. By extension, He has there are major inconsistencies in the considerable authority over agriculture various accounts of these entities; these in general. He has oracular functions as will be noted in individual descriptions well, and is served in such matters by a

18 special temple functionary. He presides associations with travelers and journeys. over the Chacs, who may be considered He is often portrayed as an opponent as extensions of His power. He is also a (usually unsuccessful) of God "F". member of a Triad, alongside Ah-Kluic and Hobnil. For a sense of the context of "F" - A god of war, with some His importance, note that the Yucatan is associations in human sacrifice. He often a water-poor region: the soil does not occurs in tales of conflict (usually hold rain well, and rain patterns are often successful) against Ekchuah (God "M"). unpredictable to begin with. Gucumatz - The Quiche version of The Chacs - A group of four lesser Kukulcan. In Quiche tradition, He is one weather spirits, servitors of Chac, and of thirteen creator divinities who located at the four corners of the world. between them shaped the world. A They are thereby closely associated with shapeshifter, and master of many realms, the Becabs as well. He is primarily an agrarian deity, concerned with wind and rain. His Ch'en - Goddess of the Moon, and the essential shape is that of a feathered first female entity to experience serpent. intercourse. Gucup Cakix - An evil giant, who Chin - A death God associated with the pretended to be both the sun and the Becabs. moon, but was thrown down and Chirakan-Ixmucane - A creator Goddess, defeated by Hunahpu and Ixbalanque. formed out of partition of four earlier Astrologically, He corresponds to the creators. She is among the Thirteen seven primary Pleiades (and, in fact, His divinities who attempted a new creation. name means "Seven Macaw"). His Other tales speak of a Goddess with children areCaprakan and Zipacna. many of Her attributes, called Ixcuiname. Hacha'kyum - An astral divinity, He created the stars by scattering sand into Cit-Bolon-Tum - A healer divinity, the sky. whose image is that of a wild boar bearing nine tusks. Hapikern - An evil adversary-deity, He is a world-girdling serpent who is ever at Cotzbalam - Demon servitor of Alom, war with Nohochacyum, and is fated to His name means "Crunching Jaguar". He be slain by that God at the end of days. aided in the destruction of the Second Note a rather startling parallel to Creation, by devouring the bodies of the Jormungand and a culture the Maya Tsabol-People who inhabited that world. surely never had any contact with, the pre-Christian Scandinavians. "E" - An agricultural divinity, evidently Patron of maize and maize produce. Hobnil - An agricultural God associated with bountiful harvests, He is a member Ekchuah - Earlier known as "M". An of a Triad, alongside Ahluic and Chac. agricultural divinity, the Patron of cacao and cacao products. He also has

18 Hun-Cane - A cthonic demon lord of the Huracan - A creator deity, Huracan Mayan hell, Xibalba. He was defeated occurs around the Caribbean Basin alongside His partner, Vukabcame, by among many peoples. He is first and Hunahpu and Ixbalanque. foremost a storm God, a Lord of the whirlwind, and His power and the dread Hunab-Ku - The supreme deity in the of Him is felt most keenly in the Mayan pantheon. Invisible, emmanent, seasonal cyclones which still bear His and formless, He is the husband of name. He associated with Gucumatz and Ixazalvoh and the father of Itzamnaj. To Tepeu in the second and third creations, the extent that He has a definable building sentient creatiures from wood, essence, He is often referred to by the and then from maize. He is said to have style "Eyes and Ears of the Sun". given humans the gift of fire.

Hunahpu & Ixbalanque - Demi-god hero "I" - A Goddess whose name is likely to twins, born in miraculous fashion from be something like "Ixik", but this is not the saliva of the dead Hun Hunahpu. As certain. She is an early Goddess of adults they went on a number of water, springs, wells, and perhaps the adventures, defeating several sorts of sea. evil beings, Gucup Cakix and His children Caprakan, and Zipacna chief Ik' - One of the principal Becabs, Ik' is among them. Hunahpu is, among other regarded as the Upholder of the West. things, God of evening, at the He represents the last quarter of the 260- commencement of which He restores to day religious calendar cycle (the so- the sky those stars Zipacna has swept called Tsolk'in). His color symbol is away. black.

Hunahpu-Guch - The final name of Itzamnaj - A senior God, Patron of many Alom, used in the third and current functions and attributes. A creator and a creation. healer deity, He can bring the dead back to life. He is a fertility Lord, and among Hun Hunahpu & Vukubahpu - Demi-god His gifts to mankind are maize and hero twins, ensnared in Xibalba, the rubber. Perhaps His chief gift though, Mayan underworld hell. They were are the arts of drawing, carving, and tricked into playing a ball game there above all writing; thus, He is Lord of and, losing, forfeited their lives. scribes and priests. The son of Hunab- Camazotz hung Hun Hunahpu's head on Ku and consort of Ix-Chel, He is a Calabash tree, whereupon the tree normally pictured as a toothless and grew heavy with miraculous fruit. A gnarled but spry old man. young woman, Xquiq, approaching the tree, was enduced by the head to take Itzam-Ye - The Serpent Bird, or saliva from it, and thereafter bore Celestial Bird. The Way of Itzamnaj, and Hunahpu and Ixbalanque. an important divinity in its own right. It Hun-Nal-Ye - Earlier known as "GI". A was regarded as being seated at the top sea God who is clearly related to, or of the World Tree, able thereby to patron of, sharks. survey all of creation. A master of magick and sorcery, its image when

18 placed upon human structures marks Kan - One of the principal Becabs, Kan them as houses of sorcery, places where is regarded as the Upholder of the East. the vital spells were cast to organize and He represents the second quarter of the protect the World. 260-day religious calendar cycle (the so- called Tsolk'in). His color symbol is Ixazalvoh - Consort of Hunab-Ku (in normally yellow, but some authorities some versions of Kinich Ajaw), She is say it is red. inventor and Goddess of weaving, of female sexuality, and of childbirth. She K'awiil - Earlier known as "K". Patron of has healing functions, and She has royal lineage, Kingship, and the nobility. oracular powers. Kianto - A minor God whose theme is Ixchel - Earlier known as "O". Consort Unwelcome Influences; most notably of Itzamnaj, She is a healer Goddess, foreigners and disease. Keeper of medicines, and Patroness of childbirth. She is also a Patroness of the Kichigonai - In Quiche tradition, the weaving arts. Despite Her pleasant- creator of Day, and a God of light in sounding name (it means "Lady general. Rainbow"), She is normally pictured as a rather ominous-appearing gnarled old Kinich Ajaw - Earlier known as "G". woman, with a medusa-like hairdo and a Patron of the Numbers 4 and 14. Solar bone skirt. deity, the Face of the Sun. He is a healer and Patron of medicine. In some sources Ixcuiname - Goddess of the four ages of he is regarded as the consort of womankind, Her name means "Four Ixazalvoh. Sisters", or "Four Faces". Some tales connect Her with the four creator Kisin - An earthquake deity, brother of divinities Alom, Bitol, Qaholom, and Nohochacyum and the Yantho Triad; He Tzacol - in these relations She is called is associated closely with Usukun. Chirakan-Ixmucane. Kukulcan - He is the Yucatec Mayan Ixmacane - The final form of the creator version of a divinity found all over deity originally called Bitol. Central America; see Gucumatz for the Quiche version. Originally a Toltec God, Ixpiyacoc - A late form of Tzacol, a He is primarily a creator deity, and creator deity who, in the third creation, associated with several of the creation was split into two separate entities, works current in Mayan cosmology. He Ixpiyacoc being one of them. is probably best known today by His Nahuatl name, Quetzalcoatl. He has Ixtab - A death Goddess, ruler and many forms and functions; His most Patroness of those who die by hanging. typical form is that of the Feathered Serpent. Ix-Tub-Tun - A serpent deity who is said to spit precious stones, and is associated In the current creation, He seems to have in some fashion with rain. invented the calendar, and instituted the laws governing human conduct. His tale

18 varies from culture to culture, but in Qaholom - A creator divinity, one who essence, He is said to have journeyed to attempted to form sentient creatures at a land of the dead, there to steal bones the beginning of days. His associates in and revivify them to create the current this were Alom, Bitol, and Tzacol. race of men. Authorized to rule over mankind as a just earthly King, He falls Tepeu - A creator God, one who under evil spells and thereby breaks associated with Gucumatz and Huracan taboos. This requires him to leave the in several creations, building sentient world, and he journeys across the eastern creatiures from wood, and then from waters, vowing to return again some day. maize. As Kukulcan, His chief center of worship was in the city-state at the Tzacol - A creator deity. During the third modern town of Quirigua. creation, He became two separate deities, Himself and Ixpiyacoc. They "L" - A God asociated with darkness; then joined with Ajbit and Ajtzak to perhaps a divinity or Patron of evening fulfill that creation. or night. Uc-Zip - Cthonic herald of the Vision Manik - God of sacrifice, and Serpent in Xibalba. purificatory suffering. Voltan - A God of the earth, about which little else is known. Mulac - One of the principal Becabs, Mulac is regarded as the Upholder of the Vukub-Cakix - A giant with emerald North. He represents the third quarter of teeth who was fought and ultimately the 260-day religious calendar cycle (the defeated by Hun Hunahpu and so-called Nacon A war God, about Vukubahpu in one of a series of which little else is known. adventures those heroes experience. Vukub-Cakix also has strong solar and Nohochacyum - A creator-destroyer lunar associations. deity, His name means "Grandfather". He is a brother of the Yantho triad and Vukubcane - In Quiche tradition, a Kisin. The eternal opponent of the evil demonic lord in Xibalba, the Maya hell. world-serpent Hapikern, He will succeed at the end of days in wrapping Hapikern Xamaniqinqu - A directional deity, Lord around Himself and smothering it, not of the North. He is a brother of incidently snuffing out earthly life in the Nohochacyum, and therefore also of process. Yantho, Usukun, and Uyitzin.

Pawahtuun - Also known as "N". Patron Xecotcovach - Demon-bird servitor of of the Numbers 5 and 15. A calendar Alom, His name means "Face-Gouger". deity associated with the end of the year. He aided in the destruction of the He stands at the four corners of the sky, Second Creation, by rending the eyes of upholding both it and the world. He is the Tsabol-People who inhabited that also known to be a Patron of scribes. world. Xquiq - The woman who, accepting spittle from the severed head of Hun

18 Hunahpu, became thereby the mother of Mesopotamian religion refers to the Hunahpu and Ixbalanque. Thus, She is a religious beliefs and practices followed fertility and motherhood divinity. by the Sumerian and Akkadian (Assyrian/Babylonian) peoples living in Xumucane - A creator deity, the maker Mesopotamia (around the area of of the broth which instilled life in the modern Iraq) that dominated the region maize models constructed for the third for a period of 4200 years from the creation. fourth millennium to approximately the 3rd century AD. Christianity began to Yantho, Usukun, & Uyitzin - A triad of take root among the Mesopotamians in fraternal deities, associated in several the 1st Century AD, and over the next ways with another brother, 300 years the native religion largely died Nohochacyum. The words Yantho, out. Usukun, and Uyitzin mean "Good", "Bad", and "Indifferent". However, it is known that the god Ashur was still worshipped in Assyria as late as Yum Caax - An agricultural God, the 4th Century AD and it is rumoured specifically a Patron both of maize and that Ashurism was still practiced by tiny of cacao. minorities in northern Assyria (around Yum Camil - A demon ruler in Xibalba, Harran) until the 17th Century AD. the Maya hell. Commonly thought of as a form of paganism, Mesopotamian religion was The Yumbalamob - Any of a class of polytheistic, worshipping over two protector spirits. In colonial times, they thousand different deities, many of were regarded as spirits tasked which were associated with a specific specifically with being the protectors city or state within Mesopotamia such as and guides of Christians. Sumer, Akkad, Assyria, Assur, Nineveh, Ur, Uruk, Mari and Babylon. Yumchakob - An elderly, white-haired male, dwelling in the heavens and The peoples of Mesopotamia originally responsible for rain. He is nearly always consisted of two peoples, the Semitic pictured smoking a cigar. Some Akkadians (later to be known as conflation with Kukulcan seems to have Assyrians and Babylonians) and the occured, since there are a number of Sumerians. These peoples were not close parallels between the two in both originally one united nation, but image and story. members of various different city-states. In the fourth millennium BC, when the Zipacna - God of the dawn. Every first evidence for what is recognisably morning, He attempts to destroy the Mesopotamian religion can be seen with stars, and succeeds in sweeping away the invention in Mesopotamia of writing several hundred. circa 3500 BC, the Sumerians appeared, although it is not known if they migrated into the area in pre historic times or Mesopotamian and whether they were some of the original inhabitants. Sumerian Pantheon

18 They settled in southern Mesopotamia, appeared to have been living for many which became known as Sumer, and had centuries. a great influence over the Semitic Akkadian peoples and their culture. The Assyria became a major power from the Sumerians were incredibly advanced, as 14th Century BC after throwing off the well as inventing Writing, they also influence of the Hittites and Mitanni, invented Mathematics, Wheeled and the Neo Assyrian Empire was Vehicles, Astronomy, Astrology, The probably the most dominant power on Calendar and created the first City earth between the 10th Century BC and States/Nations such as Uruk,Ur, Lagash, the 7th Century BC, with an empire Isin, Umma and Larsa. stretching from Cyprus in the west to central Iran in the east, and from the In the north, in an area known as Akkad, Caucasus mountains in the north to a civilisation known as the Akkadians Nubia and Arabia in the south, arose, who spoke a semitic language that facilitating the spread of Mesopotamian was distinct from that of the Sumerians culture and religion far and wide under who spoke a language isolate. emperors such as Ashurbanipal, Tukulti- Gradually there was increasing Ninurta, Tiglath-Pileser, Sargon II, syncreticism between the Sumerian and Sennacherib and Esarhaddon. Akkadian cultures and deities, with the Akkadians typically preferring to The empire fell in 608 BC with the death worship fewer deities, but elevating of Ashur-uballit II after a period of them to greater positions of power. internal strife followed by an attack by a coalition of Babylonians, Medes, In circa 2300 BC the Akkadian king , Persians and Cimmeriansled Sargon the Great conquered all of by Nabopolassar of Babylon. During the Mesopotamia, uniting the Akkadian and Neo Assyrian Empire Aramaic became Sumerians in the worlds first empire, the lingua franca of the empire, and also though this Akkadian empire collapsed Mesopotamia proper. The last written after two centuries. records in Akkadian were Astrological Texts dating from 78 AD discovered in The empire broke up into two Akkadian Assyria. states, Assyria in the north, and Babylon in the south. Some time after this the In the 539 BC Mesopotamia was Sumerians disappeared, becoming invaded by the Persian empire, then wholly absorbed into the Assyrio- ruled by Cyrus the Great. This brought Babylonian population. In around 1800 to an end over 3000 years of BC, the king of Babylon, King Mesopotamian dominance of the near Hammurabi, conquered much of east. The Persians maintained and did Mesopotamia, but this Babylonian not interfere in the native culture and empire collapsed a century later due to religion and Assyria and Babylon attacks from mountain-dwelling people continued to exist as entities, and known as the Kassites from Asia Minor. Assyria was strong enough to launch a Also around this time, a leader named major rebellion against Persia in 482 Abraham led his people, the Hebrews, BC. Then, two centuries later in 330 BC out of Mesopotamia where they the Greek emperor Alexander the Great

18 overthrew the Persians and took control Anshur - head of the Assyrian pantheon, of Mesopotamia itself, bringing Hellenic regarded as the equivalent of Enlil influence to the region with the Seleucid Empire. Anu or An - god of heaven and the sky, lord of constellations, and father of the Assyria and Babylonia later came under gods Parthian, Roman and Sassanid Persian rule. Over the next few centuries Enki or Ea - god of the freshwater , Mesopotamia saw an inpower of Arabs, crafts, water, intelligence, mischief and Kurds and later Turkic peoples, and creation people retaining native ethnicity, culture, customs and language gradually became Enlil - god of the wind and divine ruler a minority. This process was completed of the Earth and its human inhabitants by the massacres of native Mesopotamians by Tamurlane in the Ereshkigal - goddess of Irkalla, the 14th Century. Underworld

Mesopotamian religion was polytheistic, Inanna or Ishtar - goddess of fertility, thereby accepting the existence of many love, sex and war different deities, both male and female, Marduk - patron deity of Babylon who though it was also henotheistic, with eventually became regarded as the head certain gods being viewed as superior to of the Babylonian pantheon others by their specific devotees. These devotees were often from a particular Nabu - god of wisdom and writing city or city-state that held that deity as its patron deity, for instance the god Enki Nanshe - goddess of social justice, was often associated with the city of prophecy, fertility and fishing Eridu, and the god Marduk was associated with Babylon. Nergal - god of plague, war, and the sun in its destructive capacity; later husband The Mesopotamian gods bore many of Ereshkigal similarities with humans, and were anthropomorphic, thereby having - earth and mother goddess; humanoid form. Similarly, they often also known as Mami, Belet-Ili, Ki, acted like humans, requiring food and Ninmah, Nintu and Aruru drink, as well as drinking alcohol and subsequently suffering the effects of - goddess of the air; consort of drunkenness. In many cases, the various Enlil deities were family relations of one another, a trait found in many other Ninurta - champion of the gods, the polytheistic religions. epitome of youthful vigour, and god of agriculture Adad or Ishkur - god of storms, Shamash or Utu - god of the sun, arbiter venerated as a supreme power especially of justice and patron of travellers in Syria and Lebanon Sin or - god of the moon

18 Emesh - god of vegetation, created to Tammuz or Dumuzi - god of food and take responsibility on earth for woods, vegetation fields, sheep folds, and stables

Lesser deitiesAbu - a minor god of - god of rivers, canals, plants irrigation and farming

Ama-arhus - Akkadian fertility goddess; Endursaga - a herald god later merged into Ninhursag - god of farming, canals and Amasagnul - Akkadian fertility goddess ditches

Amathaunta - goddess of the ocean Enmesarra - an underworld god of the law, equated with Nergal - god of the Amorite people Ennugi - attendant and throne-bearer of An - a goddess, possibly the female Enlil principle of Anu Enshag - a minor deity born to relieve Asaruludu or Namshub - a protective the illness of Enki deity Enten - god of vegetation, created to take - goddess of grain responsibility on earth for the fertility of ewes, goats, cows, donkeys, birds - a mother goddess and consort of Shamash Erra - Akkadian god of mayhem and pestilence Azimua - a minor Sumerian goddess Gaga - a minor deity featured in the Bau - dog-headed patron goddess of Enûma Eliš Lagash Gatumdag - a fertility goddess and Belet-Seri - recorder of the dead entering tutelary mother goddess of Lagash the underworld Geshtu-E - minor god of intelligence Birdu - an underworld god; consort of Manungal and later syncretized with Gibil or Gerra - god of fire Nergal Gugalanna - the Great Bull of Heaven, Damgalnuna - mother of Marduk the constellation Taurus and the first husband of Ereshkigal Damu - god of vegetation and rebirth; possibly a local offshoot of Dumuzi Gunara - a minor god of uncertain status

Druaga - an underworld god Hahanu - a minor god of uncertain status

18 Hani - an attendant of the storm god Adad Manungal - an underworld goddess; consort of Birdu Hayasum - a minor god of uncertain status Mammetun - Sumerian goddess of fate

Hegir-Nuna - a daughter of the goddess Mandanu -god of divine judgment Bau Muati - obscure Sumerian god who Hendursaga - god of law became syncretized with Nabu

Ilabrat - attendant and minister of state Mushdamma - god of buildings and to Anu foundations

Ishum - brother of Shamash and Nammu - a creation goddess attendant of Erra - goddess personifying Isimud - two-faced messenger of Enki voluptuousness and sensuality Ištaran - god of the city of Der (Sumer) Nazi - a minor deity born to relieve the illness of Enki Kabta - god of pickaxes and the shaping of bricks Negun - a minor goddess of uncertain status Kakka - attendant and minister of state to both Anu and Anshar Neti - a minor underworld god; the chief gatekeeper of the netherworld and the Kingu - consort of Tiamat; killed by servant of Ereshkigal Marduk, who used his blood to create mankind Ngeshtin-ana - goddess of wine and cold seasons Kubaba - tutelary goddess of the city of Nibhaz - god of the Avim Nidaba - goddess of writing, learning Kus (god) - god of herdsmen and the harvest

Lahar - god of cattle Namtar - minister of Ereshkigal

Lugal-Irra - possibly a minor variation of Nin-Ildu - god of carpenters Erra Nin-imma - goddess of the female sex Lulal - the younger son of Inanna; patron organs god of Bad-tibira Ninazu - god of the underworld and - goat-headed goddess of healing destiny, who decreed the fate of the new- borns

19 Nindub - god associated with the city Nu Mus Da - patron god of the lost city Lagash of Kazallu

Ninegal - god of smiths Nunbarsegunu - goddess of barley

Ningal - goddess of reeds and consort of Nusku - god of light and fire Nanna (Sin) - tutelary god of the city of Isin Ningikuga - goddess of reeds and marshes Pap-nigin-gara - Akkadian and Babylonian god of war, syncretized with Ningilin - obscure god of uncertain Ninurta status Papsukkal - Akkadian messenger god Ningirama - god of magic and protector against snakes - mother goddess and consort of Marduk Ningishzida - god of the underworld Ninkarnunna - god of barbers The Sebitti - a group of minor war gods Shakka - patron god of herdsmen - goddess of beer Shala - goddess of war and grain Ninkurra - minor mother goddess Shara - minor god of war and a son of Ninmena - Sumerian mother goddess Inanna who became syncretized with Ninhursag Sharra Itu - Sumerian fertility goddess - goddess of plants Shu-pa-e - astral and fertility god - Queen of the East, associated with the planet Jupiter messenger goddess and second-in- Shul-utula - personal deity to Entemena, command to Inanna king of the city of Eninnu

Ninsun - "Lady Wild Cow"; mother of Shullat - minor god and attendant of Gilgamesh Shamash

Ninsutu - a minor deity born to relieve Shulmanu - god of the underworld, the illness of Enki fertility and war

Nintinugga - Babylonian goddess of Shulsaga - astral goddess healing Sirara - goddess of the Persian Gulf Nintulla - a minor deity born to relieve the illness of Enki - goddess of beer

Sirsir - god of mariners and boatmen

19 Mongolia. Occasionally identified as Sirtir - goddess of sheep Bogdo Lama.

Sumugan - god of the river plains Bukchunh - One of the burkhan. In some accounts, called Bukchunh. Tashmetum - consort of Nabu Buninka - A demon. Occasionally Tishpak - tutelary god of the city of known as Buninka. Eshnunna Dzajaga - A sky god. Sometimes known Tutu - tutelary god of the city of as Dzajaga, Dzajan, Dzajan, Dzajaga- Borsippa Tengri or Dzajaga-Tengri.

Ua-Ildak - goddess responsible for Echihe - One of the burkhan. Also pastures and poplar trees commonly known as Echihe.

Ukur - a god of the underworld Edji - The first woman. Consort of Torongi. In some references, referred to - goddess of weaving and clothing as Edji.

Wer - a storm god linked to Adad Gala-wan-tengeri - A Buriat fire-god. A Zaqar - messenger of Sin who relays god of lightning. Also referred to as communication through dreams and Gala-wan-tengeri, Gali-edzin, Gali-edzin nightmares or Galai-khan.

Galai-khan A - fire-god. In some lore, Mongolian Pantheon occasionally known as Galai-khan, Gala- wan-tengeri, Gala-wan-tengeri, Gali- Anakhai - A spirit of the dead, said to edzin, Buriat Gali-edzin or Buriat Gali- haunt its former home. Referred to as edzin. Anakhai. Asan-sagan-Tengeri - A thunder-god. Gali-edzin - A Buriat fire-god. Also Sometimes referred to as Asan-sagan- identified as Gali-edzin, Gala-wan- Tengeri. tengeri, Gala-wan-tengeri or Galai-khan. Ba Ja - A general who became an Galzuut - One of the 11 sons of Khori official in the heavenly bureaucracy. On Tumed and a swan-maiden. In some occassion, referred to as Ba Ja. accounts, identified as Galzuut. Black - An aspect of Tengu as a Ganki - One of the burkhan. In some malevolent. Bringer of disease. Also lore, occasionally referred to as Ganki. commonly referred to as Black Tengu, Eastern Tengu or Eastern Tengu. Hutukhtu - The Mongol version of Tulku. At times, referred to as Hutukhtu, Bogdo Lama - The third senior Buddhist Khobilkhan or Khobilkhan. monk, leader of the movement in

19 Itugen - Earth-goddess and fertility- Punegusse - A man-eating demon. This goddess. Sometimes referred to as demon was killed by the hero Itje. It is Itugen. said that mosquitoes were created from Karaty-khan - A hero who killed the the demon's corpse. In some lore, man-eating demon, Punegusse. Also occasionally referred to as Punegusse, commonly referred to as Karaty-khan, Karaty-khan, Karaty-khan or Itje. Itje, Itje, Karaty-Khan, Punegusse or Punegusse. Sarki - One of the burkhan. In some lore, occasionally identified as Sarki. kere - The . Also known as kere, Chinese ch'i-lin, Chinese ch'i-lin, kirin, Toli - A metal mirror used by a shaman unicorn, Japanese kirin, Japanese kirin, in divination. In some lore, occasionally ch'i-lin, Tibetan serou or Tibetan serou. identified as Toli.

Khalbin - One of the 11 sons of Khori Torongoi - The first man. Consort of Tumed and a swan-maiden. Also known Edji. Known as Torongoi. as Khalbin. tuk - The sacred standard of the khan. Khovduud - One of the 11 sons of Khori This emblem was made from nine yak Tumed and a swan-maiden. tails. In some lore, occasionally called Occasionally identified as Khovduud. tuk.

Kirinh - One of the burkhan. Also Ukulan-Tojon - A Yakut water-spirit. At referred to as Kirinh. times, called Ukulan-Tojon.

Margye Pongi - A mountain. It was to Umai - A mother-goddess. Occasionally this mountain that, at the end of his identified as Umai. mission on earth, Gesar Khan returned to be purified. At times, known as Margye White Tengri - A benevolent aspect of Pongi. Tengri. In some accounts, known as White Tengri, Western Tengri or Morgan-kara - The first shaman. He was Western Tengri. reputed to have the power of raising the Yal-un eke - A female fire-spirit. dead. In some accounts, identified as Occasionally called Yal-un eke. Morgan-kara. Odqan - A male fire-spirit. Also Native American Pantheon commonly known as Odqan. In ancient times North America was inhabited by a vast number of Indian Okin Trigri - Sister of Begze Sunen. tribes. In the limited space available it Called Okin Trigri. would be difficult to describe them all, much less discuss the differences Otygen - An earth-goddess. In some between the deities worshipped by each references, identified as Otygen. tribe. The mythologies of North America are as varied and numerous as the

19 different Indian nations that inhabited The Indian world was inhabited not only the land. by men but by an unseen magical force which abides in every aspect of nature From the Iroquois who inhabited the — stones, plants, animals, even lush woodlands of what is now the themselves. Often, this magical force Northeast United States to the Apache took the form of spirits which were who lived in the deserts of northern associated with certain animals or plants. Mexico, the people of each tribe had Therefore, most Indian deities are their own peculiar interpretation of the associated with some form of nature, supernatural world and their place in it. such as an animal, a manlike being or Any attempt to incorporate all of the even a natural force such as a season or deities worshipped by these various an aspect of weather. tribes as part of a single pantheon is destined to be full of unexplained gaps In many tribes, children were named in and conflicting detail. honour of a particular spirit, in the belief or hope that the spirit would return the No matter where they made their homes honour by becoming the child’s the Indians of North America lived close supernatural guardian. to nature — probably closer than any other civilization (or more accurately The Indian view of the supernatural was group of civilizations) in any other part not confined to their own world. Most of the world during any period in tribes believed in an Upper World, history. Many tribes lived in temporary where the greatest spirits abided — or portable housing such as wigwams or including those that had preceded the teepees, and spent their lives following creation of the physical world. There the game herds upon which their was also a Lower World, where (in existence depended. many cases) the essence of the dead spent eternity. Other tribes lived in more permanent hogans and adobe houses, feeding In some cases, it was believed that the themselves through crude farming and Upper World contained the images by gathering nature’s bounty. No matter which descended to the physical world how they provided for their needs, the to become men, and in other instances, Indians lived at nature’s mercy. The the Indians believed that the first men game herds might roam away and crawled out of deep caves leading to the hunting would become difficult, or Lower World. Whether they believed locusts might come and destroy an entire men had come from above, below, or crop of maize. had simply existed for all time, many Indians believed in a powerful deity It should not be surprising that in trying called anything from the Great Spirit to to understand the mysterious forces that Father the Sky, the Master of Life, the meant feast or famine for them, the Great Mystery, or Wakonda. The Great Indians concluded that nature was full of Spirit is foremost among the spirits, and unseen spirits that sometimes chose to is associated with great power and aid and sometimes to ravage their lives. beneficence.

19 The Great Spirit is believed to reside in in the Navajo creation myth in human- the Upper World, which is normally like form. unreachable by mortal men. Therefore, birds and other winged creatures are Breath of Wind - (Iroquois) The often used as intermediaries to this daughter of Atahensic, and the mother of realm. Similarly, snakes and crawling Ioskeha and Tawiscara. things are often used as messengers to the Lower World, which is likewise Ca-the-ña - (Mohave) Goddess of love unreachable except through death. (the "Mohave Venus"). She presides over fertility in humans and animals. The Indians share no commonly-held belief regarding the creation of the Chakwaina Okya - (Zuni) Goddess of world, and many tribes simply view the childbirth. world as having always existed. However, among the tribes that do have Coyote or Old Man - Also called creation myths, the world is largely Inktomi by some tribes. The "trickster" assumed to have been drawn from who assists in one aspect or other of beneath the water by some powerful some American Indian creation myths. spirit — though this spirit is not always thought to be the Great Spirit. Deities Dagwanoenyent - (Seneca) from the Indian pantheon are most Personification of a whirlwind. commonly found in the Upper World and Lower World. Deohako - (Seneca) Collective name of the three daughters of the Earth Mother. Aakuluujjusi - The great creator mother They are the guardians and spirits of among the Inuit people. corn, beans, and squash.

Ahsonnutli - (Navajo) Chief god. Djigonasee - A heroine of the Ontario Hurons, Djigonasee was the mother of Angpetu Wi - (Dakota) The sun god. the peacebringer Degganiwada, founder of the Iroquois League (Six Nations): Asgaya Gigagei - (Cherokee) God of Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, thunder. Mohawk, and Tuscarora. Like many Asintmah - The first woman according mothers of heroes, Djigonasee was a to the Athabascans, who was responsible virgin when her son was born. A herald for the birth of animal life on earth. from beyond this world announced the birth. Atahensic - (Iroquois) The sky goddess who fell to the earth at the beginning of Dzalarhons - (Haida) The volcano creation. goddess of the Haida tribe. Awonawilona - (Pueblo/Zuni) Chief deity. Ee-loolth - (Duwamish) A mountain goddess. Bikeh Hozho - (Navajo) The personification of speech, who appears Eithinoha - (Iroquois) The earth; her name means "our mother".

19 together. Mists that rise from spruce Esceheman - (Arapaho) Grandmother forests are said to be her tears as she earth goddess. mourns for him.

Eschetewuarha - (Chamacoco) She is the Geezhigo-Quae - (Ojibwa) She was the Great Spirit's wife and the mother of the sky mother, a manitou (great spirit) who rain. dwelt in the heavens and watched over her people from there. She was the Estsanatlehi - (Navaho) The sky creator of humanity; she created the goddess, wife of the sun. The twin sister earth by descending into the primal soup of Yolkai Estsan, wife of the moon. The to find land under the waves and "woman who recreates herself". The fashioning it into the hills and valleys most respected Navajo deity. She is the and the mountain ranges of the earth. mother of the twins Monster Slayer and Born for Water, who rid the earth of Gendenwitha - (Iroquois) The morning monsters. The first humans are said to star (means "she who brings the day"). have been created from skin rubbed from Her story tells of the time when the great her body. hunter Sosondowah was stalking a supernatural elk. The hunt brought him Evaki - The goddess of night and day. to the heavens, where the goddess Dawn She had a pot with a lid; when she trapped him as her doorkeeper. But he closed the lid the sun was left outside did not remain faithful to his duties; (night), when she took the lid off the pot, down on earth he saw Gendenwitha (a the sun could be seen (day). mortal woman) and daily left his duties to court her. Ewauna - (Coquille) Creator goddess. While Dawn was busy coloring the sky, Gaoh - (Iroquois) Master of the winds. the hunter was singing to his beloved: in spring as a bluebird; in summer, as a Gawaunduk - (Ojibwa) She was a young blackbird; in autumn, as a hawk. And it woman given in marriage to a respected was as a hawk that he tried to carry elder of the tribe, who was more than Gendenwitha to heaven with him. But three times her age. She went obediently, the jealous Dawn turned the woman into if unhappily, feeling her life would be a star and set Gendenwitha just above less satisfying than if she had found a Dawn's door, where she shines today as love-mate her own age. As the years the morning star. passed and she had many children by the old man, her heart softened towards him. Genetaska - (Iroquois) She was a human woman so wise that squabbles among When he grew sick at age 85, her people were brought to her for Gawaunduk cared for him tenderly and settlement. Genetaska was always nursed him back to health. He recovered impartial and fair, but one day she fell in and lived another 15 years. Then, at 100 love with a defendant and then married years old, he died quietly in his sleep. him. This ruined her reputation for She grieved so at his grave that she died impartiality and her "office" of mediator of that grief and they were buried was abolished.

19 the river divided and began to argue Gitche - Manitou The Great Spirit, the furiously about which way to go. During All-Father. the argument, the chief and her dog were accidentally thrown into the water and Glispa - (Navajo) She learned the drowned. But almost immediately they healing chant (Hozoni) and its rituals were reborn, she as a huge sturgeon, the from her lover, a leader of the snake puppy as a little whitefish. When the people of the lower world. Back on people tried to comment on this miracle, earth, she tried to teach the song of they found they could no longer beauty to her brother, but he was not as understand each other. Because of the fast a learner as she and had trouble conflict over possession of a puppy, the remembering the elaborately beautiful many human languages were born. song. By the use of magic she finally taught him; when she returned to the Gunnodoyak - (Iroquois) A young lower world, the Navajo were left with hunter (mortal) who was adopted by the gift of healing. Hino and brought up to heaven.

Gluskap - (Algonquin) The creator force. Gyhldeptis - (Tlingit/Haida) The Tlingit Also Glooscap. and Haida tribes of Alaska considered her a kindly forest goddess. Godasiyo - (Tuscarora) It is said that at the beginning of time, all the people Hahgwehdiyu - (Iroquois) God of spoke the same language. The heroine goodness. Godasiyo was a chief in the biggest village. One day, Godasiyo's favorite Hamedicu - (Huron) The High God. dog gave birth to seven puppies, the last- born of which was the cutest puppy you Hanghepi Wi - (Dakota) Moon god. have ever seen. This magical puppy was so cute that Godasiyo's people grew Hastsehogan - (Navajo) God of racing. envious. They began to argue violently for possession of the dog. Hastseoltoi - (Navajo) Goddess of hunting. Wife of the war god. Godasiyo invented canoes and ordered those of her people who were still Hastsezini - (Navajo) God of fire. friendly into them. She wanted them to Heng - (Huron) The spirit of thunder. travel to a new place, where they could establish a new village and live in peace Hino (Hinu, Heno) - (Iroquois) The sky with the adorable puppy. But even as god and the spirit of thunder. He killed they pepared to embark arguments began the water serpent who lived in the Great about which canoe the chief and her Lakes. puppy should ride in. Godasiyo then Hisakitaimisi - (Creek) "Controller of invented an outrigger, so she could ride Life". between the canoes. Hotoru - (Pawnee) Wind god. But even this was not good enough. The migrating people reached a place where

19 Iatiku and Nautsiti - (Acoma) The sisters The next morning the people would who created man. awake to find the corn almost full grown and Kokopeli gone, and many of the Iemaparu - (Pueblo) Corn Mother. young women of the village pregnant. One legend has it that he is responsible Igaehinvdo - (Cherokee) The sun for the end of winter and the coming of goddess. Sister of Elihino (the earth) and spring. When, the story goes, Kokopelli Sehu (corn goddess). comes playing his flute, the sun comes out, the snow melts, the green grass Ikas - (Algonquin) Mother Earth. grows, the birds begin to sing, and all the animals gather around to hear his songs. Ioskeha - (Iroquois) Creator of the first Kokopell'Mana - (Hopi) Erotic man and woman. companion of Kokopeli. She challenged the young men of the villages they Isakakate - (Crow) The Supreme Being. visited to a foot race. When she overtook them (most of the time), she wrestled Ite - (Oglala) Wife to Tate (the wind) them to the ground and simulated and mother of the Wani (four sons who intercourse with them. control the four seasons). Kokyan - (Hopi) Creator goddess; she Katsinas - (Acoma) The younger created humans, plants, and animals. children of Iatiku who had the power to bring rain and food. L'etsa'aplelana - (Bella Coola) Goddess who initiates the shamans. Kanati - (Cherokee) The male First Ancestor. La'idamlulum Ku'le - (Maidu) First woman. Ketchimanetowa - (Fox) The Great Spirit. Le-tkakawash - (Klamath) Bird goddess. Ketq Skwaye - (Huron) The creator; Grandmother . Lennaxidaq - (Kwakiutl) Goddess of wealth and luck. Kokomikeis - (Blackfoot) The moon goddess; mother of the Morning Star Loha - (Klamath) Beneficent goddess portrayed as a beautiful woman. Kokopeli - (Hopi) According to legend, Loo-wit - (Klikitat) A fire goddess; Kokopeli (the flute player and traveling personification of Mt. St. Helens. prankster) was the symbol of happiness, joy, and fertility. He would visit villages Maja - (Sioux) Earth mother. playing his flute, carrying seeds in his backpack (the "hump" he is pictured as Malsum - (Algonquin) Brother of having). Everyone would sing and dance Gluskap, but a destructive force. through the night. Then, while the people slept, Kokopeli would roam the Mam - (Mopan) The rain god. corn fields, playing his flute.

19 Mani'to - (Lenape) The Great Spirit. is the central figure in myth and legend. According to present Unami usage: His grandmother is Nokomis, the earth. Gicelemu 'kaong, usually translated "great spirit", but meaning literally, Nanih Waiya - (Choctaw) The place "creator". where the people emerged to this world; later used as a name for the creator. Manu - The first man in some American Indian myths. Napi - (Blackfoot) Chief deity.

Masauwu - (Hopi) God of war, death, Nesaru - (Arikara) "The Power Above". and the night. Master of Winds - (Iroquois) God of the Nishanu - The great sky god of the winds, husband of Atahensic, and father Arikara tribe (Plains Indians). of Ioskeha and Tawiscara. Ockabewis - (Chippewa) Messenger of Menahka - (Mandan) Sun god. the gods and teacher of mankind.

Minnehaha - (Blackfoot) Saviour of her Oklatabashih - (Choctaw) The survivor people from starvation. The story: The of the Great Flood. hunters of the tribe would drive a buffalo herd over a cliff; the women would cut Onatha - (Iroquois) The spirit of wheat; up and collect the meat from the dead she is Eithinoha's daughter. animals. This particular time the buffalo herds would turn away before going over Oshadagea - (Iroquois) An eagle who the edge. This continued until the people attends Hino and lives with him in the were in dire straits and on the verge of sky, along with Keneu, another eagle starvation. attendant.

One morning Minnehaha was at the Pah - (Pawnee) Moon goddess who bottom of the cliff when she noticed a marries the sun. They are the creators of large herd above. In desperation she the first people. yelled out that she would marry one of them if they jumped off the cliff. Some Paiowa - (Yana) She and her daughter of them jumped, others followed and created the first Paiute people. soon the whole herd was over the cliff. When the rest of the tribe came to the Pautiwa - (Hopi) Sun god. cliff they found plenty of meat, but no Minnehaha. Her footprints showed that Qakma - (Bella Coola) The first woman. she had left with an old buffalo. Quootis-hooi - (Chinook) The creator Nanabojo - (Chippewa) The Trickster goddess who created people by eating god. Also called Winabojo. thunderbird eggs.

Nanabush - (Algonquin) Also known as Ragno - (Hopi) She is associated with Manabozho, Wisaaka and Glooscap. He the creation of life.

19 Rukko - (Mandan) The creator goddess. Wah-Kah-Nee - (Chinook) The Chinook She makes human bodies and her male people were once struck with a terrible counterpart adds the souls. endless winter. They were completely ice-bound with no relief in sight, and so Selu - (Cherokee) The female First the people began to fear for their Ancestor. survival for they would soon have no food. A council was called, and the Shakuru - (Pawnee) Sun god. elders recalled that endless winter resulted from the killing of a bird. Each Shilup Chito Osh - (Choctaw) The Great person was asked if he or she had been Spirit. guilty of such a crime. Everyone denied Sio Humis - (Hopi) Rain god. it. But the children pointed to a little girl who, crying, confessed that she had Tarhuhyiawahku - (Iroquois) The giant struck a bird with a stone, and it had who holds up the heavens. died.

Tawa - (Pueblo) The sun kachina. The Chinook dressed the girl in the finest garments and exposed her on a Tawiscara - (Iroquois) The evil twin block of ice as an offering to the winter brother of Ioskeha. spirits. Almost immediately a thaw ensued and summer came with a rush. Tieholtsodi - (Navajo) A water monster. Now the people could gather food again. Nearly a year later, when the winter Tirawa atius - (Pawnee) The supreme returned, the Chinook saw a block of ice god. containing the girl's body and fetched it to shore. Miraculously, the girl revived Tobadzistsini - (Navajo) God of war. and afterward lived among them as a sacred being, able to walk unprotected, To'nenile - (Navajo) The rain god. even barefoot, through the winter and to communicate with its spirits. Tsentsa - (Huron) The good Creator- Twin. Wakan-Tanka - (Sioux) A collective union of the gods. Tsichtinako - The female spirit of the Acoma Indian creation myth. White Buffalo Woman - (Oglala) This sacred woman brought secret knowledge Tsohanoai - (Navajo) God of the sun. to the Oglala. It was said that she first Tunkan Ingan - (Dakota) Sex god. appeared to two young men as a white- Uchtsiti - The Acoma Indian creator of clad lady whose clothing was lavishly the world; Father of the Gods. embroidered with porcupine quills in exquisite patterns. One of the young men Ukat - (Yana) Goddess of good luck. was overtaken by lust, but the second recognized that she was no earthly Unk - (Lakota) Goddess ancestor of all woman. evil beings. She also created fish.

20 The first, although warned, could not contain himself; he rushed open-armed Wisagatcak - (Cree) The Trickster god. toward the woman. She smiled, and a soft white cloud descended to cover their Yebaad - (Navajo) The female leader of embrace. When it passed, the woman the gods. stood alone with the young man's skeleton at her feet. Smiling, she told the Yeba Ka - (Navajo) The male leader of second man that the dead man had been the gods. awarded just what he sought. She instructed the man to return to his village Yeitso - (Navajo) The child of the sun. A and set his people to building a huge giant in Navajo legend. sacred tent. Yolkai Estsan - (Navajo) The sister of Then she entered the village, and the the turquoise-sky goddess Estsanatlehi, people were enraptured by her presence. she was a Navaho moon goddess. Called Walking seven times around the central "white shell woman" because she was fire, she spoke to them, giving them a made from abalone, Yolkai Estsan ruled bag containing a sacred pipe and the dawn and the ocean; she was also teaching them the ceremonies that went creator of fire and maize. with these objects. She reminded them of the mysteries of their mother, the earth. Urging them always to honor her, Norse Pantheon she disappeared in the shape of a white The Norse pantheon included Norway, buffalo. Denmark and Sweden. The Vikings who were Swedes travelled mostly eastwards, Windigo - (Whitiko,Weendigo, Witigo, and the Danes and Norwegians travelled Wehtiko) (Ojibwa, Chippewa, mostly westwards. (The Swedes also Algonquin) A race of giant cannibals ventured into Finland, which was not too who feed upon other human beings in impressed and mostly preferred its own the winter when food is scarce. Gods.) And Iceland came into the equation and did its own things Winonah - (Ojibwa) She was the from 800 AD. daughter of the great goddess Nokomis. Winonah was a virgin mother who was Something which helped enormously raped four times by the same manitou or was that all these people spoke the same spirit. It happened that she was in the Norse language, and would have known forest picking berries one day, and their own Kingdoms under the names of overtaken with a need to urinate, she Danmark, Vastergotland, Ostergotland forgot the warning that women should and Svealand. Colonies and footholds never face west while making water. were established all over the place, from When the manitou saw her vagina, he Greenland to England - where their took form and had intercourse with her heritage includes Norfolk and immediately. Through this spirit-union, Humberside with many Norse-named she not only acquired magical powers of villages in between. So Norse mythology fertility and longevity, but also gave went everywhere within reach. birth to four heroic sons.

20 Teutonic and especially Norse the name of the land and the name of it's cosmology claimed that the universe ruler the Goddess , Queen of the consisted of nine different worlds or Dead. This region seems to have been realms. Each formed a sector defined by the final destination of most of the roots of , the Ash tree that humanity; only heroes gained admittance provides the framework of all reality. to Valhalla, in Asgarð. About the best Each world could be accessed by any of that can be said of the place is that the the others with attendant difficulties; dead seem not to have been tortured and most indwellers tended their own tormented but rather they seem to have concerns and left the wandering to been assigned to drag out their destinies heroes, wizards, and Gods. until Ragnarok, when they would be freed (in a sense) to fight with Hel's Alfheim - The Realm of the Alfar in legions against the Gods and heroes. English the Elves. It was sometimes called Ljossalfheim the home of the Jotunheim - The Realm of the Giants or bright elves. This was a region of forest more particularly the Frost-Giants. The and meadow, sea and islands; a pleasant Jotunar were an archaic race of and sunny place where dwelt the Elven humanoids arising out of the primeval peoples. They don't seem to have been Ice at the beginning of days. They are drastically different than Humans; portrayed in Nordic poetry and religious perhaps somewhat taller, much more writing as being almost wholly evil and nobly proportioned and fair to look dedicated to the destruction of the Aesir upon, certainly longer lived. Jotunheim Gods and mankind. Giant seems to be lies in the East, Muspellheim is South, used to describe everything from beings is North, and Alfheim is in the larger than worlds (such as ), down West beyond the seas. to and Ogres not much larger than men. Asgarð - The home and realm of the Æsir Gods located high up in the Nevertheless it should be noted that branches of the World-Tree, and not there is Giant blood among the Aesir, unexpectedly the most difficult of access some Giantesses being considered quite - the only entry seems to have been attractive and marriageable. Jotunheim across Bifrost the rainbow and one had itself seems to have been a land much to get past the sentry as well. like its inhabitants; a vast and frigid Within this divine region were many reach of taiga forest, fen, glacier, and halls and bright dwellings, usually lifeless, stony mountains. roofed in precious metals. The geography and nature of the region was Midgarð - The world of mankind within not much otherwise specified beyond a Nordic context, Northern Europe and off-hand suggestions that it comprised a the surrounding seas. A varied landscape Nordic style paradise: tall mountains, of oceans, fjords, mountains, forests, bright sunlight, crisp and bracing air, meadows, and islands. green forests and meadows. Muspellheim - A southern land of fire, Hel - An underworld region; black, desert, and dryness, the Realm of the frigid, fetid, dreary and toxic. It is both Fire-Giants. Like their close cousins the

20 Frost-Giants, Surt's Folk were huge , , Njord, and possibly Uller humanoids who were inimicable were among the Aesir. enemies of Mankind and the Gods. They was an important Vanir opponent. The do not loom large in Nordic tales, it Realm of Vanaheim seems to have not being suggested that they bide their time been much described, beyond in their distant land until the day of suggestions of a lovely, rather bright Ragnarok when their King, Surt, will Elven sort of region. lead them in final battle. The Nine Heavens - As an additional bit Niflheim - A northern land of fog, pack of lore, the Norse also recognized nine ice, glacier, and tundra. Inhabited by skies, or heavens, in a parallel to the demons, spirits of the dead, and dragons, Nine Worlds discussed above. From the it is closely connected to Hel containing nearest to the earth, to the highest and within its borders the entrance into that most inaccessible, they are described underground abode. thusly: 1). Vindblain, Heidthornir, or Hregg-Mimir (Wind-Dark, Cloudy- Svartalfheim - Another underground Bright, or Storm-Mimir). 2).Andlang Realm, this was inhabited by the (Extended). 3).Vidblain (Wide-Dark). Svartalfar, the Dark Elves (English 4).Vidfedmir (Wide-Embracer) 5).Hriod Drow), a euphemism used to refer to the (Coverer). 6).Hlyrnir (Twin-Lit). Dwarven race. They burrowed 7).Gimir (Fiery, or Dazzling). 8).Vet- underground, and most dwell there still. Mimir (Winter-Mimir). 9).Skatyrnir Regarded as being generally hostile to (Rich-Wetter). mankind and the Gods, and despised as being of grotesque and vile appearance it Aarvak - horse of sun was nevertheless conceded that they had no peers in the working of metal, Aege - sea god that was enemy of aesir, crafting of devices, and cutting of stone then became their ally and holds feasts and gems. The Dwarves are responsible for them for any number of fabulous creations usually obtained at great cost. Alfadur - Supreme Being; creates new heaven after Ragnarok; possibly same as Vanaheim - The elder home of the Odin Vanir, the other race of Divinities; located like Asgarð, high up in the Alfhild - goddess that dressed as man to World-Tree. The Vanir seem to have avoid marrying King Alf been more concerned with fertility, land- use, magic and craft, as opposed to the Alsvider - moon horse Æsir obsession with warfare and personal heroism. Originally the two fell Alsvin - Sun horse into early and calamitous conflict; a series of devastating wars is hinted at. Andrimnir/Andrimne - Cook of gods Eventually, though, the two groups seem to have reached an accord, and hostages Angeyja - water goddess; personification were exchanged to insure fidelity. of waves

20 /Anar - husband Nott; father Jord Flosshilda - In Wagner, a guardian of Arvakr - Sun horse hoard

Askafroa - wife of ash tree, its spirit, - Justice god malicious Freki - Wolf at Odin’s feet Audhumla - Cow that nursed Ymir Frey - Brother of Freya //Baldur - Son Odin, god of light; killed by Hodur Freya//FreyjaVanadis - love/beauty, Beyggvir - Attendant Frey magic goddess; sister of Frey; owns cloak, turns Ottar into boar - elf Attendant Frey /Frigga - Supreme goddess; wife of Bil - Child Mani; waning moon Odin; served by huldra-folk (nymphs)

Bragi - God of poetry /Abundia - Attendant of Frigga (possibly her sister) Brock - Boastful dwarf, brother Funfeng - Servant Aegir - Leader of valkyries Garm - Blood-dog of underworld Dag - Day /Gefion - Maid in Frigga’s palace, Dellinger - husband Nott, father Dag cares for unwed dead

Einmyria - Daughter Loki & Glut Gerda - Wife of Frey, for whom he gave up his sword Eira/ - Physician goddess Geri - One of Odin’s wolves Eisa - Daughter Loki & Glut Glaur - wife of the moon or the mother Elde - Servant of Aegir of moon and sun by

Elli - Wrestled Thor Gna - Messenger of Frigga; travels through fire & air Farbuti - father of Loki - Boar of Frey Gulltopp - Heimdall’s horse Fasolt - ’s brother; killed by him Gunlod - Wife Odin, mother & - Offspring Loki, wolf, bit off Skadi Tyr’s hand - Son mortal & sea goblin, kills Fialar - Cock that sounds Ragnarok Fiorgyn - Mother Frigga

20 Hati - Wolf that pursues sun and moon Jormundgand/Jörmungandr - sea monster; the Serpent; encircles Haugbonde - nature spirit, guardian of the world, living in the ocean depths; farms will die killing Thor

Heidrun - She-goat giving milk in Karl - god of peasants; son of Amma Valhalla &Heimdall; husband of Snor

Heimdall - God guardian against giants; - wisdom god, teaches mankind watches Bifrost with trumpet Giallar- horn to announce Ragnarok - Attendant of Frigga, mild, love goddess - Mistress of Hel - Man of Utgard-Loki, cook Hermod - Son Odin, recalled Balder from Hel Lorelei - Siren maiden/water nymph

Hiuki - Child Mani; waxing moon Lorride - daughter Thor &

Hlin - Attendant Frigga; goddess Mani - moon god; daughter of consolation Mundilfari; marries Glaur

Hlora - Heat god that cares for Thor Margygr - ugly mermaid

Hodur - Blind man that killed Balder Menglad - goddess of healing; Freya?

Hoenir - Odin’s brother; sent to Modgud - woman that guards bridge of Vanaheim Hel

Hordeshyrde - dragon Munin - One of Odin’s ravens

Hraesvelg - giant eagle or winter god in - husband of Nott; father of eagle plumes Aud

Hugi - Man of Utgard-Loki, won Nanna - Wife of Balder footrace; Thought Narve - Son & Loki Hugin - One of Odin’s ravens - woman Nehallennia - goddess of plenty; possibly sea goddess Ithunn/Idun/Iðunn - Wife of Bragi, kept apples of youth Nerthus - sea/fertility/peace goddess; sister of Njord Jord/Jörð - Earth goddess Nidhogg - Serpent of Niflheim feeding on Yggdrasil

20 Smiera-Gatto - household spirit; Butter Niord - God of sailors Cat

Nip - Mother Nanna Snorta - Virtue goddess

Odin - King of gods; called Allfather; Sol - Sun personification of air or spirit of the universe; god of wisdom and victory; Suttung - Brother Gilling, tosses appears as tall man in his fifties; gives dwarves to sea up eye to drink from Mimir's Well Svadilfari - Horse helps mountain giants Odur - Sunshine; Husband of Freya Svanhit - Valkyr Rán - Mermaid, sea goddess, wife Aegir Svasud - ancestor of summer Ratatosk - Squirrel of Yggdrasil - Attendant Frigga, truth Rinda - Goddess of frozen earth, wife Odin, mother Vali; possibly a giantess Tharapita - war god, servant Thor

Saehrimnir - Boar gods feast on Thor - Thunder god; son of Jord and Odin; great size and strength; loses Saeming - Son Niord & Skadi, first king temper; left in care of Vingnir and Hlora Norway Thora - Daughter king Hakon; wife - Goddess of history Helfrat

Schrimnir - Boar cooked nightly in Thrud - daughter Sif, wooed by dwarf Valhalla Alvis

Sif - Wife Thor Tyr - God of battle (from earlier Tiwaz)

Sjøorm - sea serpent Uller/Vulder - Winter god, son Sif

Skadi - Wife of Niord, winter goddess Urd - Norn of past

Skirnir - Frey’s messenger, won the Vali - God of eternal light, son Odin & god’s sword Rinda Skoll - Wolf that pursues sun and moon Vali - Son Sigyn & Loki (diff from Odin’s son) Skrimsl - sea serpent Valtam - Father Vegtam - Norn of future Vara - Oath goddess - Odin’s horse, 8-legged Ve - Brother Odin (holy)

20 guarantor of oaths. Main patron of North Vedfolnir - Falcon that sits on Yggdrasil Ossetia-Alania.

Verdandi - Norn of present Uacilla (Saint ) - Also spelled Wasilla. God of rain, thunder and Vidar/Víðarr - Silent god, son Odin, lightning. As protector of the harvest he survives Ragnarok is known as Хоры Уацилла (Hory Uacilla, "Uacilla of the wheat"). Anyone Vili - Brother Odin, helped slay Ymir struck by lightning was considered (will) chosen by the god and, if they survived, a sheep was sacrificed in their honour. Vindsual - son of Vasud; father of winter His festival was celebrated in the summer with the sacrifice of a lamb and Vingnir - Winged god that cares for a bull and the drinking of specially Thor brewed beer. On that day women baked bread in silence as a mark of reverence. Vithafnir - giant cockerel Safa - God of the hearth chain. The most Vjofn - Attendant Frigga, creates love important domestic deity for Ossetians. Vor - Faith goddess Donbettyr - Lord of the waters. His Wingi - Messenger of Gudron name is a fusion of the Ossetian don (meaning water) and Saint Peter. He - Mother of ; personification uses his chain to drag down those who of fate unwarily go swimming too late to his realm at the bottom of the sea. He has many beautiful daughters, comparable to Ossetian Pantheon the Rusalki of Slavic mythology. Up to the 19th century, his day was celebrated The mythology of the Ossetian people of on the Saturday following Easter by the Caucasus region contains several young girls. gods and supernatural beings. The religion itself is believed to be of Tutyr - Lord of the wolves. Identified Sarmatian origin, but contains many with Saint Theodore of Tyre. later elements from Christianity, and the Ossetian gods are often identified with Fælværa - The name is possibly a Christian saints. The gods play a role in conflation of Saints Florus and Laurus. the famous stories about a race of semi- Fælværa was the protector of sheep and divine heroes called the Narts. his festival was celebrated before sheep- shearing in September. He only has one Huycau - The chief of the gods. eye. He is often the enemy of Tutyr. Identified with the Christian (or Muslim) God. Æfsati - The protector of wild animals, especially deer, wild boars and mountain Uastyrdzhi (Saint George) - The patron goats. of males and travellers, and the

20 Kurdalægon - The heavenly smith. A Abadin A supreme deity. In some close friend of the Narts. references, referred to as Abadin, Mighty Father or Mighty Father. Satana - Mother goddess, mother of the Narts. Abibaal A god of Byblos. At times, identified as Abibaal. Saubarag - the god of darkness and thieves, identified with Satan. Adonis - A god of Byblos. Occasionally called Adonis, Syrian God, Syrian God Huyændon Ældar - Lord of the fish. A or Adonis. great magician and a spirit who behaves like an earthly chief ("ældar"). His name Aer - A primaeval creator-deity: the means "Lord of the Strait" (according to spiritual. Force of the universe. He Abaev, this is most probably the appears in various creation legends as Cimmerian Bosphorus, the modern Strait the son of Omichle and Pothos who of Kerch). fathered Otos on his sister ; the consort of Chaos with whom he Barastyr - also transliterated Barastaer or produced Kolpia and Pothos; or as Barastir) is the ruler of the underworld consort of Ether with whom he produced who assigns arriving dead souls to either Oulomus. Some accounts say that he paradise or his own realm. was the offspring of Uranus. Sometimes identified as Aer. Aminon - Gatekeeper of the underworld. Al Ait - A fire-god. Sometimes called Al Alardy - Lord of smallpox, who had to Ait. be placated. Alethai - Devotees of the fire-god, Al Kurys - is a dream land, a meadow Ait. Occasionally identified as Alethai. belonging to the dead, which can be visited by some people in their sleep. Anthyt - A war-goddess. She is Visitors may bring back miraculous sometimes equated with Anat. In some seeds of luck and good fortune, lore, occasionally known as Anthyt, sometimes pursued by the dead. Anat, Anat, Allat, Anahit, , Inexperienced souls may bring back Anaitis, Anata, Anath, Anta, Aphrodite, fever and sickness instead. Gershevitch Ashtareth, Athtarat, Athtart, Attart, (with V.I. Abaev) compares the name Hanatu, Queen of Heaven, Syria Dea, Kurys to the mountain Kaoiris in Yasht Anaitis, Anthat, Ashtoreth, Ashtoroth, 19.6 (Avestan *Karwisa), which might Astarat, Astarte, Athirat, Athtar(a)t, indicate that the name is a spurious Yabamat Liimmim, Babylonian Ishtar, remnant of origin legends of Airyanem Egyptian, Anthrathi, Antit, Phoenician Vaejah of the Alans. Antaeus, Phrygian Cybele, Sumerian Inanna or Baalat. Phoenician Pantheon Aquqim - Fabulous horned beings, like Baal. Himself, used by El in his fight.

20 With Baal. In some references, known as Baal-Addir - The god of Byblos. A name Aquqim, Okelim or Okelim. of Baal as 'powerful'. Also commonly identified as Baal-Addir. Astarte - A Phoenician fertility-goddess. Goddess of shepherds. The Greek name Baal-Biq'ah - A weather-god. Titular for Ashtaroth. Consort of El. Consort deity of Baalbek. Occasionally identified and mother of Baal. She was adopted by as Baal-Biq'ah. the Egyptians as the daughter of Ptah or Ra and became a consort of Seth. In this Baal-Brathy - A local mountain-god. role she is depicted naked on horseback. Occasionally called Baal-Brathy. In Arabia, Astarte became the god Athar Baal-Hammon - Baal as a fertility-god at and the goddess Sams. She is sometimes Carthage. Occasionally known as Baal- depicted as a cow or as a woman with a Hammon, Roman Frugifer, Roman cow's head, or identified with Ilat or Frugifer, Bebellahamon or Ishtar. Bebellahamon.

In some references, referred to as Baal-Hermon - A mountain-god. In Astarte, Anat, Anat, Allat, Anahit, some lore, occasionally called Baal- Anahita, Anaitis, Anata, Anath, Anta, Hermon. Aphrodite, Ashtareth, Athtarat, Athtart, Attart, Hanatu, Queen of Heaven, Syria Baal-Malage - A local god. In some Dea, Anaitis, Anthat, Ashtoreth, accounts, referred to as Baal-Malage. Ashtoroth, Astarat, Athirat, Athtar(a)t, Yabamat Liimmim, Babylonian Ishtar, Baal-Melkart - A god of Tyre and later Egyptian, Anthrathi, Antit, Phoenician of Carthage. In some references, Antaeus, Anthyt, Phrygian Cybele, identified as Baal-Melkart. Sumerian Inanna, Baalat, Ashtart, Ashtart, Astarte, Astarot, Astarot, Baal-Qarnain - A Punic god. A name for Ashtaroth, Astaroth, Astaroth, Inanna, Baal-Hammon as a horned. God. On Inanna, Inana, Innana, Innin, Innini, occassion, identified as Baal-Qarnain. Inninina, Ishtar, Nana, Ninanna, Nininni, Ninni, Ninsinna, Innin(ina), Nana, Baal-Sapan - An Ugarit mountain-god. Nin(in)ni, 'sky lady', Akkadian Ish(t)ar Consort of Pidray. Father of Tly. In or Babylonian Nina. some references, called Baal-Sapan, Baal-Sapon, Baal-Sapon, Canaanite Auchthon - A sky-god. An early name Baal-Sapon or Canaanite Baal-Sapon. for Ouranos. Also called Auchthon, Epigeus, Epigeus, Ouranos, Ouranos, Baal-Tamar - Lord of the tree of life (the Ouranos, Ourannus, Greek Uranus, palm). On occassion, called Baal-Tamar. Epigeus;Greek Uranus or Epigeus;Greek Baau - A goddess. Wife of Kolpia. Uranus. Mother of Aion and Protogonos. In some - A fish-god. Husband of accounts she was worshipped as a heifer. Derceto(Atargatis). Also referred to as At times, called Baau, Bau, Bau, Baba, Aun. Nirutu, Nirutu, Sumerian Baba, Sumerian Baba, Gula, Ishtar, Niritu or Niritu.

20 Ether - A primordial first principle. Baitulos - The home of God. Known as Together with the other principle, Aer, it Baitulos. produced Oulomos, a precursor of the gods. Sometimes referred to as Ether, Balmarcodes - A deity, lord of the Zeus, Zeus, Aether, Ahura Mazda, dance. In some accounts, identified as Aktaios, Basileus, Dios, Dyaus, Ether, Balmarcodes, Syrian Hadad, Syrian King of Men, Lord of the Sky, Lykaios, Hadad, Adad or Idurmer. Maimaktes, Meilichios, Olympios, Polieus, Zio, Aether, Agoraios, Alastor, Ben Dagon - Son of Dagan. Also Apomyios, Boracus, Boulaios, Cloud- identified as Ben Dagon. Gatherer, Dictaeus, Eleutherios, Ephestios, Gamelios, Herkeios, Horios, Berouth - An early mother-goddess. Kataibates, Keraunos, Khesios, Lord of Consort of Elioun. Mother of Ouranus the Sky, Marnos, Me(i)lichios, and Gaea. Also commonly called Nephelegeretes, Nicophoros, Ombrios, Berouth, Beruth, Beruth, Beouth or Panomphaean, Pater, Phratrios, Pilar, Beouth. Pistios, PolieusSabazios, Sabazius, Soter, Talaios, Tele(i)os, Thunderer, Chaos - A primaeval creator deity. Tritos, Xenios, Zagreus, Zan, Egyptian Consort of Aer. Progenitor of Kolpia and Amon, Etruscan Tinia, Hindu Dyaus, Pothos. Sometimes called Chaos, Hun- Lycian Cragus, Persian Ahura Mazda, tun, Hun-tun, Chaos, Emperor of the Roman Diu-pater, Jupiter, Q're or Centre, Hu, Shu, T'ai Chi or Hu. Tyndareus.

Chousorus - Son of Oulomus. He Flame - Offspring of Genos and Genea. engendered the primaeval egg from Also commonly called Flame. which came Ouranos and Gea. Also known as Chousorus, Chousoros or Gea - An earth-goddess. Consort of Chousoros. Ouranos. She and Ouranos were hatched from the primordial egg produced by Chrysor - A sea-god: the first sailor. He Chousorus. In some lore, occasionally is said to have invented fishing tackle. referred to as Gea, Geb, Geb, Gae, Great Also commonly known as Chrysor, Cackler, Great Chatterer, Keb, Nile Diamichius or Diamichius. Goose, Qeb(eb), Qebk, Seb or Greek Cronus. Elibaal - A god of Byblos. Sometimes identified as Elibaal. Genea - Child of Protogonos and Aion. Sister and consort of Genos. Identified Elioun - An early god. Consort of as Genea. Berouth, some say. Father of Ouranus and Gea. Also identified as Elioun, Genos - Offspring of Protogonos and Greek Hypsistus or Greek Hypsistus. Aion. Brother and consort of Genea. Eshmun Astarte - An androgynous deity. Father of Flame, Fire and Light. Sometimes referred to as Eshmun Sometimes identified as Genos. Astarte.

21 Hyposouranios - A giant. Son of Fire. Omichle - The primaeval darkness. This Brother of Ousoos. He was said to be the principle merged with Pothos to produce first being to construct towns. Also the physical force (Aura) and spiritual referred to as Hyposouranios, force (Aer) of the universe. In some Upsouranios or Upsouranios. accounts, identified as Omichle, Omicle or Omicle. Ishi - An early light-god. Referred to as Ishi. Ophioneus - A sea-dragon overcome by Zas. Occasionally referred to as Janim - A sea-god. In some accounts, Ophioneus, Canaanite Tannin or after being defeated by Baal-Sagan, he Canaanite Tannin. was given Astarte for his wife in consolation. Occasionally identified as Otos - Son of Aer and Aura. Known as Janim. Otos, Otus, Otus or Otos.

Khoser-et-Hasis - A sea-god. He fought Oulomus - A being produced by Aer and Baal with the aid of Leviathan, Suffete Ether. Progenitor of Chousorus. Also and Zabel. Also known as Khoser-et- referred to as Oulomus, Oulomos or Hasis, Bn-Ym or Bn-Ym. Oulomos.

Kinnar - A god of music. On occassion, Ousous - A creator-god, a giant fire- called Kinnar, Kinnur or Kinnur. deity. Brother of Hyposouranios. He and his brother were said to be the inventors Light Child - Offspring of Genos and of mankind. Occasionally called Ousous. Genea. In some lore, occasionally identified as Light Child. Si'a - A minor goddess. In some accounts, known as Si'a. Melk-Ashtart - An androgynous deity. Referred to as Melk-Ashtart. Suffete - of the River A river-beast. This animal fought on the side of Khoser-et- Mikal - A local god: a name for Moloch. Hasis in his battle with Baal. Occasionally called Mikal, Moloch, Occasionally identified as Suffete of the Moloch, Makkal, Mukal, Malcam, River. Malek, Malik, Melech, Melek, Milcom, Milkom, Mlk, Molech, Molek(h), Moloc Taaut - A deity said to have invented or Molokh. writing. In some references, referred to as Taaut, Egyptian Thoth or Egyptian Muth - A god of death. Known as Muth, Thoth. Canaanite Mot or Canaanite Mot. Zabel - of the Sea A sea-beast. This animal was used by Khoser in his fight Nirutu - A mother-goddess. She is with Baal. On occassion, identified as depicted as part woman, part serpent. Zabel of the Sea. Sometimes called Nirutu, Baau, Baau, Bau, Sumerian Baba or Niritu. Zeus Demaros - Son of Ouranos and Gea. In some accounts, called Zeus

21 Demaros, Demares, Demares, Demaros This attitude led him to create his own or Demaros. form of martial arts called Kik . Chuck claimed he could easily beat up any Asian that came around the place Pop Culture Pantheon until he got the tar beaten out of him by Bruce Lee. Humiliated he then sold his Over the years a numerous amount of soul to the devil for his rugged good psychic energy has been created and this looks and unparalleled martial arts energy has turned media ideas and ability. images into a pantheon. These gods aren't the real deal, more the media Immeadietly after the transaction was image of them. Feel free to create your finalized, Chuck roundhouse kicked the own mythology around them. devil in the nuts and took his soul back. The devil, who appreciates irony, Bruce - God of YeeAh fighting. Yes, couldn't stay mad and admitted he that Bruce Lee. Popular among Kung Fu should have seen it coming. He then devotees, followers of Bruce defend landed the lead role of Walker Texas others with their cool Kung Fu moves. Ranger but before each filming he had to Bruce Lee is the most devastating killing be injected with five times the lethal maniac that ever roamed cinema. Also dose of elephant tranquilzer. he is Asian, which makes his kicking abilities rise a total of over 100,000%. This was to limit his strength and mobility, in an attempt to lower the Bruce Lee has the amazing ability to rate of the actors he fights. To regenerate and somehow make a million this day Walker holds the world record dollars no matter how corny and for most fatal accidents during a single laughable his loud fighting screams are season, most caused by severe head when he's beating the shit out of trauma. A blind man once stepped on unconvincing yet quite lovable eye-patch Chuck Norris' shoe. Chuck replied, wearing American allies. And he's "Don't you know who I am? I'm Chuck coming for YOU next! Lee is the only Norris!" known person to have beaten Chuck Norris and to have made him cry. The mere mention of his name cured this man's blindness. Sadly the first, last, and Chuck - God of ass kicking. The neglect only thing this man ever saw, was a fatal of his often-working father led the young roundhouse delivered by Chuck Norris. Chuck Noriss to take up martial arts, and Chuck Norris is currently suing NBC, he found he was a natural at it. Some claiming Law and Order are would say supernatural. Upon reaching trademarked names for his left and right adulthood he relocated to some random legs. Since ascending to godhood Chuck town in Kansas to "kick the shit out of has visited various planets in the solar some skeet." He then entered into karate systems; that's why there are no signs of tournaments in an attempt to garner life anymore. income, and won several consecutively, Cthulhu - God of whatever he damn though the other contestants did not well likes. Popular among gamers, survive. Cthulhu encourages his minions to screw

21 with peoples minds whenever possible. morning for good children. Sometimes He is far more fond of psychological children leave out carrots for him, and damage than physical damage. god help anyone who doesn't.. Easter Unfortunately a media disconnect has Bunny, also know as Free-range Easter happened and rather than the horrific Hare, or Rabbit a la Pascha, was the poor visage that Cthulhu was supposed to son of a merchant, a rabbit living in have he instead appears as a soft plush desperate times. He had to quit school in Cthulhu toy to his followers. order to help his father in supporting for his 187 brothers and 139 sisters. Cthulhu performed relatively well in his early schooling, achieving good marks in After the tragic death of his parents by most subjects especially surprising his getting stepped on by Santa Claus, the geometry teachers. Fellow students Easter Bunny went mad, and killed all would often tease the young Cthulhu. the humans in his village, to feed to his These students would soon find brothers and sisters. He then fled to the themselves plagued by dreams of non- east where at some point he gained his euclidean angles and eldritch titans from supernatural abilities. He eventually beyond sanity. All but one of these started up the organization Godless children took their own lives; the final Idiots Who are Definitely Going to Hell one was hit by a bus before he had a or PETA. The bunny is incredibly fast chance. and has bragged of having near lightspeed abilities. The Bunny and Cthulhu himself went on to university Santa are sworn enemies. where he completed a fine arts degree in ancient civilizations, mythology and Elvis - God of grooviness. Yes, over the archaeology. His marks were exemplary years Elvis has gotten so much attention with reviewers often commenting his that the media image of him has gained knowledge exceeded that of modern deific powers. Followers report seeing science as if he were present for the him in his gaudy Las Vegas clothing. Oh events. When approached on the issue yeah! Cthulhu himself asserts he was asleep in R'lyeh at the time. Cthulhu completed Godzilla - God of chaos and change. his PhD entitled the Great Old Ones and Godzilla followers are urged to cause Feminist Theory for which he received destruction for its own sake but also to numerous accolades but unfortunately he fight and defend their home towns ate his faculty advisor and for some against even worse threats. Daikaiju mysterious reason was unable to find Gojira also known by his on-screen anyone willing to take her place. Thus he moniker Godzilla was a giant radioactive was unable to graduate. The university dinosaur, and is one of Japan’s in question burnt to the ground soon foremost film stars. On the screen, after. Godzilla was known for his legendary acting range: he could play anything The Easter Bunny - God of children, from an evil giant mutant dinosaur to a rabbits and eggs. The Easter Bunny benevolent giant mutant dinosaur to an leaves baskets of treats (including Easter anti-heroic giant mutant dinosaur - and eggs and assorted chocolates) on Easter everything in between.

21 listening to what she was saying One day the Japanese government for anyway. reasons known only to them decided to use Godzilla's family's house as a test In 1959, the United States Census site for nuclear weapons, killing all Bureau estimated that at any given within with the exception of Godzilla moment sixteen thousand males were who instead grew to 50 meters tall and thinking about her while putting the gained super powers. Godzilla made a Kleenex kids through college. There has promise to have his revenge on been much speculation on why Monroe humankind. Naturally, this revenge was considered to be so attractive. Her would take the form of constantly secret was always seeming and talking attacking the same four major Japanese like she was just about to have an cities, while leaving the rest of the world orgasm, as if every man watching her completely unharmed. However, if space could tip her over the edge at any aliens or another, more evil monster moment they chose. were to surface, Godzilla would defend human kind from said threat, so that Santa Claus - God of children and toys. later, he could continue destroying Santa Claus is a kindly, round-bellied, humankind, even after just saving them. merry, bespectacled man in a red suit Yes, I know, the whole thing’s very trimmed with white fur with a long complicated. white beard. On Christmas Eve he rides in his flying sleigh lifted by reindeer Marilyn - Goddess of Sex. "I'm not from house to house to loot the joint.. er interested in money. I just want to be I mean give presents to children. To get wonderful." Followers of Marilyn inside the house, he teleports down the Monroe have to be the centre of chimney and lands in the fireplace. attention and value their sexuality above During the rest of the year he lives all else. Marilyn is sexier than anyone together with his wife Mrs. Claus and his you’ve ever met in 3D. She parlayed slaves.. I mean Elves who serve as his sexiness into a career. Cue cards for toy production staff. His home is the every shot? Forty-one takes for a single North Pole. scene where all Marilyn does is answer the front door and sign for a package? As a VERY young man, he attended St John’s College, Oxford. While at Acting at its best. Marilyn became aware university Santa Claus was officially of her sexiness after junior high school. declared a stalker on account of telling She noticed that the elapsed time everyone that "I know when you are between when men looked at her face asleep, when you are awake, when you and then to her bosom was getting are bad, and when you are good." Upon shorter and shorter. She also noticed that graduation he decided to try his hand at whenever she left her panties at home business. However the only venture and climbed trees that all the boys would capitalists he could convince with his give her their lunch money--teachers, idea of sliding down people's chimneys principal, and school bus driver to eat cookies and hand out gifts were included. It didn’t matter that she didn’t polar bears in the North who had gotten finish the eighth grade, men were not rich by investing the fish business.

21 Despite all logic, the polar bears are size and their appearances were continuing to get a very high return on and cosmic, bit similar to the their investment. The corporation Titans, though they bore a more became known as North Pole humanoid appearance. The Primordial Incorporated. deities are the first entities or beings born in existence. They form the very Santa can only be killed with silver fabric of the universe and as such are bullets, kryptonite, a wooden stake immortal. These deities are a group of through the heart, and Easter Bunny gods from which all the other gods bites. When fighting Santa, try to avoid descended. fireplaces and snow; he gains a regeneration power when is next to a They preceded the Titans, the fireplace, and a +2 Mana bonus when descendents of Gaia and Uranus. They walking on snow. Also note that he has a are also the children of Chaos the special ability that allows him to climb formless void who created the universe. up small chimneys very quickly. The Primordials include;

He can cast huge snowballs or burning Aether (Aither) - The Protogenos of the Christmas presents which cause 4d20 mists of light which fill the upper zones damage to all characters in the area. of air. His element lay beneath the arch Santa currently owns a franchise of of heaven's dome, but high above the sweat-shops in China and is wanted by airs of the mortal realm. the FBI for breaking into people's houses. Santa and the Easter Bunny are Ananke - The Protogeonos of sworn enemies. inevitability, compulsion and necessity. She was the mate of Chronus (Time) and like him was an incorporeal, serpentine Primordial Pantheon being who twisted circling around the whole of creation. The primordial deities are the first entities or beings that came into Chaos (Khaos) - The Protogenos of the existence. These deities are a group of lower air. She filled the gap between the gods from which all others descend. bright mists of the heavenly aither and Although generally believed to be the the floor of the earth. From Chaos were first gods produced from Chaos, some descended the other airs: Erebus mention a pair of deities who were the (darkness), Nyx (night), Aether (light), parents of the group. These deities Hemera (day); as well as the birds. Only represent various elements of nature. late classical writers describe Khaos as a Chaos has at times been considered, in primeval mixture of the elements. place of Ananke, the female consort of Chronos. Chronos (Khronos) - The Protogenos of time was the very first being to emerge The primordial gods are depicted as at creation self-formed. He was a three- places or realms. The Primordials were headed, incorporeal being with the first race of beings and deities that serpentine tail, who circled the whole of came into existence, predating the Titans and Gods. They were astronomical in

21 creation, entwined with his consort Erebus, across the heavens at night, Ananke. cloaking the bright light of the heavenly aether. Her anthropomorphic form was Erebus (Erebos) - The Protogenos of the of a woman clothed in star-spangled mists of darkness. His dark element was mantle. sunk into the hollows of the earth, and encircled the dismal realm of the Oceanus (Okeanos) - The Protogenos of underworld. the great earth-encircling, fresh-water river Oceanus. From his flow every Eros - The Protegonos of generation. He river, spring and rain-bearing cloud was was known as Phanes or Protogonos, sprung. His anthropomorphic form was distinguishing him from the younger that of a horned man with the tail of a Eros, Aphrodite's son. He was one of the serpentine fish in place of legs. first beings to emerge at creation, and Ourea - The Protogenoi of the caused the universe to procreate. mountains. Their rocky forms were born of Gaea the Earth. Gaea (Gaia) - The Protogenos of the earth. Mother Earth emerged at the Phanes - The Protogenos of generation, beginning of creation to form the the creator-god. He was sprung from a foundation of the universe. Gaea was silver egg, the seed of creation, at the one of the few Protogenoi to be depicted beginning of time, and set the universe in anthropomorphic form, however even in order. Phanes was also named Eros or as such she was shown as a woman simply Protogonos (the First Born). partially risen from the ground, According to some Zeus swallowed him inseperable from her native form. whole o gain supremacy over the universe. Hemera - The Protogenos of the day, rose up from the ends of the earth to Phusis - The Protogenos of nature. scatter the dark mists of night, spread "Mother Nature" was one of the first across the heavens by her mother Nyx, beings to emerge at creation. She was and reveal to the earth below the bright related to both Gaea and Tethys. shining blue of the Aether, her protogenic consort. Pontus (Pontos) - The Protogenos of the sea. He sprung from Gaea the Earth at Hydros - The Protogenos of water. the beginning of creation, when the Together with the earth he formed the elements of the universe were set in their primeval Mud. Hydros was usually proper order. equated with the earth-encircling, fresh- Tartarus (Tartaros) - The Protogenos of water Titan Oceanus. the great stormy pit which lay beneath the roots of the earth. He was the anti- Nesoi - The Protogenoi of the islands. heaven: just as the dome of heaven Their rocky forms were broken from the arched high above the earth, Tartarus earth by Poseidon and cast into the sea. arched beneath her. The Titans were imprisoned in his depths. Nyx - The Protogenos of night, Nyx drew the dark mists of her consort,

21 Tethys - The Protogenos of the flow of fresh-water. She was an aspect of all- Anahit - The goddess of fertility and nourishing Mother Nature. From Tethys birth, and daughter or wife of Aramazd, and her husband Oceanus the rivers, Anahit is identified with Artemis and springs and clouds drew their waters. Aphrodite. "Great Lady Anahit", one of the most loved and honored Armenian Thalassa - The Protogenos of the sea or goddesses, was often sculptured with a sea's surface. She was born of Aether child in her hands, and with a particular (light) and Hemera (day). Mixing with hair style of Armenian women. Temples the deep waters of Pontus (sea) Thalassa dedicated to Anahit were established in spawned the schools of fish. Armavir, Artashat, Ashtishat. A mountain in the Roman district of Thesis - The Protogenos of creation. She Sophene was thought to be Anahit's was similar to Tethys, Mother Nature's throne (Ator Anahta). great nurse. Anshar - god of the sky and male Uraus (Ouranos) - The Protogenos of the principle solid dome of heaven, whose form stretched from one horizon to the other. The Apkallu - seven demigods created He sprung forth from Gaea the Earth at by the god Enki to give civilization to the beginning of creation. Later his son mankind Cronus, seized and castrated him, as he descended to consort with Mother Earth. Ara 'Ara the Beautiful’- the god of spring, flora, agriculture, sowing and Non Greek primordials; water. He is associated with Osiris, Abzu - the Ocean Below, the name for Vishnu and Dionysus, as the symbol of fresh water from underground aquifers; new life. depicted as a deity only in the Babylonian creation epic Enûma Eliš Aramazd - The father of all the gods and goddesses, Aramazd created the heavens Æfsati (Æфсати). The protector of wild and the earth. The first two letters in his animals, especially deer, wild boars and name, "AR", are the Armenian root for mountain goats. sun, light, and life. Worshiped as a sun- god, Aramazd was considered to be the Alardy (Аларды). Lord of smallpox, source of earth’s fertility. His feast who had to be placated. Am'nor, or New Year, was celebrated on March 21 in the old Armenian calendar. Amanor or Vanatur (same god with Aramazd's main sanctuary was one of different names) - Amanor was the deity the principal cult centers of Ancient of Armenian new year. His feast, Armenia. Navasard (New year), was held at the end of July. His temple was located in Aray - A little-known war god. Bhagavan. - monstrous demon whose Aminon (Аминон). Gatekeeper of the presence makes fish boil alive in the underworld. rivers

21 Astghik - Goddess of love, beauty and Donbettyr (Ossetic: Донбеттыр). Lord water, wife or lover of Vahagn and often of the waters. His name is a fusion of the sculptured without clothes. Her temple Ossetian don (meaning water) and Saint in Ashtishat was called "the room of Peter. He uses his chain to drag down Vahagn", where she met her lover. those who unwarily go swimming too Astghik is still honored nowadays by late to his realm at the bottom of the sea. Armenians worldwide by the Vartavar He has many beautiful daughters, feast where people celebrate by Water comparable to the Rusalki of Slavic fights. mythology. Up to the 19th century, his day was celebrated on the Saturday Atiratu - (Ilu's wife). following Easter by young girls. The - ghosts of those who were Atja - The god of thunder, also called not buried properly Bajanolmmai, Dierpmis or Hovrengalles, which means "Thor- Fælværa (Фæлвæра). The name is æлвæра). Thenameisæра). man". possibly a conflation of Saints Florus and Laurus. Fælværa was the protector Attaru - (God of Fertility: sky god). of sheep and his festival was celebrated before sheep-shearing in September. He Barastyr (Барастыр, also transliterated only has one eye. He is often the enemy Barastaer or Barastir) is the ruler of the of Tutyr. underworld who assigns arriving dead souls to either paradise or his own realm. Haddu/Hadadu - (Storm god). “thunderer”. Barsamin - God of sky and weather, probably derived from the semitic god Hayk - Legendary archer and forefather Baal Shamin. of the Armenian people, Haik slew the Titan Bel. Haik was identified with the Beaivi or Biejje - The great Goddess of Sun-god Orion. the Sun, mother of human kind. Huyændon Ældar (Хуыæндон Æлдар ). Bieggagallis - The god of the storms, Lord of the fish. A great magician and a father of human kind, consort of Beaivi. spirit who behaves like an earthly chief ("ældar"). His name means "Lord of the Bieggolman - God of the summer winds. Strait" (according to Abaev, this is most probably the Cimmerian Bosphorus, the Biegkegaellies - God of the winter modern Strait of Kerch). winds. Huycau (Ossetic: Хуыцау). The chief of Biejjenniejte - Goddess of healing and the gods. Identified with the Christian medicine; her name means "Daughter of (or Muslim) God. the Sun" or "Maiden of the Sun", and she was especially helpful against Humbaba - guardian of the sicknesses caused by her mother, the sun. Ilu - "god" (Sky god, head of pantheon)

21 in Yasht 19.6 (Avestan *Karwisa), Ipmeláhcchi/Ipmil/Jipmel (trans. Heaven which might indicate that the name is a Father) - "God" ; possibly this was a late spurious remnant of origin legends of lative name of the Christian God, but it Airyanem Vaejah of the Alans. could also have been a name to include all good deities Lahamu - first-born daughter of Abzu and Tiamat Jabbmeaaakka - Goddess of death and queen of the underworld and the Lahmu - first-born son of Abzu and kingdom of death. Tiamat; a protective and beneficent deity

Juoksahkka - The protecter and guardian Lamashtu - a malevolent being who of children; "The woman with an menaced women during childbirth arrow". Lieaibolmmai - God of the hunt, the god Kishar - goddess of the earth and female of adult men. principle Lusitanian mythology is the mythology Kotys ("Cotys", "Cottyto", "Cottytus"), a of the Lusitanians, the Indo-European goddess worshipped with much revelry people of western Iberia, in the territory by Thracian tribes such as the Edonians comprising most of modern Portugal, in the festival Cotyttia. A cult of Cottyto Extremadura and a small part of existed in classical Athens. According to Salamanca. Greek sources her priests were called baptes or "washers" because their pre- Lusitanian deities heavily influenced all worship purification rites involved of the religious practices in western bathing. Her worship included midnight Iberia, namely also in Gallaecia. They orgies (orgia). Her name is believed to mingled with Roman deities after have meant "war, slaughter", akin to Old Lusitania was conquered. Norse Höðr "war, slaughter". Maadteraahka - Mother of the tribe, Kurdalægon (Курдалæгон). The Goddess of women and children, she heavenly smith. A close friend of the who gives humans their body; women Narts. belonged to her, and boys belonged to her until they were declared men. Kurys (Digor Burku) is a dream land, a Maadteraahka is popular among modern meadow belonging to the dead, which sami feminists. can be visited by some people in their sleep. Visitors may bring back Maadteraajja - The father of the tribe, miraculous seeds of luck and good husband of Maadteraahka; while his fortune, sometimes pursued by the dead. wife gives humans their body, he gives Inexperienced souls may bring back them their soul; and thus, they are born. fever and sickness instead. Mano, Aske or Manna - The god of the Gershevitch (with V.I. Abaev) compares Moon. the name Kurys to the mountain Kaoiris

21 Mihr - The god of light, heaven and sun. He was the son of Aramazd, the brother Saaraahka - The Goddess of fertility, of Anahit and Nane. His main worship menstruation, love, sexuality, pregnancy was located in Bagaharich. The pagan and childbirth. Saaraahka was the most temple of Garni was dedicated to him. important female god; she is sometimes sister of Juoksahka and Oksaahka, Mubpienålmaj - "The evil one"; possibly sometimes they are a trinity of the same the Christian god of evil, but also a name Goddess. that included all the evil deities. Sabazios, the Thracian reflex of Indo- Mummu - god of crafts and technical European , identified with Heros skill Karabazmos, the "Thracian horseman". Nane - The daughter of Aramazd, Nane He gained a widespread importance was considered the goddess of war, especially after the Roman conquest. motherhood and wisdom. Her cult was After Christianity was adopted, the closely connected with that of Anahit, symbolism of Heros continued as and her temple was located in Gavar, representations of Saint George slaying near Anahit's temple. the dragon (compare Uastyrdzhi/Tetri Giorgi in the Caucasus). Oksaahka - The former of the fetus; she shaped the fietus in the mother's womb Safa (Сафа). God of the hearth chain. and gave humans their gender. She was The most important domestic deity for the sister of Juoksahka. Ossetians.

Pazuzu - king of the demons of the wind; Sami shamanism is a Sami polytheistic he also represented the southwestern religion. Though it varied considerably wind, the bearer of storms and drought from region to region within Sápmi, it commonly emphasized ancestor worship - an evil vampiric spirit and animal spirits, such as the bear cult.

Raedie, Väraldarade or Waralden Olmai Śamšu - "sun" (Sun goddess: but Šamaš - The main god, the great creator of the is a male god). world; he was, however, passive, some say even sleeping, and not very included Satana (Сатана). Mother goddess, in active religion. mother of the Narts. Raedieahkka - Wife of Raedie. Saubarag (Саубараг or Сау бараджи Rana Niejta - Daughter of Raedie. дзуар, "black rider"), the god of "Rana" was a popular name of Sami darkness and thieves, identified with girls. Satan.

Raediengiedte - Son of Raedie. Spandaramet - The god of the dungeon and the kingdom of the dead, he was Ruohtta - The god of sicknesses and identified with the Greek god Hades. therefore also a death-god. He was depicted riding on a horse. Stallon - The feared giant of the woods.

22 god of war to whom Armenian kings and Tiamat - primordial goddess of the ocean warlords would pray before engaging in battle. Tir - God of wisdom, culture, science and studies, he also was an interpreter of Warilju - "moon" (Moon god) dreams. He was the messenger of the gods and was associated with Apollo. Zibelthiurdos (also "Zbelsurdos", Tir's temple was located near Artashat. "Zibelthurdos"): a god recognized as similar to the Greek Zeus as a wielder of Tjaetsieålmaj - The men of water. lightning and thunderbolts.

Tsovinar - Also called Nar, she was the Zu - divine storm-bird and the goddess of rain, sea and water, though personification of the southern wind and she was actually a fiery being who the thunder clouds. forced rain to fall. Tutyr (Тутыр). Lord of the wolves. Roman Pantheon Identified with Saint Theodore of Tyre. As a rule the Romans were not myth- makers, and the myths they had were Uacilla (Уацилла; "Saint Elijah"). Also usually imported. The Roman gods were spelled Wasilla. God of rain, thunder and utilitarian, like the practical Romans lightning. As protector of the harvest he themselves. These gods were expected to is known as Хоры Уацилла (Hory serve and protect men, and when they Uacilla, "Uacilla of the wheat"). Anyone failed to do so their worship was struck by lightning was considered curtailed. Most of the contents of Roman chosen by the god and, if they survived, myths were copied from the Greeks (and a sheep was sacrificed in their honour. changed to suit their needs). His festival was celebrated in the summer with the sacrifice of a lamb and As their empire grew, they incorporated a bull and the drinking of specially aspects borrowed from the Egyptians brewed beer. On that day women baked and from the religions of Asia Minor and bread in silence as a mark of reverence. the Middle East. They made minor changes again to suit their religion and Uastyrdzhi (Уастырджи; "Saint lifestyle and Latinized the names. George"). The patron of males and travellers, and the guarantor of oaths. Divine narrative played a more Main patron of North Ossetia-Alania. important role in the system of Greek religious belief than among the Romans, Vahagn - The third god of the Armenian for whom ritual and cult were primary. Pantheon, Vahagn is the god of thunder For example, if one were to ask a Greek and lightning, and a herculean hero about Demeter, he might reply with the noted for slaying dragons. He was also well-known story of her grief at the worshiped as a sun-god and a god of abduction of Persephone by Hades. An courage. Vahagn's main sanctuary was archaic Italian, by contrast, would say located in the Ashtishat (a region in that Ceres had an official priest called a ancient Armenia). Vahagn was also a , who was junior to the of

22 Jupiter, Mars, and , but senior to contained religious procedures, prayers, the flamens of Flora and . and rulings and opinions on points of religious law. He might say that she was grouped in a triad with two other agricultural gods, Although at least some of this archived Liber and Libera. And he might even be material was available for consultation able to rattle off all of the minor gods by the Roman senate, it was often with specialized functions who attended occultum genus litterarum, an arcane her: Sarritor (weeding), Messor form of literature to which by definition (harvesting), Convector (carting), only priests had access. Prophecies Conditor (storing), Insitor (sowing), and pertaining to world history and Rome's dozens more. Thus the archaic Roman destiny turn up fortuitously at critical "mythology", at least concerning the junctures in history, discovered suddenly gods, was made up not of narratives, but in the nebulous Sibylline books, which rather of interlocking and complex according to legend were purchased by interrelations between and among gods Tarquin the Proud in the late 6th century and humans. BC from the Cumaean Sibyl.

At the head of the earliest pantheon were The gods represented distinctly the the so-called Archaic Triad of Jupiter, practical needs of daily life, as felt by Mars, and Quirinus, whose flamens were the Roman community to which they of the highest order, and Janus and belonged. They were scrupulously . According to tradition, the accorded the rites and offerings founder of Roman religion was Numa considered proper. Thus, Janus and Pompilius, the Sabine second king of Vesta guarded the door and hearth, the Rome, who was believed to have had as Lares protected the field and house, his consort and adviser a Roman goddess Pales the pasture, Saturn the sowing, or nymph of fountains and prophecy, Ceres the growth of the grain, Pomona . the fruit, and Consus and the harvest. The Etruscan-influenced of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva later Even the majestic Jupiter, the ruler of the became central to official religion, gods, was honored for the aid his rains replacing the Archaic Triad – an unusual might give to the farms and vineyards. In example within Indo-European religion his more encompassing character he was of a supreme triad formed of two female considered, through his weapon of deities and only one male. The cult of lightning, the director of human activity Diana was established on the Aventine and, by his widespread domain, the Hill. protector of the Romans in their military activities beyond the borders of their Although Roman religion was not based own community. Prominent in early on scriptures and exegesis, priestly times were the gods Mars and Quirinus, literature was one of the earliest written who were often identified with each forms of Latin prose. The books (libri) other. and commentaries (commentarii) of the and of the

22 Mars was a god of war; he was honored Hercules, Venus, and deities of lesser in March and . Quirinus is rank, some of whom were Italic thought by modern scholars to have been divinities, others originally derived from the patron of the armed community in the Greek culture of Magna Graecia. time of peace. The 19th-century scholar Georg Wissowa thought that the Romans In 203 BC, the cult object embodying distinguished two classes of gods, the di Cybele was brought from Pessinus in indigetes and the di novensides or Phrygia and welcomed with due : the indigetes were the ceremony to Rome, centuries before the original gods of the Roman state, their territory was annexed formally. Both names and nature indicated by the titles Lucretius and Catullus, poets of the earliest priests and by the fixed contemporary in the mid-1st century BC, festivals of the calendar, with 30 such offer disapproving glimpses of her gods were honored with special wildly ecstatic cult. In some instances, festivals; the novensides were later deities of an enemy power were formally divinities whose cults were introduced to invited through the ritual of evocatio to the city in the historical period, usually take up their abode in new sanctuaries at at a known date and in response to a Rome. specific or felt need. Arnaldo Momigliano and others, however, have Communities of foreigners (peregrini) argued that this distinction cannot be and former slaves (libertini) continued maintained. their own religious practices within the city. In this way Mithras came to Rome Early Roman divinities included a host and his popularity within the Roman of so-called "specialist gods" whose army spread his cult as far afield as names were invoked in the carrying out Roman Britain. The important Roman of various specific activities. Fragments deities were eventually identified with of old ritual accompanying such acts as the more anthropomorphic Greek gods plowing or sowing reveal that at every and goddesses, and assumed many of stage of the operation a separate deity their attributes and myths. was invoked, the name of each deity being regularly derived from the verb for Abeona - a goddess who protected the operation. The relation of these to the children the first time they left their di indigetes is unclear; see parents' home, safeguarding their first . steps alone

The absorption of neighbouring local - divine personification of gods took place as the Roman state abundance and prosperity conquered the surrounding territory. The Romans commonly granted the local Acca Larentia - a diva of complex gods of the conquered territory the same meaning and origin in whose honor the honors as the earlier gods of the Roman Larentalia was held . In addition to , the conquered settlements in Acis - god of the Acis River in Sicily Italy seem to have contributed to the Roman pantheon Diana, Minerva,

22 Adeona - goddess who protected - a god propitiated to avert children as they returned home calamity

Aerecura - goddess possibly of Celtic A Bacchus from Roman Spain, 2nd origin, associated with the underworld centuryBacchus - god of wine, sensual pleasures, and truth, originally a cult title - divine personification of for the Greek Dionysus and identified fairness with the Roman Liber

Aesculapius - the Roman equivalent of or Duellona - war goddess Asclepius, god of health and medicine - goddess of fertility, healing, - goddess and personification virginity, and women of eternity - divine personification Aius Locutius - divine voice that warned of "Good Outcome" the Romans of the imminent Gallic invasion Bromius - an epithet, Greek in origin, of Bacchus, god of wine Alemonia or Alemona - goddess responsible for nourishing the unborn Bubona - goddess of cattle child Caca - an archaic fire goddess and - goddess who relieved people "proto-Vesta the sister of from pain and sorrow Cacus - originally an ancient god of fire, Angitia - goddess associated with snakes later demoted to a giant. and Medea - god of the sky - early goddess of the "circle of the year", her festival was - four goddesses with various celebrated March 15 attributes including fresh water, prophecy, and childbirth. There were , the divine personification of the four of them: , Egeria, grain supply to the city of Rome Antevorta, and Postvorta.

Antevorta - goddess of the future and Candelifera - goddess of childbirth, one of the Camenae; also called Porrima particularly of bringing the newborn into the light Apollo - god of poetry, music, and oracles, and one of the Dii Consentes - goddess of health, thresholds and after being assigned by Janus, door Aura, often plural Aurae, "the Breezes" hinges and handles.

Aurora - goddess of the dawn

22 Carmenta - goddess of childbirth and Cunina - the protectress of infants in prophecy, and assigned a flamen minor. cradles The leader of the Camenae. Cupid - Roman god of love. The son of Carmentes - two goddesses of childbirth: Venus, and equivalent to Greek Eros Antevorta and Postvorta or Porrima, future and past. Cura - goddess of care and concern who created humans from clay Carna - goddess who presided over the heart and other organs Cybele - a goddess of caverns and mountains, walls and fortresses, nature, Ceres - goddess of the harvest and wild animals mother of Proserpina, and one of the Dii Consentes Diana Nemorensis on a denariusDea Dia - goddess of growth Cinxia - goddess of marriage; name occurs as an epithet of Juno Dea Tacita (The Silent Goddess) - goddess of the dead; later equated with - goddess of forgiveness and the earth goddess Larenta mercy Decima - minor goddess and one of the Clitunno - god of the Clitunno River Parcae (Roman equivalent of the Moirae). The measurer of the thread of - goddess who presided over life, her Greek equivalent was Lachesis the system of sewers in Rome; identified with Venus Dei Lucrii - early gods of wealth, profit, commerce and trade Collatina - goddess of hills Devera or Deverra - goddess who ruled - goddess of agreement, over the brooms used to purify temples understanding, and marital harmony in preparation for various worship services, sacrifices and celebrations; she Conditor - god invoked at the sowing of protected midwives and women in labor crops, assistant to Ceres Diana - goddess of the hunt, the moon, Consus - chthonic god protecting grain virginity, and childbirth, twin sister of storage Apollo and one of the Dii Consentes

Convector - god invoked at the carting- Diana Nemorensis - Local version of in of crops from the field, assistant to Diana Ceres Dius Fidius - god of oaths, associated Cuba - goddess of infants who was with Jupiter invoked by mothers to help their babies sleep - personification of discipline

22 Discordia - goddess of discord. Greek equivalent is Eris - god of flocks.

Dis Pater or Dispater - god of wealth and Faustitas - goddess who protected herd the underworld and livestock

Domiduca - goddess of protecting Febris - goddess who protected people children on the way back to their parents' against fevers and malaria home Domiducus - god who brought brides to Fecunditas - goddess of fertility. their husbands' houses. - goddess of good luck and Domitius or Domidius - god who kept success. wives in their husbands' homes Ferentina - patron goddess of the city The Gallo-Roman horse goddess Ferentinum, Latium, protector of the EponaEdusa - goddess of nourishment Latin commonwealth. who guarded over children as they learned to eat solid foods Feronia - rural goddess of woods and fountains. Edesia - goddess of food who presided over banquets Fessonia - goddess who relieved weariness Egeria - water nymph/goddess, later considered one the Camenae - goddess of loyalty

Empanda or Panda - goddess of Flora - goddess of flowers, was assigned generosity and charity a flamen minor

Epona - protector of horses, donkeys, Fornax - goddess of hearths and ovens mules - god of wells and springs Fabulinus - god of children, the god responsible for teaching children to Forculus - god of doors speak Fortuna - goddess of luck Falacer - obscure god. He was assigned a flamen minor. Fraus - goddess of treachery. Her Greek Fama - goddess of fame and rumor. equivalent was Apate

Fascinus - phallic god who protected - personification of lightning. from evil supernatural influences Furrina - goddess whose functions are - goddess of vegetation. Also a mostly ; may be associated with water. title of other vegetative goddesses such One source claims she was a goddess of as Bona Dea, Ops, and . robbers and thieves. She was assigned a

22 flamen minor. Name could also be Inuus - god of fertility and sexual Furina. intercourse, protector of livestock

Glycon - snake god. His cult originated - goddess of envy or jealousy in Macedonia. Iris - goddess of the rainbow (Greek) Gratiae - Roman term for the Charites or Graces Jugatinus - god of mountain ranges Juno - Queen of the Gods and goddess of Hercules - god of strength, whose matrimony, and one of the Dii Consentes worship was derived from the Greek hero Heracles Jupiter - King of the Gods and the storm, air, and sky god, father of Venus, and Hermaphroditus - an androgynous god one of the Dii Consentes; was assigned a (Greek) flamen maior

Hermus - a river god with a sanctuary at Justitia - goddess of justice Sardis - goddess of fountains, wells, and Hespera - goddess of dusk springs

Hilaritas - goddess of rejoicing and good - goddess of youth humor Lactanus or Lactans - god that made the - god of military honours, crops prosper or "yield milk" chivalry and as once source claims, military justice Larentina - an underworld goddess

Hora - Quirinus' wife Lares - household gods

Hostilina - goddess who presided over - patroness of thieves, con men the ears of crops becoming even and charlatans

Imporcitor - god invoked at the Levana - goddess of the rite through harrowing of fields, assistant to Ceres which fathers accepted newborn babies as their own Indiges - the deified Insitor - god invoked at the sowing of Letum - personification of death crops, assistant to Ceres Liber - a god of male fertility, viniculture and freedom, assimilated to Intercidona - minor goddess of Roman Bacchus and Greek Dionysus childbirth; invoked to keep evil spirits away from the child; symbolised by a Libera - Liber's female equivalent, cleaver assimilated to Roman Proserpina and Greek Persephone.

22 - goddess or personification Mater Matuta - goddess of dawn and of generosity childbirth; also seen as patroness of mariners - goddess or personification of freedom Meditrina - goddess of healing, introduced to account for the festival of Libitina - goddess of death, corpses and Meditrinalia funerals Lima - goddess of thresholds Mefitis or Mephitis - goddess and personification of poisonous gases and Limentinus - god of lintels volcanic vapours.

Lua - goddess to whom soldiers or Mellonia - goddess of bees sacrificed captured weapons, probably a and beekeeping consort of Saturn Mercury - messenger of the gods and - goddess of childbirth. The bearer of souls to the underworld, and name occurs as a surname of Juno. one of the Dii Consentes

Luna - goddess of the moon Messia - a harvest goddess

Lupercus - god of shepherds; a name for Messor - god invoked at the harvesting the Greek god Pan. of crops, assistant to Ceres.

Lympha, often plural lymphae, a water Minerva - goddess of wisdom, war and deity assimilated to the Greek nymphs the arts, and one of the Dii Consentes

Mana Genita - goddess who presided Mithras - god worshipped in the Roman over burials, mother or leader of the empire; popular with soldiers manes Molae - daughters of Mars, probably Manes - the souls of the dead; came to goddesses of grinding of the grain. be seen as household deities Moneta - minor goddess of memory, Mania - goddess of the dead and ruler of equivalent to the Greek Mnemosyne. the underworld, wife of Mantus. Not to Also used as an epithet of Juno. be confused with the Greek figure of the same name. Mors - personification of death and Mantus - god of the dead and ruler of the equivalent of the Greek Thanatos. underworld, husband of Mania. Morta - minor goddess of death and one Mars - god of war and father of of the Parcae (Roman equivalent of the , the founder of Rome, lover of Moirae). The cutter of the thread of life, Venus, and one of the Dii Consentes, her Greek equivalent was Atropos. was assigned a flamen maior

22 Murcia or Murtia - a little-known Nona - minor goddess, one of the Parcae goddess who was associated with the (Roman equivalent of the Moirae). The myrtle, and in other sources was called a spinner of the thread of life, her Greek goddess of sloth and laziness (both equivalent was Clotho. interpretations arising from false etymologies of her name). Later equated Nox - goddess of night, derived from the with Venus in the form of Venus Greek Nyx. Murcia. Obarator - god invoked at the ploughing Muta - goddess of silence of fields, assistant to Ceres

Mutunus Tutunus - god of fertility Occator - god invoked at the harrowing of fields, assistant to Ceres. Neptune velificans on a 3rd-century mosaicNaenia - goddess of funerary Orchadis - minor god responsible for the lament olive groves, an attendant of Ceres.

Nascio - personification of the act of Ops or Opis - goddess of fertility birth Orbona - goddess of children, especially Necessitas - goddess of destiny, the orphans. She granted new children to Roman equivalent of Ananke those who had become childless

Nemesis - goddess of revenge (Greek) - a god of the underworld and punisher of broken oaths Nemestrinus - god of woods and forests Palatua - obscure goddess who guarded Neptune - god of the sea, earthquakes, the Palatine Hill. She was assigned a and horses, and one of the Dii flamen minor. Consentes. Greek Equivalent is Poseidon. Pales - deity of shepherds, flocks and livestock - ancient war goddess and the personification of valor Parcae - personifications of destiny (Nona, Decima, and Morta) Neverita - wife of Neptune; their quarrels caused sea storms. Partula or Parca - goddess of childbirth; determined the length of pregnancy. Nixi, also di nixi, dii nixi, or Nixae - goddesses of childbirth, called upon to Patelana - goddess of opening husks of protect women in labour grain

Nodutus - god who made knots in stalks Paventia - goddess who comforted of wheat frightened children

22 - goddess of peace; equivalent of Potina - goddess of children's drinks Greek Eirene. - localised god of the shade; Pellonia - goddess who warded people worship derived from the Greek Priapus off their enemies Promitor - minor agricultural god, Penates or Di Penates - household gods responsible for the growth and harvesting of crops; attendant of Ceres. Picumnus - minor god of fertility, agriculture, matrimony, infants and Proserpina - Queen of the Dead and a children grain-goddess, the Roman equivalent of the Greek Persephone Picus — Italic woodpecker god with oracular powers Providentia - goddess of forethought

Pietas - goddess of duty; personification - goddess and personification of the Roman virtue . of chastity, one of the Roman virtues. Her Greek equivalent was Aidôs. Pilumnus - minor guardian god, concerned with the protection of infants Puta - goddess of pruning vines and at birth bushes

Pluto - a name given to him by the Quirinus, Sabine god identified with Romans from Greek myths, he is the Mars; Romulus, the founder of Rome, King of the Dead, and of the was deified as Quirinus after his death. underworld. Quirinus was a war god and a god of the Roman people and state, and was - goddess of punishment assigned a flamen maior.

Pomona - goddess of fruit trees, gardens Quiritis - goddess of motherhood. and orchards; assigned a flamen minor Originally Sabine or pre-Roman, she was later equated with Juno. Porus - god and personification of plenty Redarator - minor god of agriculture, Porrima - goddess of the future. Also associated with the second ploughing called Antevorta. One of the Carmentes and the Camenae Robigo or Robigus, a god or goddess who personified grain disease and Portunes - god of keys, doors, and protected crops livestock, he was assigned a flamen minor. - personification of the Roman state or Prorsa Postverta - goddess of childbirth and the past, one of the two Rumina - goddess who protected Carmentes (other being Porrima) breastfeeding mothers

23 Runcina - minor goddess of agriculture, - god of sleep; equates with the associated with reaping and weeding. Greek Hypnos.

Rusina - protector of the fields or Soranus - a god later subsumed by farmland (also known as Rurina) Apollo in the form Apollo Soranus. Rusina|Rusor - a minor agricultural god and attendant of Ceres Sors - god of luck

Sol Invictus, or Christ depicted in his - goddess of hope guiseSalacia - goddess of seawater, wife of Neptune Spiniensis - minor agricultural god; prayed to when removing thorny bushes Salus - goddess of the public welfare of the Roman people; came to be equated Stata Mater - goddess who protected with the Greek Hygieia against fires. Sometimes equated with Vesta Sancus - god of loyalty, honesty, and oaths Statanus - god also known as Statulinus or Statilinus. Presided over the child's Saritor or Sarritor - god of hoeing and first attempt to stand up. Along with his weeding, assistant to Ceres wife Statina protected the children as they left home for the first time and Saturn - a titan, god of harvest and returned. agriculture, the father of Jupiter, Neptune, Juno, and Pluto Statina - goddess who, along with her husband Statanus, protected the childred Secia - a harvest goddess as they left home for the first time and returned. Securita or - goddess of security, especially the security of the Sterquilinus ("manure") - god of Roman empire fertilisation. Also known as Stercutus, Sterculius, Straculius, Struculius. Segetia - an agricultural goddess Strenua or Strenia - goddess of strength Semonia - goddess of sowing and endurance

Sentia - goddess who oversaw children's Suadela - goddess of persuasion, her mental development Greek equivalent was Peitho

Setia - an agricultural goddess Subigus - god of the wedding night

Silvanus - minor god of woodlands and - god of nocturnal thunder forests Tellumo - male counterpart of Tellus - sun god - goddess of storms

23 or Venelia - sea goddess, wife of Terra Mater or Tellus - goddess of the Neptune or Faunus earth and land Venti - the winds, equivalent to the - the rustic god of boundaries Greek . North wind: Aquilo(n) Tiberinus - river god; deity of the Tiber or Septentrio; South wind: Auster; East river. wind: Vulturnus; West wind: Favonius; North west wind: Caurus or Corus. Tibertus - god of the river Anio, a tributary of the Tiber Venus - goddess of love and beauty, mother of the hero Aeneas, and one of - goddess of peace and the Dii Consentes tranquility - goddess and personification of Trivia - goddess of crossroads and the Roman virtue of veritas or truth. magic, equated with Hecate Verminus - god of cattle worms Tutelina - a harvest goddess Vertumnus, Vortumnus or Vertimnus - Ubertas - minor agricultural goddess, god of the seasons, and of gardens and who personified fruitfulness of soil and fruit trees plants, and abundance in general. Vervactor - deity of the first ploughing, Unxia - minor goddess of marriage, assistant to Ceres concerned with anointing the bridegroom's door. The name occurs as a Vesta - goddess of the hearth and the surname of Juno. Roman state, and one of the Dii Consentes Uranus - god of the sky before Jupiter (Greek) Vica Pota - goddess of victory and competitions Vacuna - ancient goddess who protected the farmers' sheep and was later Victoria - goddess of victory identified with Nike - Goddess of Victory and worshipped as a war Viduus - god who separated soul and goddess. body after death Vagitanus - minor god of children, Virbius - a forest god, the reborn guardian of the infant's first cry at birth Hippolytus

Vallonia - goddess of valleys Viriplaca - goddess of marital strife

Vediovus or Veiovis - obscure god, a - god or goddess of military sort of anti-Jupiter, as the meaning of his strength, personification of the Roman name suggests. May be a god of the virtue of virtus underworld

23 Volturnus - god of water, was assigned a flamen minor. Not to be confused with Jabbmeaaakka - Goddess of death and Vulturnus. queen of the underworld and the kingdom of death. Volumna - goddess of nurseries Ipmeláhcchi/Ipmil/Jipmel (trans. Heaven Voluptas - goddess of pleasure Father) - "God" ; possibly this was a late lative name of the Christian God, but it Volutina - goddess of the envelopes of could also have been a name to include the follicles of crops all good deities Vulcan - god of the forge, fire, and blacksmiths, husband to Venus, and one Juoksahkka - The protecter and guardian of the Dii Consentes, was assigned a of children; "The woman with an flamen minor arrow".

Lieaibolmmai - God of the hunt, the god Sami Pantheon of adult men. Sami shamanism is a Sami polytheistic Maadteraahka - Mother of the tribe, religion. Though it varied considerably Goddess of women and children, she from region to region within Sápmi, it who gives humans their body; women commonly emphasized ancestor worship belonged to her, and boys belonged to and animal spirits, such as the bear cult. her until they were declared men. Maadteraahka is popular among modern Mano, Aske or Manna - The god of the sami feminists. Moon. Maadteraajja - The father of the tribe, Atja - The god of thunder, also called husband of Maadteraahka; while his Bajanolmmai, Dierpmis or wife gives humans their body, he gives Hovrengalles, which means "Thor- them their soul; and thus, they are born. man". Mubpienålmaj - "The evil one"; possibly Beaivi or Biejje - The great Goddess of the Christian god of evil, but also a name the Sun, mother of human kind. that included all the evil deities. Oksaahka - The former of the fetus; she Bieggagallis - The god of the storms, shaped the fietus in the mother's womb father of human kind, consort of Beaivi. and gave humans their gender. She was the sister of Juoksahka. Bieggolman - God of the summer winds. Raedie, Väraldarade or Waralden Olmai Biegkegaellies - God of the winter - The main god, the great creator of the winds. world; he was, however, passive, some say even sleeping, and not very included Biejjenniejte - Goddess of healing and in active religion. medicine; her name means "Daughter of the Sun" or "Maiden of the Sun", and Raedieahkka - Wife of Raedie. she was especially helpful against sicknesses caused by her mother, the sun.

23 Rana Niejta - Daughter of Raedie. the king's daughter for his wife. Also "Rana" was a popular name of Sami known as Estmere. girls. Fir Chlis - The Aurora Borealis which Raediengiedte - Son of Raedie. was regarded as being made up of the souls of fallen angels. In some Ruohtta - The god of sicknesses and references, known as Fir Chlis, Merry therefore also a death-god. He was Dancers, Merry Dancers, Nimble Men or depicted riding on a horse. Nimble Men.

Saaraahka - The Goddess of fertility, Fomhair - Mountain giants, controllers menstruation, love, sexuality, pregnancy of fate. Gods of death. Occasionally and childbirth. Saaraahka was the most known as Fomhair, Famhair, Famhair, important female god; she is sometimes Fomhairean, Fomhairean, Irish Fomoire, sister of Juoksahka and Oksaahka, Irish Fomoire or Foawr. sometimes they are a trinity of the same Goddess. - A malevolent spirit. These spirits were regarded as the parents of Stallon - The feared giant of the woods. brollachans. In some lore, occasionally called fuath. Tjaetsieålmaj - The men of water. Galdragon - A sorceress: a witch. Identified as Galdragon. Scottish Pantheon Gentle Annie - An ugly hag, demon of A Cholla mo Rùn - A musical legend the south-west wind. At times, called that credits the Scottish bagpipes with Gentle Annie. the power of speech. Sometimes identified as A Cholla mo Rùn. Glashan - A spirit. Sometimes referred to as Glashan. Auld Hornie - The Scots version of Old Hornie, the Devil. Occasionally gruacach - A monster: an ogre: a identified as Auld Hornie. : a household goddess: an Otherworld . On occassion, Crodhmara - In Scottish lore, fairy cows. identified as gruacach, gruagach, These animals are said to yield three gruagach, Hairy One, The, Hairy One, times as much milk as normal cows. The, The Hairy One or The Hairy One. Occasionally referred to as Crodhmara. Gunna - Spirits that search for scraps of Cu Sith - In Scottish lore, a fairy dog. food such as bones. In some lore, This animal was said to be green and as occasionally referred to as Gunna. big as an ox, but was rarely seen. henky A troll of the northern islands. Occasionally known as Cu Sith. Known as henky. Estmere - A hero. He killed a prince who was threatening King Asland and won

23 hobyah - A cannibal goblin. On occassion, referred to as hobyah, Turpy Pict - A dwarf living underground. or Turpy. Sometimes identified as Pict.

Isabel - A queen rescued from the Red-cap - A malevolent castle goblin. underworld. By Orfeo. Also commonly He is said to dye his cap in human blood. identified as Isabel. On occassion, referred to as Red-cap, Red-cowl or Red-cowl. Kennaquhair - An imaginary place. At riverhorse - A water sprite. On times, identified as Kennaquhair. occassion, known as riverhorse.

Land o' the Leal - The happy home of seelie court - Benevolent fairies. Also spirits: heaven. Occasionally called Land referred to as seelie court. o' the Leal. - One of the sea-spirits, a seal race Little Gude - The devil. Occasionally of the Orkneys. In some lore, identified as Little Gude, Satan, Satan, occasionally called selkie, roane, roane, Lord of Fire, Lord of the Underworld, sea-spirit, seal-maiden, sea-spirit, sea- Old Bendy, Old Driver, Old Gentleman, spirit, sea-spirit, silkie or silkie. Old Gooseberry, Old Hangie, Old Harry, Old Hornie, Old Ned, Old Nick, Old shellycoat - A water goblin. Known as One, Old Poker, Old Scratch, Old shellycoat. Serpent, Prince of Darkness, Sathan, Sathanas, Nick, Sathan(as), The Shony - A sea-god of the Hebrides. Also Adversary, Arab shaitan, Ethiopian known as Shony, Shoney or Shoney. shaytan, Scottish Auld Hornie, Clootie or Yazid. shoopiltee - The name for the in Shetland. Known as shoopiltee, Orkney Loch Garten Monster - A flesh-eating tang(ie) or Orkney tang(ie). monster, part bull, part horse. Also identified as Loch Garten Monster. - A fairy race, souls of the dead, seen fighting in the sky. Sometimes - A monster called sluagh. purported to be living in Loch Ness. Also identified as Loch Ness Monster, spaeman - A diviner: prophet. Also Nessie or Nessie. identified as spaeman, spaer or spaer. spaewives - Witches: fairies: female Nickneven - A spirit in the form of an soothsayers. At times, called spaewives. old hag. In some references, referred to as Nickneven. taish - An apparition of the dying: Orfeo - A musician. He travelled to the secondsight. Sometimes known as taish, underworld to rescue the queen, Isabel. taisch or taisch. Occasionally called Orfeo, English Orpheo, English Orpheo, Orpheus, Tam - A hero who killed the Loch-wife. Greek Orpheus, Greek Orpheus or In some lore, occasionally identified as Orpheo. Tam.

23 - A water spirit of the Orkneys in Au-Aa A deity. Sometimes identified as the form of a sea-horse or a man draped Au-Aa. with seaweed. Occasionally known as tangie, tang, tang, Scottish kelpie, Baal-Lebanon A storm-god. Also Scottish kelpie, eac uisge, glaistyn, commonly known as Baal-Lebanon. Shetland shoopiltee or Shetland shoopiltee. Balshameme A thunder-god. Also commonly referred to as Balshameme, tarb uisge - The Scottish version of the Baalsamame, Baalsamame, Balsamem, water-bull. In some references, called Balsamem, Balshamin, Balshamin, tarb uisge. Balshim or Balshim. - A dwarf goblin of the hills and A god of good fortune in Canaan sea. Sometimes referred to as trow, and . In some references, drow, drow, Scandinavian troll or identified as Gad. Scandinavian troll. Idurmer A god of rain and thunder. Also unseelie court - Malevolent spirits or identified as Idurmer, Ilumer, Ilumer, fairies. Called unseelie court. Babylonian Adad, Babylonian Adad, Enlil, Hadad, Ishkur, Mer, Assyrian Mer, urisk - A supernatural being: a brownie. Assyrian Mer, Adad, Sumrian Enlil, Sometimes identified as urisk, , Sumrian Enlil, Syrian Hadad, Syrian glaistig, glaistyn or Urisk. Hadad or Balmarcodes.

Wallace - A storm-demon. This being is Ilmaqah A moon-god. Occasionally said to throw large rocks. In some referred to as Ilmaqah. references, called Wallace. ilu - A word for a supernatural being wirricow - A . Occasionally such. As a demon, god or spirit. referred to as wirricow, worricow, worricow, worrycow or worrycow. Kesil - A giant: the constellation Orion. He tried to reach the heavens but god Yirdswine - A beast, said to live in tied him up and put him in the sky as graveyards, which eats corpses. In some Orion. When he disappears below the accounts, known as Yirdswine. horizon, he is said to be spending part of the year in She'ol. In some accounts, he is equated with Gibbor or Nimrod. Occasionally known as Kesil, Gibbor, Semitic Pantheon Gibbor, Arab Al Jabbar or Nimrod. Mlk-Amuklos A hero-god. Also known Allatum A goddess of the underworld. In as Mlk-Amuklos. some accounts, identified as Allatum, Carthaginian Allatu, Carthaginian Serim Mythical hairy, goat-like beings. Allatu, Allat, Ereshkigal, Sumerian Living in desert areas: . On Ereshkigal, Sumerian Ereshkigal or occassion, referred to as Serim, Sahirim, Allatu.

23 Sahirim, Se'irim, Se'irim, se'irim or universe. Various myths and ritualistic se'irim. data however reveal the cults of many other gods and lesser divinities including the worship of earth goddesses. Slavic Pantheon - The birth-giver, creator of all There is only fragmentary and scattered existent. Supreme god, according to information about the myths and legends some theories of the Slavs, and it is not possible to trace the history of their religion or to Dažbog - Sun god, possibly a culture reconstruct the whole Slavic pantheon. hero and a source of wealth and power Nevertheless, there were certain common beliefs among most pre- Jarilo - God of vegetation, fertility and Christian Slavs. spring; also associated with war and harvest It is generally thought that the earliest Slavic religious beliefs were based on - Goddess of harvest, witchcraft, the principle that the whole natural winter and death world is inhabited and directed by spirits or mysterious forces. Later, particularly - God of thunder and lightning in areas where the Slavs had a more organized cultural life and were Živa - Goddess of love and fertility integrated with foreign peoples, the spiritual beliefs became less rustic, and - God of fire, sometimes the vague spirits of nature were described as a smith god anthropomorphized into divinities with special powers and functions. - God of war, fertility and abundance The supreme god of the East and was Perun, god of lightning and - Three-headed god thunder. Because he controlled the elements of nature, his aid and - God of earth, waters, and the protection were strongly evoked at seed underworld time and harvest. Until the end of the 10th century an idol of Perun existed in Zaria - Goddess of beauty Kiev. Svarog, a god known to most Slavic peoples, was regarded as the The - Three (or two) guardian father of the chief deities. goddesses that represent the morning, evening and midnight stars Among his sons were , god of the sun, and Svarazic, god of fire. Two - The White God; speculated to important gods of Slavic religion were be a god of light and sun Byelobog (or Byelun) the White God and the Black God. These Berstuk - Evil Wendish god of the forest two, who represented the opposing forces of good and evil reflected the Slavic belief in the dualistic nature of the

23 Chernobog - The Black God; speculated Matka Gabia - Polish goddess of the to be the opposite number of Belobog home and hearth

Dodola - Goddess of rain, sometimes - Goddess connected with believed to be the wife of Perun female activities such as shearing, spinning and weaving Dogoda - Polish spirit of the west wind, associated with love and gentleness Myesyats - God of the moon

Dziewona - Virgin goddess of the hunt; Oynyena Maria - Polish fire goddess equivalent of the Roman goddess Diana, who assists Perun or Greek goddess Artemis Oźwiena - Goddess of echo, gossip, fame and glory Dzydzilelya - Polish goddess of love, marriage, sexuality and fertility Peklenc - God of the underground and a divine judge Flins - Wendish god of death Percunatel - Polish goddess, purported to Hors - God of the winter sun, healing, be Perun's mother survival, and the triumph of health over illness Pereplut - Goddess of drink and changing fortunes Ipabog - God of the hunt Podaga - Wendish god of weather, Juthrbog - Wendish moon god fishing, hunting and farming

Karewit - Wendish protector of the town Porewit - God of the woods, who of Charenza protected lost voyagers and punished those who mistreated the forest - Fire god - Possibly a god of hospitality, Kupalo - God of fertility fertility and crops

Koliada - Goddess of the sky, Rugiewit - Local personification of responsible for the sunrise Perun, worshipped by members of the Rani in Charenza - Fakeloric goddess of harmony, merriment, youth, love and beauty, Siebog - God of love and marriage; constructed by scholars during the consort of Živa Renaissance Siliniez - Polish woodland god for whom moss was sacred Marowit - Wendish god of nightmares - God and spirit of the winds, Marzyana - Polish goddess of the grain sky and air

23 Sudice - The Fates of Polish mythology, Dola - Protective spirits who embody who meted out fortune, destiny, human fate judgement and in some cases, fatality, when a child was born Domovoi - Household spirits

Sudz - Polish god of destiny and glory - A creature believed to come from the soul of a dead unbaptised child Tawals - Blessing-bringing god of the German - A male spirit associated with meadows and fields rain and hail

Varpulis - God of storm winds and Karzełek - Mine-dwelling beings that companion of Perun protect miners

Zeme - Goddess of the earth - Female household spirit, sometimes said to be married to the Zirnitra - Dragon god of sorcery Domovoi

Zislbog - Wendish moon goddess; also - An evil being who cannot be known as Kricco, goddess of the seed killed because his soul is hidden separate from his body Złota Baba - Polish goddess known as the "Golden Woman" - Woodland spirits who protect wild animals and forests Żywie - Goddess of health and healing - A one-eyed embodiment of evil Ala - Demons of bad weather fate and misfortune

Baba Yaga - A witch-like character who - Field spirits who appear either eats small children and lives in a house at noon or at sunset which stands on chicken feet Polunocnica - "Lady Midnight", a Bagiennik - Water demons who lived in demoness said to frighten children at lakes and rivers night

Bannik - A bathhouse spirit with the Pscipolnitsa - ""; a noon ability to predict the future demon who roamed the fields and struck down workers with heatstroke - An evil spirit - An evil spirit who causes Raróg - Creature who turns himself into disorientation a whirlwind

Boginki - Polish spirits who were said to - Often-malevolent female steal babies and replace them with ghosts, water nymphs, succubi or Odmience mermaid-like demons that dwelled in waterways

23 Shishiga - Female creature who harasses - The father of Skif, founder of people and brings misfortune to ; often portrayed as a large dog drunkards with wings

Skrzak - A flying - A creature with the head and chest of a woman and the body of a bird Stuhać - A demonic, mountain-dwelling creature Zmey - A dragon-like creature

Topielec - Malevolent spirits of human souls that died drowing Syrian Pantheon Amurru - An Amorite mountain-god. Vampir - A revenant that feeds on the Consort of Asherah. An aspect of Adad. blood of the living Also known as Amurru, Amor, Amor, Cupid, Martu, Martu, Hadad, Hadad, - Fairy-like spirits Dad, Dadda, Dadu, Dad(da), Kurgal, Babylonian Adad or Phoenician - A male water spirit Balmarcodes. Zduhać - A man with extraordinary Arsa A goddess of fate. Sometimes supernatural abilities referred to as Arsa, Arab Rusa or Arab Rusa. CreaturesAlkonost - A legendary bird with the head and chest of a woman Asherah - A goddess. Consort of Amurru. In some lore, occasionally - A six-legged monster with known as Asherah, Atirat, Atirat, gnarled horns who lived in lakes and Canaanite Asertu, Ilat, Ilat, Lady of attacked during the night Byblos, Lady of Byblos, Asherah, Hathor, Mother of the Gods, Mother of Cikavac - A winged animal that would the Gods, Dôn, Neith, Teteoinnan, Don, fulfill its owner's wishes and enable its Tetetoinnan, Queen of the Sea, Queen of owner to understand the animal language the Sea or Asherah. Firebird - A magical glowing bird which Atargatis - A mother-goddess and is both a blessing and bringer of doom to goddess of vegetation, originally known. its captor As Derceto. Consort of Aun orHadad. Mother of Semiramis by Oannes. She Gamayun - A prophetic bird with the was born in the form of an egg, floating head of a woman in the Euphrates, which was pushed ashore by a fish. In one story she fell Psoglav - A demonic creature described into the sea and was changed into a fish; as having a human body with horse legs, her daughter was changed into a dove. and dog's head with iron teeth and a As Atargatis Derketo she was a single eye on the forehead fishgoddess, half woman, half fish. In some accounts she is equated with Anat. Sometimes called Atargatis, Atar, Atar,

24 Atarate, Atarate, Atargate, Atargate, Ajalpala, Ajalpala, Ajapal, Aja, Aja or Atergatis, Atergatis, Atharate, Atharate, 'unborn'. , Attar, Dercetis, Dercetis, Derceto, Derceto, Derketo, Derketo, Atar(g)ate, Ananta Nakhon - A city, home of Sison. Atar(g)ate, DeaSyria, DeaSyria, Syrian Occasionally referred to as Ananta Goddess, Syrian Goddess, Astarte, Dea Nakhon. Syria, Syria Dea or Greek Aphrodite. Ananta Thewi - A goddess of good luck. Combalus - A fertility-god. He is said to Consort of Phra Sao. Sometimes known have rejected the love of the earth- as Ananta Thewi, Sanskrit Ananda or goddess and castrated himself. Sanskrit Ananda. Sometimes identified as Combalus. Anomatan - A king. Son of Narayana. Osiris - A corn-god assimilated into the Father of Ajalpal. Consort of Egyptian pantheon. Also referred to as Manikesara. He is said to have been born Osiris, Asari, Asari, sacred birds, sacred from the lotus with no mother. On birds, birds, Ainu Ahura Mazda, occassion, known as Anomatan. Amaterasu, Apollo, Athena, Helius, Hermes, Mercury, Mithra, Nyx, Athityarat - A king. He built a shrine to Tammuz, Zas Arawn, Artemis, China, Buddha on the spot where, according to Fukurokuju, Kwannon, Lares, a white raven, a sacred object was Mannanan, Perseus, Shou Shen, Thoth buried. When the building was finished, Apollo, Asclepius, Angerbode Brac, a bowl of fruit rose out of the earth. Cronus, Odin, Saturn, Yama Juno Occasionally identified as Athityarat, Aphrodite, Astarte Ararjatis, Ataragatis, Aditya-Raja or Aditya-Raja. Hachiman, Venus Dusara, Jupiter Egypt Apollo, Baba, Brahma, Dionysus, Egypt, Diamond Buddha - A statue of the Eros, Epona, Hera, Horus, Iris, Juno, Buddha carved from a large diamond. Kaltesh, Mars, Ops, Seb, Thoth, Vishnu This figure is said to have been carved Isis Apollo, Here, Tethys Zoastrianism by a mystery man from a single large Asclepius, Inara Ketu, Minerva Brahma, stone that appeared when a pumpkin Lakshmi, Sarasvati Apollo, Melkarth metamorphosed. Sometimes referred to Asclepius, Noah, Odin Saturn as Diamond Buddha, Sujata, Sujata or Aphrodite, Venus Hera, Sweden Suchada. Aphrodite, Isis Aphrodite, Venus Aztecs, Maya Apollo, Ares Heracles, Djao Thraya - A goddess of the River Isis, Izanagi, Izanami Ares Triptolemus Menam. Referred to as Djao Thraya. Amaterasu, Serapis, Serapis, Egyptian Apis, Un, Un, Aun, Unbu, Unbu, Osiris, elephant-tiger - A mythical animal, an Unno, Unno, Uno or Uno. elephant with a tiger's head. In some accounts, referred to as elephant-tiger. Thai Pantheon Hirantayaksa - The Thai version of Hiranyaksha. In some lore, occasionally Ajalpal - A king. Son of Anomatan and known as Hirantayaksa. Manikesara. Father of Dasha-ratha. In some accounts, known as Ajalpal,

24 Hom - Sister of Phrom. Her sister found Kinnara - A monster, half man, half bird. the son of Kong abandoned in the forest At times, known as Kinnara, and gave the child to Hom who reared Kimpurusha, Kimpurusha or Kinnara. him, calling him Phan. At times, referred to as Hom. Kong - A king. It was prophesied that a son of his would kill him so he In Lao read - A princess. Wife of Kham abandoned the baby in the forest where Daeng. She took the form of a golden it was found by the old woman Phrom hind to lure the king, Kham Daeng, into and reared by her younger sister, Hom. a wonderful palace built inside a When the boy, who they called Phan, mountain and became his wife. Also grew to man-hood, he killed Kong and commonly called In Lao. seduced his own mother who, too late, recognised her own son. Also identified Kham Daeng - A king. On a hunting trip, as Kong. he was lured into a wonderful palace inside a mountain, by a hind that turned Kuna - A king. He offended the spirits of into In Lao, a beautiful maiden. He the forest by hunting elephants within stayed with her and was never seen their precinct and, when he died, they again. At times, identified as Kham made him a tree-spirit, living in a tree. Daeng, Golden Prince or Golden Prince. On occassion, identified as Kuna.

Khrut - The Thai version of Garuda. On Kupera - A god of wealth. Also occassion, called Khrut, Gallus, Gallus, identified as Kupera, Buddhist Kubera, cock, Galon, Galon, Krut, Krut, Garuda, Buddhist Kubera, Kompira, Kovero, Garuda, Agni, Devourer, Garutmant or Kuwera, Indonesian Kuwera, Indonesian Suparna. Kuwera, Kubera, Japanese Kompira or Japanese Kompira. Khun Kan - One of the Three Great Men. In some lore, occasionally referred Ma Muang - A mango-goddess. to as Khun Kan. Sometimes identified as Ma Muang.

Khun Ket - One of the Three Great Men. Machanu - A god, guardian of a lake in In some accounts, referred to as Khun Patal. Machanu is described as being Ket. half god, half fish, and his role is to supervise the souls of the dead who must khuna - Paradise. Sometimes identified cross his lake to enter the underworld as khuna. realm of Patal. Occasionally identified as Machanu. khwan - The soul which, it is said, can leave. The body and return. In some lore, Maiyarab - King of the underworld occasionally referred to as khwan, realm, Patal. Sometimes referred to as windjan, windjan, Indonesian badi or Maiyarab. Indonesian badi. Manikesara - Wife of Anomatan. On occassion, identified as Manikesara.

24 Menam - A sacred river. Sometimes late, realised that Phan was her son. In referred to as Menam, Maenam or some references, known as Phan. Maenam. phi - A spirit of the dead. Also known as Mountain Spirit - A female spirit of the phi, Burmese nat, Burmese nat, neq, thi, mountains. It is said that the spirit is that Pakistani neq, Pakistani neq or nat. of a princess who died when the bridge she was crossing collapsed. She now Phra In - A god of wealth and king of the demands payment from those who travel gods. It is said that, to reward the people that route. In some references, referred for good living, he created three wells to as Mountain Spirit. from which they could obtain anything steal, he sent two giants who erected a Narayana - The Thai version of Vishnu. huge column, the radiation from which Father of Anomatan. Narayana is said to restored nationwide virtue but eventually have had ten incarnations which differ the people reverted to their old ways and somewhat from those attributed to Phra In sorrowfully had the pillar Vishnu in the Indian version. The list removed. includes the fish Matsya, the tortoise Kurma, the boar Varaha, the man-lion He appears at the Songkran festival to Narasinha, Krishna (Kresna) and the indicate future trends. If he is armed, the mortal Rama. The dwarf Vamana defeats year ahead will be turbulent, a torch the demon Tavan instead of the king signifies hot weather, a pot foretells rain Bali; Parasurama is replaced by the and a wand indicates peace. Referred to ascetic Sanyasi; a buffalo and a nymph as Phra In, In, In, Hindu Indra, Hindu complete the list which has no entry for Indra, Amoghasiddhi, Preas Eyn, Kalki, the incarnation yet to come. Shakra, Tung Wang Kung, Venda, Verethragna or Wei-t'o. Panyasa-Jataka - The Thai version of the Jatakas. Occasionally referred to as Phra In Suen - The name for Shiva in Panyasa-Jataka. Thailand. At times, referred to as Phra In Suen. Patal - The underworld. This realm, ruled by Maiyarab, can be reached by Phra Men - A sacred mountain. sliding down inside the hollow stalk of Sometimes referred to as Phra Men. the lotus. On occassion, known as Patal, Patali, Patali, Hindu Patala or Hindu Phra Naret - The name for Lakshmi in Patala. Thailand. Also referred to as Phra Naret, Lakshmi, Lakshmi, Indira, Phan - His father abandoned his son as a Ksirabdhitanya, Laksmi, Lotus, baby, hoping to frustrate a prophecy that Mahalakshmi, sacred birds, Dakshina, the son would kill the father. The child Devi-Seri, Devi-Shri, Dharani, Empress was found by Phrom who handed the of the Sea, Gajadevi, Haripriya, Jaladhi- boy to her sister Hom to be reared. He ja, Karisini, Ksama, Lokamata, Lotus, was given the name Phan and, when he Mahasarasvati, Matrirupa, Padma(vati), reached manhood, killed his own father Radha, Rohini, Rukmini, Sadana, Shri, and slept with his own mother who, too (Sri) Laksmi, Sita, Sri(-devi), Tulsi,

24 Vaishnavi, Vriddhi, Buddhist Maya or East Indies Dewi-Shri. Then Teng - One of the sky-lords. After the flood waters had receded, he came to Phra Sao - A god of ill-fortune, ruler of earth to teach the new race the arts of the planet Saturn. Consort of Ananta agriculture. In some accounts, referred to Thewi. Occasionally referred to as Phra as Then Teng. Sao. thi - A spirit of the dead. Occasionally Phrom - An old woman. She found the identified as thi, Burmese nat, Burmese son of Kong when he was abandoned. nat, neq, phi, Pakistani neq, Pakistani Also called Phrom. neq or nat.

Phrom-Kuman - A prince. Having Tipaka - A flying horse owned by Sison. received instructions in a dream, the Occasionally referred to as Tipaka. young prince captured a white elephant which he rode in battle when he defeated Typanon - A dancing angel holding. A the forces of Khmer. In some lore, thunderbolt. Identified as Typanon. occasionally called Phrom-Kuman, Boy- windjan - The soul of the individual God or Boy-God. which leaves the body at death. Sometimes called windjan, khwan, Phroo - The Thai version of Bharata. khwan or Indonesian badi. Sometimes known as Phroo. Witsanukam - A supreme god, architect Pu Lang Seung - One of the Three Great of the gods. In some lore, occasionally Men. Sometimes called Pu Lang Seung. referred to as Witsanukam.

Ramakien - The story of Hanuman's visit to the underworld realm, Patal. Thracian Pantheon Occasionally called Ramakien, Paleo-Balkan mythology includes the Ramakirti or Ramakirti. religious practices of the , Thracians, and . Known Ramasoon - A thunder-god. Also Thracian deities include: identified as Ramasoon. Sabazios - the Thracian reflex of Indo- Saksit - The realm of the spirits. European Dyeus, identified with Heros Occasionally known as Saksit. Karabazmos, the "Thracian horseman". He gained a widespread importance Satrud - The Thai version of Satrughna. especially after the Roman conquest. Also referred to as Satrud. After Christianity was adopted, the Sommonacodum - A saviour god. symbolism of Heros continued as Sometimes known as Sommonacodum. representations of Saint George slaying the dragon (compare Uastyrdzhi/Tetri Then Lo - Grandfather of the king of the Giorgi in the Caucasus). Thens. He entertained the Three Great Men when they went to the sky, Zibelthiurdos (also "Zbelsurdos", kingdom of the Thens. Also commonly "Zibelthurdos") - a god recognized as identified as Then Lo.

24 similar to the Greek Zeus as a wielder of Abominable Snowman - A mythical lightning and thunderbolts. monster of the Himalayas. The monster is said to resemble a human being Kotys ("Cotys", "Cottyto", "Cottytus") - covered with long hair and with feet a goddess worshipped with much revelry pointing to the rear. In some accounts, by Thracian tribes such as the Edonians identified as Abominable Snowman, in the festival Cotyttia. A cult of Cottyto kang-mi, kang-mi, ladni, ladni, existed in classical Athens. According to abominable snowman, Meti, Meti, Mi Greek sources her priests were called Go, Mi Go, Mirka, Mirka, shukpa, baptes or "washers" because their pre- shukpa, sogpu, sogpu, temu, temu, yeti, worship purification rites involved yeti, meti, meti, mi-go, mi-go, mirka, bathing. Her worship included midnight mirka, femladni or femladni. orgies (orgia). Her name is believed to have meant "war, slaughter", akin to Old Adidharma - A primaeval Buddhist Norse Höðr "war, slaughter". goddess. Also commonly referred to as Adidharma, Adhidharma, Adhidharma, Several Thracian deities show close adidharma, adhidharma or adhidharma. analogy to the Greek cult of Dionysus, Orpheus and Persephone (the Dionysian Akasagarbha - A Buddhist sky-god. The Mysteries): twelfth bodhisattva. Occasionally known as Akasagarbha, Akasha, Akasha, Bendis - was a Thracian goddess of the Khagarbha, Khagarbha, Japanese moon and the hunt whom the Greeks Kokuzo or Japanese Kokuzo. identified with Artemis, and hence with the other two aspects of formerly Anangopa - A Lamaist sorcerer. On Minoan goddesses, Hecate and occassion, identified as Anangopa. Persephone. Asokottamasri - A Buddhist god of Zalmoxis - identified by some with the medicine. Occasionally called thunder-god Gebeleïzis, an important Asokottamasri. god of the Dacians and Thracians. Balancho - One of the Five Lands. This Derzelas (also "Darzalas") - was a realm was the home of giants who lived chthonic god of health and human for over 500 years, herding cattle. Also spirit's vitality. referred to as Balancho, Balang Cho or Balang Cho. Kogaionon - was the name of a holy mountain of the Dacians. Bardol Thodol - A group of Buddhist goddesses. This group is made up of four Tibetan Pantheon Doorkeepers, eight Htamenmas, eight Kerimas and twenty-eight Wangchug- Abhijnaraja - A Buddhist physician-god. mas. On occassion, known as Bardol He is depicted with long ear lobes. In Thodol. some references, identified as Abhijnaraja. Dud - Forest-dwelling demons. These beings, armed with axes, were early

24 precursors of the human race. Next came Sunen, Begze Sunen, Begze Sunen, the Srin. Also identified as bDud. Tibetan Beg-Tse, Hindu Karttikeya, bDul Nygal - King of the demons. Hindu Karttikeya, Sanskrit Beg-Tse or Sometimes known as bDul Nygal. Sanskrit Beg-Tse.

Beg-Tse - A Buddhist and Lamaist war- Candali - A Buddhist-Lamaist goddess. god. One of 8 dharmapalas. Also One of 8 gauris. Sometimes called commonly identified as Beg-Tse, Cam- Candali. srin, Cam-srin, Begze Sunen, Hindu Karttikeya, Sanskrit Cauri - A Buddhist-Lamaist goddess. Beg-Tse, Mongolian Begze Sunen or One of 8 gauris. Identified as Cauri. Mongolian Begze Sunen. ch'o-je - A group of sorcerers regarded as incarnations of fiends. On occassion, Bhikshana - A Lamaist sorcerer. In some referred to as ch'o-je, ch'o-kyon or ch'o- accounts, called Bhikshana. kyon. bKur-dmam-rgyalmo - Consort of Chak-dor-den-pa - The second of the dBangpo-rygabzhin. Mother of celestial bodhisattvas. Called Chak-dor- Dongrub, Donldan and Donyod. den-pa. Identified as bKur-dmam-rgyalmo. Champaka - A Lamaist sorcerer. In some - A form of shamanistic nature. accounts, referred to as Champaka. Worship, the pre-Buddhist religion of Tibet. Occasionally known as Bon. Chikha - A period of after death transition. Sometimes referred to as Bon Po - Buddhists priests still Chikha, Cihuacoatl, Cihuacoatl, practising. Shamanistic magic. On Ciuacoatl, Ciuateotl, Serpent Woman, occassion, known as Bon Po. Snake Woman, Ilamatecuhtli, Temazcalteci, Teteoinnan, Tona(n)tzin, Bowa - Demons said to dance round the Chikha Bardo, Chikha Bardo, Bardo or spirits of the dead. Sometimes known as Bardo. Bowa. Chonyid Bardo - A 14-day transitional bTsan - Demons of the air. These beings after-death. Period during which visions. are said to ride red horses and use bows Occur. On occassion, known as Chonyid and arrows to kill lone travellers. Bardo, Bardo Thodol, Bardo Thodol, Occasionally called bTsan, bCan or Sidpa Bardo or Tibetan Book of the bCan. Dead. chorten - A funeral monument. Such bTsan-po - The king, regarded as the monuments are erected over the graves ruler of the bTsan. Occasionally known of lamas, saints, etc. and models are sold as bTsan-po. as amulets. Also known as chorten, mch'od-r-ten or mch'od-r-ten. Cam-srin - A Buddhist god of war. Occasionally referred to as Cam-srin, Chos-rgyal Phyi-sgrub - A god of the Beg-Tse, Beg-Tse, Mongolian Begze dead. Also referred to as Chos-rgyal

24 Phyi-sgrub, Sanskrit Yama or Sanskrit Yama. dBangpo-rgyabzhin - Ruler of the gLing-chos heaven, sTang-lha. Consort Cunda - A Buddhist goddess, literature of bKur-dman-rgyalmo. Father of deified. An aspect of Vairocana. Dongrub, Donldan and Donyod. Sometimes known as Cunda, Candra, Sometimes identified as dBangpo- Candra, Chandra, Cunti, Cunti, rgyabzhin. Vairocana, Vairocana, Brahma, Mahavairocana, Mahavairochana, dGun-ayi-rgyal-mo - The Tibetan Vairochana, Grahamatrika, Kun-Rig, version of the Buddhist Hamantadevi. Mahasahapramardani, Sometimes called dGun-ayi-rgyal-mo. Mahavairoc(h)ana, Samantabhadra, Sitapatra, Sitatara, Usnisavijaya, Hindu Dharmakirtisagaraghosa On occassion, Brahma or Japanese Dainichi. referred to as Dharmakirtisagaraghosa. dah-dar - A divining arrow used by Dhupa - A Buddhist-Lamaist mother sorcerers. In some lore, occasionally goddess. One of the astamataras. At referred to as dah-dar. times, known as Dhupa, bDug-spos-ma or bDug-spos-ma. Dalai Lama - The chief Buddhist monk. This man, the spiritual head of Tibetan Dinsangma - One of the 5 Long-Life Buddhists, is regarded as the incarnation Sisters. Occasionally called Dinsangma. of the bodhisattva, Padmapani. On the dMu - Demons. In some accounts, death of one leader a successor (a boy) is identified as dMu, Lha, Lha, Hindu chosen by divination and becomes leader Deva, rMu, rMu, lha or lha. at the age of eight. Sometimes known as Dalai Lama, Grand Lama, Grand Lama, dMu-bDud Kam-Po Sa-Zan - A Bon sky Living Buddha or Living Buddha. god. At times, known as dMu-bDud Kam-Po Sa-Zan. Dam-c'an-rdo-rje-legs-pa - Chief of the demons, overcome by Padmasambhare. dMu-rgyal - Early ancestors of the race. Also called Dam-c'an-rdo-rje-legs-pa, These were the first beings to employ Dam-chen-dorje-le-pa-dor-le or Dam- ritual and magic. They were followed by chen-dorje-le-pa-dor-le. the 'dre. At times, identified as dMu- rgyal. dar-dar - An arrow used in demon- worship. In some accounts, known as Dmyal-wa - The Tibetan version of the dar-dar. Hindu. Hell, Naraka. Also known as Darika - A Lamaist sorcerer. He was Dmyal-wa. said to be able to fly like a bird. At times, called Darika. Do-man - A collection of mystic writings used as a charm. In some lore, dBan-mgon The Buddhist lord of the occasionally called Do-man. night. Sometimes referred to as dBan- mgon, Wang-gon, Wang-gon, wang-gon Donldan - Son of dBangpo-rgyabzhin or wang-gon. and bKur-dman-rgyalmo. Brother of

24 Dongrub and Donyod. Sometimes identified as Donldan. Eight Glorious Symbols - Religious symbols in Tibet. These symbols, often Donyod - Son of dBangpo-rgyabzhin seen on some types of prayer-flag, are and bKur-dman-rgyalmo. Brother of listed as: Conch-shell trumpet, Golden Dongrub and Donldan. Occasionally fish, Lotus, Lucky diagram, Umbrella, called Donyod. Vase, Victorious banner and Wheel. In some lore, occasionally called Eight Doorkeepers - A group of 4 Buddhist Glorious Symbols. goddesses, part of the Bardo group. Also commonly called Doorkeepers. Five Lands - The countries making up the universe. The centre was occupied dor-le A Buddhist demon. Also by Rirab Lhunapo, a mountain, which identified as dor-le. extended some 3,000 miles above and below the earth's surface. The Dosangma - One of the 5 Long-Life surrounding lands, floating in the Sisters. In some accounts, called primordial ocean, were Balancho, Dra Dosangma. Minyah, Dzamo and Lo Phag. In some lore, occasionally referred to as Five Dpe-dkar - A god. Referred to as Dpe- Lands. dkar. Five Sisters of Long Life - Sister- goddesses of the Himalayas. In some Dra Minyan - One of the Five Lands. lore, occasionally identified as Five This realm was regarded as the home of Sisters of Long Life, Sisters of Long the dead. Also called Dra Minyan. Life, Sisters of Long Life, Long Life Sisters, Miyolangsangma, 'dre - Early ancestors of the race. These Miyolangsangma, Tashi Tseringma or people abandoned the great forests to Tashi Tseringma. live on bare mountain slopes. Next came the Ma-sang. At times, identified as 'dre. Ge-lug-pa - A Buddhist worshipping. Vajradhara, founded by Dri-chab-ma - The Tibetan name for Atisa. Also referred to as Ge-lug-pa, Ka- Gandha. Occasionally called Dri-chab- dam-pa or Ka-dam-pa. ma. drilbu - A prayer bell. The lamas use this gelong - A Buddhist monk. Occasionally bell to drive away evil spirits and attract referred to as gelong. good ones. Occasionally referred to as ghan-po slob-rgyas - A form of prayer- drilbu. flag. Occasionally identified as ghan-po slob-rgyas, da-cha, da-cha, cho-pen, dar- Drug - A god. On occassion, called Ich'og, gLan-po stob-rgyas, gyal-tsan Drug, Druj, Druj, Angra Mainya, dsemo, lung-rta or dar-lch'og. Drauga, Drug, Drugh, Durugh or 'deceit'. gLan-po stob-rgyas - A form of prayer- Dzamo - One of the Five Lands. This flag. In some lore, occasionally referred was said to be the land of the living. to as gLan-po stob-rgyas, da-cha, da-cha, Also called Dzamo.

24 cho-pen, dar-Ich'og, ghan-po slob-rgyas, gShin-rje gsed - The Tibetan name for gyal-tsan dsemo, lung-rta or dar-lch'og. Yamantaka as one of the Drag-gshed. In some references, called gShin-rje gsed. gNan - Evil spirits which live in rocks, water or trees and bring disease. gSun-gi-rgyal po - King of speech. One Sometimes referred to as gNan, gNyan of the Panchmaharajas. Sometimes or gNyan. identified as gSun-gi-rgyal po, Sung-gi- gral-po, Sung-gi-gral-po, Klu-dban, Klu- gnod-sbyin - Black demons. These dban, Lu Vang or Sun-gi-rgyal-po. beings, armed with bows and arrows, were precursors of the human race. Next Gur-Gyi Mgon-Po - A Buddhist god of came the bdud. Occasionally called tents. A form of Mahakala. Also gnod-sbyin. commonly known as Gur-Gyi Mgon-Po.

Gombo - A leader of the demons. He is Guru-kam-balu - A headless monk. In regarded as a manifestation of Shiva. some references, identified as Guru- Called Gombo. kam-balu.

'gong-po' - Early ancestors: miracle- gyal-tsan dsemo - A form of prayer-flag. workers. In some accounts, referred to as Occasionally called gyal-tsan dsemo, da- 'gong-po', klu-rgyal-po or klu-rgyal-po. cha, da-cha, cho-pen, dar-Ich'og, ghan- po slob-rgyas, gLan-po stob-rgyas, lung- Gri-bdog - 10 demons armed with rta or dar-lch'og. knives. Sometimes referred to as Gri- bdog, Di-do, Di-do or Gri-bobg. Gyalin - King of the realm of demi-gods. At times, known as Gyalin. gSan Sgrub - A Bon god. He was merged with Yama in Lamaism. Hod-srum - The Tibetan name for Occasionally referred to as gSan Sgrub. Kashyapa the manushibuddha. Occasionally referred to as Hod-srum, gSang-ba - Bon deities. In some O-Sung, O-Sung, Kashyapa or Hod- references, referred to as gSang-ba. srun. gShen-Rabs - The supreme god in the Htamenmas - A group of 8 goddesses. Bon pantheon. Sometimes called gShen- These beings, shown as holding corpses Rabs, gShen-Rap, gShen-Rap, Mi Bo, and skeletons, are also depicted as Mi Bo, Mi-bo or Mi-bo. having the heads of animals or birds. On gShin-rje - The Tibetan name for Yama occassion, identified as Htamenmas, as one of the Drag-gshed. Also Pharmen-ma, Pharmen-ma or commonly referred to as gShin-rje, Htamenamas. Yama, Yama, Yama, Universal King, Chinese Yen-lo (Wang), Yen Wang, Hwashan - A Chinese priest expelled Tibetan Chos-rgyal, Phyi-sgrub, Emma- from Tibet. By Padmasambhava. O or Ten Yama Kings. Sometimes identified as Hwashan.

24 Indrabhuti - A king. A Lamaist sorcerer. God of the Khumbu or Home God of the Father of Lashmikara. Also commonly Khumbu. called Indrabhuti. Khyung - Winged deities of the Bon. At K'an-po - Head of a monastery, said to times, identified as Khyung, Hindu be in direct communication with the Garuda, Hindu Garuda, Khyung-Gai saints. In some references, known as mGo-Can or Kruth. K'an-po, K'an-mo, K'an-mo, femaleK'an- mo or femaleK'an-mo. Khyung-Gai mGo-Can - A local Buddhist god, leader of the Khyung. Kalakala - A Lamaist sorcerer. Also Sometimes referred to as Khyung-Gai commonly called Kalakala. mGo-Can, Hindu Garuda, Hindu Garuda, Khyung or Kruth. Kanakha - A Lamaist sorceress. Sister of Kanakhala and Mekhala. In some King Hor - A king who abducted Brug accounts, referred to as Kanakha. Ma. She was rescued from his clutches by Gesai whom she married. In some Kanakhala - A Lamaist sorcerer. Brother lore, occasionally referred to as King of Kanakha and Mekhala. Occasionally Hor, Hor, Hor or Hor Nubuti. referred to as Kanakhala. Kirava - A king. A Lamaist sorcerer. Kanchenjunga - 5 brothers who became Also called Kirava. the spirits of sacred mountains. At times, identified as Kanchenjunga. klu - Ancestors of the race. Miracle- workers. In some references, called klu. Kanta - A Lamaist sorcerer. Also commonly known as Kanta, Kantali or Kokili - A king. A Lamaist sorcerer. On Kantali. occassion, identified as Kokili.

Karnari - A Lamaist sage. Sometimes Kor-wa-ji - The Tibetan name for known as Karnari. Krakucchanda. Referred to as Kor-wa-ji.

Khen-Ma - A Buddhist goddess Kukkuri - A disciple of the Buddha who controlling earthly demons. She is converted a number of Lamaist. depicted with eight wrinkles in her face Sorcerers. Also commonly identified as and riding a ram. Sometimes known as Kukkuri, Krishnachari or Krishnachari. Khen-Ma, Khon-Ma or Khon-Ma. Khen-Pa - A Buddhist god controlling Kun-Rig - A form of Vairocana with 4 heavenly demons. He is depicted with heads. Also identified as Kun-Rig, white hair and riding a white dog. Also Vairocana, Vairocana, Brahma, commonly referred to as Khen-Pa. Mahavairocana, Mahavairochana, Vairochana, Cunda, Grahamatrika, Khumbu'i Yulha - Patron deity of the Mahasahapramardani, sherpas. This deity lives on the Mahavairoc(h)ana, Samantabhadra, Himalayan peak Khumbila. Sometimes Sitapatra, Sitatara, Usnisavijaya, Hindu identified as Khumbu'i Yulha, Home Brahma or Japanese Dainichi.

25 Lobsangma - One of the 5 Long-Life Kuntu bXan Po - The creator god of the Sisters. Also identified as Lobsangma. Bon pantheon. Identified as Kuntu bXan Po, Kun-tu-bzan-Po, Kun-tu-bzan-Po, Luipa - A Lamaist sorcerer. One of the Buddhist Samantabhadra, Buddhist Mahasiddhas. He is depicted seated, Samantabhadra, Fugen, P'u Hsien, Taoist holding a skull cap and with a rope P'u Hsien, Taoist P'u Hsien, Japanese round his body. Sometimes referred to as Fugen, Japanese Fugen, P'u Hsien or Luipa, Minanatha, Minanatha, Lohipada, Samantabhadra. Luipa or Matsyendra. adni - A female yeti. At times, called lung-rta - A form of prayer-flag. In some ladni, abominable snowman, abominable lore, occasionally known as lung-rta, da- snowman, kang-mi, Meti, Mi Go, Mirka, cha, da-cha, cho-pen, dar-Ich'og, ghan- shukpa, sogpu, temu, yeti, meti, mi-go, po slob-rgyas, gLan-po stob-rgyas, gyal- mirka, temu or femladni. tsan dsemo or dar-lch'og.

Lakshmikara - A Lamaist sorceress. Ma-Bajan - Mother of 'Brug-ma'. Also Daughter of Indrabhuti. Sometimes referred to as Ma-Bajan. identified as Lakshmikara. Ma-lha - A local god of longevity and Lam-bstan - The Tibetan version of good fortune. Sometimes referred to as Panthaka. Also identified as Lam-bstan. Ma-lha. lama - A senior monk. Occasionally called lama, Inara, Inara, Inar, Inaras, Ma-mo - Female demons. These black Innara, Lama, Inar(as) or Lama. she-devils are reputed to be the cause of disease. Referred to as Ma-mo. lCogpo - The ruler of the underworld, Yog-klu. In some lore, occasionally Ma-p'am-pa - The Tibetan version of identified as lCogpo, lJogspo or lJogspo. Asita. Occasionally called Ma-p'am-pa, Me-phem-pa or Me-phem-pa. lha-so - The land of the gods: heaven. Also known as lha-so. Machi-pal Lha-mo - A Buddhist goddess. Chief of the Long-Life Sisters, lha-tho - Shrines erected to the lha, some say. Known as Machi-pal Lha-mo, regarded as the home of these spirits. In Sri, Sri, dPan-idan Lhamo, Lho-Mo, some accounts, known as lha-tho. (dpal-iden) Lha Mo, Lhamo, Shri, Shru or Sridevi. lhamayin - Demons or . On occassion, identified as lhamayin. Mahacinatara - A Buddhist goddess. An Living Buddha - The Dalai Lama. On aspect of Akshobhya. Also commonly occassion, identified as Living Buddha, known as Mahacinatara, Ekajata, Dalai Lama, Dalai Lama or Grand Lama. Ekajata, Akajata, Blue Tara, Tara, Tibetan Ral-cgig-ma, Tara, Tara, Kuan Lo-ma-gyon-ma - The Tibetan version Yin, Queen of Heaven, Queen of of Parna-Savari. Also known as Lo-ma- Knowledge, Tarini, Arya-Tara, Bhrkuti- gyon-ma. Tara, Dhanada, Janguli, Jayatara,

25 Padmatara, Pandaravasini, Parnassavari, Nag-pa - A sorcerer. These men wear Prajna(paramita), Sitatara, Sukla-Tara, tall conical hats, a sash of bones and a Syamatara, Vajratara, Vasya-Tara, magical mirror on the chest, engaging Vidjyarajni, Chinese Kuan Yin, Tibetan demons in battle. Also known as Nag-pa. Dolma, sGrol-ma, Green Tara, Red Tara, Nagabodhi - A Lamaist sorcerer. In Tara Amba or White Tara. some lore, occasionally referred to as Nagabodhi. Mahamaya - One of the Yi-dam. In some references, called Mahamaya, Maya, naljor-pa - Ascetics who, it is said, Maya, Mahamaya, Maya Bunin, acquire magic. Powers. Also referred to Mayadevi, Maia, Maya-Bunin, Tara or as naljor-pa. Hindu Lakshmi. Nan-Sgrub - A Lamaist god of death. Mala - A Buddhist mother-goddess. One Also known as Nan-Sgrub. of the astamataras. Sometimes referred to as Mala. Naropa - A magician, tutor of Mar-pa: one of the Mahasiddhas. Also called Manibhadra - A Lamaist sorceress. She Naropa. was said to be able to fly like a bird. In some references, referred to as Nor-lha - A local god of longevity and Manibhadra, Manivara, Manivara or wealth. On occassion, known as Nor-lha. Manibhadra. Nrtya - A Buddhist mother-goddess. One Mar-pa - A magician, disciple of Atisa, of the astamataras. She is depicted as tutor of Milarapa. On occassion, known green with two or four arms. On as Mar-pa. occassion, identified as Nrtya, Gar-ma, Gar-ma, Tibetan Gar-ma or Tibetan Gar- Mekhala - A Lamaist sorceress. Sister of ma. Kanakha and Kanakhala. In some lore, occasionally called Mekhala. P'yag-na-rdo-rje - The Tibetan name for Vajrapani. Also referred to as P'yag-na- Minanatha - The name for Matsyendra in rdo-rje. Tibet. Occasionally referred to as Minanatha, Lohipada, Lohipada, Luipa, Pachari - A Lamaist sorcerer. Sometimes Luipa, Matsyendra, Matsyendra, referred to as Pachari. Matsyendranatha, Matysendranatha, Nepalese Avolokiteshvara or Tibetan Padma-mkhah-Ngro - The Tibetan name Luipa. for Padmdakini. Also commonly Nach-un - An incarnation of Bi-har identified as Padma-mkhah-Ngro. acting. As oracle and sorcerer to the Pan Chhan Rin-po Chhe - The first Tashi government. Also known as Nach-un, Lama, deified as an incarnation of Bihar, Bihar, Bi-har, Pe-har, Pe-kar, Amitabha. Also commonly referred to as Pehar, Pekar, Pelear, Tin-le-gyal-po, Pan Chhan Rin-po Chhe. Yon-tan-rgyal-po or Tin-legyal-po. Panaha - A Lamaist sorcerer. He owned a pair of magic shoes which could

25 transport him rapidly to wherever he Ratnasambhava, Ratnaheruka, wished to go. Referred to as Panaha. Ratnaheruka or Ratnasambhava.

Panchen Lama - The second senior Red Devil Tiger - A demon with the leader of Tibetan Buddhists. He is head of a horse on a human body. On regarded as an incarnation of Amitabha. occassion, known as Red Devil Tiger, In some accounts, referred to as Panchen Red Tiger Devil or Red Tiger Devil. Lama, Tashi Lama or Tashi Lama. Red Tara Kurukulla - as an aspect of Pe-kar - A fiend. Patron of sorcerers. Tara. Wife of . In some Occasionally called Pe-kar, Bihar, Bihar, accounts she is equated with Rati. Bi-har, Pe-har, Pehar, Pekar, Pelear, Tin- Occasionally identified as Red Tara, le-gyal-po, Yon-tan-rgyal-po, Tin- Kurukulla, Kurukulla, Hindu Rati, legyal-po or Nach-un. Astabhuja-Kurukulla, Tara, Tara, Kuan Yin, Queen of Heaven, Queen of Phags-skyes-po - The Tibetan name for Knowledge, Tarini, Arya-Tara, Bhrkuti- Virudhaka as guardian of the south. Also Tara, Dhanada, Ekajata, Janguli, known as Phags-skyes-po. Jayatara, Mahacinatara, Padmatara, Pandaravasini, Parnassavari, Pho-lha - A local god of longevity and Prajna(paramita), Sitatara, Sukla-Tara, wealth. In some lore, occasionally called Syamatara, Vajratara, Vasya-Tara, Pho-lha. Vidjyarajni, Chinese Kuan Yin, Tibetan Dolma, sGrol-ma, Blue Tara, Green Phyi-Sgrub - A Lamaist god. A form of Tara, Tara Amba or White Tara. Yama. Also identified as Phyi-Sgrub, Yama, Yama, Yama, Universal King, Red Tiger Devil - A Bon deity. On Chinese Yen-lo (Wang), Yen Wang, occassion, identified as Red Tiger Devil, Tibetan Chos-rgyal, gShin-rje, Phyi- Red Devil Tiger or Red Devil Tiger. sgrub, Emma-O or Ten Yama Kings. rGyal-po - Early ancestors of the race: Pukkasi - A terrible Lamaist goddess. miracle. Workers: fiend-kings. Identified One of the gauri. Sometimes called as rGyal-po, klu, klu, 'gong-po or rgyal- Pukkasi, Parna-Savari, Parna-Savari, po. Parnasabari, Parnassavari, Pishashas or TibetanLo-ma-gyon-ma. Rimpoche - A title given to a tulku. On Putali - A Lamaist sorcerer. He used his occassion, called Rimpoche, Guru powers to change a painting that showed Rimpoche, Guru Rimpoche, Tulku, a demon trampling a god underfoot so Tulku or Trulku. that their positions were reversed. In Rinpochhe - A name for some references, known as Putali. Padmasambhava in Tibet. Also identified as Rinpochhe, Lo-pon, Lo- Ral-cgig-ma - The Tibetan version of pon, Padmasambhava, Padmasambhava, Ekajata. In some lore, occasionally Tibetan Lopon, sLobdpon, sLob-dpon, referred to as Ral-cgig-ma. sLob-dpon, Lopon, Lopon, or Guru. Ratnasambhava - A Lamaist tutelary god. In some references, known as

25 rLun-rta - The Tibetan name for Vayuarvat. Also commonly identified as Showa - A deer-god. Occasionally rLun-rta, Lung-ta, Lung-ta or known as Showa. Vayuvarvat. Sidpa Bardo - An after-death period, rTa-mgrin - A Lamaist deity. One of the seeking rebirth. In some references, Drag-gshed. A name for Hayagriva. In known as Sidpa Bardo, Bardo Thodol, some accounts, identified as rTa-mgrin, Bardo Thodol, Chonyid Bardo or Tandim, Tandim, Hayagriva, Hayagriva Tibetan Book of the Dead. or rTa-mgrim. Sikhin - A Buddhist god of medicine. Sa-bdag - A spirit of the soil or fresh One of the sMan-bla. At times, known as water. Guardian of the house or the Sikhin. temple. Also referred to as Sa-bdag. Sinhanada - A Buddhist god of Sadaksari - An aspect of medicine. An aspect of Avalokiteshvara. Avalokiteshvara. This form of the One of the sMan-bla. In some accounts, bodhisattva is said to incarnate in each identified as Sinhanada. Dalai Lama. Sometimes referred to as Sadaksari, Sadaksari Lokesvara or Sipe Gialmo - A Bon mother-goddess. Sadaksari Lokesvara. She is depicted with three eyes and six arms, riding a red mule. Occasionally Sakara - A Lamaist sorcerer. Sometimes referred to as Sipe Gialmo, Sipe Gyalmo called Sakara. or Sipe Gyalmo.

Samudra - A Lamaist sorcerer. In some sKui-i-rgyal-po - One of the lore, occasionally identified as Samudra. Panchmaharajas. King of the body. He is depicted riding a white lion. On Sarada Devi - A Buddhist-Lamaist occassion, called sKui-i-rgyal-po. fertility-goddess and goddess of autumn and vegetation. An attendant of Sridevi. sMan Bla - one of the Buddhas of On occassion, identified as Sarada Devi. medicine. In some references, identified as sMan Bla. Sarvabhaksha - A Lamaist sorcerer. Sometimes known as Sarvabhaksha. srin - Early inhabitants of Tibet. These beings, armed with catapults and slings, serou - The unicorn. In some references, were the precursors of the human race. called serou, tso'po, tso'po, unicorn, kee Next came the lha. Also commonly or kee. called srin. Shambhala - A land in the north, home Srin-po - A class of deity: ghouls: of spiritual wisdom. Sometimes known vampires. In some lore, occasionally as Shambhala. known as Srin-po.

Shang-lha - A local god of good fortune. srungma - A group of Bon deities In some lore, occasionally identified as assimilated into the Buddhist pantheon. Shang-lha. On occassion, identified as srungma.

25 Sung-ta - A horoscope used in fortune- Tsan-rgyal - A demon king. In some telling. Sometimes called Sung-ta. accounts, called Tsan-rgyal, bStan-rgyal, bStan-rgyal, Tsen-gyal or Tsen-gyal. Suparikirtitanamasri - A Buddhist god of medicine. One of the sMan-Bla. In some Tse-ring Chhe-nga - 5 sisters, of Mount accounts, identified as Everest. They are depicted in flowing Suparikirtitanamasri. robes and holding various fertility symbols. Occasionally identified as Tse- Svaraghosaraja - A Buddhist god of ring Chhe-nga. medicine. One of the sMan-Bla. Also known as Svaraghosaraja. Tshe-gon - The Buddhist lord of life. In some references, referred to as Tshe- Tam-chhen - A demon. Also known as gon, Tse-mgon or Tse-mgon. Tam-chhen. Tshog-shing - A family tree of the gods Tamdrin Dorje - A Bon guardian god. in order of rank. On occassion, called Also commonly referred to as Tamdrin Tshog-shing. Dorje. Tsun-gyi-rgyal-po - One of the Tamjin - A horse-faced demon. Husband Panchamaharajas. King of of Dorje, some say. Occasionally accomplishments or magic. He rides a identified as Tamjin. white elephant. At times, known as Tsun-gyi-rgyal-po, Thok-chho, Thok- Tan-gyur - Commentaries on the Kah- chho, Thahog-chos-rgyal-po, Thok Chho gyur. In some accounts, known as Tan- or Thok Chho. gyur. Tulku - The physical body conjured up Tan-ma - 12 furies, ruled by Ekagata, by a Buddha or a bodhisattva: a riding. Wild animals. Sometimes called phantom. Also identified as Tulku, Tan-ma, bStan-ma or bStan-ma. Trulku, Trulku, Rimpoche, Rimpoche or Guru Rimpoche. Tanjur - A sacred book. Also referred to as Tanjur, Tan-gur, Tan-gur, Kanjur, Udhili - A Lamaist sorcerer. He was Kanjur or Kah-gyur. tutored by Karnari and was reputed to be able to fly. Also called Udhili. Teli - A Lamaist sorcerer. Also known as Teli. Vyali - A Lamaist sorcerer. Occasionally known as Vyali. Thab-Iha - A Bon hearth-god. Weng Cheng - The original name of Sometimes identified as Thab-Iha. White Tara. Sometimes referred to as Weng Cheng. Thinggishatsangma - One of the Five Long Life Sisters. In some lore, Yab - The Buddhist male principle: occasionally referred to as eternity. Sometimes referred to as Yab, Thinggishatsangma.

25 Chinese Yang, Chinese Yang, In, Yang, The term Voodoo (Vodun in Benin; also Japanese In, Japanese In, Yang or Yang. Vodou or other phonetically equivalent Yeces mGon-po - A Buddhist guardian spellings in Haiti; Vudu in the of knowledge. An aspect of Mahakala. Dominican Republic) is applied to the At times, known as Yeces mGon-po, branches of a West African ancestor- Mahakala, Mahakala, Tibetan Gon-Po based religious tradition with primary Nag-Po or Mgon-po. roots among the Fon-Ewe peoples of West Africa, in the country now known Yog-klu - The underworld, ruled by as Benin, formerly the Kingdom of Icogpo, in the world gLing. Occasionally Dahomey, where Vodun is today the identified as Yog-klu. national religion of more than 7 million people. Yogambara - A Buddhist god. An aspect of Vajradhara. Consort of Digambara. In In addition to the Fon or Dahomeyan some accounts, identified as Yogambara. tradition which has remained in Africa, there are related traditions that put down Yul-khor-srung - The Tibetan name for roots in the New World during the days Dhritarashtra. (Dhartarashthra) as of the transatlantic African slave trade. guardian of the east. Occasionally Besides Benin, African Vodun and its referred to as Yul-khor-srung, descendent practices may be found in the Dhartarashthra, Dhartarashthra, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Dhr(i)taras(h)tra, Chinese Ch'ih Kuo, Brazil, Ghana, Haiti and Togo. The word Japanese Jikoku, Javanese Dresterata, Vodun is the Fon-Ewe word for spirit. Taoist Mo-li Ch'ing, Tibetan Dri-za, The more or less pure Fon tradition in Yul-khor-bsrun or Yul-khor-bsrun. Cuba is known as La Regla Arara. In Brazil, the Fon tradition among former Yul-lha - Local gods, of which there are slaves has given rise to the tradition 8. Classes. On occassion, called Yul-lha. known as Jeje Vodun.

Yum - The Buddhist female principle: The majority of the Africans who were time. Sometimes called Yum, Chinese brought as slaves to Haiti were from the Yin, Chinese Yin, In-Yo, Um, Yo, Guinea Coast of West Africa, and their Japanese Yo, Japanese Yo or Yin. descendants are the primary practitioners Zampu - The Tree of Life which grows of Vodou (those Africans brought to the on the sacred mountain, Himavan. On southern US were primarily from the occassion, identified as Zampu, Hindu Kongo kingdom). One of the largest Jambu, Hindu Jambu, Jambutri Shring, differences however between African Zambu, Siberian Zambu or Jambu. and is that the transplanted Africans of Haiti were Zhang Thung - A mythical land. The obliged to disguise their lwa (sometimes realm was said to be the home of spelled Loa) or spirits as Roman Shenrab Miwo. Also commonly known Catholic saints, a process called as Zhang Thung. syncretism. Most experts speculate that this was done in an attempt to hide their pagan religion from their masters who Voodun Pantheon had forbidden them to practice it.

25 are mostly native to Haiti and are more In addition to combining the spirits of demanding and require more attention to many different African and Indian detail than the Rada, but both can be nations, pieces of Roman Catholic dangerous if angry or upset. liturgy have been incorporated to replace lost prayers or elements; in addition Neither is good or evil in relation to the images of Catholic saints are used to other. Everyone is said to have spirits, represent various spirits or mistè and each person is considered to have a (mysteries, actually the preferred term in special relationship with one particular Haiti), and many saints themselves are spirit who is said to own their head, honoured in Vodou in their own right. however each person may have many This syncretism allows Vodou to lwa, and the one that owns their head, or encompass the African, the Indian, and the met tet, may or may not be the most the European ancestors in a whole and active spirit in a person's life in Haitian complete way. belief.

The most historically important Vodou In serving the spirits, the Vodouisant ceremony in Haitian history was the seeks to achieve harmony with their own Bwa Kayiman or Bois Caïman ceremony individual nature and the world around of August 1791 that began the Haitian them, manifested as personal power and Revolution, in which the spirit Ezili resourcefulness in dealing with life. Part Dantor possessed a priestess and of this harmony is membership in and received a black pig as an offering, and maintaining relationships within the all those present pledged themselves to context of family and community. A the fight for freedom. Vodou house or society is organized on the metaphor of an extended family, and This ceremony ultimately resulted in the initiates are the children of their liberation of the Haitian people from initiators, with the sense of hierarchy their French masters in 1804, and the and mutual obligation that implies. establishment of the first black people's republic in the history of the world. Most Vodouisants are not initiated, Haitian Vodou grew in the United States referred to as being bosal; it is not a to a significant degree beginning in the requirement to be an initiate in order to late 1960s and early 1970s with the serve one's spirits. There are in waves of Haitian immigrants fleeing the Haitian Vodou whose responsibility it is Duvalier regime, taking root in Miami, to preserve the rituals and songs and New York City, Chicago, and other maintain the relationship between the major cities. spirits and the community as a whole (though some of this is the responsibility In Haitian Vodou, spirits are divided of the whole community as well). They according to their nature in roughly two are entrusted with leading the service of categories, whether they are hot or cool. all of the spirits of their lineage. Cool spirits fall under the Rada category, and hot spirits fall under the Petwo Priests are referred to as Houngans and category. Rada spirits are familial and priestesses as Manbos. Below the mostly come from Africa, Petwo spirits houngans and manbos are the hounsis,

25 who are initiates who act as assistants and acting through them. Each spirit is during ceremonies and who are saluted and greeted by the initiates dedicated to their own personal present and will give readings, advice mysteries. One doesn't serve just any lwa and cures to those who approach them but only the ones they have according to for help. Many hours later in the wee one's destiny or nature. Which spirits a hours of the morning, the last song is person has may be revealed at a sung, guests leave, and all the exhausted ceremony, in a reading, or in dreams. hounsis and houngans and manbos can go to sleep. However all Vodouisants also serve the spirits of their own blood ancestors, and On the individual's household level, a this important aspect of Vodou practice Vodouisant or sèvitè/serviteur may have is often glossed over or minimized in one or more tables set out for their importance by commentators who do not ancestors and the spirit or spirits that understand the significance of it. The they serve with pictures or statues of the ancestor cult is in fact the basis of spirits, perfumes, foods, and other things Vodou religion, and many lwa like favoured by their spirits. The most basic Agasou (formerly a king of Dahomey) set up is just a white candle and a clear for example are in fact ancestors who are glass of water and perhaps flowers. said to have been raised up to divinity. On a particular spirit's day, one lights a After a day or two of preparation setting candle and says an Our Father and Hail up altars, ritually preparing and cooking Mary, salutes Papa Legba and asks him fowl and other foods, etc., a Haitian to open the gate, and then one salutes Vodou service begins with a series of and speaks to the particular spirit like an Catholic prayers and songs in French, elder family member. Ancestors are then a litany in Kreyòl and African approached directly, without the langaj that goes through all the European mediating of Papa Legba, since they are and African saints and lwa honoured by said to be in the blood. the house, and then a series of verses for all the main spirits of the house. This is The cultural values that Vodou embraces called the Priyè Gine or the African centre around ideas of honour and Prayer. respect to God, to the spirits, to the family and sosyete, and to oneself. There After more introductory songs, is a plural idea of proper and improper, beginning with saluting the spirit of the in the sense that what is appropriate to drums named Hounto, the songs for all someone with Dambala Wedo as their the individual spirits are sung, starting head may be different from someone with the Legba family through all the with Ogou Feray as their head, for Rada spirits, then there is a break and the example.. one spirit is very cool and the Petwo part of the service begins, which other one is very hot. Coolness overall is ends with the songs for the Gede family. valued, and so is the ability and inclination to protect oneself and one's As the songs are sung spirits will come own if necessary. to visit those present by taking possession of individuals and speaking

25 Love and support within the family of depend upon each other; humans provide the Vodou sosyete seems to be the most food and other materials; the Loa important consideration. Generosity in provide health, protection from evil giving to the community and to the poor spirits and good fortune. is also an important value. One's blessings come through the community Rituals are held to celebrate lucky and there is the idea that one should be events, to attempt to escape a run of bad willing to give back to it in turn. Since fortune, to celebrate a seasonal day of Vodou has such a community celebration associated with a Loa, for orientation, there are no solitaries in healing, at birth, marriage and death. Vodou, only people separated Vodun priests can be male (houngan or geographically from their elders and hungan), or female (mambo). house. A Vodun temple is called a hounfour (or In contrast to European-based Neopagan humfort). At its centre is a poteau-mitan tradition, it is not a do it yourself a pole where the God and spirits religion. A person without a relationship communicate with the people. An altar of some kind with elders will not be will be elaborately decorated with practicing Vodou as it is understood in candles, pictures of Christian saints, Haiti and among Haitians. While the symbolic items related to the Loa, etc. overall tendency in Vodou is very conservative in accord with its African The houngan and mambos confine their roots, there is no singular, definitive activities to which is used form, only what is right in a particular to bring good fortune and healing. house or lineage. However caplatas (also known as bokors) perform acts of evil sorcery or Small details of service and the spirits black magic, sometimes called left- served will vary from house to house, handed Vodun. Rarely, a houngan will and information in books or on the engage in such sorcery; a few alternate internet therefore may seem between white and dark magic. contradictory. There is no central authority or pope in Haitian Vodou since One belief unique to Vodun is that a every manbo and houngan is the head of dead person can be revived after having their own house, as a popular saying in been buried. After resurrection, the Haiti goes. Another consideration in zombie has no will of their own, but terms of Haitian diversity are the many remains under the control of others. In besides the Sèvi Gine in Haiti such reality, a zombie is a living person who as the Makaya, Rara, and other secret has never died, but is under the influence societies, each of which has its own of powerful drugs administered by an distinct pantheon of spirits. evil sorcerer. The purpose of rituals is to make contact Although most Haitians believe in with a spirit, to gain their favour by zombies, few have ever seen one. There offering them animal sacrifices and gifts, are a few recorded instances of persons to obtain help in the form of more who have claimed to be zombies. The abundant food, higher standard of living, practice of sticking pins in voodoo dolls and improved health. Human and Loa has been used as a method of cursing an

25 individual by some followers of what of the spirit world. Selects and instructs has come to be called New Orleans certain novice houngans. When feeding Voodoo, which is a local variant of her or her husband, a black or white goat . This practice is not unique to or russet colored ox is offered up. Her New Orleans voodoo however and has favorite tree is the palm tree. Ayezan is as much basis in European-based symbolized by mounds of earth magical devices such as the as sprinkled with oil and surrounded by the nkisi or bocio of West and Central fringes of palm. Ayezan is Dahomean in Africa. origin and represented by an old woman in personification. Adjasou - Characterized by protruding eyes and a bad humour, lives under the She is one of the oldest gods and is mombin tree near a spring and is very therefore entitled to first offerings at fond of vermouth, rum, and cognac. services. She often mounts people only after her husband appears at the scene. Agassu - Dahomean in origin and Her mounts are never severe; therefore, belonging to the Fon and Yaruba tribes. she can sometimes take quite a while to When a person is possessed by Agassu, spot. She is the mate of Loco (Loko). his hands become crooked and stiffened, Ayida- The female counterpart of therefore resembling claws. In Dumballah, his mate, is Ayida. She is Dahomey, he is the result of a union the mother figure. between a panther and a woman. He is associated with water deities and She is the rainbow. Together they are the sometimes takes the form of a crab. He unitary forces of human sexuality. Her is one of the mythical creatures who symbol is also a serpent. She is quite once gave assistance to the Ancestor. He submissive and very delicate. Her co- is considered one of the Loa masons. wife is Erzullie. It is said that whoever "can grasp the diadem of Ayida will be Agau - is a very violent god. Earth assured wealth". Also known as Ayida tremors and the frightening sounds Wedo- her job is that of holding up the associated with storms are because of earth. Agau. The trances induced by his mounting are so violent there have been Azacca or Zaka - This is the Loa of deaths associated with his brutality. agriculture, but is generally seen as the When one is mounted one attempts to brother of Ghede. For this reason Ghede imitate the sounds of thunder and will often come to the ceremonies for tremors, if they are strong enough to Zaka and come when Zaka has mounted utter sounds under the possession. The someone. Zaka is a gentle simple possessed person keeps repeating, "It is I peasant, but greatly respected by the who am the gunner of god; when I roar peasants since he is a very hard worker. the earth trembles." Bade - The Loa of wind. He is the Ayezan - (Aizan, Ayizan) This is the inseparable companion of Sogbo, god of Legba's wife. She protects the markets, lightning. He also shares his functions public places, doors, and barriers, and with Agau, another storm spirit. has a deep knowledge of the intricacies

26 Bakulu - (Bakulu-baka) He drags chains protectorate. He is strong and demanding behind him and is such a terrible spirit and accepts speckled hens as sacrifices. that no one dares to invoke him. His habitat is in the woods where offerings Congo - A handsome but apathetic Loa. are taken to him. He himself possesses Content with any clothing and eats no one. Since no one wants to call on mixed foods with much pimiento, and is him, people simply take any offerings fond of mixed drinks. that go to him and leave them in the woods. Congo Savanne - A fierce petro Loa. He is malevolent, fierce, and strong. Baron Samedi - represents the death side Savanne eats people. He grinds them up of Ghede (Guede). He talks through his as we would grind up corn. His color is nose, is cynical, jovial, and tells broad white. He is a Loa not to be messed jokes. His language is full of the with. unexpected. His tools are the pick, the hoe, and the spade. He is the power Dinclusin & Chalotte - These two Loa behind the magic that kills. He controls are among the French "mysteries." the souls of those who have met death as People mounted by these gods talk a result of magic. When he appears perfect French and seem to be unable to (mounting someone at an invoking speak Creole normally or properly. ceremony), he wears a pair of dark Chalotte often demands upon the most glasses, from which he knocks out the defined forms of ritualistic protocol. right lens- for with his right eye he Dinclusin can be recognized by his habit watches those present, lest anyone steal of pocketing everything given to him. his food. Dumballah (Dumballah Wedo, Bosou Koblamin - Violent petro Loa. Damballah) - Known as the serpent god, Bosou is a violent Loa capable of he is one of the most popular. defeating his enemies. He is very Dumballah is the father figure. He is popular during times of war. He protects benevolent, innocent, a loving father. He his followers when they travel at night. doesn't communicate well, as though his Bosou's appearance is that of a man with wisdom were too aloof for us. three horns; each horn has a meaning-- strength, wildness, and violence. Dumballah is the snake. He plunges into Sometimes Bosou comes to the help of a basin of water which is built for him, his followers but he is not a very reliable or climbs up into a tree. Being both Loa. snake and aquatic deity, he haunts rivers, springs, and marshes. Brise - Brise is a Loa of the hills. He is boss of the woods. Brise is very fierce in Erzulie - (Ezili) Voodoo does not have a appearance. He is very black and has woman as goddess of fertility. Fertility is very large proportions. Brise is actually regarded as a unified principle, equally a gentle soul and likes children. Brise held by male and female forces. Thus lives in the chardette tree and sometimes Dumballah is united to his Ayida. Agwe assumes the form of an owl. Brise is a has his counterpart in La Sirene, the Marasa; the twins are contradictory and

26 complementary forces of nature and so ceremony, he is usually not hungry but on. Erzulie is the female energy of the people always have food for him Legba. anyway. He is the Loa that must be called upon before one is ordained into She has tremendous power and is feared voodoo priesthood. as much as she is loved. Also, she has several different roles- goddess of the Grande Ezili - An old woman, crippled word, love, help, goodwill, health, with rheumatism and she is only able to beauty and fortune, as well as goddess of walk by dragging herself along on the jealousy, vengeance, and discord. She is ground with a stick. usually known as a serpent that coiled upon itself lives on water and bananas. Ibo Lele - He is independent and hateful; proud of himself and ambitious. He likes Erzulie Jan Petro - Violent spirit Loa to be exclusively served and doesn't like belonging to the Petro tradition. Jan to associate with the other Loa. He relies Petro is called upon to take heavily on the people for his food, but responsibility for the temple where the people are never certain what kind of spells are on display; although she is a food he is likely to eat. neutral entity, when not called upon it is the duty of the devotees to make them Jean Petro - Jean Petro is a deformation behave peacefully or violently, of Don Pedro, the name of the Spanish depending on their motivation for slave. Jean Petro is the spirit-leader of a dealing with the spirits. group of strong and violent spirits called petro. The difference between the good Jan Petro as a protector of temples is Loa (rada) and the evil Loa (petro) is very powerful; when people come to the still far and wide. Voodoo services are temple they soon find out. Jan Petro rarely held for petro Loa; however, they likes fresh air and water; she is a sea still do occur but most services are for spirit. She likes perfume and lotion--any family and rada Loa. temple dedicated to her usually smells like lotion, for it is thrown on those Some say that Jean Petro was brought things she possesses. about by Don Pedro who was a Negro Ghede - (Papa Ghede) Ghede is the slave of Spanish origin. He acquired eternal figure in black, controlling the much influence by being denounced as eternal crossroads at which everyone the instigator of some alarming plots to must someday cross over. His symbol is overthrow the government. Because of the cross upon a tomb. Known as the this he symbolizes resistance, force, spirit of death, other spirits fear him and uprisings, and a sort of black power try to avoid him. He operates under the ideology. direction of Baron Samedi. Kalfu (Carrefour, Kalfou) - Legba is Gran Boa - Lives in the deep forest twined with his Petro opposite. Kalfu too where the vegetation is wild. He is the controls the crossroads. Actually, were it protector of wildlife, and doesn't like to not for him the world would be more be seen. He eats fruits and vegetables all rational, a better place. But, not unlike day in the woods and when called in a Pandora in Greek religion and myth,

26 Kalfu controls the evil forces of the prepared for him must be liberally spirit world. He allows the crossing of salted. He prefers the ends of the tongue, bad luck, deliberate destruction, ears, front teeth, and the end of a tail of a misfortune, injustice. Kalfu controls the goat. When this Loa mounts somebody, in-between points of the crossroads, the it is violent and his voice is highly off- center points. Legba controls the distorted. positive spirits of the day. Kalfu controls the malevolent spirits of the night. Linto - The child spirit of the Guede family. He induces childish behavior in Krabinay - Krabinay Loa are petro Loa. those he rides. They walk clumsily, They dress all in red and do high much like a baby who hardly knows how impressive jumps. People are warned to use his legs. They babble and cry for away from Krabinay. However, they are food. The company Linto is in teases very tough and can offer a great deal of him but only in good humor. assistance to a houngan. These Loa behave in a truly devilish way. Loco - (Loko) is the spirit of vegetation Possessions induced by them are so and guardian of sanctuaries. Mainly violent that spectators are advised to associated with trees. He gives healing keep their distance. They take pleasure properties to leaves; the god of healing in . However, they undertake and patron of the herbs doctors who treatment of desperate cases. always invoke him before undertaking a treatment. Offerings are placed in straw Legba - Old man who guards the bags which are then hung in its branches. crossroads. He is the origin of life, so he must be saluted each time a service or He is only recognizable by the pipe any other activity with the Loa will smoked by his servant and the stick begin. Legba controls the crossing over which he carries in his hand. His favorite from one world to the other. He is the colors are red and white. Animals that contact between the worlds of spirit and are most likely to be offered to this god of flesh. He can deliver messages of are black or white goats or russet colored gods in human language and interpret oxen. their will. He is the god of destiny and is also the intermediary between human Marasa - Twins who died in their early beings and divine gods. childhood and are innocent and capricious. They are thought to be Voodooists believe that if Legba grants orphans with no discipline in terms of their wishes, they can contact the forces good eating habits. They eat from twin of the universe. He is the guardian of plates and they eat all of what they are voodoo temples, courtyards, plantations,, offered at once, always coming very and crossroads. He protects the home. If hungry to the ceremonies. They must be you are going on a trip, it is believed that fed until they are content and then they you pray to Legba for protection from will listen to the people. They have a harm and a safe return home. reputation for doing harm to those who have forgotten to provide food or who Linglessu - This is one of the Loa free have not kept their promises, but also masons. When feeding this Loa, all meat

26 refuse to take responsibility for any Petro - Comes from a new nation of wrong doing or illnesses. spirits forged directly in the steel and blood of the colonial era. They reflect all Marinette-Bwa-Chech - Literally the rage, violence and delirium that "Marinette of the dry arms." This is a threw off shackles of slavery. The petro Loa or an evil spirit. Worship of drums, dancing, and rhythm are offbeat her is not spread all over Haiti but is sharp, and unforgiving, like the crack of growing rapidly in southern parts. Her a rawhide whip. The Bizango is an ceremonies are held under a tent and lit extreme form of the Petro and it is with a huge fire in which salt and petrol sometimes described as the wild Petro. are thrown. She is most dreaded; a she- Bizango occurs by night, in darkness devil; the sworn servant of evil. She is that is the province of the djab, the devil. respected by werewolves, who hold services in her honor. She is an agent of Rada - The Loa that represents the the underhand dealings of Kita who is, emotional stability and warmth of herself, an outstanding Loa sorceress. Africa, the hearth of the nation. Rada derived almost directly from the Obatala - Obatala is a sky Loa. He is the Dahomean deity is highly religious in Loa responsible for forming children in nature; rite is never celebrated without the womb. Thus, Obatala is responsible the performance of Mahi dances and for birth defects. He is also called king without honoring and invocation of of the white cloth, and all his followers Nago gods. The Rada drumming and wear white. Obatala's favorite food is dancing is on beat whereas the Petro is edible snails. offbeat. Rada stands for light and the normal affairs of humanity. Ogoun - (Ogorin, Ogu-badagri) Ogoun is the traditional warrior figure in Simbi - (Simba, Simbe, Simbi Andezo) Dahomehan religion. He is quite similar is guardian of the fountains and marshes to the spirit Zeus in Greek and cannot do without the freshness of religion/mythology. As such Ogoun is water. Voodoo rituals are held near mighty, powerful, triumphal. In more springs. Several of their songs mention recent time Ogoun has taken on a new these sorts of places. He is a very face which is not quite related to his knowledgeable Loa because he spends a African roots. This is the crafty and lot of time learning about the nature of powerful political leader. However, this illnesses of supernatural origin and how political warrior is much more of an to treat them. He is either with you or image of where struggle is in modern against you by protecting those who Haiti. Originally, he was the god of have good relations with him and turning blacksmithing; however, now that his back on those who do not. As part of blacksmithing has become obsolete, he Ogou's army he is the chief of the coast has become the warrior Loa. He can give guard and goes wherever he pleases. strength through prophecy and magic. Siren and Whale - These two Loa are Petite Pierre - is a gluttonous and marine divinities, so closely linked that quarrelsome spirit who tries to pick they are always worshipped together and fights with the audience. celebrated in the same songs. Some

26 people say the Whale is the mother of and casting the stone to the valley floor. the Siren, others that he is her husband; There it must lie for a year and a day others say they are used for one and the before the houngan may touch it. same deity. Popular opinion says the Siren is married to Agwe. When Siren Taureau-trois-graines - His name means turns up in a sanctuary, the person bull with three testicles. This Loa is a possessed by her appears simply in the product of the fanciful imagination of role of a young coquette most careful of the people in Haiti and is considered a her looks, and speaking in French, often Creole Loa. He is the great Loa of the offending the peasant serviteurs. Both Jacmel region. His appearances are the Siren and the Whale are often terrible; people possessed by him are viewed as "upper class." seized with destructive rage and create havoc all round unless appeased by the Sobo (Sobo Kessou) - Loa of strength. offer of a handful of grass. This they Sobo is a very powerful Loa and well munch at once. During trance, they known for his bravery as a warrior. bellow ceaselessly. When he possesses someone, that person must dress up like a general in the army. Ti-Jean-Petro - This is a black magic or When he addresses the congregation "petro" Loa that is depicted as a dwarf during a mounting it is like a general with one foot. Even though Ti-Jean- addressing his troops. Sobo is considered Petro has a French name, his roots can an important figure in voodoo be traced back to Africa. He is easily mythology. He is the symbol of strength, comparable to a spirit that roamed the ideal of voodoo priests who want to through the bush. This spirit, too, was be respected figures in their depicted as having only one leg. This communities. Because of the strength he Loa often protects and assists black procures for his followers, Sobo's magic sorcerers. Ti-Jean-Petro also is presence is continually requested to recognized under the names of Petro-e- bring security and protection to the rouge, Ti-Jean-pied-fin, Prince Zandor, congregation. He who is with Sobo is and Ti-Jean-Zandor. He has a violent protected against wild spirits. and passionate nature that becomes apparent when he mounts people. Sogbo (Soybo) - He is the god of lightning and the protector of flags. Sogbo is the brother of the three-horned Welsh Pantheon Bosu. Sogbo is always accompanied by Awenyddion - who uttered cryptic his companion Bade, who is the Loa of prophecies. When in a trance-like state. the winds. These Loa share functions In some references, known as with Agau, who is also a storm Loa. Awenyddion. When possessed by Sogbo, one hurls down polished stones which are piously bwbach - A household spirit or brownie. collected and used as symbols of the It is said that these beings attack Loa. Despite their divine origins, teetotallers. On occassion, known as thunderstones are not uncommon in bwbach, bwbachod, bwbachod, Haiti. The spirit hurls a lightning bolt to plurbwbachod or plurbwbachod. the earth, striking a rock outcropping

26 bwci - A : a ghost. In some Occasionally identified as Gelorwydd, accounts, identified as bwci, bwciod, Gem of Baptism or Gem of Baptism. bwciod, plurbwciod or plurbwciod. Godeu - The Otherworld. Also called Cyhiraeth - A goddess of streams. Later Godeu, Otherworld, Otherworld, she was demoted to the level of a spirit Avalon, Land of the Dead, underworld, living near streams whose cries foretold British Avalon, Irish Ard mhac Leinn, impending death. At times, referred to as Tir inna N'og, Welsh Achren, Annfwn, Cyhiraeth, Cyhyreath, Cyhyreath or Caer Wydr or Lychlyn. Scottish Caoineag. Gower - Part of the underworld. On Cyhyreath - The Welsh version of the occassion, called Gower. Irish . Occasionally identified as Cyhyreath, Cyhiraeth, Cyhiraeth, greal - The magic brew that Ceridwen. Scottish Caoineag, Scottish Caoineag or Made in her cauldron, Amen, for her banshee. son, Avagddu. Occasionally known as greal. Emrys - A Welsh name for Merlin. In some accounts, a sun-god. At times, Grey Horse - A devil. At times, referred called Emrys, Llalawc, Llalawc, to as Grey Horse. Llallogan Vyrdin, Llallogan Vyrdin, Emrys, Merlin, Myrddin, Myrddin or Gwalchaved - The Welsh name for Lailoken. Galahad. Son of Lot and Gwyar. Brother of Gwalchmai. Referred to as Erthal - A warrior-hero. Also identified Gwalchaved, Gwalchafed, Gwalchafed, as Erthal. Gwalhafed, Gwalhafed, Gwalhaved, Gwalhaved, Hawk of Summer, Hawk of Fuwch Frech - The Welsh version of the Summer, Gwal(c)hafed or Gwal(c)hafed. magic. Cow Glas Gabnach. In some references, known as Fuwch Frech. Gwalchgwyn - The Welsh name of Gawain. Sometimes known as Garym - A witch. On occassion, called Gwalchgwyn, Gwalchmai, Gwalchmai, Garym. Gawain, Gwalchmei, Gwalkmy, Hawk of May, White Hawk or White Hawk. Gawlgawd - Owner of a famous drinking horn. Ysbaddaden required Culhwch to Gwarthegydd - A warrior and counsellor get this horn as part of his quest for the at King. Arthur's court. Son of Caw. He hand of Olwen. In some references, was killed by the boar Twrch Trwyth. referred to as Gawlgawd, Bran Galed, Also referred to as Gwarthegydd. Bran Galed, Brangaled, Galed, Gwlgawd or Gwlgawd. Gwenhwyfar - The Welsh version of Guinevere. Occasionally identified as Gelorwydd - A warrior-hero. He was Gwenhwyfar, Gwenhwyvar, said to administer the last rites to dying Gwenhwyvar, Gwenhyfar, Gwenhyfar, warriors, using his own blood. Gwenhyvar, Gwenhyvar, White One, White One or Ioskeha.

26 Gwlad Yr Hav - The Otherworld, a land get in his quest for the hand of Olwen. of summer from which men came. Also commonly referred to as Horn of Referred to as Gwlad Yr Hav. Gawlgawd, Horn of Bran Galed, Horn of Bran Galed or Corn Bran Galed. Gwladys A Welsh saint. Daughter of Brychan. Mother of St Cadoc. She was Huarwar - One of the 3 plagues that abducted by Gwynllym who was helped affected. Cornwall. Also called Huarwar. in the enterprise by King Arthur. Called Gwladys. Lady of Little Van Lake - A water-fairy. She was reputed to have great skill in the Gwrach - A hag: a witch: a form of use of herbs in medical treatment. In banshee. Also known as Gwrach. some accounts she is equated with Modron. Sometimes identified as Lady Gwrfan - In some accounts, a name for of Little Van Lake, Modron, Modron, Gawain. Occasionally referred to as Morgan le Fay or Celtic Matrona. Gwrfan, Gawain, Gawain, Gauvaine, Gavain, Gawan, Gawayne, Knight of the Lady of the Fountain - A story from the Goddess, Galvagin, Gauvain(e), The Mabinogion. Relating. The adventures of Red Knight, Dutch Walwain, Walewein, Owain. At times, called Lady of the Walwanus, French Gauvain, Gauwain, Fountain, Laudine, Laudine, Lady of the Gayain, Irish Balb(u)aidh, Bhalbhuaidh, Fountain, Owain or Owain. Latin Walga(i)nus, Scottish Uallabh, Welsh Gwalchgwyn, Gwalchmai, Laufrodedd - Owner of the knife that Gwalchmei, Green Knight, Gwrvan or became one of the Thirteen Treasures of Gwrvan. Britain. Collected by Merlin. Also called Laufrodedd, Llaufrodedd, Llaufrodedd, gwyddbwyll - A board game played by Llawfrodedd or Llawfrodedd. gods and mortals. In the story of Rhonabwy's dream, King Arthur was Lloegyr - The Welsh name for England. playing this game against Owain. In some accounts, known as Lloegyr, Sometimes identified as gwyddbwyll, Loegr, Loegr, Loegria, Loegria, Logres, Irish fidchell or Irish fidchell. Logres, Locris, Welsh Loegr(ia), LLoegyr, Loegr(ia), Loegr(ia), British - Mischievous spirits: cruel Locris or British Locris. fairies. These spirits are said to appear in Llychlyn - The Welsh name for Norway. the form of ugly females, sometimes Or, in some versions, the Otherworld. In seen as goats. In some references, some references, identified as Llychlyn, referred to as gwyllion. Irish Lochlan or Irish Lochlan.

Henbeddestyr - Son of Erim. He could Llyn Cerrig Bach - A sacred lake in run faster than any man whether on foot Anglesey. In some lore, occasionally or on horseback. At times, referred to as called Llyn Cerrig Bach, sacred lake or Henbeddestyr, Henwas or Henwas. sacred lake.

Horn of Gawlgawd - One of the objects Llyn Feic - The home of the wise old that Ysbadadden. Required Culhwch to salmon. Consulted by Culhwch, in some

26 accounts. Also called Llyn Feic, Llyn occasionally known as Merlin's Tree, Llyw, Llyn Llyw, Llyn Llw, Llyn Lyw Priory Oak or Priory Oak. or Lyln Llw. Mordaf - One of a triad of generous gods Llyn Llion - The lake which overflowed with Nudd and Rhydderch. Occasionally to cause. The flood from which only called Mordaf. Dwyvan and his wife escaped. In some accounts, referred to as Llyn Llion, Lake Mound of Mourning - The home of the of Waves, Lake of Waves, Lake of Black Worm of the Barrow. Also waves or Lake of waves. identified as Mound of Mourning.

Llys Dôn - The goddess Dôn as a star in Nwyvre - A god of the atmosphere. Son the constellation Cassiopeia. Sometimes of Gwydion and Aranrhod. Sometimes referred to as Llys Dôn, Dôn, Dôn, referred to as Nwyvre. Deon, Donnus, Mother of the Gods or Irish Dana. pwca - A mischievous spirit. On occassion, called pwca, pwcca, pwcca, Mamau - Mother-goddesses: goddesses English , English puck, Puki, Irish of the household: female fairies. phooka, Irish phooka, puck, Norse puki, Sometimes known as Mamau, Y Norse puki, phooka or puck. Mamau, Y Mamau, Roman Matres, Ty Gwydr - The home of Merlin on Roman Matres, or Tylwyth Bardsey. Island, some say, in which he. Teg. Kept the Thirteen Treasures of Britain. Also commonly referred to as Ty Mathonwy - A sky-god. Father of Don Gwydr, 'glass house' or 'glass house'. and Math. At times, referred to as Mathonwy. Underland - A land of eternal youth: a fairy. Kingdom beneath the earth; The Mawr Pen Aethir - A supreme deity. underworld. In some references, referred Sometimes identified as Mawr Pen to as Underland, Irish Tir inna N'og or Aethir. Irish Tir inna N'og.

Meldos - A supposed deity, possibly the Witches of Caer Llyw - The Welsh basis for Meltt as father of Mabon. version of the of Gloucester. In Sometimes called Meldos. some accounts, identified as Witches of Caer Llyw. Merlin's Hill - A site in Wales where, it is said, Merlin lies buried. Sometimes Ynys Avallach - A Welsh name for referred to as Merlin's Hill, Bryn Avalon. On occassion, known as Ynys Myrrdin, Bryn Myrrdin, Ogof Myrrdin Avallach, Afallon, Afallon, Avallach, or Ogof Myrrdin. Avallach, Avalloc, Avalloch, Avalloc, Avalloc, Avalloc(h), Avalloc(h), Irish Merlin's Tree - A tree in Carmarthen. It Ablach, Irish Ablach or Avalon. was said that the city would be destroyed if this tree should fall. In some lore,

26 Ynys Fanaw - The Welsh name for the Overmaster Isle of Man, home of Llyr. In some Rao accounts, referred to as Ynys Fanaw. Raven Solaris Ynys Wair - The island home of Starbreaker Gywdion. Also identified as Ynys Wair, Starro Lundy Island or Lundy Island. Sun-Eater Takion The Triarch DC Comics Cosmic The Unimaginable Trigon Entities Vext DC cosmic entities are divided into the Xenon spiritual, spatial and the magical realms. X'Hal This differs them from Marvel entities, Khan who regularly take on both spatial and magical roles (e.g. Marvel's Death is a member of the Cosmic Compass, but Timestream also grants temporary immortality to Destiny Earth's Sorcerer Supreme). The Endless One Time Trapper Spatial realm Agamemno Emotional Manifestations Andri Gunnar Adara representing hope Anti- Butcher representing rage Anti-Monitor representing willpower Auctioneer Ophidian representing greed Black Racer representing fear The Controllers Predator representing love Proseylte representing compassion Dgrth Dominus "Dreamtime" Fatalist Betty Clawman Feast Guardians of the Universe Magical Realm Avatar Imperiex Barter Interferer Black Alice Kismet Blaze and Satanus Cain and Abel Mageddon Circe Mallo, Keeper of the Cosmic Balance Dream of the Endless Materna Minxx Enchantress Nebiros Onimar Synn Neron

26 Phantom Corona (fire) Queen of Fables Firestorm (fire) Rama Hyathis (plant) (water) Uncle Sam Red Tornado (air) (plant, earth) Tefé Holland (plant, earth) 5th Dimension and similar realms Bat- (not actually from the 5th Unknown Realm dimension) Agnor Thunderbolt Algat Mister Mxyzptlk Amalgam Brothers Mopee Belk Qwsp Devagon Elentro Spiritual Realm Farkal Heliumin The Endless Ion Davy Tenzer Kelvin Gaia Leminor Hawkgod One Above Everything H'ronmeer One Above Nothing (Brother of One Isis Above Everything) Kismet Optence Lords of Chaos and Order Saburn Maya (creator of the elementals) The Dead (also known as Death II) The Fantasy The Orishas The Living Parliament of Flames The Trail Parliament of Stones Parliament of Trees General Parliament of Vapors Abaddon the Destroyer, featured in JLA, Parliament of Waves The Demon, and The Books of Magic The Presence Abnegazar of the Demons Three, Quetzalcoatl featured in JLA The Radiant Adara representing hope Rama Kushna Adramelech Shango Agnor The Source Agony & Ecstasy, from Hellblazer Spectre Algat Synnar (Demiurge) Ale Titans of Myth The Aleph Voiceless Gods Alexander Luthor, Jr., of Crisis on The Word Infinite and Infinite Crisis Amenadiel, from Elementals Amethyst, a Lord of Order

27 Antagonist, of the New Gods The Cathexis Anti-Matter Man Child Anti-Life Entity, from Cosmic Odessey Christ Anti-Monitor, from Crisis on Infinite Clocxwerk Earths Chaos and Order Anti-Sun Chroma Archangels, from Books of Magic The Controllers Appa Ali Apsa Cosmic Gamblers Aquarius The Creator Ares, frequent adversary of Wonder The Curse Woman Darkseid Artemis Dark Gods Arzaz Davy Tenzer, incarnation of the biblical Ayries, from #43 David, seen in [1] and Green Asmodel Arrow[2] stories Asteroth Deadman Athena Death Auctioneer Decreator Aurakles (also known as the Oracle) Deimos Auron Delirium Avatar, formerly Tiger, sidekick of Demeter Judomaster Desaad Azmodus Desire Baal, has fought Etrigan, , and Despair Destiny Bast, appeared in Destruction Bat-Mite, 5th dimensional imp and Devouris the Conqueror frequent annoyance for Batman Dionysus Belial Doctor Doomsday (Amalgam Comics) Belk Doctor Manhattan () Beautiful Dreamer Dominus Beelzebub Dorothy Spinner, of the Doom Patrol Betty Clawman, from New Guardians The Dreamer Beyond God Dream (first and second) Black , personification of Death for Duma super-speedsters Devagon Black Racer, personification of Death Eagle for the New Gods Elementals Blithe Elentro Brimstone Eclipsed Brothers of the Fallen (first, second, and Eclipso third) Elder Gods Bull Host The Endless Butcher representing rage The Endless One, being in the The Candlemaker timestream, from of Carnivore America

27 Entropy (see Krona) Harbinger Epoch Lord of Time Hawkgod Eris Heliumin Eros, appeared in He-God Etrigan Horus Euricros Heggra Evil One Hephaestus Eye of Osiris Hera Extant Hercules Falcon Hermes Fatalist, the Spectre's dark opposite, Hestia from Supergirl Heqt Farkal Highfather Fates Highmaster Feast, conqueror from JLA: Welcome to Hoth Shoggoth the Working Week III (see Warlogog) Fernus and the Burning Martians Huitzilopocthli The Fiend With Five Faces Hyperman The First Citadelian (also ) The First of the Fallen Gabriel ID, 6th dimensional Gaia Imperiex Prime and the Imperiex Probes Galactiac (Amalgam Comics) Imps Infinite Man Ghast of the Demons Three, featured in Interferer, cosmic designer from JLA Ambush Bug Glorith Ion Glorious Godfrey Isis the Egyptian goddess God of Africa It Gods of the Jejune Realm Izaya Gods of Krypton Izanami Gog Jakk Golden Knight Kalibak Gorum Kancer Goth Karmang Gothodaemon Keeper of the Oracle of Styx The Grandmaster Kelvin Granny Goodness The Kindly Ones Gray Man King of Tears Grayven Kismet Great Evil Beast Korge Greek Gods Krona Guardians of the Universe Kulak Gyges and Garamas with God power Lady Styx Hades H'ronmeer Lasma

27 Leminor Mr. Nebula Mistos Lilith Mogo of the Lion Monarch Lkz Monitor (first and second) Lokee Monsieur Stigmonus Loki Mopee, pre-Crisis Flash stories Lonar , pre-Crisis 30th century Lord Chaos, from Team Titans Mortar Lord of Chaos Mother Zed Lord of Order The Muses Lord Pernisius Nabu Lord Satanis Lord Satanus Nameless One Lords of the Ultra-Realm Nebiros Lucifer, multiple appearances prior to Nebula Man getting his own title Nekron, Lord of the Unliving M'Shula Neron Macro-man New Gods Mallo, Keeper of the Cocmic Balance, New Order pre-Crisis multiverse being Norse gods Maltus Nymphs Mad God of 3600 Obatala of the White Cloth from Mars Oblivion (first and second) Mahu Odin Mageddon Old Gods Magog () Omega Malferrazae Olorun the First Born Mammon One with the Source Mantis Onimar Sin Mark Moonrider Ophidian representing greed Mars Optence Materna Minxx, cosmic nanny of Helen Orion with the Ale and in his true form Jordan from The Spectre The Orishas Mawu Orpheus I Maya Osirect Mercury Osiris Meshta Pan Metatron, the angel makes an Pantagones appearance in Supergirl (vol. 4) #73 Pantheon gods Metron Pariah Michael Demiurgos, featured primarily Parliament of Trees in Lucifer Parallax representing fear Millennium Giants Persephone Mister Miracle Phobos Mr. Mxyzptlk Poseidonis

27 Predator representing love Sin Eater The Presence after Death Progenitor The Source Promethean Giants Solaris the Tyrant Sun Prometheon (Warner Bros. Animation) Spectre Proseylte representing compassion Starbreaker Pursuer Starro the Conqueror Pythia Quabal, a demon who first appeared Stigmonus Monsieur (and died) in DC Super-Stars, Vol. 1, Strange Visitor (see Kismet) #18. Sturmer The Quintessence (Elseworlds) St'nn Quetzalcoatl, featured in Tom Strong Suli and Aztek Sun-Eater Ra, featured in The Sandman Superman Raan Va Dath, mother serpent of -Prime Etrigan, featured in The Demon Susanoo-o-no-Mikoto Rao, Kryptonian sun god, featured in T: D. H. D Superman T'Charr Rath of the Demons Three, featured in Takion JLA Tala Rama Kushna, death goddess, creator of Talganus Deadman, featured in Strange Telephone Avatar Adventures Terrataya Remiel, an angel featured in The Tezcatlipoca Sandman and Lucifer Thanoseid (Amalgam Comics) Rott, demon who mind controlled The Creator into becoming The Dead (Death II) Bloodwynd The Devourer S'ivaa the Destroyer The Fantasy Sabbac The Lard Saburn The Living Saint Colomba The One and Only Saint Dumas (see Azrael) The Trail Sandalphon Thia Sandman (Dream and Daniel Hall) Thunderbolt I Satan Tigra Satanus Timeless Ones Serifan Time Trapper The Seven Deadly Enemy of Man Titans Seviram Totac Shadowy Mr. Evans Triarch Shango the Thunderer Troia, from Team Titans Shattered Gods Trigon the Terrible Shazam (also known as the Wizard Triumvirate, featured in The Demon Shazam) Trok

27 Typhon such as the Infinites, Beyonders, Cosmic Ugly Munter Cubes, or Watchers. Death is also Ultimator considered to be a cosmic entity. Each Uni-Friend cosmic being is unique, but they often The Unimaginables have the following characteristics in Vandaemeon common: Vestaments Vext Power greater than that of virtually any Voiceless Gods mortal being, with extremely rare Vulcan exceptions. Note, however, that their Vykin the Black level of power greatly varies, with some Wally from Supergirl being able to affect the entire space-time The Word multiversal reality. The Living Tribunal, Wotan Eternity, Master Order, and Lord Chaos X'Hal were once referred to as meeting in 16- Yama-No-Kami dimensional space. Yggardis the Living Planet YggDrasil the earth Elemental No physical form. To visit the material Yuga Khan universe they may use 'M-bodies', life- Ynar forms created for them by an entity Yuppie Demons called Anthropomorpho in the Zamarons, the god-like race from Green 'dimension of manifestations.' The power Lantern bestowed upon a manifestation body is Zaltan said to be directly dependent on how Zeus, featured primarily in Wonder well any given creation is able to Woman 'synchronize' with their assigned entity. Such bodies can also be employed by uniquely prominent physical entities, Marvel Comics Cosmic such as the Stranger or . Entities A completely amoral nature, uncaring The fictional Marvel Universe contains a about anything but their purpose of number of beings in this category that existence, and frequently to safeguard are literally part of the universe, with their Universe (i.e. themselves) from their existence necessary to provide a destruction, although some have certain function. Much like organs recurrently displayed personal, or even provide specific functions for the human human-like sentiments, and sometimes body, these entities provide functions for are not above remorse. A notable the universe itself. There is no official example of this is Galactus; despite his (known) name for these beings, but they consumption of living planets, he are often referred to as cosmic entities, occasionally displays disgust of his cosmic beings or abstract entities. Many mission. In fact, he states that he feels an of them embody some concept or fulfil intense kind of guilt for all the some essential need, but there are others civilizations that he has destroyed, and who are considered within this reference cannot close his eyes without recalling frame simply due to their scale of power,

27 the ghosts of the beings that have died as Hyperstorm, the , Nate a result of his feeding. Grey and others, have reached universe, or multiverse affecting status. In the fourth , the Dreaming Celestial states that "Every "The One Above All", an entity that has component in the physical Universe is a very rarely been shown to exist, but is model/example/function of balance... the absolute Supreme Being of Marvel Every particle/being/concept/. exists in this state of sublime equilibrium to serve [a being known as] the Fulcrum. The Living Tribunal, who in theory is And when asked by the Eternal Makkari supposed to act as the One Above All's whether "every cosmic being in this Guardian of the Multiverse enforcer and Universe is a total tool", replies "Yes. highest judge of law, but generally We are all tools of the Fulcrum". stands by even in times of multiversal genocide and according to She-, The Marvel Universe versions of the herself a lawyer, is gladly willing to gods of most earthly religions, excepting wipe out entire universes in favour of Christianity, Islam and , are not ones that it simply likes better. It also cosmic in the traditional sense, although enforces the nightmarish the strongest of them, such as Atum and Disproportionate Retribution Easy Road Odin, can rival or exceed the power of to Hell afterlife system. certain cosmic beings, as can the most powerful demons or independent mystic The Infinites, which are higher- entities such as Zom, Dormammu, dimensional entities far beyond Eternity, Shuma-Gorath, Mephisto, Cthon, or the who don't really notice anything that Vishanti, and, per extension, the sorcerer goes on in the lower multiverse except supreme, Doctor Strange, at times when through accident, but aren't malevolent he channels their full power, but their as such. existence is not necessary for the universe to function. "The embodiment of the universe" Eternity and his female counterpart Others pretend to embody existential Infinity; and their opposites, Death and concepts, but lack the power of the true Oblivion. entities, such as the demon D'Spayre who has claimed to embody despair, but Master Order and Lord Chaos, who, in in rare cases, such as Nightmare or an unusual variation of the trope, usually Amatsu-Mikaboshi it depends from story work together. It's their balancing agent to story whether or not they are The In-Betweener, who tends to rebel or considered embodiments. Exactly how cause trouble. many true cosmic entities exist is The Friendless: Entropy, Eulogy, unknown, and more keep being revealed Epiphany, Empathy, Enmity, as time passes. Expediency, and Eon, as well as Origin, Anomaly, and Unbeing, and Love and Certain mortal beings such as the Hate. , Mad Jim Jaspers, , Franklin Richards, Protégé,

27 The Fountainhead (Dreams/Creativity), the seal on Abraxas, his diet of Nightmare, King Coma, Madness, civilizations is to keep Abraxas from D'Spayre, and the Dweller-In-Darkness. simply killing everything everywhere all Abraxas, referred to as embodiments of at once. The rest were just excuses he destruction and an antithesis of Eternity; came up with to make himself feel better and Mikaboshi, as chaos, void, and about the whole thing. Heralds of nothingness, and also an antithesis of Galactus are granted a small fraction of Eternity. Although technically those his power, proven enough to shatter positions were already taken by Death, planets, and the Elders of the Universe Entropy, Chaos, and Oblivion. possess comparative, or in rare cases superior, power, as do certain other elite The Celestials, a whole race of trans- Marvel superheroes or supervillains, universal scale entities who guide such as Quasar, Thanos, Binary, and evolution as a means to produce more Gladiator. Celestials, serve the Fulcrum to balance the universe, or something else. One of The Stranger, a former aspect of the the Celestials calls itself the one of Tribunal, which it removed to be able to above all, but it has no relation to the interact with existence, and who has entity described further up the page. acted as an outsider and cosmic schemer ever since. The Cosmic Cubes (The Beyonder/Kosmos/The Maker, Kubik, Kronos, who was formerly the leader of The Shaper Of Worlds) who are created the Eternals, due to an explosion caused by entities outside the normal universe by an experiment gone wrong he lost his (The Beyonders) as a way to understand physical form and became one with the our reality. universe and time allowing him to manipulate it. The Phoenix Force, depending on the Writer alternately the embodiment of life The higher forms of extradimensional and rebirth, the potential psionic energy divinities, such as the Vishanti. of all living beings, or both. The Faltine, pseudo energy beings of a Galactus, a Sufficiently Advanced Alien multidimensional origins. Dormammu who is the balancing function between and Umar were banished to the main Eternity and Death, which somehow setting for the crime of murdering their involves a regular high-protein diet of father, where they were invoked by sentient civilisations, and who only foolish magicians and conquered many occasionally considers that non-sentient universes. stars and cosmic power sources have a much higher energy content. Depending Shuma Gorath was later revealed to be on the Writer Galactus can or cannot just one of The Many Angled Ones, feed off of stars or other energy sources. really old seemingly immortal aliens Some stories he can, others he cannot, who have fed on the fear of younger others those sources work temporarily species, turned whole planets into killing and sooner or later he needs to feed on a fields for amusement, sought to planet. Galactus was later revealed to be

27 eliminate death and left life continue on in a cancerous state and such. The Elders Of The Universe, life forms from the start of universe who can The Watchers, a race of Sufficiently manipulate energies from the Big Bang Advanced Aliens who can manipulate and live until they lose the will to. They cosmic energies on a level with Galactus eventually let anyone join their club if but have sworn never to interfere. they managed to outlive the rest of their Somehow they have a rivalry with the species and their native galaxy, so not Celestials, though (the every member is this trope: The Grand normally assigned to Earth and one of Master, Runner, Champion and the few to qualify as an actual character) Collector are. Ego The Living Planet specially says that the reasons for and was allowed in, claiming to be a Single nature of this rivalry would be Specimen Species and then blowing out impossible for humans to comprehend. every star in his galaxy himself.

Numerous pantheons of largely Jerk Ass Korvac is one as is the Sentry/The Void Gods. Most of whom are "only" natural at his most powerful. parts of the universe, other "dimensions" or "planes" who got a kick out The web spinners, who operate in the interfering with the development of life. centre of existence, spinning the fabric They got kicked out by the Celestials, of the universe, which connects who felt only they should do that. everyone to everything, writing all of reality, every emotion, thought, word, Quasar once met Anthropomorpho, the and deed into the "cosmic web of life". living incarnation of the idea of having Also "The Great Weaver", which does living incarnations of abstract concepts. the same thing while empowering spider Seriously. .

The Elder Gods, who are not the same as Occasionally, a few of the most the previously described pantheons. powerful "Omega Level" mutants mutate They grew from seeds planted by the into this trope, such as Nate Grey, who sentient part of Earth's biosphere to was genetically engineered to become protect the emerging life. Most of them one and Franklin Richards, who has a became corrupt and were destroyed by scale of power on par with the Celestials, the Demogorge, the only one who can warp reality and create "pocket remains near Earth, sleeping the in sun. dimensions". In one alternate future, the The other known survivors, Set, Gaea, son of that universe's Franklin Richards Oshtur, and Chthon, hide away in their and Phoenix Force host Rachel own personal dimensions. Summers, Jonathan Richards aka Hyperstorm, ended up as a mutant with Demon lords from a wide variety of complete control over Hyperspace, origins, though only a select few are which gave him power on par with the actually powerful enough to qualify for Celestials. The eventually this trope. Also a few angels, of whom beat him by feeding him to Galactus. little is known as they usually only show Then there is Legion, who has thousands up when absolutely necessary. of Omega-level powers, including one

27 that lets him rewrite reality and wipe out Mistress Love hordes of Elder Gods. The Scarlet Witch Molecule Man can also rewrite reality on a universal Nate Grey scale, and cause multi-dimensional Nova Corp destructive waves. Numinus Oblivion Following is a list of known entities; Odin Abraxas Origin Aegis (Lady of All Sorrows) Phoenix Force Agamotto Protégé Adam Warlock Proteus Beyonder - Also called Kosmos, Cosmos Shaper of Worlds and Maker Shuma-Gorath The Celestials Sise-Neg Chaos King Stranger Star Brand the Original Death Tenebrous Demogorge the God-Eater Tyrant at original power Dormammu Vishanti Dreaming Celestial The Watchers Ego the Living Planet Entropy Eon Dungeons and Dragons Epoch Eternity Pantheon Franklin Richards Boccob, god of magic, arcane The Fulcrum knowledge, balance and foresight. Gaea Galacta Corellon Larethian, god of elves, magic, Galactus music, and arts. The Horde Hyperstorm Garl Glittergold, god of gnomes, Infinites humour, and gemcutting Infinity Infinity Gauntlet Gruumsh, god of orcs In-Betweener Mad Jim Jaspers Moradin, god of dwarves Korvac Kosmos Nerull, god of death, darkness, murder Kubik and the underworld. Legion The Living Tribunal Pelor, god of sun, light, strength and Lord Chaos healing. More humans worship Pelor Master Order than any other deity. Master Hate

27 Yondalla, goddess of halflings Aurifar, greater god of the midday sun, life and judgement. Ehlonna, goddess of forests, woodlands, flora & fauna, and fertility. Auril

Erythnul, god of hate, envy, malice, Ayailla, demigoddess of light, celestial panic, ugliness, and slaughter. radiance, and good creatures of the sky.

Fharlanghn, god of horizons, distance, Bahamut, intermediate god of good travel, and roads. (metallic) dragons, wisdom and the wind. Heironeous, god of chivalry, justice, honour, war, daring, and valour. Beltar, lesser goddess of malice, caves Hextor, god of war, discord, massacres, and pits. conflict, fitness, and tyranny. Bralm, lesser goddess of insects and Kord, god of athletics, sports, brawling, industriousness. strength, and courage. Cas, demigod of spite. Obad-Hai, god of nature, freedom, hunting, and beasts. Celestian, intermediate god of stars, space and wanderers. Olidammara, god of music, revels, wine, Chaav, demigod of enjoyment, delight, rogues, humour, and tricks. and pleasure.

Saint Cuthbert, god of common sense, Cyndor, lesser god of time, infinity and wisdom, zeal, honesty, truth, and continuity. discipline. Delleb, lesser god of reason, intellect Wee Jas, goddess of magic, death, and study. vanity, and law Doresain, demigod of necromancy. Vecna, god of destructive and evil secrets. Estanna, demigoddess of hearth and home. Aengrist Evening Glory, lesser goddess of love, Afpower, lesser god of inquiry, beauty and immortality through . necromancy and death. Al-Ishtus, lesser god of scorpions and Geshtai, lesser goddess of lakes, rivers, venom. wells and streams.

Altua, lesser goddess of honour and Halmyr, lesser god of strategy and skill nobility. in warfare.

Hleid

28 Nadirech, lesser god of cowardice, Iborighu trickery and luck.

Incabulos, greater god of plagues, Osprem, lesser goddess of sea voyages, sickness, famine, nightmares, drought ships and sailors. and disasters. Phieran, demigod of suffering, Istus, greater goddess of fate, destiny, endurance, and perseverance. divination, future and honesty. Pholtus, intermediate god of light, Iuz, demigod of deceit, pain, oppression resolution, law and order. and evil. Procan, intermediate god of seas, sea Joramy, lesser goddess of fire, life, salt, sea weather and navigation. volcanoes, wrath, anger and quarrels. Pyremius, lesser god of fire, poison and Karaan, lesser god of lycanthropy, murder. cannibalism, wild savagery and urban decay. Rallaster, lesser god of razors, mutilation, murder, insanity and torture. Konkresh, lesser god of brute force. Rao, greater god of peace, reason and Kurtulmak, intermediate god of serenity. trapmaking, mining and war. Scahrossar, lesser goddess of sadism, Kyuss, demigod of creation and mastery masochism, pleasure and pain. of undead. Selen, demigoddess of outcasts. Lastai, demigoddess of pleasure, love, and passion. Solanil, lesser goddess of oases and hospitality. Lirr, lesser goddess of prose, poetry, literature and art. Sulerain, lesser goddess of death and slaughter. Llerg, lesser god of beasts and strength. Syreth, lesser goddess of guardians and Lolth, intermediate goddess of the drow, protection. spiders, evil and darkness. Telchur, lesser god of winter, cold and Lyris, lesser goddess of victory and fate. the north wind.

The Mockery, god of treachery over Tem-Et-Nu, intermediate goddess of honour. rivers, wealth, victory and life. Mouqol, lesser god of trade, negotiation, ventures, appraisal and reciprocity.

28 Tharizdun, intermediate god of eternal Zarus, greater god of humanity, darkness, decay, entropy, malign domination and perfection. knowledge and insanity. Zoser, lesser god of wind, tornadoes and Tiamat, intermediate goddess of evil dervishes. (chromatic) dragons, conquest, greed and cruelty. Zuoken, demigod of physical and mental mastery. Trithereon, intermediate god of individuality, liberty, retribution and Dungeons Dragons Deities 4th edition self-defense. Avandra - Good Goddess of Change, Luck and Travel, Patron of Halflings. Typhos, lesser god of tyranny. Bahamut - Lawful Good God of Justice, Umberlee, intermediate goddess of Protection and Nobility. Patron of anger, wrath, storms and tidal waves. Dragonborn.

Urbanus, lesser god of cities, growth and Moradin - Lawful Good God of Family, improvement. Community and Creation (as in smithing). Patron of Dwarves Valarian, demigod of forest, forest creatures, and good-aligned magical Pelor - Good God of Sun, Agriculture creatures. and Time. Seasonal God of Summer.

Valkar, lesser god of courage. Corellon - Unaligned God of Beauty, Art, Magic and the Fey. Seasonal God of Valkur, demigod of sailors, ships, the Spring and Patron of Eladrin. favourable winds and naval combat. Erathis - Unaligned Goddess of Vatun, lesser god of northern barbarians, Civilization, Inventions and Law. cold, winter and Arctic beasts. Ioun - Unaligned Goddess of The Xammux, lesser composite god(s) Knowledge, Skill and Prophecy. of analytical thinking, forbidden lore, experimentation and amorality. Kord - Unaligned God of Storms, Battle and Strength. Xan Yae, lesser goddess of twilight, shadows, stealth and mental powers. Melora - Unaligned Goddess of Wilderness, Nature and the Sea Yeathan, demigod of drowning, aquatic calamities, watery death and dark water. Raven Queen - Unaligned Goddess of Death, Fate and Doom. Seasonal Zagyg, demigod of humour, eccentricity, Goddess of Winter. lore and unpredictability.

28 Sehanine - Unaligned Goddess of He Who Was - A god of good and Illusion, Love and the Moon. Seasonal possibly peace, he was killed by his God of Autumn and Patron of Elves. archangel and exarch, Asmodeus.

Asmodeus - Evil God of Tyranny and Khala - Goddess of Winter, wife of Domination. Lord of Devils Zehir, Khala sought to trap the natural world in an eternal winter to secure Bane - Evil God of War and Conquest. power over it. Revered by Goblins Lakal - God of Healing and Mercy who Gruumsh - Chaotic Evil God of was also her own Astral Dominion. Slaughter and Destruction. Patron of Orcs Maglubiyet - God of Goblinoids. Defeated by Bane. Lolth - Chaotic Evil Goddess of Shadow and Lies. Patron of Drow and their Nerull - God of Death and the Dead. inseparable companions, the spiders. Killed by The Raven Queen.

Tharizdun - The Chained God, also Tuern - God of War. Killed by Bane. known as the Elder Elemental Eye, creator of the Abyss. Dragonlance Deities Branchala, also known as The Bard Tiamat - Evil Goddess of Greed and King, the Song of Life, and the Envy. Patron of the Chromatic Dragons. Songmaster, represents the godly power Torog - Evil God of the Underdark. of inspiration. He encourages souls to Patron of Jailors and Torturers rise to greater heights of happiness and beauty. He is the patron of music and Vecna - Evil God of the Undead and poetry. Necromancy. Lord of Secrets Habbakuk, also known as The Fisher Zehir - Evil God of Darkness and King, Skylord, and the Blue Phoenix, Poison. Favoured Deity of the Yuan-Ti represents the godly power of and Patron of Assassins. persistence. He in the perseverance of the soul and its Amoth - God of Justice and Mercy. opposition to adversity for the greater Killed by the demon princes Orcus, goal. Demogorgon and Rimmon. Kiri-Jolith, also known as the "Sword of Aoskar - God of Portals. Killed by the Justice" and the "Bison of Heaven", Lady of Pain. represents the godly power of henosis or unity. He encourages the soul to grow as Gorellik - God of Hunting, Beasts, and a part of the whole in order to benefit Gnolls. Killed by the demon lord from the strength of brotherhood. Yeenoghu. Majere (pronounced mah-JAIR-ee), also known as Mantis of the Rose, Master of

28 Mind, and the Dreamsender, The Even- librarians, and scholars. He is the leader Handed God, represents the godly force of the Gods of Balance. He supports free of discipline. Majere believes the way will and individual choice for all for the soul to become better is through individuals of Krynn. discipline and hard work. Lunitari, also known as the Veiled Mishakal, also known as the Light Maiden, Maid of Illusion, and Night Bringer, the Healing Hand, and the Blue Candle, represents the power of magic Lady, represents the godly power of used for neutrality. She supports wizards restoration. She embraces the soul's wish who use magic in the name of balance, to grow and to learn from mistakes. She freedom, and curiosity. She seeks to is the patron of healing, motherhood, and preserve the balance of good and evil in restoring the lost. magic.

Paladine, also known as the Platinum Reorx, also known as the Forge, the Dragon, the Valiant Warrior, Fizban, and World Smith, and Tamer of Chaos, Draco Paladin, represented the godly represents the godly force of creation. force of majesty. He sponsors the soul's He desires for souls to grow through aspirations to rise to greater heights and crafting and gaining skill. He is the to improve itself by following the patron of dwarves and gnomes, but also example of others. He granted divine of all craftsmen. He is also followed by right to kings and rulers. gamblers and rogues because they rely on their own talents to change the course Solinari, also known as the Mighty of an event. He respects and encourages Hand, the Ivory Disk, and God's Eye, the power of mortals to shape, build, and represents the godly power of magic produce. used for good. He patrons wizards who use their magic with the ideals of Shinare, also known as Winged Victory, compassion, protection, and foresight. the Silver Mistress, and Walking Liberty, represents the godly force of Chislev, also known as the Beast, Wild interaction. Those who follow Shinare One, and World Mother, represents the grow by communicating with other godly force of instinct. She believes the people. She oversees all oaths, soul grows by releasing thought and negotiations, and partnerships. She instinct, and giving in to primal urges. promotes the advancement of the world She is the power of the natural world and through enterprise. She patrons all things wild. merchants, without regard to motivation so long as business is done fairly. With Gilean, also known as the Book, the that principle in mind, she does not Sage, and the Gray Voyager, represents condemn slavery or mercenary activity. the godly force of knowledge. He Sirrion, also known as the Flowing supports the growth of the soul through Flame, the Alchemist, and the attaining knowledge and experience. He Firemaster, represents the godly force of is the holder of the Tobril, which transformation. He promotes the soul to contains the divine plan of the High God give in to passion and creativity to grow for the world. He is the patron of sages, and change. He represents fire, because

28 it is the element that brings change and diseases and of the ultimate decay of all growth, and it represents the creativity of things, from individuals to nations. artists and alchemists. Sirrion is chaotic, but does not condone random Nuitari, also known as the Devouring destruction; instead, change should Dark, Nightreaver, and Ungod, produce something new. He is the patron represents the power of magic used for of art and alchemy. evil. He is the patron of wizards who use magic for greed, revenge, hatred, and Zivilyn, also known as the World Tree, ambition. Wise One, and the Tree of Life, represents the godly force of wisdom. Sargonnas, also known as the Red He encourages the soul to grow by Condor, the Firebringer, and the Bull achieving enlightenment and wisdom. God, represents the godly force of wrath. Zivilyn's influence extends to all realms He orders souls to seek revenge on and to all times. He promotes anything that does them wrong or takes understanding and spiritual awareness. power from them. He is the master of vengeance, wars fought for passion, , also known as the Lord of anger, volcanoes, and Bones, Lifebane, and the Black Goat, broken promises. represents the godly force of fatalism. He encourages souls to give up to Takhisis, also known as the Queen of destiny and fate. Chemosh disdains life, Darkness, the Many-Headed Dragon, feeling that it is wasted on the people of The Dragon of Many Colours and None, Krynn. He prefers to promise The Temptress, and the Dark Warrior, "immortality" by making souls into represents the godly force of control. undead rather than letting them pass into She brings souls under her will and the afterlife. Chemosh gains power as encourages them to grow according to people surrender their free will to him. her plans for conquest. She orders souls to surrender to dominance and give way Hiddukel, also known as the Prince of to those who are stronger. She likewise Lies, the Betrayer, and the Broken orders souls to dominate others. Scales, represents the godly force of Zeboim, also known as the , exploitation. He influences souls to use the Darkling Sea, and the Dragon Turtle, every encounter with another person to represents the godly force of strife. She their advantage. He captures souls who encourages souls to give into its urges are desiring or despairing to use the and release anger. She is the misfortune of others to their profit. unpredictable and embodies storm and raging sea, which is the element she Morgion, also known as the Black Wind, commands over. Master of the Bronze Tower, and the Rat King, represents the godly force of Forgotten Realms Deities decay. He urges souls to break down Lord Ao is the overgod of Abeir-Toril, their complexities to attain their most who only answers to a superior entity basic form. He believes mortals should known only as a "being of light." All leave Krynn with nothing but what they deities of Toril are subject to him. came in with. Morgion is the god of

28 Akadi is the goddess of Movement, Speed, and Air Elementals. Her Mystra (also called Hidden One): alignment is primarily Neutral. Goddess of magic, spells, the Weave. Neutral Good. Asmodeus: God of sin, King of the Nine Hells. Lawful evil. Oghma (also called Curna): God of knowledge, invention, inspiration, bards. Bane, also known as the "" True Neutral. and "Black Lord", is the deity of hatred, fear, and tyranny. Selûne (also called Bright Nydra, Elah, and Lucha): Goddess of the moon, stars, Chauntea: Goddess of agriculture, navigation, prophecy, questers, good and farmers, gardeners, summer. Neutral neutral lycanthropes. Good. Shar: Goddess of dark, night, loss, Cyric (possibly also called N'asr): God forgetfulness, unrevealed secrets, of murder, lies, intrigue, strife, caverns, dungeons, the Underdark. deception, illusion. Chaotic Evil. Neutral Evil.

Grumbar: God of elemental earth, Silvanus: God of wild nature, . solidity, changelessness, oaths. True True Neutral. Neutral. Sune: Goddess of beauty, love, passion Etugen (aspect of Grumbar): Goddess of the earth, herds, and pastures for the Talos (also called Bhaelros and Kozah): Horde. God of storms, destruction, rebellion, conflagrations, earthquakes, vortices. Istishia: God of elemental water, Chaotic Evil. purification, wetness. True Neutral. Tempus (also called Tempos): God of Kelemvor (possibly also called N'asr): war, battle, warriors. Chaotic Neutral. God of death, the dead. Lawful Neutral. Torm: God of duty, loyalty, obedience, Kossuth: God of elemental fire, paladins. Lawful Good. purification through fire. True Neutral. Tyr: God of justice. Lawful Good. Lathander: God of spring, dawn, birth, youth, vitality, athletics. Neutral Good. Ubtao: God of creation, jungles, Chult, the Chultans, dinosaurs. True Neutral. Amaunator (also called At'ar): Former Auril: Goddess of cold, winter. god of bureaucracy, law, order, the sun. Bahamut (also called Xymor): God of Lawful Good. good dragons, wind, wisdom, justice.

Lolth: Goddess of Drow, spiders, Beshaba: Goddess of random mischief, darkness, chaos, evil, assassination. misfortune, bad luck, accidents. Chaotic Evil.

28 Gond: (also called Zionel): God of Malar: also known as the "Beastlord", is artifice, craft, construction, smithwork. the deity of the hunt, evil lycanthropes, bestial savagery, and bloodlust. Helm: God of guardians, protectors, protection. Milil: God of poetry, song, eloquence.

Ilmater: God of endurance, suffering, Shaundakul: God of wind, portals, martyrdom, perseverance. travel, exploration, caravans.

Loviatar: Goddess of pain, hurt, agony, Talona: Goddess of disease, poison. torment, suffering, torture. Sss'thasine'ss (aspect of Talona): Mask: God of thieves, thievery, venomous creatures. shadows. Neutral Evil. Drasek Riven is the god of shadows. Mielikki: Goddess of forests, forest creatures, rangers, , autumn. Finder Wyvernspur is the deity of the cycle of life, transformation of art, and Tiamat: Goddess of evil dragons, evil saurials. reptiles, greed. Fzoul Chembryl: Became a demigod Tymora: Goddess of good fortune, skill, under Bane's service victory, adventurers. Umberlee: Goddess of oceans, currents, Garagos, also known as "Targus," "the waves, sea winds. Reaver," and "Master of All Weapons," is the deity of war, skill-at-arms, Waukeen, also known as "The destruction, and plunder. Merchant's Friend", is the goddess of trade, money, and wealth. Gargauth, also known as the "Tenth Lord of Nine," the "Lost Lord of the Azuth: God of wizards, mages, Pit," and the "Hidden Lord," is the deity spellcasters in general. of betrayal, cruelty, political corruption, and powerbrokers. Deneir: also known as "Lord of All Glyphs" and "The Scribe of Oghma", is Gwaeron Windstrom: God of tracking, the deity of literature, art, knowledge, rangers of the North glyphs, images, and cartography. Hoar (also called Assuran): God of Eldath: is the Faerûnian deity of peace. revenge, retribution, poetic justice Lliira: Goddess of joy, happiness, dance, festivals, freedom, liberty. Jergal: God of fatalism, proper burial, guardian of tombs Lurue: Goddess of intelligent beasts, talking beasts. Nobanion: God of royalty, lions and feline beasts, good beasts

28 The Red Knight, also known as "Lady of Chih Shih: God of history, lore, Strategy" and "Grandmaster of the tradition. Lanceboard", is deity of strategy, planning, and tactics. Ai Ch'hing: Goddess of love, marriage.

Rivalen Tanthul: Became a demi god Fa Kuan: God of justice. under Shar's service Hsing Yong: God of fortune, prosperity. Savras: Savras was a deity of divination, divination magic, and truth. Shi Chia: God of artificers, the arts. Sharess, also known as "The Dancing Lady" and "Mother of Cats", is the deity They in turn are aided by the Lesser of hedonism, sensual fulfillment, Immortals, namely Jade Ladies, Rice festhalls, and cats. Spirits, Moon Women, Spirit Warriors, Ladies of Compassion, the Lords of Siamorphe is the Goddess of nobles, Karma and the Sages. rightful rule of nobility, and human royalty. Mad Monkey is a demideity of mischief who sometimes helps and sometimes Uthgar also known as "Father of the hinders the Celestial Bureaucracy.. Uthgardt" and "Battle Father", is the deity of Uthgardt barbarian tribes and Maztican Pantheon physical strength. Azul (also called Calor): God of rain, water, drunkenness. Valkur, also known as "The Mighty" and "Captain of the Waves", is the deity of Eha: Goddess of the wind, spring. sailors, ships, favorable winds, and naval combat. Kiltzi: God of health, love, happiness, children. Tchazzar: Dragon-god of battle, Maztica: Goddess of life and the Chessenta, strength, victory. physical world, grants power despite being dead. Kara-Turan Pantheon Celestial Emperor who is served by the Nula: Goddess of animals. Nine Immortals: Plutoq: God of earth, stone, mountains. Kwan Ying: Goddess of compassion, mercy, joy. Qotal: God of goodness, health, protection. Chan Cheng: God of war, the martial Tezca: God of the sun, fire, cooking. arts, combat, bravery. Watil: Goddess of plants.

Ch'en Hsiang: God of poetry, music, Zaltec: God of war, sacrifice. literature. Zakharan Pantheon Hajama: God of bravery.

28 Hakiyah: God of honesty. Garyx: God of fire, destruction, renewal.

Haku: God of freedom. Hlal: Goddess of humor, tricks, messages. Jauhar: Goddess of wealth. Kereska: Goddess of dragon magic and Jisan: Goddess of fruitfulness. magical creativity.

Kor: God of wisdom. Lendys: God of balance, justice.

Najm: God of adventure and curiosity. Tamara: Goddess of life, light, mercy.

Selan: Goddess of beauty. Task: God of greed, selfishness.

Zann: God of intelligence and learning. Zorquan: God of the essence of that which is dragons. Bala: Goddess of music. Drow Deities Ragarra: Goddess of the jungle and its Lolth (formerly Araushnee): Goddess of violent denizens, passion, chaos and spiders, evil, darkness, chaos, assassins, revenge. and drow.

Vataqatal: God of war and duty. Ghaunadaur: Formerly a drow god, patron of abominations, oozes, slimes, Dragon Deities jellies, outcasts, ropers and rebels. Asgorath (also called Io): The Ninefold Dragon, head deity of dragonkind, Eilistraee: Goddess of song, beauty, containing all alignments and father of dance, swordwork, hunting, moonlight the other dragon deities. and good-aligned drow.

Aasterinian: Goddess of learning, Kiaransalee: Goddess of undead, invention, pleasure also worshipped as vengeance. an aspect of Hlal. Selvetarm: God of drow warriors, child Astilabor: Goddess of acquisitiveness, of Vhaeraun and Zandilar the Dancer. status, wealth. Vhaeraun: God of thievery, drow males, Bahamut (also called Xymor): God of evil activity on the surface. good dragons, wind, wisdom, Justice. Zinzerena: Sometimes called the princess of outcasts. A drow Chronepsis: God of fate, death, demigoddess of deception, and thievery judgment. and powerfully chaotic.

Faluzure: God of decay, undeath, Dwarven Deities exhaustion. Abbathor: God of greed.

28 Berronar Truesilver: Goddess of safety, Elven Deities honesty, home, healing, the dwarven Aerdrie Faenya: Goddess of air, weather, family, records, marriage, faithfulness, avians, rain, fertility. loyalty, oaths. Angharradh: Goddess of spring, fertility, Clanggedin Silverbeard: God of battle, planting, birth, defense, wisdom. war, valour, bravery, honour in battle. Deep Duerra: Goddess of duergar, Corellon Larethian: God of magic, psionics, conquest, expansion. music, arts, crafts, war, the elven race, poetry, bards, warriors. Dugmaren Brightmantle: God of scholarship, invention, discovery. Deep Sashelas: God of oceans, sea elves, creation, knowledge. Dumathoin: "Keeper of the Secrets Under the Mountains" God of buried Erevan Ilesere: God of mischief, change, wealth, ores, gems, mining, exploration, rogues, . shield dwarves, guardian of the dead. Fenmarel Mestarine: God of feral elves, Gorm Gulthyn: God of guardian of all outcasts, scapegoats, isolation. dwarves, defense, watchfulness. Hanali Celanil: Goddess of love, Haela Brightaxe: Goddess of luck in romance, beauty, enchantments, magic battle, joy of battle, dwarven fighters. item artistry, fine art, and artists.

Laduguer: God of duergar, magic Labelas Enoreth: God of time, longevity, weapon creation, artisans, magic. the moment of choice, history.

Marthammor Duin: God of guides, Naralis Analor: God of healing, easing explorers, expatriates, travellers, of pain, and death. lightning. Rillifane Rallathil: God of woodlands, Moradin: God of dwarves, creation, nature, wild elves, druids. smithing, protection, metalcraft, stonework. Sehanine Moonbow: Goddess of mysticism, dreams, death, journeys, Sharindlar: Goddess of healing, mercy, transcendence, the moon, the stars, the romantic love, fertility, dancing, heavens, moon elves. courtship, the moon. Shevarash: God of hatred of the drow, Thard Harr: God of wild dwarves, jungle loss, crusades, vengeance. survival, hunting. Solonor Thelandira: God of archery, Vergadain: God of wealth, luck, chance, hunting, wilderness survival. nonevil thieves, suspicion, trickery, negotiation, sly cleverness. Giant Deities

29 Annam: God of giants, creation, Urdlen: God of greed, bloodlust, evil, learning, philosophy hatred, uncontrolled impulse,

Hiatea: Goddess of nature, agriculture, Halfling Deities hunting, childbirth Arvoreen: God of defense, war, vigilance, halfling warriors, duty Grolantor: God of hunting, combat, hill giants Brandobaris: God of stealth, thievery, adventuring, halfling rogues Iallanis: Goddess of love, forgiveness, beauty, mercy Cyrrollalee: Goddess of friendship, trust, Memnor: God of pride, mental prowess, the hearth, hospitality, crafts control Sheela Peryroyl: Goddess of nature, Skoraeus Stonebones: God of stone agriculture, weather, song, dance, giants, buried things beauty, romantic love

Stronmaus: God of sun, sky, weather, Urogalan: God of earth, death, joy, cloud giants protection of the dead

Surtr: God of fire giants, fire, destruction Yondalla: Goddess of protection, bounty, halflings, children, security, Thrym: God of cold, ice, magic, frost leadership, wisdom, creation, family, giants tradition.

Gnome Deities Orc Deities Baravar Cloakshadow: God of illusions, Bahgtru: God of loyalty, stupidity, brute deception, traps, wards strength

Baervan Wildwanderer: God of forests, Gruumsh: God of orcs, conquest, travel, nature survival, strength, territory

Callarduran Smoothhands: God of stone, Ilneval: God of war, combat, the Underdark, mining, the svirfneblin overwhelming numbers, strategy

Flandal Steelskin: God of mining, Luthic: Goddess of caves, orc females, physical fitness, smithing, metalworking home, wisdom, fertility, healing, servitude Gaerdal Ironhand: God of vigilance, Shargaas: God of night, thieves, stealth, combat, martial defense darkness, the Underdark

Garl Glittergold: God of protection, Yurtrus: God of death, disease humour, trickery, gem cutting, gnomes Segojan Earthcaller: God of earth, Other Races Deities nature, the dead Blibdoolpoolp: Goddess of kuo-, evil undersea creatures

29 Chee'ah: God of saru on the plateau of Semuanya: God of Lizardfolk, survival, Malatra propagation

Diinkarazan: God of derro, madness Shekinester: Goddess of nagas

Diirinka: God of derro, magic, cruelty, The Acquirer (aspect of Shekinester): knowledge Control, possession

Eadro: God of merfolk and locathah The Empowerer (aspect of Shekinester): Guardianship of the young and Essyllis: God of lizardfolk uninitiated

Ghaunadaur: God of Abominations, The Preserver (aspect of Shekinester): oozes, slimes, jellies, outcasts, ropers, Maintainer of existence, spirits of the rebels. dead

Gorellik: God of gnolls. The Seeker (aspect of Shekinester): Curiosity, exploration, study Great Mother: Goddess of beholders, magic, fertility, tyranny Ssharstrune (aspect of Shekinester): Acquisition, power Hruggek: God of , violence, combat, ambushes The Weaver (aspect of Shekinester): Active destruction, connections Ilsensine: God of illithids, mental domination, magic Sseth: God of yuan-ti, sarrukh, poison, somnolence Kurtulmak: God of , hatred Merrshaulk (aspect of Sseth): beasts, Laogzed: God of troglodytes, hunger, predators, somnolence destruction Varae (aspect of Sseth): snakes Maglubiyet: God of goblins, , Vaprak: God of ogres, trolls, violence, leadership, war destruction, frenzy, greed

M'daess: Goddess of sarrukh, War'dango: God of korobokuru, purification, young snakes and leadership, and Fire Mountain on the serpentfolk plateau of Malatra

Parrafaire: God of nagas, guardianship Zehir: God of Poison, yuan-ti.

Piscaethces: God of aboleths Nondeity Powers Some powerful extraplanar creatures are Sekolah: God of sahuagin, hunting, able to grant power to their followers tyranny, plunder without actually being deities. Cults

29 worshipping archdevils or demon Al'Akbar is the Baklunish demigod of princes are not unknown. Comparably dignity, duty, faithfulness, and powerful celestial beings, while not guardianship. typically subjects of worship, can bestow their favour on virtuous mortals in a Allitur is the Flan god of Ethics and similar manner. Propriety. Archdevils Lord of the First: Bel Atroa (ah-TRO-ah) is the Oeridian Lord of the Second: Dispater, The Iron goddess of Spring, East Wind, and Duke Renewal. Lord of the Third: Mammon, the Viscount Azor'alq is the Baklunish hero-deity of Lords of the Fourth: Fierna and Belial Light, Purity, Courage, and Strength. Lord of the Fifth: Prince Levistus Lord of the Sixth: The Archduchess Beltar is the Suel goddess of Malice, Glasya, the Princess of Hell, daughter of Caves, and Pits. Asmodeus Lord of the Seventh: Baalzebul, the Slug Berei is goddess of Agriculture, Family, Archduke and Home. Lord of the Eighth: Mephistopheles, Archduke of Cania Berna is the Touv goddess of passion Lord of the Ninth: Asmodeus, King of and forgiveness. the Nine Hells Malkizid Bleredd is the Oeridian god of Metal, Demon princes Mines, and Smiths. Baphomet: Demon lord of minotaurs, beasts, vengeance Boccob is the god of magic, arcane Demogorgon: Prince of Demons knowledge, balance, and foresight. Eltab: Demon lord of hatred, retribution Graz'zt: Demon lord of darkness, Bralm is the Suel goddess of Insects and seduction, guile, debauchery Industriousness. Kostchtchie: Demon lord of frost giants, wrath, rage Breeka is the Touv goddess of Living Orcus: Demon lord of undeath Things. Pazrael (also called ): Demon lord of evil flying creatures, corruption Celestian is the god of Stars, Space and Sess'Innek: Demon lord of khaastas, Wanderers. lizard kings, civilization, domination Yeenoghu: Demon lord of gnolls Charmalaine (TCHAR-mah-lain) is the Malkizid: Fallen Solar Angel of halfling hero-goddess of Keen Senses Corellon Larethian who was tempted by and Narrow Escapes. Nerull to kill the elven god. Cyndor is the Oeridian god of Time, Greyhawk Deities Infinity, and Continuity.

29 Daern is the Oeridian hero-deity of for his musical prowess, but also for his defenses and fortifications. technological skills.

Dalt is the Suel god of Portals, Doors, Hextor is the Oeridian god of war, Enclosures, Locks, and Keys. discord, massacres, conflict, fitness, and tyranny. Damaran is the Touv god of vermin and Incabulos is the god of plagues, sickness, other creeping things, as well as the famine, nightmares, drought, and flight-instinct essential to survival. disasters.

Delleb is the Oeridian god of Reason, Istus is the goddess of Fate, Destiny, Intellect, and Study. Divination, the Future, and Honesty

The Earth Dragon is a Flan spirit of Iuz (pronounced YOOZ or EE-uz) is the earth, weather, and hidden treasures. chaotic evil demigod of Deceit, Evil, Oppression, Pain, and Wickedness. Ehlonna is the goddess of Forests, Woodlands, Flora, Fauna, and Fertility. Johydee is the Oeridian goddess of Deception, Espionage, and Protection. Erythnul is the Oeridian god of hate, Her sacred animal is the chameleon. envy, malice, panic, ugliness, and slaughter. Joramy is the goddess of Fire, Volcanoes, Wrath, Anger, and Quarrels. Fharlanghn, the Dweller on the Horizon, is the Oeridian god of Horizons, Katay is the Touv god of decay, Distance, Travel, and Roads. inevitability, order, and time.

Fortubo is the god of Stone, Metals, Kelanen is the hero-deity of Swords, Mountains, and Guardianship. Sword Skills, and Balance.

Gadhelyn the Archer (Gad-THEL-en) is Keoghtom is the hero-god of Secret the elven hero-god of Independence, Pursuits, Natural Alchemy, and Outlawry, Feasting, and Hunting. Extraplanar Exploration.

Gendwar Argrim is the dwarven hero- Keptolo (kep-toe-low) is the drow deity god of Fatalism and Obsession. of drow males, expressed in flattery, Geshtai is the Baklunish goddess of intoxication, rumor, and opportunism. Lakes, Rivers, Wells, and Streams. Kord is the Suel god of Athletics, Sports, Storms, Brawling, Strength, and Heironeous is the Oeridian god of Courage. Chivalry, Justice, Honor, War, Daring, Kundo is the Touv god of building, and Valor. noise, music, and defense.

Heward is the god of Bards and Kurell is the Oeridian god of Jealousy, Musicians. Heward is notable not only Revenge, and Thievery.

29 Kuroth is the Oeridian god of Theft and Nola is the Touv goddess of the Sun. Treasure-Finding. Her symbol is a gold or copper image of the sun. Kyuss (pronounced "Kai-uhs") is a demigod concerned with the creation Norebo is the Suel god of Luck, and mastery of the Undead. Gambling, and Risks.

Lendor is the Suel god of Time, Tedium, Obad-Hai is the god of Nature, Patience, and Study. Woodlands, Hunting, and Beasts, one of the most ancient known. Lirr is the Oeridian goddess of Prose, Poetry, Literature, and Art Olidammara is the god of Music, Revels, Wine, Rogues, Humour, and Tricks. Llerg is the god of Beasts and Strength. Osprem is the Suel goddess of Sea Lydia is the Suel goddess of Music, Voyages, Ships, and Sailors. Knowledge, and Daylight. Pelor is the god of the Sun, Light, Mayaheine is the demigoddess of Strength, and Healing. Protection, Justice, and Valour. Merikka is the Oeridian demigoddess of Phaulkon is the Suel god of Air, Wind, Agriculture, Farming, and the Home. Clouds, Birds, and Archery.

Meyanok is the Touv god of serpents, Pholtus si the god of Light, Resolution, poison, discord, darkness, and famine. Law, Order, Inflexibility, the Sun, and the Moons. Mok'slyk is an old Flan name for an entity known as the Serpent, an entity of Phyton is the Suel god of Nature, godlike power believed to be the Beauty, and Farming. personification of arcane magic. Procan is the Oeridian god of seas, sea Mouqol is the Baklunish god of Trade, life, salt, sea weather, and navigation. Negotiation, Ventures, Appraisal, and Reciprocity. Pyremius is the Suel god of Assassins, Fire, Poison, and Murder. Myhriss is the Flan goddess of Love, Romance, and Beauty. Ralishaz is the god of Chance, Ill Luck, Misfortune, and Insanity. Nazarn (NAZZ-arn) is a half-orc hero- Rao is the Flan god of Peace, Reason, god of formal, ritualistic, and public and Serenity. combat. Raxivort is the patron god of the xvarts. Nerull is the Flan god of death, darkness, He also acts as a patron of wererats, bats, murder, and the underworld. and rats.

29 Roykyn (ROY-kihn) is the gnomish Vatun is the god of Northern Barbarians, hero-goddess of cruelty, particularly Cold, Winter, and Arctic Beasts. cruel pranks. Velnius is the Oeridian god of the Sky Rudd is the Oeridian goddess of Chance, and Weather. Good Luck, and Skill. Vogan is the Touv god of Rain, Storms, Saint Cuthbert of the Cudgel is the and Water. combative deity of Wisdom, Dedication, and Zeal. Wastri is the Suloise god of Amphibians, Bigotry, and Self-Deception. Stern Alia is the demigoddess of Oeridian Culture, Law, and Motherhood. Wee Jas is the Suel goddess of Magic, Death, Vanity, and Law. Stratis was god of war in all of its forms, both just and unjust. Wenta is the Oeridian goddess of Autumn, Brewing, Harvest, and the Syrul is the Suel goddess of Lies, Deceit, West Wind. Treachery, and False Promises. Xan Yae is the goddess of Twilight, Telchur is the Oeridian god of Winter, Shadows, Stealth, and Mental Power. Cold, and the North Wind. Xanag is the Touv goddess of Metals Tharizdun is the god of Eternal and Beauty. She represents the bounty of Darkness, Decay, Entropy, Malign the earth transformed by fire (that is to Knowledge, Insanity, and Cold. say, metals) and the beauty of things made from it. Trithereon is the god of Individuality, Xerbo is the Suel god of the Sea, Sailing, Liberty, Retribution, and Self-Defense. Money, and Business.

Tsolorandril is the hero-deity of Wave Ye'Cind is the elven demigod of Music Motions. It sees itself as a keeper of and Magical Songs. records, noting the natural cycles of things like politics, nature, and time, and Zagyg (formerly known as "Zagig predicts how these patterns will take Yragerne") is the god of Humour, shape in the future. Eccentricity, Occult Lore, and Unpredictability. Ulaa is the goddess of Hills, Mountains, and Gemstones. Zilchus (ZIL-chus) is the Oeridian god of Power, Prestige, Money, Business, Vara is the Touv goddess of Nightmares and Influence. and Fear. Vathris is a hero-deity of anguish, lost Zodal is the Flan god of mercy, hope, causes, and revenge worshiped by some and benevolence. His holy symbol is a few in the Bright Desert. man's hand partially wrapped in gray cloth.

29 Checkalakh the Burning God, a minor Zuoken is the Baklunish god of Physical Chaos Lord made entirely of fire, was and Mental Mastery. His symbol is a once summoned to Nadsokor to burn striking fist. disease from the city. Like his essence, he is constantly hungry. Eternal Champion Duke Teer in perpetual search for more blood for his castle ('can you not smell Pantheon its delicious tang?') Lords of Chaos The Chaos Lords have the powers of Eequor, a Lady of Chaos, dwelling in a gods but the behaviour and appearance half-world filled with shades of blue. of demons. When they appear at their Hionhurn the Executioner, a giant, green worst, they deliberately inflict pain and and gnarled like a tree. suffering on mortals for amusement; even at best, they are not concerned with Mabelode the Faceless is one of the the harmful effects of their creations. three oldest and most powerful Chaos The Revenge of the Rose openly Lords. portrays Arioch as insane. Sorcerers often gain power by entering into Mashabak is a rival to Arioch in The diabolical pacts with Chaos Lords. The Revenge of the Rose. Count Mashabak Chaos Lords must act under certain is brutal and direct, less subtle than limitations. For instance, Arioch must be Arioch. summoned by Elric before he can manifest on Earth. Narjhan, a rider in black armour whose voice echoes hollowly in his helm, who Arioch, Lord of the Seven Darks, Knight leads a force of beggars from Nadsokor of the Swords, Lord of the Higher Hell, against Tanelorn. et cetera, one of the most powerful Dukes of Hell. He is the patron of Orunlu the Keeper is a purple-scaled Melnibonér. giant with a fiery aura. This good- humoured Chaos Lord is charged with Balan the Grim or Balaan appears briefly guarding the Dead Gods’ Book. as an ally of Arioch. Pyaray, the Tentacled Whisperer of Balarizaaf, Archduke, Chaos Lord Impossible Secrets, appears as a giant trapped on the plane of red octopus. His soul is kept in a blue Alptroomensheem (the Nightmare crystal on his head. Sailors who drown at Marches). sea are taken into his Chaos Fleet. One portent of the end of the world is the Chardros the Reaper, one of the three ascent of the Chaos Fleet to the surface. oldest Chaos Lords, appears similar to the Grim Reaper. He is referred to as Slortar the Old, the oldest Chaos Lord, both the lord of destruction and beauty. appears ironically as a slim and beautiful youth.

29 Vezhan appears as a smoky yellow, Shalod is mentioned (briefly) in the winged humanoid; at one time he was a Corum cycle following the defeat of patron of Rackhir, a Warrior Priest of Queen Xiombarg. Just as Arkyn, he can Phum. be presumed to be a member of the White Lords. Xiombarg prefers to appear as a beautiful young woman but is sometimes The Lords of the Inquisition referred to with the male pronoun The Lords of the Inquisition appear in (making a pun of her title Queen of the the story "To Rescue Tanelorn," where it Swords). She is prone to shapeshifting is said that they "are pledged neither to and carries a giant sword. Law nor to Chaos but will sometimes help either side if the whim takes them." Balo, the Jester to the Court of Chaos, is The Grey Lords take pride, ironically, in able to move at will between the realms their humility. These purposefully of Chaos and Law because he is not neutral gods are gods of the Balance and exactly a Chaos Lord. His function at caretakers of Tanelorn, the city of the court is to amuse and baffle the Lords of Balance. the Higher Worlds. The Dead Gods Lords of Law The Dead Gods are a group of gods The White Lords of Law are much less mentioned in the Elric series. The Dead developed than the Lords of Chaos. The Gods made a book aptly called "The stories are set in a cosmic cycle when Dead Gods Book" which supposedly Chaos is most powerful. Furthermore, contained the sum of all knowledge, Elric's alliance with Arioch means that however over time the book he interacts chiefly with the Chaos disintegrated into dust. The Dead Gods Lords. When they appear, the Lords of are even less developed than the Lords Law are usually more benevolent than of Law (or White Lords); only the Chaos Lords, who are seductive but Darnizhaan is mentioned. The Dead also sinister and prone to losing their Gods (despite their name) did not die but temper. merely left the world because of the fear of Stormbringer and Mournblade which Donblas the Justice Maker is the had the power to slay them. The Dead spokesman and apparent leader of the Gods appear to have a chaotic bent as White Lords. they sided with the Lords of Chaos, Miggea is a female Lord of Law who however this may be because they goes mad. assumed the Lords of Chaos would defeat the Lords of Law. Arkyn appears in the Corum cycle, but as the deities in the Elric and Corum Darnizhaan was a member of the Dead cycles are essentially the same then it Gods, possibly their leader. Darnizhaan can be presumed that Arkyn is also a appeared as a huge man-like figure with member of the White Lords. He assists the head of an ape. Corum many times before the destruction of the Gods by Kwll. The Beast-Lords

29 The Beast-Lords are the patron deities of the world and combat the evils of the different types of animals that live in Melkor. The Valar were powers of the Elric's world. The Emperors of world created by Ilúvatar, or Eru, who Melniboné entered into agreements with rarely directly intervened in the world's each of the Beast-Lords, though course of events. They were part of the sometimes these gods mention that they Hierarchy of Spirits that is a major part have not been called upon for a long of the Tolkien Myth. Eru (the One), also time. When Elric calls upon them for called Ilúvatar by the Elves, was the aid, some appear in person, while others Creator. The angel-like spirits he created help by influencing mortal creatures of were the Ainur, which comprised the their type. Valar and the Maiar. Meerclar, Mistress of Cats. Fileet, Lady of Birds. The Valar were the greatest of the Ainur, Haashaastaak, Lord of Lizards. but the Maiar were also spirits whose Nnuuurrrr'c'c' , Lord of Insects. being began before the world, of the Roofdrak, Lord of Dogs. same order as the Valar but of less Nuru-ah, Lord of Cattle. degree. Though less powerful than the Tangled Woman, unique in the series in Valar, the Maiar were powerful that she is a patron of plants rather than nonetheless, and included Melian, animals. Her domain is the rose. Sauron, Olórin (later known as ) and the other Istari, the Balrogs, and Elementals many others. A Maia would often The Elementals are the embodiments of associate himself with a particular Vala. the four elements: Air, Fire, Water, and Earth. For example, Ossë and Uinen, powers of Individual (named) elementals include: the oceans, served under Ulmo, while Grome, King of the Earth Elementals. Curumo (later known as Saruman), Straasha, King of the Sea Elementals served Aulë the Smith. Sauron also and Grome's brother. The two served Aulë before he was corrupted by elementals once had a great battle. Melkor. It was originally Melkor's Misha and Graoll, the Lasshaar, intention to rule Arda for himself, but powerful air elementals. Also called the Manwë called other spirits to help him Wind Giants, Lords of the Wind, or confront Melkor. Among these were the Kings of the Wind. other Valar and the Maiar. Melkor Kakatal, the Fire Lord, one of the Lords withdrew from Arda, and the others of the Flame. Theleb K'aarna obtained continued their creation of the World. his help by ceding his soul to him to be But Melkor saw this, and returned to burnt forever. fight for control of Arda. These are the names of the Valar as they were known to the Eldar. In Middle- earth, they were known by other names of Sindarin origin; for example they Middle Earth Pantheon called Varda Elbereth. Men knew them by many other names, and sometimes The Valar were the fourteen (fifteen worshipped them as Gods. The elves including Melkor) Ainur who entered called Varda, the creator of the stars, Arda after its creation to give order to

29 Elentári. The dwarves called Aulë, their Nessa, the Dancer and spouse of Tulkas. creator, Mahal. The ents called Yavanna, their creator, Kementári. It should be Maiar noted that, with the exception of Oromë, The Maiar (the singular of which is the names listed below are not actual Maia) were nearly-primordial spirits that names but rather titles: the true names of descended into Arda to help the Valar the Valar are nowhere recorded. Male first shape the World. They were Valar are called "Lords of the Valar"; supposed to be numerous, yet not many females are called "Queens of the were named. Their chiefs were Eönwë, Valar," or Valier. banner-bearer and herald of Manwë, and Ilmarë, the handmaid of Varda. Each of Lords of the Valar the Maiar was associated with one or Manwë, the Wind-King and the King of more particular Vala, and were of the Valar. similar stock, though less powerful. Melkor, the Dark Power and most Maiar, like Valar, do not array powerful of the Valar. He is not counted themselves in a fixed form, but can as a Vala anymore. freely change their form. Olórin, or Ulmo, the Sea-King and the Lord of Gandalf, walked among the several Water. peoples of Middle-earth in an uncertain Aulë, the Smith and the Lord of Earth form for many years before being sent and all that's underneath. on the errand of the Valar as one of the Oromë, the Huntsman, the Lord of Istari. Also like Valar, however, this Forests and the Great Rider. power can be lost when that power is Námo (Mandos), the Doomsman and the spent in hate and mockery. Sauron, Judge of the Dead. following the dark trails blazed by Irmo (Lórien), Lord and Master of Melkor, took upon the form of - and Dreams, Visions, and Desires, and remained - the Dark Lord in the Second Creator of the Oloré Mallé, or Path of Age. And yet, Maiar retain their Dreams. immortality. From all indications, when Tulkas, the Wrestler, the Champion of the physical body of a Maia is destroyed, Valinor and last of the Valar to come to their spirit wanders houseless and their Arda power diminished, until they are either able to take physical form once more, or Ladies of the Valar are restored by their corresponding Varda, the Star-Queen and the Queen of Valar. the Valar. Alatar Yavanna, the Fruit-Giver and the Lady Aiwendil (Radagast) of Earth. Arien Nienna, the Weeper and the Lady of Curumo (Saruman) Mercy. Eönwë Estë the Gentle, Lady of Healing and Durin's Bane Rest, and spouse of Irmo. Gothmog Vairë, the Weaver and spouse of Ilmarë Mandos. Mairon (Sauron) Vána, the Ever-young and spouse of Melian Orome. Olórin (Gandalf)

30 Ossë Ippotomi, Water Goddess Pallando Lopnel the Warrior Salmar Pith, The Snake God Thorondor (speculation) Michla-Da, The Monkey Goddess Tilion Tark, The Spider Goddess Uinen Yin-Sloth the Terrible Ungoliant The Deevil Lords Sahtalus, The Supreme Lord Dyval Palladium Fantasy Hel, Lady Dyval Mephisto the Deceiver Pantheon Nickodeamis Old Ones Leviathan Xy, The Great Old One Rhada Netosa, The Eternal Darkness Diabolus Agu Al-vil The Demon Lords Erva Modeus, Lord of Hades Ya-ahk-met Andras, Marquis of Hades Tarm-kin-toe Rabdos the Strangler Ya-blik Kubera-Loe Syth (lesser Old One) Mictla the Devourer Succor-Bemoth The Pantheon of Rurga Charun the Cruel Rurga, Warrior Goddess Abdul-Ra Cirga the Bowman, Warrior God Belphegor of the Sulphur Pits Panath, Assassin & God of Treachery The Four Demon Beetles (Phoe the Fire Kalba Beetle, Kra the Stone Beetle, Ti the Lista, Warrior & Sea Goddess Beetle of Fear, and Dra of the Green Mold) The Northern Gods Mantus, King of the Dead Beastla, Queen of Monsters Mania, Queen of the Dead (imprisoned) Murmur Brgg the Destroyer (imprisoned) Mormo, Lord of the Ghouls Algor the Giant, The Northern Sea God Abrasax the Insatiable (recluse) Od The Gods of Dragonwright Epim Kym-nark-mar Locknar Zandragal Hoknar Kormath Heim Styphon the Black Belimar the Dwarf Wolvenar The Wild Lords Hel (see also the Deevil Lords) Gainim, Lord of Autumn Haezor, Lord of Pain The Southern Gods Lashgan, Lord of Midnight

30 Isurron, Lord of Mercy Orcus Eternus, Lord of Destiny Paletius Kuldun, Lord of Illusion Ra Semotra, Lord of the Wood Rajuk Amon-Gore Rolterra Unaligned Saren Aco Set Juggernaut Shade Chantico Shamash Kirgi, The Rat God Shankhil Utu, Lord of the Dead The Black One Vald-Tegor, Lord of the Undead Thyr Tolmet the Cruel Toma Thule Tsathogga Tulis Pathfinder Pantheon Ul’ul Veiloaria Aleria Vortain Arete YolanaCG Austri Azathoth Azdan Bargrieke Warhammer Fantasy Chiuta Deities Eshsalqua Taal and Rhya represent nature and Ferrakus agriculture. Fenris Kul Freya Manann is the god of the sea. Gerana Hecate Morr is the god of death and dreams. Hel Helreginn Verena is the goddess of justice and Ilúvatiar learning. Ithreia Justitia Shallya is the goddess of mercy and Kamus healing, and directly interested in doing King Gobb good and promoting weak. Linium Lyssa Ranald is the trickster god of trade, Lyvalia crime, and deception. Mâl Myketa The is a mysterious Nemyth Vaar goddess worshipped by the upper class Neria of Bretonnia. Nise Njord Nyarlathotep

30 Myrmidia is the goddess of warfare, Khorne, The Blood God, bestial god of warcraft, and soldiers, and an important blind rage, destruction and bloodshed, goddess of Estalia and Tilea. strength and excellence at arms.

Ursun, Father of Bears, is the ruler of the Nurgle, the Lord of Decay, kind and Kislevian pantheon, appearing mainly as fatherly god of disease, entropy and a giant bear. finality followed by morbid rebirth, often referred to as Father or Dazh is the god of fire, the hearth, and Grandfather Nurgle. hospitality. Tzeentch, The Changer of the Ways, Tor is the god of thunder and lightning, trickster god of change, magic, and thirst and a popular warrior god. for knowledge.

Bögenauer is a local patron god, or Slaanesh, The Dark Prince, seductive perhaps a kind of locus genius, god of excess, pleasure and experience. representing the town of Bögenhafen. The and their symbolism can often be related to the seven deadly Handrich is the god of commerce and sins, as they many times embody prosperity, worshipped by merchants. qualities, thoughts and temptations that, succumbed to, inevitably leads an Lucan and Luccina are the twin patron individual to horrible and selfish deeds, gods of the Tilean city of Luccini, where thus allowing the Gods to prey upon the they are said to have founded the individual's self-indulgent and ignorant original ruling royal family. mind and use him/her for their own ends. Most followers are aware of this and in Olovald is the god of the marshes and perfect acceptance of it. delta in the . Greenskin Gods The small numbers of Elves of the Old Greenskins worship a pair of brother World chiefly worship the traditional gods known as Gork and Mork (cf. Gog Elven Gods, Kurnous, lord of the wilds & Magog). One is "brutally kunnin'", and the hunt, and Isha, goddess of nature and the other is "kunnin'ly brutal". and life, but a sect of the Wood Elves of Athel Loren known as Wardancers serve Skaven Gods the deity known as Loec, Lord of the The Skaven worship a god known as dance and free spirit. The Horned Rat though they often call him The Horned One. The Horned Rat is primarily worshipped out of fear of Chaos Gods retribution and is a cruel god. Worship of the Chaos Gods is strictly forbidden in virtually all of the Old Gods of Law World, but such worship does occur, as A lesser known group of Warhammer part of the setting’s background, to deities, they oppose the Chaos gods, provide internal and external conflict. In although they are equally feared due to brief, these gods are:

30 the extremist tendencies of their but in some they are not just ageless they followers. also cannot be killed; regardless of how severely they might be wounded with Alluminas, god of illumination and time they will always fully recover from everlasting and unchanging purity. injury. In others the gods can be killed by sufficient force. Arianka, a goddess defeated and imprisoned by an unnamed Chaos God. Indestructibility: As a further level of what was just Solkan, "the Avenger". described some gods which are immortal are also described as indestructible. No Sigmar is presented as a mortal king force on heaven or Earth can hurt them who ascended to divinity after uniting (except by hurting their feelings, by the primitive tribes of the central Old betraying them). This is sometimes the World into an Empire. trait of the greatest god of a pantheon and is usually the trait of the only god of Ulric is described as the god of winter, a monotheistic battle, and wolves. religion (one which believes in only one god). Khaine is worshipped as the god of murder by a few Old World humans, Influence on the World: mainly assassins, murderers, and similar How much influence does the god have supplicants. on the mortal world, the world of animals, the world of plants? With some gods there is very little of such The Pantheon Creation influence. Guide The GM can create as many gods for his Interest in the World: pantheon as his imagination will allow Additionally some gods are very him. He doesn't have to work up an interested in what goes on in the mortal extensive set of legends about every god; world while others are entirely even in the real world many gods of disinterested. Naturally those who are various mythologies were scarcely more interested are more prone to meddle in than a name and an attribute. As his mortal affairs than those who aren't. In campaign continues the GM can flesh fact gods who are disinterested in the out the descriptions of these gods to his world might punish characters who are heart's content. Some of the traits which bold enough to call upon them. characterize the gods and can be defined by the GM for each god or pantheon include: Intentions Toward the World: Finally there's the question of what the god's intentions are toward the world Immortality: especially toward the sentient races of Are the gods immortal? In most the world. Some gods are content just to pantheons the gods are certainly ageless pursue their attributes and make sure

30 they are properly worshipped and happening. The fall from grace of the recognized. Others may have more far- sentient races was another: How did that reaching plans. This is especially true of happen? But these shouldn't be the only evil gods who wish to bring about the events known to the believers. What else destruction of races, other gods, or the has happened? Do the gods mate with entire world; it is also true of ambitious mortals to produce heroic characters gods who wish to cast down the ruling who go on adventures? gods, take their place, and reshape the world to their own liking. If so, then the conception of these heroes and their adventures in life are all events Inhibitions: of the faith. (Note: If this process is still Some gods and pantheons had going on, some of the campaign's player- limitations placed upon them. These characters could be the mortal children might have been limitations placed by of the world's gods). How do specific some greater power of the universe or gods get along together? Having merely enforced by the greatest of the determined that the GM can next gods. Often these inhibitions dictate how determine why. If two gods hate each much aid or hindrance the gods can offer other, why? Did one steal from the other to mortals whether or not they can help or embarrass him? That's an event. Have their favourite men and beasts the gods ever warred on one another? If directly or indirectly, etc. so that was certainly an event.

1: The Pantheon 3: Goals and Purposes Once the GM has created the individual First what are the goals and purposes of gods he ought to relate them to one the god and therefore of the faith? Often another, establish how they feel about that's self-evident because it's usually one another. This can affect how their tied to the attribute of the god or the mortal followers especially priesthoods explanation of the force or philosophy. feel about one another and work In addition a god isn't defined just by his together. These relationships don't have attribute. In the campaign history he also to be very detailed. It's quite sufficient to has a personal history, likes and dislikes, say that one god loves another, hates relationships with other gods and another, likes another, dislikes, respects, ambitions all of which can provide more holds in contempt, whatever. Then goals for the faith. simply apply that sentiment to the priesthoods of the gods. And when that 4: Alignment sentiment is applied to mortals, it can A faith will often demand that its priests turn out to be greater or less than the belong to a specific alignment or a emotion actually felt by the gods in limited range of alignments. The GM question. determines this usually basing the choice 2: Events on the attributes and character of the Once all the principal gods are in place god, force or philosophy in question. the GM can create the events of the faith. The creation of the world 5: Restrictions was one such event; it described gods acting or interacting and something

30 The GM may wish to limit certain Though in modern times the terms priesthoods to certain races. This is Celibacy and Chastity have become almost always a choice based on the confused here we're only using the older history of his own campaign world. meaning of the word Celibacy: The state There is no game related reason why of being unmarried. Priests who are most races can't have priests for any god, required to be celibate must remain but there are often campaign related unmarried. A GM must decide reasons why a certain race can't belong individually for each celibate priesthood to a certain priesthood. Most priesthoods if its priests must also remain chaste. A should allow both priests and priestesses. priesthood could require celibacy as a However in fantasy worlds and the real sacrifice to the god because it was world some faiths have required that all philosophically opposed to the state of their priesthood be of just one sex. If marriage or for many other reasons. The there is such a restriction on a given fighting priesthood of a war god might priesthood the GM will make note of it require its priests to stay celibate so that and tell the players. they won't be distracted by thoughts of home and family while engaged in 6: Skills warfare. Various priesthoods will require priests to know certain skills and be able to 8: Chastity wield certain weapons. For example a Chastity involves not engaging in sexual priest of the god of Agriculture must relations. A priest could be celibate but know the Agriculture proficiency while not chaste; one could even be chaste but a priest of the god of Fire must know not celibate, though that would be pretty Fire Building. Every priesthood should strange. Priesthoods require chastity as a require one proficiency of its priests and sacrifice to the god or when its priests priestesses; it's a sign of their devotion. are supposed in some way to be spouses It's permissible but not recommended for of the god (either in a symbolic or them to require more than one. genuine sense). In some faiths chastity is required of its priests except for during A priesthood may require one or more specific events or weapon proficiencies of its priests and times of the year. priestesses but we don't recommend this for most priesthoods. Many faiths allow 9: Clothing their priests so few weapon choices Priests are often required to wear anyway that it's pointless to require they distinctive costumes proclaiming their be taken. An exception is when a god is status. They may only have to do so noted for wielding a specific weapon; for during the performance of their official instance it's quite reasonable to require functions or might have to wear their Weapon Proficiency in War-Hammer for priestly vestments during all waking priests of the god Thor whose principal hours. Such items don't have to be full weapon and symbol was the hammer. costumes. A priest might be only required to wear the specific holy symbol of his faith; otherwise he could 7: Celibacy wear what he wished. In some faiths priests cannot wear certain types of

30 clothing. Priests might also be required attributes or prohibitions; they help to conceal certain parts of their bodies define the combat roles of priests in the by clothing. Beyond restrictions imposed campaign. A priest who can wear full by society for modesty's sake priests metal armour is more likely to be a might have to conceal other parts not combat force in the campaign than one considered immodest by the general who can't. population. 12: Weapons 10: Taboos Many priesthoods require their priests to Many faiths regard certain items or use only a certain category of weapons. substances as unholy, unclean, or taboo. Some only restrict them from using a Its priests are not permitted to handle certain narrow category of weapons. such things. If they come in contact with Some require their priests to use no them accidentally they must undergo weapons at all. Commonly a god holy rituals of purifications to cleanse identified with a certain type of weapon themselves of the taint. Some sample will require his priests to use that items or substances include: weapon and a certain number of similar Animals (specific animals or whole or related weapons. classes of animals) Blood The GM should assign the priesthood a Gems or Jewels (specific types) weapons restriction based on two Iron choices; Plants (specific plants or whole classes 1 - Weapons restrictions reinforce the of plants) special attributes and character of the Water (from specific bodies of water) worshipped god; limiting priests of the god of Death to sickle-like weapons 11: Armour certainly establishes flavour for them. Priests may be limited in the types of 2 - Weapons restrictions like armour armour they wear. Some sample restrictions help define the combat roles limitations: of priests in the campaign. If a priest is May not wear non metal armour limited to daggers and creampuffs he's May not wear metal armour not going to be the campaign's combat May not wear magical armour monster, so magic and his priestly duties May not wear any armour will be much more important to the May not use shields character. May not use certain types of shields May only wear armour made by priests 13: Granted Powers of the same faith The GM should add at least one Granted Any of these restrictions could be made Power to the abilities of a priest of a for any of the four reasons given above. specific mythos; this gives the priest If metal armour disrupts clerical magic more individual flavour and character. then it could not be worn by priests. If The GM could add several if this the religion's philosophy forbids harm to specific priest class is weak compared to animals then leather armour may be other priests. Additionally the GM can forbidden. And so on. Armour arrange things so that the priest acquires restrictions don't just reflect the god's new Granted Powers at certain

30 experience levels instead of receiving all temple of the same faith. When the PC of them at first level. As with all the announces his intent to build his own priest's special abilities Granted Powers temple his faith's superiors send him should be chosen for the priest based on followers and believers to help him. Or the attributes of the worshipped god. the god subtly inspires people from near and far to journey to the new temple and It's not inappropriate to give a water offer their services to the priest. breathing ability to the priest of an ocean god, but is quite inappropriate for the As a general rule of thumb the priest priest of a god of the desert winds. Some should receive anywhere from 10 to 100 Granted Powers may be used any time experience levels worth of followers the priest wishes and when with the average being around 30. The circumstances allow. When the GM first GM should decide how many levels of adds a Granted Power to the listing of a followers show up rather than having the priest's abilities he must define how priest-character roll a die. These often and under what conditions the followers can all be of the same level or Granted Power may work. can be of different experience levels. Zero experience characters (i.e., normal 14: Followers and Believers men and women) count as 0-level At a certain level priests receive characters. followers and believers, men and women of the same faith who serve the priests. No follower can be of higher level than Soon after (the same experience level or the priest. All these followers constitute during the next higher level), the priests priests, warriors, and workers (the must assume the duties of a church normal men and women) belonging to or leader by building a church or temple assigned to the priest's temple or church. (whatever is appropriate to the faith) and Their entire job is serving the temple or ministering over a specific geographic church; they are housed, fed and area. At that time, their followers begin sometimes paid by the temple or church. showing up and arrive over a period of They aren't the "flock" or whatever you several weeks. choose to call the populace of the area the priest is supposed to serve. Followers and Believers are non-player characters who are supposed to help The priest's command over these promote the priest's faith. The GM followers varies from faith to faith. A decides what character classes the player priest cannot assume that he has a followers belong to (based on the needs tyrant's powers of life and death over and orientations of the player character this followers and believers. The Gm priests and the beliefs he promotes). decides what sort of command the priest They may be local people who are has over them based on the nature of the already worshippers of the priest's god. campaign's culture and on the dictates of When they hear that there will be a new the faith. In a normal faith the priest will priest of that god in their area they arrive be able to order his followers to work and and effort like any employer (and in a offer him their services. Or the followers medieval or fantasy setting employers already belong to another church or have more power over their employees

30 than in contemporary society). He can temple in the first place. A new local advise them and put considerable will volunteer his service or the church pressure on them regarding the people hierarchy will send a replacement, or the they associate with or even marry. god will inspire a new NPC to volunteer his service. It's all right for followers to When he is displeased with their actions gain in experience. A soldier who or performances, he can punish them by defends his temple from attackers can be restricting their activities and expected to gain experience points; a movements, applying corporal follower who accompanies his priest on punishments (beatings which may not adventures can too. reduce them below three quarters their starting hit points) and assigning them Only followers who have been given particularly nasty tasks and duties. If individual names and personalities their offences are sufficiently great he should gain in experience. Named can fire then from service in his church followers gain experience at normal or temple or even separate them from the rates based on what they do in their faith. adventures. Whenever a follower dies or leaves he is replaced by a follower who Customarily he cannot incarcerate them was at the experience level the original for any great length of time, seriously character held when he first became a injure them, kill them, or use harmful follower. magic on them, including magic which denies them free choice. However in evil 15: Role of the Faith faiths the priest may be able to order the The GM must decide what role an execution of followers for anything individual faith has within the which displeases him. In particularly campaign's culture. How does the faith bureaucratic faiths a priest may not be relate to other faiths? How does the faith able to assign any punishment without a relate to the aristocracy? How does the process of trial and conviction or without faith relate to the people? How does the permission from a higher ranking priest faith relate to foreign faiths? at the faith's main temple or church. Most fantasy cultures tends to fall into one of the following categories: The GM should create many of these followers as fully developed NPCs, Monotheistic By Demand: The faith's including names, personalities, ability god acknowledges that there are other scores, equipment, etc. When possible gods but demands that everyone worship it's a good idea to roleplay the arrival of him or her alone and not those other such characters within the temple, the gods. If a culture is Monotheistic By better to give the priest PC an idea of Demand it means that this one faith is what his followers are like. All of this the only one legally permitted within the work will make the temple and its culture. This faith is able to demand a inhabitants more immediate and real to tithe of its followers. the priest character (and the other player characters). Monotheistic By Dogma: Whether it is When followers die they are replaced by true or not the faith claims that there is whatever means brought them to the only one god or goddess and that

30 everyone must worship that one being. If its worshippers. Some cities will not a culture is Monotheistic By Dogma have dominant gods or may have two or only the one faith is permitted within the more dominant gods who have joint culture. Typically the worshippers are worship here but not elsewhere. All the sufficiently inflexible in their belief that gods worshipped within the culture will they often participate in religious wars in be perceived to belong to the same order to extend the domination of their family or pantheon of gods. own faith or suppress faiths they consider dangerous or heretical. This Once the GM makes the decision about faith is able to demand a tithe of its the sort of hold the faith has on the followers. culture, he can decide what sort of relations the faith has on the country's Pantheistic, Chief Faith Dominant By rulers. Then the GM can determine what Charisma: This culture concedes that sort of relationship the faith has with the there are several gods with individual population. All faiths exert some control faiths or cults associated with them. One over the flock by helping interpret or however is the special favourite of the define what the flock believes; some population because they consider that faiths exert more power some less. Some god's attribute, personality, or blessings abuse that power and some don't. Some superior to any other god's. Most citizens faiths rule the people while others are of the culture worship this chief god and the people. any other gods they choose. In this type of culture the dominant faith typically 16: Power of the Faith asks but is unable to demand a tithe of Can the Faith inflict serious punishments its followers. on non-believers? This is a reflection of the faith's political power in the Pantheistic, Chief Faith Dominant By campaign culture. Does the faith have Strength: This culture concedes that the power to inflict punishment on those there are several gods with individual who do not follow the faith's principals? faiths or cults associated with them. One Can they imprison, interrogate, or even however is supreme in power either torture or execute non believers or because it has a strong hold on the worshippers of other faiths? culture's ruling aristocracy or because the chief god has a power or promises If they can they're a very powerful faith rewards that make his worship in the culture and one which can guide necessary. In this type of culture the the culture into periods of religious dominant faith is able to demand a tithe terror (whenever they try to purge the of its followers. land of heretics or to conceal elimination of political enemies by pretending Pantheistic, No Chief Faith: This culture they're heretics and purging them) or concedes that there are several gods with into all out wars with cultures of individual faiths or cults associated with different faiths. Giving a faith this right them. Though individual cults may be in a campaign means that there's always stronger or weaker than each other none the danger of religious persecution in the is dominant throughout the culture. Each campaign. If it's the campaign's main faith can only ask not demand a tithe of setting where a faith has this power the

31 player characters may find themselves sophisticated culture are sent to a more hired to oppose or even to help such an primitive region. effort of persecution. If it's a foreign power the heroes may find themselves The priests of the new intruding faith are helping fugitives escape that land or may sent with the purposes of educating the even face the oncoming juggernaut of an natives, challenging and defeating their army when that faith decides it's time for priests (if any), and converting the native a holy war. population to the new belief. The priests might have to oppose soldiers of their 17: Origin of the Faith own land, who are raiding and exploiting Did the faith in question spring from this the natives, or may cooperate with them culture or was it introduced to this for the glory and profit of their own culture by immigration or war? If it temples, depending on whether the GM sprang from this culture that's fine. considers this a good or a bad faith and However if it was introduced into this cause. culture and supplanted an earlier faith, the GM has the opportunity to introduce In such a setting, player-characters could some interesting story elements because take on any number of tasks. They could of friction between the two faiths. If the be the new priests spreading the new new faith conquered and eliminated the faith. They could be enemies of the new old faith almost completely then there priests( perhaps they're priests of another will be hidden, secret sects of the old faith altogether) working to defeat the faith still in existence. missionary efforts of the new priests.

Sects which plan to re-establish the pre- They could be warriors or foreign eminence of their god. If the new faith defenders of the native population, has dominated and absorbed the old faith fighting the soldiers who steal the native without destroying it you can deal with culture's treasures and take natives as changes to the culture resulting from that slaves. They could be those exploitative absorption. There will be ongoing soldiers. In as complicated a situation as struggles especially struggles of politics this one is, there are many opportunities and traditions where believers in the old for adventure and for tough ethical faith try to keep things traditional and questions for the GM to introduce into familiar while believers in the new faith the campaign. try to impose their own beliefs on the population. 18: Additional Roles of the Faith As a variant of that a campaign setting or The GM also needs to decide if a faith even an entire campaign can be built fills one or more cultural niches which around a missionary situation where are not intrinsically religious. For priests of one faith have been introduced example a faith could be the principal into a setting where a different faith educator of a society. Each temple reigns and have appeared with the intent would then also serve as a school, and of converting the local population to all priests would have skills which their beliefs. This is especially allowed them to teach subjects or interesting where missionaries of a more preserve knowledge.

31 Foreign cultures often worship some of A faith with this privilege will be a the same gods as the campaign's powerful one in the culture because it principal culture but do so under influences the thinking of each new different names with different rites and generation. A faith might have a believing in different stories about those secondary function as a shelterer of gods. A tolerant culture will welcome travellers. Each temple would have a new interpretations of their gods. An wing or annex which was a sort of hotel intolerant one will at best seek to for travellers with many of the brothers educate the foreign culture to correct its and sisters of the faith running the hotel. misunderstandings, at worst it will insist This makes this faith a principal that the foreign land be conquered and waystation for rumours and the church forcibly corrected. These effects range would be the first place that people all the way from increased trade and would turn to for news. exchange of knowledge through war, conquest, and even genocide. The faith of the god of Wisdom might be the only one which could supply judges 20. Pantheon Hierarchy and advocates in trials. The faith of the Demigod god of Strength might supply all judges The hybrid child of a god and a mortal. and marshals to athletic events. Perhaps Incredibly powerful on the prime plane, only priests of the god of metalwork can not so much on whatever plane the mint coins. It's extra work to introduce pantheon inhabits. these small cultural elements into a campaign setting but they add a depth of Lesser Deity detail to a campaign for the DM who is When a deity manages to turn a plane willing to do that extra work. into a home plane, that's the sign that he or she is now a lesser deity. Usually 19: Relations With Foreign at this point deities will formally break Faiths ties with the divine beings who have Once he's decided how the campaign's been their mentors, and stand on their chief culture is arranged the GM can own as full members of the pantheon. make the same decisions about all the other foreign cultures in his world. Then Greater Deity if he wishes he can add still more detail A greater deity controls at least five to the religious fabric of his campaign planes, including his or her home plane. setting by defining how different It's possible for a lesser deity to be cultures regard one another's religious "more powerful" than a greater, but this practices. Some cultures avidly welcome is unlikely. Once deities have those extra the introduction of new religious planes feeding them power, they elements into their own. Pantheistic become pretty authoritative. cultures especially those which have no dominant faith are likely to welcome worship of each foreign god that is encountered. Some cultures violently Supreme Deity oppose such an introduction. A supreme deity is a greater deity who leads a pantheon or council. This is

31 something of an elected position; a deity getting practical field experience in the can only become supreme through execution of their duties, in the way the the efforts of other deities. The exact priesthood works with the population, role that a supreme deity might play will and in the way the priesthood's vary from pantheon to pantheon. It can organization works in the real world. depend, among other things, on what Most first level priests are assigned to the supreme ones want to do and what priests of third to fifth level but some the other deities will let them get away few (especially very capable ones) will with. be assigned to much more powerful priests. 21: Cleric Hierarchy Most faiths have a definite organization Level 3 - 5: with more experienced priests leading At third level the priest will be assigned less experienced ones. In some faiths to a single community (a village, a small bribery and corruption can allow a less town, a broad tract of land containing experienced priest to gain power and many scattered farms, or a single small influence over more experienced ones neighbourhood in a large city). If he asks but this is uncommon. Most NPC priests for one and the faith's leaders agree that start at first level and never rise any he needs one he will be assigned a first higher than second. level priest as an assistant. This priest isn't a follower in the same fashion as The player character priest who gains the followers he receives at a higher levels throughout a career that is mostly level and might wish to be re-posted characterized elsewhere if his superior is unlikable or by adventure is an exception to the usual difficult. rule. Many priest PCs will wish to forego the duties of running a temple (However if this assignee is still with the and stay on the road, acting as a mobile priest when that priest reaches a high agent for their faith. enough level the GM might decide for Below is the usual arrangement of him to become one of the priest's official priesthoods in a campaign; followers). If he doesn't ask for a subordinate priest he won't receive one. Level 0: The priest is assigned a small building to A level zero priest is someone who has serve him as a temple or church. just been accepted into a priestly order and is receiving his initial training. The The priest is supposed to finance repairs only zero-level priests that the PCs will to the building, food and supplies for ever encounter will be NPCs undergoing himself and any assistants, and salaries training. for any servants he chooses to hire through tithes and donations. Half of all Level 1 - 2: tithes and donations are sent on to the First level priests are typically assigned superiors and the rest go to the priest's as aids, clerks, and assistants to higher own temple for these purposes. If the level priests, and keep that assignment priest doesn't receive enough tithes and through second experience level. During donations, the faith will probably not this time the low level priests will be help him; his mission is to inspire his

31 flock, and inadequate tithes and Level 8 - 9: donations are merely evidence that he At around eighth or ninth level again needs to work harder at it. assuming that the priest has done well in his priestly career so far he will be Level 6 - 7: allowed to build a stronghold. The faith At around sixth level if the priest has will finance half its cost and it remains done a good job of maintaining his the property of the faith when the priest church and seeing to the needs of his retires his post. However the stronghold flock he may be given a more important is semi-autonomous; the priest's assignment. He could become the chief superiors seldom interfere in its priest of a large town (one with more operations. They might interfere than one church; the third level priests especially by sending another priest to operating those churches would report to investigate if they receive rumours of him) or the central church authority over incompetence, greed, or trouble from the several villages. stronghold.

He may keep any subordinate he has had Otherwise the priest is free to operate it previously. He will automatically be much as he pleases. The priest's assigned assigned two additional first level priests area may remain the same. He might as subordinates. Again they do not continue to be chief priest over a large precisely constitute followers though town or collection of villages. At his those specific characters could become request and with his superiors' followers when the priest reaches the permission, or solely at his superiors' appropriate level. If the priest's work wish he may instead build his stronghold does not merit a better posting he won't in some other place: In a frontier where lose his experience levels or his he is supposed to defend the peace, in a subordinate but he'll be stuck in the little wilderness area where he and his church that he has been operating all this subordinates are supposed to work time. undisturbed by the secular world, etc. At this same time the priest will receive his When a priest reaches sixth or seventh followers. level and is still the priest of a one-horse town, it's often a sign that he is not held The followers manage the stronghold in high regard by his superiors. It may and its duties under the priest's merely be a sign that there are too many administration. The levels, classes and priests in the priesthood and goals of these followers will depend on advancement is slow. Naturally a higher the attributes of the faith and on the level priest can ask to be posted to or specific goals of the priest for his remain posted to such a small stronghold. If it's to be a military post community. manned by holy warriors the followers will mostly be capable fighters; if it's to Some people will snicker at his lack of be an educational monastery most of the ambition while others will admire his followers will be normal men and dedication and his care for the common women or first-level priests with man. appropriate scholastic talents.

31 During this time the priest's progress and the distant past either by the god or by a efficiency will be carefully measured by believer obeying the word of the god. his superiors who are considering what This book usually describes important role the priest will play in the higher events of the past in which the god level politics of the faith. participated, explains the requirements the god makes on his followers, and Level 10 - 12: explains the god's philosophy, goals, and Sometime between tenth and twelfth concerns. If the faith has a canon then levels the priest may find himself the priest will wish to have one. promoted to prominence over a much larger area; he will be administering a The priest should carry the cannon bigger chunk of the religious map. wherever he travels and if it is stolen Priests of numerous cities and regions in should make every effort to recover it. his vicinity (at least a fifty kilometre The canon is not a magical work and radius) will be reporting to him and of does not act as a Holy Symbol when course he will still be reporting to his used to confront vampires or similar superiors. By twelfth level he may be the monsters. Not all faiths do have an high priest over an entire nation individual, written canon. Some faiths (assuming that the faith spans several share a common canon. Some transmit nations as many faiths do). their canon orally; it is not written down anywhere. Some have none at all. Level 13 - 15: The most powerful of a faith's leaders 23: Holy Symbol belong to these experience levels. The Most faiths have a holy symbol, some high priest of the faith and his immediate sign which serves as a representation for advisors. If the GM wishes politics or the god and his faith. This symbol is the god's preference alone may decide usually duplicated in wood, glass, or who the high priest is, and the high precious metals and carried by priests of priest might then not have to be the the god. Ordinary followers of the god highest level priest of the faith. The also can carry the holy symbol. Every faith's high priest might be chosen by priest player should know what his holy vote or , and could be a thirteenth symbol looks like. The GM can either level priest while all his immediate decide or let the player of the priest advisors are of higher level. design it. Level 16 - 20: These experience levels don't have any 24: Priests and Punishment effect on the priest's ranking within his Priests are servants of their gods and faith. They are reflections of additional therefore can't just do anything they knowledge that he has learned but don't want whenever they want. The GM must grant any additional benefits within the keep an eye on the activities of priest structure of the faith. characters and if the priest violates some tenet or commandment of his god the GM should see to it that the god 22: The Canon punishes the priest. Many faiths have a canon or holy book. This work was written at some time in

31 Minor offences which the god punishes priest's level (minimum first level); his include such things as: making a joke normal hit point total and possessions about the god (and even then it must will be unaffected. Until the character offend the god, some gods have a sense undergoes a severe ritual of atonement of humour), failing to perform all the god will despise the character and required priestly duties in a day (for plague him with little ills, diseases, and example not having the time to listen to enemies. the problems of one of the faithful and offer guidance), and becoming annoyed The priest might turn on the god with the god's demands. The god betraying him utterly. This can happen punishes such minor offences by when another deity, an enemy god, withholding some of the priest's spells persuades the priest to serve him instead on the following day. and persuades the priest to steal some important artifact from the god or reveal If the priest deliberately violates the some critical information about the god. goals of the god then he's in real trouble. When this happens the god will punish For instance if a priest of the god of war the priest (assuming he survives the advocates peace when war is in the betrayal which most gods will). The offing or if a priest of the god of love minimum punishment the priest can tells young lovers to wise up and forget expect is the character class change about romance then the god will described above. definitely be offended. The first time this happens the god will give the priest an A medium punishment the god will unmistakable warning. This could be a bestow is instant death. A greater heart attack costing 50% of the priest's punishment from the god involves the current hit points. ruin of the character. The god can kill or merely take away the character's family It could be a portentous destruction of a and loved ones, curse him with statue of the god while the priest is afflictions such as blindness and present. It could be an earthquake or lameness, see to it that all his enemies other warning. The warning doesn't have find out about his weaknesses, give extra to be immediately after the betrayal but power and weapons to his enemies, force will be soon after. The second time this the priest's loved ones to betray him, and happens the god will appear to the priest. so on. It doesn't have to be in person right then; it might be in a dream the night This doesn't happen all at once, but following the betrayal. every episode for the rest of the character's life introduces some new, The god will sternly ask the character his horrible calamity until the character is motives and order him to return to mercifully killed or kills himself. In an proper worship. The third time this epic level campaign this could lead the happens the god will immediately reduce priest to seek his own revenge against the character to 1 hit point and change his god. his character class. The priest will Spheres for Gods become an ordinary fighter at an experience level two lower than the

31 Presented here are suggestions for some This god is influential over Chaos, possible spheres of influence. GM’s can Inevitability, and Evolution. create more of their own of course. Death Air The God of Death is naturally a This is a god of the atmosphere in all its terrifying figure whom man regards as manifestations, from the most clear and an enemy, an unavoidable doom. But still to the most stormy and tumultuous. this doesn't mean that death gods are It is this god that determines how much evil. Most in fact are amoral. A death rain will reach the soil; it is this god that god can be the King of the Land of the occasionally goes a little crazy and Dead, the Grim Reaper who cuts down storms until all the living things in the the living, or the Guide of the Souls who area are terrified. He is a wild and helps the departed spirit on to its reward powerful god and a very necessary one. or next existence. Lesser gods of the sky attribute simply embody one aspect of the sky or Priests of the death god are often agents weather. The gods of Lightning, who must help people on to the afterlife, Thunder, and Wind can be considered especially if such people have lesser sky and weather gods. successfully thwarted Death in the past. This duty may take the form of Animals assassination, or of mercy killing. In This god is the protector of animals. He some campaigns, spirits sometimes could intend to protect animals from all escape the afterlife and return to the land harm, and thus be the enemy of all of the living; the death god's priests must hunters and carnivores of all hunt them down and capture them for descriptions. Most often he's primarily return to their proper place. interested in keeping animal species intact, not allowing them to be hunted to Earth and Crops extinction, etc., and thus allows a This deity is the manifestation of the reasonable amount of hunting and world in all its aspects. He's not just a trapping to take place. god of growing things, plants and animals; he also represents weather, The priests of this god also work hard to volcanoes, earthquakes, flood, and many keep excess hunting and trapping in other powerful natural forces. This god check, and to remind the flock that the has shown man how to plant, grow, reap, god will avenge abuses. A lesser type of and utilize crops; man, in turn, animal god is one who is the protector of the god as thanks for this bounty. a single species or group of species. Such a deity might be the lion-god, or An angry god of this sort can decide that the god of all felines, or the god of crops fail, either on a local level or even elephants, or the god of porpoises and worldwide, resulting in mass starvation dolphins. and (eventually, if the god is not appeased) a destruction of civilization; man would return to a hunter gatherer culture, living in small nomadic tribes Change and following herds of beasts, if this

31 were to take place. He could be the god involve themselves with only one of the of a specific crop (especially wheat, above aspects. He is also a god of barley, corn, vines, olives, and other common sense. The learned man knows principal crops) or of a specific, lesser from experience when his words will attribute of agriculture (sowing, reaping, provoke a fight; the wise man knows it brewing, etc.). intuitively, instinctively.

Fire The priests of this god promote sensible This god is the deity of fire in all its solutions and actions on the part of the aspects: The spark of civilization, the flock. They suggest compromises and cleanser of sickness and evil, the alternatives. They plan future events. terrifying natural force, the special gift The look for trouble in upcoming events of the gods to man, the principal force and try to head it off. But this isn't a god behind some sorts of magic. of peace, and so the priests of wisdom will often be advisors to military Justice or Revenge officers, helping them plan effective This god brings revenge on those who strategies. deserve it, rights wrongs, punishes the wicked, and avenges those who cannot Life and Fertility avenge themselves. Normally, the god This god represents the fertility of acts through his priests. Priests of this beasts, crops, and sentient races. He god are approached by those who have represents new of each been wronged, and must learn what they species, defiance of death, and sexuality. can of the situation, decide who's right This god's interest is in the safe and and who's wrong, and take steps to successful birthing of children and, punish the guilty party. subsequently, their protection and nurturing. They must make the punishment fit the crime (a theft does not warrant the Light killing of the thief in most cases, for This god is a god of magic, healing, instance). Since these priests are often inspiration, and life, sometimes of approached to punish those whom madness and heatstroke. He is an enemy ordinary laws can't touch (for instance, of dark creatures, especially the undead. to punish a rich man who can bribe his way out of any charge or punishment), Love or Vice they frequently have to perform their This god is the patron of love in all its missions secretly, so that the local aspects: Romantic love, desire, affection, authorities cannot learn of them. These lust, infatuation, the love between vigilante priests are not appreciated by husband and wife, the love shared local governments. between close friends, and so on. Lesser gods of this attribute will be gods of only Knowledge one of the above aspects. One god might This god concerns himself with reading, be the god of Desire, another the god of writing, recitation, the chronicling of Romance, a third the god of Infatuations. history, and the teaching of youth. Lesser gods of this attribute would Luck or Fate

31 This god cautions the mortal races to There could be a god of Necromancy, a accept whatever fate that the gods or god of Rune, etc. even a higher Destiny have in store for them. This is the god of acceptance, of Music resignation, of coping without This god represents the performing arts struggling. He also represents good vocal and instrumental music, traditional fortune and good luck that all sentient and interpretive dance, even stage beings hope will come their way. The tragedy and comedy. He also covers arts priests of this god are practical, common and of literature/poetry. His priests are sense people. They'll help the flock pray devoted to the advancement of music for luck. But they also recognize that a and dance in the population. They lot of luck is self made. organize events where music is played, dances are performed, and plays are They try to analyse the situations of enacted. Sometimes they tour as part of supplicants who seem to have bad luck theatrical companies, among bards and all the time, and suggest ways for them other performers. Their quest is to bring to change their lives so that good luck is light to others through the performing more likely to shine on them. They even arts. meddle to give luck a little push; they'll contrive so that two people who can help Night each other accomplish a mutual goal will This god is a god of some forces that meet, for example. Lesser gods of this humans fear. However, this doesn't mean attribute will be gods of one particular the god is evil. Generally, he's not. He's type of luck. The most popular gods of just the embodiment of darkness, this type would be gods of gambling including all its benefits and all its luck or luck with romantic affairs. dangers. The god of Darkness and Night would be the god of sleep, of dreams, of Magic nightmares, and of nocturnal predators; This god is the patron of magic in all its some of these traits are considered good, forms. At the GM's discretion, he could some ill. be the source of all magical energies used by the world's mages; or, he could Skill just be the god responsible for teaching This is the god of competition, the most important spells and rituals to especially of athletic competition. This mortal mages. Either way, he is as god stresses fairness, impartiality, and beloved of mages as of any other class of truth in his followers. He is also a characters. Priests of this god, in proponent of health, exercise, and addition to encouraging worship of the physical self-improvement. god, act as scholars of magic. Sky or Storm They help preserve libraries of magical This is a god of the atmosphere in all its information and encourage manifestations, from the most clear and correspondence and the exchange of still to the most stormy and tumultuous. ideas (and spells) between mages. Every It is this god that determines how much school of magic or priest sphere of rain will reach the soil; it is this god that influence could have its own, lesser god: occasionally goes a little crazy and

31 storms until all the living things in the area are terrified. He is a wild and Water, Rivers or Ocean powerful god, and a very necessary one. This god is a god of large bodies of Lesser gods of the sky attribute simply water. He doesn't concern himself much embody one aspect of the sky or with mortal doings; sailors pray to him weather. The gods of Lightning, for mercy, and he shows them mercy Thunder, and Wind can be considered when he feels like it, and shows them lesser sky and weather gods. death when he prefers. He is also a storm god, the deity of storms upon the sea, Sun and sailors fear him. Lesser gods will be This god is a god of magic, healing, gods of individual rivers, lakes, and seas. inspiration, and life, sometimes of In some lands, each of the continent's madness and heatstroke. He is an enemy thousands of rivers will be the domain of of dark creatures, especially the undead. a lesser god or goddess.

Time This god is the deity of the march of Mana and Deities time. He represents inevitability not Mana energy exists in two forms, base destiny based on the will of individual and power. Mana base is the form of gods, but the inevitability of change mana energy that gives the soul divine brought on by time. His priests preach qualities; it is almost synonymous with the philosophy of patience to the flock, the deity's soul. In general, the more and help all the members of the flock mana base a deity possesses, the more adapt themselves to their changing powerful the deity becomes. Mana bodies, lifestyles, and needs as they go power, on the other hand, is the active through life. component of mana energy; deities use power in order to create mana effects. Travel This is the god of travellers, speed and The important thing to remember is that safe journeys. mana base is the regenerative form of mana energy. Deities will receive mana War power equal to one-tenth of mana This god is the deity of combat and Energy, their mana base every day warfare. He exists only to promote and transcends the law of conservation of participate in bloody battle. There may energy; as such, it is a very precious be many gods of war none of which commodity and deities do not use it cooperate with one another in times of lightly. Because of this, it becomes an war, especially when their armies are extension of a deity's will; through the opposed. They help train new warriors, use of mana energy, a deity can affect teach battlefield tactics, and make reality directly without having to resort records of the most valiant fights of any to spell research, monetary expense, or war or battle. In painful times of peace, any significant amount of time. these individual sects may cooperate However, the expenditure of mana is not with one another. However, they usually a trivial matter. only do so to conspire and start up Deities must conserve mana for other another war. things, such as supporting their clerics,

32 minions, creations, and possibly less always go directly to the deity as long as powerful gods if they so choose, doing the two are not separated some sort of research into their spheres of influence, force or shield that would stop such a and so on. An even more important thing transfer, such as another deity's mana to consider is that deities always want a power shield. Nothing in the universe reserve of power; you never know what can use a deity's mana energy, base or the day has in store. power, against that deity's will.

As long as a deity has even one point of Since the deity's base and soul are mana base, the deity lives on. With no inextricably combined, the deity must mana base, the deity ceases to be. The consent to someone else's use of that mana base is mana energy in a stable mana energy. This means that mana base form. It is what binds together a deity's cannot be destroyed or harmed in any soul, and the more base a deity has, the way short of a mana attack from another better that deity can directly affect deity. reality. Lesser deities, who are the least powerful, enter godhood with 1000 The mana base is a running total points of mana base. corresponding to levels in a class-based system or ability scores in a skill-based After that, as deities gain rank, they system. As certain important events attain more mana base. Power generated occur over the course of a deity's life, from this base is what deities usually use such as becoming a deity in the first to affect reality. Since deities do not place or gaining control of a plane for have to be in physical contact with their the first time, the deity's mana base will mana base, one of the fundamental increase. strategies a deity learns very early is to keep a safe reservoir of mana base, As the deity suffers setbacks, or spends possibly in several locations. base to construct artifacts and creations, that base will decrease. Obviously, Since mana base is very stable, it can deities want to maximize their mana easily be partitioned into separate base. They will occasionally use their portions; a deity might divide mana base base instead of their power, but only among several planes and an artifact, sparingly and only if there is a clear just to make its destruction particularly advantage in doing so. difficult. mana base can also be converted directly to mana power at any Clearly, mana base is a precious time, on a one-to-one ratio. commodity, and is rarely used directly. The form of mana energy deities use When deities split up their mana base, most often is mana power, which can they retain only one level of support clerical hierarchies, set up mana- consciousness; to have multiple levels of based defensive shields, and unleash consciousness the deity must use an "mana blast" attacks, among other ability called omnipresence, which will applications. Though mana power is be discussed later. very powerful, it has a short lifespan. It Whether or not a deity's base is split up, must be used within a day of its creation the power generated by that base will or it will dissipate.

32 Deities can even use such enhancements Mana power serves as the physical to fool mortals into thinking that another manifestation of the deity's will. This deity might be responsible for a ensures that any use of mana power will particular phenomenon, but the signature serve the deity's will flawlessly; a mana is infallible and cannot be hidden from blast will always hit its intended target, a another deity. mana shield will always protect its occupants, and a mana-enhanced spell Engagement is the term for describing will always be perfectly aimed. The only whether mana energy does or does not way to ruin this is if other deities detect another force or substance. Deities intervene with their mana energy. can choose with which other bits of the universe their mana energy will interact. Each day, a deitywill gain a certain The process of setting up what a deity's amount of mana power; the exact mana energies will engage is called amount is determined by the amount of keying the mana. mana base the deity possesses and by the number of other sources, such as planes, In spite of the incredible power and worshipers, and so on. In short, the versatility of mana energy, it is a limited amount of power available depends resource. When a deity's power is gone, largely on the extent of the deity's it's time to switch to another resource or influence and status. Most of this power possibly die. Another limitation of mana goes into supporting the deity's religion; energy is that a deity only has access to a the rest is what deities use for personal certain number of abilities, depending on reasons. the deity's rank.

Again, note that deities will rarely use all Lesser deities, for example, regardless of of their mana power. Even though the how much mana they might possess, excess is wasted, deities prefer to be simply don't have access to all the ready in case of mana attack; deities are abilities that greater deities have at their very vulnerable when they are low on disposal. Finally, the best way to fight power. The commitment of these mana is with mana. mana energy may be reserves is an important tactical and powerful, but if an opponent has it too, strategic consideration in divine matters. the situation boils down to finesse. mana energy is difficult to hide. Any use of mana energy sets up a signature Killing a deity is no easy task, but it is unique to the deity. Deities can sense possible. Lesser deities usually won't fall such signatures and recognize those with in one stroke, but will require a series of which they are already familiar; they are battles. Greater or supreme deities are invisible to mortals. nearly impossible to wipe out completely. A deity's immortality is A deity is allowed to create assured because deities don't rely on accompanying effects with almost any their physical forms for life, but rather mana-based ability ("a crackling red and on their reservoirs of mana base. silver streak of energy issues from Nergal's hand and echoes with the As long as a deity has a portion of mana wailing of a thousand tortured souls"). base in which to house his or her

32 consciousness, that deity will continue to Humanoid deities occasionally sleep exist. Deities' material forms only place only because they are accustomed to it, constraints on some of the things that not because they need it. This allows they can do. Still, not all deities live deities to get more things accomplished. forever. Deities can be killed by destroying their personal mana base, Starvation and Suffocation: Deities do which is easier said than done. not need to refuel their physical bodies. This is another detail that some young A deity's physical body is slightly easier deities continue to take care of-not to kill. This does not destroy the deity, because they need to, just because eating but it does limit the deity's abilities is something they enjoy Deities are also somewhat. Deities whose bodies have not reliant on gases, water, chemicals, or been killed can no longer use magic any other substance to keep a body items, wield weapons, throw spells, or running. Human deities could survive do anything else that requires a physical undenvater, for example; they do not form, though of course they can still use have to breathe. pure mana to carry out an action. Toxins: Because the mana energy If deities in this position are low on running through deities' bodies instantly power and don't want to use any base, destroys any toxic material, deities are they will probably opt to retreat, taking immune to the toxic effects of poisons, their corpses or at least their more gases, and other substances that are not important items along. Once back home, actually corrosive. They are also the deities can fix up the old bodies or immune to diseases of all kinds, pick out new ones to inhabit and start including the common cold. plotting revenge. Environment: Divine bodies are immune A deity's mana base cannot be attacked to the full spectrum of environments that directly while a deity possesses a are native to the plane from which their material body All attacks against the body originated. This may differ from deity are initially against the deity's body deity to deity. Human deities could if there is one. If the body is destroyed survive under conditions from the and the deity elects to remain on the Arctic's harshest winters to the desert's battlefield without amaterial form, then hottest sun, but they could not survive on the mana base can be attacked, but only the sun itself. If a deity were to inhabit by mana energy. In this case, each point the body of a creature who did live on a of power destroys one point of base. sun, then the deity could survive there, although Immunities in this body, the deity would not be able Divine beings have the following to survive on earth, which would be immunities when they are inhabiting extremely cold by comparison. If deities bodies containing mana base: separate their mana base from their bodies, then it doesn't matter; mana base Exhaustion: Deities don't need to sleep can survive anywhere, even within a or rest. A deity of war could actually black hole or a supernova. fight for days without stopping.

32 Aura philosphically opposed to the deity must All divine beings have a divine aura or make another resistance roll, or presence that can awe mortals, instill experience heart failure and possibly leadership, increase morale, or cause death. weaker opponents to flee in terror, lose consciousness, go into shock, or even die Overwhelmed: of heart failure. A divine aura is a If the characters fail their resistance glorious revelation of divinity. of an aura rolls, they die immediately of heart will see the deity as a great, powerful failure. If they manage the first being. But depending on the resistance roll, they must make another circumstances they may not necessarily or pass out for a full day If they make it give up fighting, let go of the gemstone, past that, they must make yet another or otherwise drop what they're doing at roll or flee for a full hour; there is no the moment. magical counter for this. Characters philosophically opposed to the deity die A mana shield can nullify one divine of shock immediately, with no resistance aura, and a divine aura can counter roll. The above chart should be used another divine aura to a certain extent To only for lesser, greater, or supreme project a divine aura, a deity must be deities. For others, downgrade the effect physically present and currently carrying by one level of severity. at least 51% of his or her mana base. The Deities may project a lesser effect if they aura will radiate from the point where so desire. this base is located. The following shows the effects a deity might have on a Magic variety of targets: Spells may be cast purely through mana energy. The effects of the spell are Awed: created through the expenditure of Experiencing an aura generally has a power, but otherwise the spell behaves very positive effect on a deity's exactly like the normal spell except that worshipers; usually this manifests as a no targeting roll is required. Deities have surge in morale and generally an innate understanding of spells, and do heightened activity. If non-worshipers not require any time to learn a spell. fail their resistance rolls, they They can acquire these spells in a variety immediately lapse into a state of awe. of ways: reading a scroll with the spell They can no longer make any offensive on it, encountering the spell in combat, moves. In addition, if a character is learning how it works from someone somehow philosophically opposed to the else, absorbing it from a magical item, or deity (of an opposite alignment or even probing someone's mind directly, opposing political party, for instance), which requires a successful possession. the character will become completely enraptured, and will be unable to do Deities can also power magic items if anything as long as the aura is in effect. the items are temporarily negated for some reason, such as an anti-magic aura Dazed: or a negation field. Standard magical If the characters fail their resistance resistance rolls are applied versus this rolls, they pass out. Characters type of spellcasting. Casting times for

32 the spells are instantaneous, because the of a divine being, similar to a very deity has only to think about what to do powerful mortal. An avatar has no with a spell to cast it. All spells will hit independent consciousness; it is merely their intended targets unless unusual an extension of that deity's circumstances apply, such as if the target consciousness. Avatars will have all of teleports away. A deity will not fumble the non-primal abilities of the deity. or lose control of a spell. If the effect of They cannot be resurrected; if they are the spell relies on the caster's skill with slain, they must be created again. magic, the effect should be calculated as Avatars are particularly useful to allow if the spell were cast by a mage of the deities to travel without exposing their minimum skill required to be able to primal base to possible enemy attack, to throw that spell. A deity can boost his or be present where they do not want their her effective skill at casting the spell by primal signature detected, or to go spending extra mana power. Every point someplace where deities are prohibited of power increases the effective casting or restricted in some way, like some skill by half. non-intervention planes.

What's actually happening here is that Creating Cosmic Beings the deity forms a new, temporary body and moves his or her mental focus into A cosmic entity is any being who the body, leaving his or her deific body possesses powers so great he, she or it behind. The conscious mental focus can can affect entire worlds, stars, galaxies, jump back and forth at will, but if it and possibly even universes (or in some leaves the avatar, the avatar will be cases, entire multiverses). If there is totally mindless until the deity's return. more than one such entity in a setting, If the deity wishes to use deific abilities there will usually be different levels of while in the avatar's body, he or she may power between them, and often specific do so if it's possible to move powers into responsibilities as well, forming a kind this body, which won't work if the avatar of Fantasy Pantheon. Cosmic Beings is on a non-intervention plane. If the tend to not care much about "lesser deity does move both mental focus and beings" (anybody who isn't 'cosmic') and base into the avatar's body, the old body any harm (or good) they cause is often will become unintentional. Because of their level of a mindless avatar and the former avatar power, when they cause trouble the will become the deity's new body, at heroes are often forced to try to reason least temporarily. Under normal with them, use a Cosmic Keystone, or conditions the body of the former avatar ask another Cosmic Entity for help. will live a normal lifetime for its race. Presented here are not rules for statting actual gods as their attributes would Step 1: Attributes have thousands of points, but rather their INT and CHA 4D6, WIS and DEX 8D6, avatars which are more of a demigod STR 10D6, CON and MR 8D6. Hit level. Even if the avatar is destroyed the Points = CON +D100, +D100 per level. god survives. Though perhaps Pick one attribute to be the specialty shellshocked or drained. An avatar, area, gain an additional +10 for any unlike a divine spirit, is a physical aspect saves or other rolls with it.

32 within that sphere, or those who identify Step 2: Skills closely with the sphere. A nation going Determine as normal according to to war might choose to honour a war whatever interests the god has and what deity, while a student of magic would their sphere is. feel a close identification with a deity whose sphere of influence involves Step 3: Sphere of Influence magic. Students with upcoming Next choose a sphere of influence. This midterms might try a burnt offering of will represent the reason why people Post-ItWnotes to Mnemosyne, the worship him. What are his goals and Goddess of Memory. purposes and therefore of his faith? A sphere of influence is an aspect of reality Finally, a deity of higher rank may order that the deity has specifically staked out another deity to develop a sphere of as his or her own. In more common influence. This is particularly true in the terms, a sphere of influence is often what case of godlings; the deity who ascended the deity is known as "god of." Some someone has a natural interest in seeing deities will have spheres of influence that godling advance in power. In this that are not quite as well publicized. case, the godling may not have much There aren't many good reasons for choice over what his or her sphere of downplaying a sphere, but as we know, influence should be; the ascending deity deities can be somewhat ineffable. may already have something in mind. The Greek Muses, a series of Deities have three basic reasons for demigodessess with related spheres of wanting a sphere of influence. First, the influence, may have been under such deity will be able to gain additional orders abilities, more powerful than the standard divine-level abilities. Sphere of Step 4: Abilities influence abilities are more powerful Divine beings gain all the following because they can extend to any location abilities; where the associated concept exists; this Bestow often allows a deity to have influence in By direct grace the Divine can bestow an area that the deity is normally powers to a mortal on certain conditions prohibited from accessing, such as a as determined by him. Alternatively this non-intervention plane or a person or can be altered to grant singular powers place protected by a primal shield. to high priests of any cult worshipping Adeitywhose sphere of influence is him. weather Cosmic Power can affect the weather on any plane, and Pick 1. +1 once he has attracted 100 a deity whose sphere of influence is followers of true worshippers. He can death will be able to collect any soul that continue gaining 1 new power each time is not being directly absorbed or pulled but the amount of worshippers required by another deity, for example. is doubled each time. Enhanced Regeneration Second, having a sphere of influence At maximum level. attracts followers who are seeking Immunity guidance, protection, or assistance

32 Totally immune to the heat, cold and radiation of space as well as the effects When a character transcends his mortal of the vacuum. body is either totally restructured into its new form or disintegrated and a form Step 5: Worshippers created. An Ascendant can then decide See the Pantheon Creation Guide section how he looks, shaping his body to his before this one for information on how liking including height, weight, colour, to create your own faith of followers. race, extra limbs, etc (the Silver Surfer and other Galactus heralds are all examples of this).

Characters who Ascend If the mortal doesn't have any idea that The Ascended represent those who have he is about to ascend the event will be a transcended normal mortality and complete surprise and the mortal won't become cosmic level entities. Usually have much time to develop a when a metahuman reaches 20th level he perspective. Mortals who realize that has reached his full potential and his ascension is possible, on the other hand, abilities peak out, no longer able to may either work extra hard to gain this increase. prize or even try to avoid it once they start thinking about the prospect of There are 5 ways in which he may outliving everyone they know and love. ascend to a cosmic level; Those who accept this fate will soon 1) There are a rare few whose meta or have to contemplate how they should go mystical powers mutate on their own about grooming someone to take their converting the character into his new place, how to put their affairs into order form. before they leave, and how to get their 2) Another cosmic entity may provide own new churches started. the spark required for the ascendancy to occur. Being ascended can be quite a shock 3) A primoridal substance that elevates psychologically. While some ascendees anyone who consumes it to divine status. will look forward to greeting new It goes without saying that such food challenges and new power, others may should be extremely rare and very have ego problems dealing with the difficult to acquire. transition from big fish to little fish; it's 4) There may also be some sort of relic, almost like starting up adventuring all cosmic force, or sentient plane that over again. Also, depending on the occasionally ascends someone in the specifics involved in the process, a campaign. After all, the first deities had mortal may feel apprehensive about to come from somewhere. losing contact with friends and family, 5) A mortal may achieve divinity-by and having to learn a whole new set of taking control of a plane. Any mortal rules and establish an entirely new set of who gains control of a plane is peers. automatically ascended without requiring any assistance whatsoever Some ascendees may resist ascension to from a more powerful deity. He or she the point that the deity may give them advances immediately to lesser deity the option of remaining mortal or being status.

32 ascended only after they die from natural causes. Other deities may only be so nice Flight Lightspeed as to give ascendees a certain amount of Identical to the Travel power but can fly time to set their affairs in order. Still at 25 light years per hour. other mortals won't be given time to prepare or resist at all; for them it just Immunity happens one day. Given time to react, Totally immune to the heat, cold and some characters might try to switch radiation of space as well as the effects camps to avoid ascension. of the vacuum.

This will typically result in permanent damage to or destruction of the character The Ethereal (the other depending on the deity's reaction. If a character tries to resist ascension by kind of Ascended) force of will, then the ascending deity The Ethereal are members of any race will be required to dominate the that have evolved beyond the need for character forcibly; this requires a physical bodies. Like the Ascended these successful possession attempt. beings have transcended normal mortality and become cosmic level Step 1: Attributes entities. They are now beings of pure All are raised to a minimum of 25, or if psionic energy existing through force of already 25 then +D6 (but cant exceed will alone. maximum for each attribute). Hit Points = CON +25, +25 per level. Gain +5 on Step 1: Attributes all saves. The character's INT and WIS are raised to 50. He has no STR, DEX, CON or Step 2: Skills MR. CHA is 3D6. The character moves All skills from the previous character's via telekinesis. Hit Points = WIS x10, incarnation are kept, although it is +20 HPs per level. possible to learn new space orientated ones. Step 2: Skills As a result of his heightened mental Step 3: Abilities abilities this character has every non Whatever powers the character physical skill and all are at maximum. previously had will be mutated into their Further the character can gain new skills nearest cosmic equivalent. Choose 3 simply by touching a person who has it. Cosmic Powers (note that some abilities The skill level however will be equal to like Unearthly Strength may be retaken that of the person's. over and over, so a 1st level character could have up to Class 500 strength). All Step 3: Abilities characters also gain all of the following; Ethereal gain all of the following abilities;

Enhanced Regeneration Enhanced Regeneration Identical to the Physical Enhancement At maximum level. power at maximum level.

32 Ether Form invisible and ethereal), detect lies, locate An Ethereal's natural state is that of a chosen target anywhere within the intangibility to normal matter. They are same universe and understand all able to pass harmlessly through any languages, technology and societies no object. The character is only vulnerable matter how alien. to mind attacks and electricity(half damage but forces him to turn solid). As He can also see Electrical fields (and a result of this Ethereals are able to their intensity), Gravity waves (in a survive not only in the pressure less radar like manner), Mana or Ley Line environment of outer space, but also in power (depending on which system you high pressure ones. They do not have to use), Magnetic fields, Radiation, breathe, don't age, and are immune to the Ultraviolet, Infrared and X-rays. ravages of crossing dimensions and time. Ethereals know what dimension they're in and how to get home (Note: it may be As a side effect Ethereals can phase their possible for Cosmic beings in another bodies into the astral plane. Further they dimension to block his senses). He can can enter life forms and machines and also perceive wormholes, gates, planar once inside take over the body/device portals, etc and where they go. Finally completely (the victim will remember the character can see the true image of nothing from moment that he was taken any person or object regardless of any over). Living victims can make saving form of concealment, disguise, illusion throw at start and once every hour (x1 or invisibility. WIS of possessor) at -6. Ether Cognition Ether Aura Ethereals have a perfect memory. By An Ethereal's aura can only be seen by looking at a map or document the another Infinite. However he can wrap character will be able to recall them with himself around a person and disguise total accuracy. The character will also be their true aura concealing experience, able to recognize faces, costumes, and health, powers, magic, etc. This can lead cars that they have only seen once to innocent beings being considered before. Mathematical equations are a powerful beings or practitioners of breeze, and can solve any problem in his magic. Allies can be made to seem head in a second. He can also take harmless. existing materials and technologies and use them to create new devices or Ether Awareness applied technologies. He can repair An Ethereal is in tune with the entire previously operational devices, even if scope of reality. He always knows which the device was of an unknown type. way is he is facing on a planet and exactly where he is in his home universe, Ether Ego knows the exact time according to that This includes the powers of Bio location's time zone, can sense the Manipulation, Control Animals, Control emotions of any life forms within his Insects, Control Minds, Control Undead, line of sight, can detect weaknesses in Empathy, Exorcism, Illusion, Insanity, opponents or structures, detect concealed Negate Powers, Overload, Psychic life forms or objects (including the

32 Interference and Telepathy. All ranges sudden, dramatic events occurring to and damage are x10. someone who whom the hero shares an emotional rapport. The Power can work Ether ID against the hero if unwanted visions Like the normal Telekinesis the hero can obscure the hero's sight or distract him at handle material objects without having a crucial moment. to make direct or indirect physical contact (pushing or blowing, for When the Power is used to spy on example). The hero can perform any another Clairvoyant, there is a possibility action that could be accomplished using of that person detecting the use of the normal Strength. Most Telekinetics Power. Clairvoyance can function as a visualize their Power in terms of an pipeline to draw light-based and Psionic amorphous arm extending from the attacks toward the hero. Such attacks body. Line of sight range. Can move up may even affect him if they were aimed to 1 ton, +1 per level per WIS or at something else within the area he is push/punch with STR 20 per WIS. The spying upon. The character has +1 character's punch can be augmented resistance to such attacks. telekinetically to do +1 damage per 4 WIs. Likewise he can also hear what being said, in this case hearing distant sounds Further this power can be used to create and voices despite any intervening telekinetic shields for himself or any distance or barriers. The power is not within line of sight. 120 metre radius, hindered by factors that affect normal WIS x1000 HPs. Replenish WIS x100 sound transmission, such as distance, HPs per min of non use. Can create time lag, muffling, distortion, or the multiple fields so long as combined HPs absence of a transmitting medium. doesn’t exceed total. Because of this, Clairaudience has superior range over Enhanced Hearing. Ether Senses Ethereals can see distant sights without Only Clairaudience enables the hero to directly seeing it with their eyes (since hear across a vacuum, for example. they don't really have any to speak of). When the Power operates, it overrides He receives a visual simulation of what the hero's natural hearing. Distant he would see if he were actually present sounds are sensed at their original at the scene. The Power is not hindered volume level. The Power is normally a by any of the factors that affect normal voluntary Power that musty be light transmission, such as distance, summoned. Sometimes it functions blockage, obscurement, and time lag. It automatically; this can be the result of can be used to see things that are improper control, tampering by outside impossible for a telescope or Telescopic forces, or be triggered by sudden, Vision. Normally the Power is dramatic events occurring to someone consciously controlled. with whom the hero shares an emotional rapport. When using the Power to Sometimes it functions automatically. eavesdrop on another Clairaudient, that This can be the result of improper person may automatically sense the first control, interference, or be triggered by Clairaudient's effort.

33 Ether Sight Remains until cancelled or KOed but At various times Ethereals can have uses up 1 attack per melee while in use. precognitive flashes which can be used Thrown Weapons have line of sight to determine correct procedures for range. Their use is limited only by overcoming a problem or survival and number of melee attacks of character. give sufficiently clear insight into Weapons such as whips have a range of upcoming events that he might be able to WIS x10 metres and can mentally use that foreknowledge to his advantage. control the end of it making it sticky, The problem lies in two areas, the allowing people to swing on it, climb up flexibility of the time stream and the it or entangle with STR equal to WIS. preparedness of the GM. Step 4: Disadvantages Each Precog vision gives the hero a You can never have children or chance to consciously shape his world's reproduce in any way. A strong enough timeline. Because of this, the envisioned psionic attack could disrupt the psychic event might never come to pass, at least and physical stability of the character not where the hero is concerned. Short killing him. range Precog can be useful in combat. The hero can use his Power to discover his opponent's next move. List of Cosmic Powers The character can see up to WIS x100 These powers are only available to years into the future or the past. The cosmic level characters. postcognition side of the power can be focused more selectively by making Biological Augmentation contact with the target whose history is Gain all of the abilities listed below; being examined. The hero can mentally DEX is raised to 25. This character examine a person, item, or site and never suffers any penalties in combat mentally relive a specific moments of regardless of how tricky the shot or how history. A final aspect of the power is many modifiers would normally apply. that it warns the hero about impending Likewise with any skill rolls requiring danger. The advance warning time is 1 feats of dexterity even seemingly minute +1 minute per level. Will know impossible ones (ala Matrix). Leap range the direction and threat level. is tripled. INT is raised to 25. This character has Ether Weapon every skill and all at maximum. Can mentally will into existence a He also has an almost perfect memory. weapon of psychic energy which does By looking at a map or document the synaptic damage directly to victim’s character will be able to recall them with brain. Can use this either to paralyse for total accuracy. The character will also be 1 hour per WIS or induce shock/coma able to recognize faces, costumes, and unless save. He can also will it to do 10 cars that they have only seen once damage per WIS. All weapons are +1 to before. Mathematical equations are a strike per 1 WIS. breeze, and he can solve any problem in his head in a second. Finally he can also

33 take existing materials and technologies expel it violently as either a concussive and use them to create new devices or force or a gentle knockback. The bolt is applied technologies. He can repair composed of all the various different previously operational devices, even if forms of energy including solar, the device was of an unknown type. electrical, plasma, microwaves, etc. Each bolt can be incrementally controlled to Advanced Vision; x10 normal range, + do from 1 point of damage up to D6 x2 per level. Can also see small objects x1000 HPs. +D6 per level with a range clearer. of 1 light year, +1 per level.

Heightened Hearing; x10 normal range, Cosmic Source + x2 per level. Can hear any level of This character can become a living decibel at any range. power source for Chi or Mana depending upon which dimension he resides in. Heightened Smell; x10 normal range, + Energy can be drawn from him for as x2 per level. Can recognize/Identify long as he allows it. The amount he can specific odour/ scent of anyone that have make available is equal to his WIS x100, met and track them by smell. and requires 1 hour per 100 points to recharge. Heightened Taste; Can instantly identify anything that taste. Create Constructs The hero can transform energy into a Heightened Touch; Can read pages just matrix that simulates solid matter. This by touching the print and listen to a matrix may be any shape the hero phone conversation by touching the line. desires, although greater complexity requires an WIS roll to create. The CON is raised to 50. This person never energy matrix possesses Strength equal tires, ever. He is totally immune to all to the hero's PS. It continues to exist for drugs, toxins, poisons and intoxicants a duration determined by the hero's WIS unless he chooses to allow them to x1 hour. After that time, the matrix influence him. harmlessly dissipates. Some of the uses for this Power include: forming cages or Biological Transmogrification barriers, forming servants to perform The character has total molecular control desired tasks, creating body armour to over his own biological form and thus protect and enhance the hero's abilities. gains the equivalent of all of the HPs per object = WIS x100. Create any following abilities; shape objects up to 2 per WIS, +2 per Insect Metamorph, Metamorph Undead, level. Alter Body, Metamorph Animal, Metamorph Dinosaur, Metamorph Plant, Divinity Body Weapons, Shape Shift and Raise CHA to 25. The character has all Elongation. of the following abilities: Command; At any time the character can Cosmic Bolt issue a command (eg. stop, look, no, etc) The power to channel ambient cosmic which everyone who hears must obey, energy into his own body at will and unless save at -5. Victims are then –4 to

33 attack for the next round. Voice range of Earth 5kms. Includes Terrakinesis, Metamorph Earth Followers; Can attract 10 per level who and Tar. will obey only him and do all he Electro Magnetism commands unquestioningly. Includes Emission Electrical, Intimidation; Anyone the character gazes Metamorph Electricity and Magnetism. at must save at -5 or break down, start Fire crying and beg for mercy until the power Includes Pyrokinesis, Emission Fire and is turned off. Further anyone looking at Magma, and Metamorph Fire and him while trying to attack are -5 to hit Magma. him with an additional –1 per levels. Gravitic Super Ego; Any equipment, weapons, Includes Metamorph Void and etc which the character looks at has a Gravitykinesis. 98% chance of failing and 75% chance Water of falling apart. Includes Hydrokinesis, Acid Manipulation, Emission Ice, and Echo Metamorph Liquid and Ice (power The ability to mimic any power which affects all liquid types). come within his line of sight or 1km radius +1km per level. The character can Energy Bonds copy the powers of any life form within This can either take the form of a his radius. May also recopy any power glowing web or bands which are that previously held at any time even if launched from the character's hands. the person is no longer around. Further They instantly wrap around whatever the character can also duplicate a power they hit preventing anything from by absorbing the traces left behind slipping out. The character can mentally whenever a power is used. The residue control amount of the amount of HPs in may be in anything that was near or the the web which can be up to WIS x1000 target of a power's emission. The + x1000 per level. The net can also be duration of the powers copied in this cast onto doorways, small tunnels, etc to manner is determined by the hero's WIS make passage through them impossible x1 day. The average amount of residue until the HPs are completely depleted. It bearing material is about the size of a can be up to WIS x1 metre radius, +1 bread loaf. It is completely drained after per level, normal throwing range. Lasts a single use. until HPs are depleted or until concentration is broken. Elementalkinesis Can tap into one of the elemental signs Energy Leech gaining the following abilities. However The opposite of the Cosmic Source, this all ranges, durations and damage are character can drain anything including now x10. All forms will function in Chi, Mana, metapowers or life and feed space, as in fire will burn (solar), air on it. Can do this to any organism within wont dissipate (solar winds), etc. sight. This is permanent unless the Air stealer gives it back or dies. The amount Includes Aerialkinesis, Metamorph Air absorbed in a single attack is equal to his and Shadow. WIS x100 and he will be unable to soak

33 in anymore until he has expended some Metamorph Black Hole of it. The character's body can become a living black hole and as a result any Enlargement object up to 1 ton per WIS +1 ton per This ability allows a character to grow level is inexorably pulled toward him. up 100 meters per WIS. Growing to max When any object contacts him it's size on a planet could have devastating crushed into a singularity by the force of consequences for its inhabitants. his gravity and destroyed.

Force Barrier Molecular Manipulation The ability to create an invisible or semi The character can alter the molecular visible layer of protection which remains structure of anything within his line of until depleted or cancelled. It maybe sight. This goes beyond the normal used either as body armour for oneself or constraints of Matter Manipulate. Being anyone within line of sight, or as a able to manipulate molecules anywhere barrier of up to WIS x100 metres radius. up or down the periodic table and The total amount of Hit Points the beyond (the GM could create some new character can generate is WIS x10,000, exotic materials not currently known to +1000 per level. He can replenish at a our own science). Can affect up to WIS rate of WIS x10,000 HPs +1000 per x100 tons, +50 per level. level per minute of non use. He can create multiple fields so long as the Omniscient combined HPs doesn’t exceed the total. This character is one with the universe. The field can be extended up to 1000 The hero is in tune with the entire scope kilometres per WIS, and can in effect of reality. He possesses a detached, cover a planet if large enough. omniscient viewpoint that allows him to explore the entire existence of a chosen Indomitability subject. Unlike Cosmic Awareness This character is well nigh invulnerable secrets, weaknesses, arcane knowledge, having a hardened molecular structure, and anything else the which would able to survive not only in the pressure normally be difficult to find out is easily less environment of outer space, but also available to him. in high pressure ones. He does not have to breathe and as a result is unaffected 1) He always knows which way is he is by gases of any type. The character is facing on a planet and exactly where he also totally immune to the effects of is in his home universe, knows the exact cold, fire, heat, microwave beams, time according to that location's time electricity, bullets, falls, normal punches zone, can sense the emotions of any life below STR 100, poisons, gases, drugs, forms within his line of sight, can detect diseases, radiation, magically induced weaknesses in opponents or structures, metamorphosis, vampire's detect concealed life forms or objects transformative bite, and anything else (including the invisible and ethereal), that can change the structure of the body. detect lies, locate a chosen target The character gains HPs of CON x2000 anywhere within the same universe and +2000 HPs per level. understand all languages, technology and societies no matter how alien.

33 Precog can be useful in combat. The He can also see Electrical fields (and hero can use his Power to discover his their intensity), Gravity waves (in a opponent's next move. This form can be radar like manner), Mana or Ley Line used by any Precog, regardless of the power (depending on which system you limits otherwise constraining the Power. use), Magnetic fields, Radiation, Ultraviolet, Infrared and X-rays. Finally The character can see up to WIS x100 the character can see the true image of years into the future or the past. The any person or object regardless of any retrocognition side of the power can be form of concealment, disguise, illusion focused more selectively by making or invisibility. physical contact with the target whose history is being examined. The hero can 2) At various times the character can mentally examine a person, item, or site have precognitive flashes which can be and mentally relive a specific moments used to determine correct procedures for of history. A final aspect of the power It overcoming a problem or survival and is a combination of automatically give sufficiently clear insight into functioning Psionic Powers (Telepathy, upcoming events that he might be able to Empathy, and Precognition) that warns use that foreknowledge to his advantage. the hero about impending danger. The The problem lies in two areas, the advance warning time is 1 minute +1min flexibility of the time stream and the per level, +4 WIS. Will know direction preparedness of the GM. and threat level

One problem with the Power is that the 3) Finally the character can see distant time stream is extremely malleable. Each sights without directly seeing it with his decision made creates an alternate eyes. He receives a visual simulation of timeline, a parallel Earth almost but not what he would see if he were actually quite identical to the version of Earth present at the scene. The Power is not where your campaign occurs. Each hindered by any of the factors that affect vision is an event that will come to pass normal light transmission, such as in some time stream somewhere. It need distance, blockage, obscurement, and not be the hero's impending timeline. time lag. It can be used to see things that That's where Precognition comes in. are impossible for a telescope or Each Precog vision gives the hero a Telescopic Vision. For example, current chance to consciously shape his world's conditions inside a sealed room on the timeline. Because of this, the envisioned surface of Venus. When in use, the event might never come to pass, at least Power overrides normal vision. not where the hero is concerned. Normally the Power is consciously controlled. Sometimes it functions This leads to the second problem, that of automatically. GM preparedness. To accurately and realistically portray Precog, the GM This can be the result of improper would need to work out a detailed control, interference, or be triggered by timeline of the campaign's future events, sudden, dramatic events occurring to including variables that account for someone who whom the hero shares an probable player actions. Short-range emotional rapport. The Power can work

33 against the hero if unwanted visions This power gives the character access to obscure the hero's sight or distract him at all spells from a particular school of a crucial moment. When the Power is magic. The amount of schools available used to spy on another Clairvoyant, there depends on the rank taken. This power is a possibility of that person detecting must be retaken to increase its rank. the use of the Power. Clairvoyance can Rank 1 function as a pipeline to draw light- All spells from 10 schools of magic based and Psionic attacks toward the Rank 2 hero. Such attacks may even affect him All spells from 20 schools of magic if they were aimed at something else Rank 3 within the area he is spying upon. The All spells from all schools of magic hero has +1 resistance to such attacks. Clairvoyance can be used in conjunction Space Warp with other Powers to increase the range The ability to not only fly faster than at which those Powers can affect a light at 10 light years per WIS per day target. +10 per level but also the character can create a space warp tunnel of up to 10 Likewise he can also hear what being metres x10 metres per WIS anywhere said, in this case hearing distant sounds within sight which allows others to and voices despite any intervening follow at a speed identical to the distance or barriers. The power is not character's. The character doesnt need to hindered by factors that affect normal breathe in a vacuum but however does sound transmission, such as distance, require stellar light to photosynthesize. time lag, muffling, distortion, or the This also results in the character being absence of a transmitting medium. immune to the effects of the vacuum, Because of this, Clairaudience has radiation and cold of space. superior range over Enhanced Hearing. Only Clairaudience enables the hero to Telekinetic Mastery hear across a vacuum, for example. Like the normal Telekinesis, the hero When the Power operates, it overrides can handle material objects without the hero's natural hearing. Distant having to make direct or indirect sounds are sensed at their original physical contact (pushing or blowing, for volume level. The Power is normally a example). The hero can perform any voluntary Power that musty be action that could be accomplished using summoned. Sometimes it functions normal Strength. Most Telekinetics automatically; this can be the result of visualize their Power in terms of an improper control, tampering by outside amorphous arm extending from the forces, or be triggered by sudden, body. Line of sight range. Can move up dramatic events occurring to someone to 1 ton, +1 per level per WIS or with whom the hero shares an emotional push/punch with STR 20 per WIS. The rapport. When using the Power to character's punch can be augmented eavesdrop on another Clairaudient, that telekinetically to do +1 damage per 4 person may automatically sense the first WIS. Additionally telekinesis can be Clairaudient's effort. used to levitate the character up to WIS x 20 metres, +20 meters per level, and Sorcery Mastery

33 fly at a rate of WIS x30kph, +30kph per the PS level, HP Damage representing level. how much is done by each hand, and Tonnage displaying the amount of Telepathic Mastery weight which can be carried (x2 to Gain the powers of Animal Control, determine lifting ability). Unearthly Insect Control, Mental Control, Undead strength begins at 300 and increases by Control, Empathic, Exorcism, Psychic one class level each time this power is Interference and Telepathy. All ranges retaken. and damage are x10. Strength Class 300 HP Damage 10,000 Transport Tonnage carrying capacity 3000 The ability to instantly teleport oneself from one place to another which is Strength Class 400 within his line of sight, is well known to HP Damage 20,000 the person or which have an image of. Tonnage carrying capacity 6000 Can also transport an additional mass of 1000 tons, +100 per level. As the hero Strength Class 500 rematerializes, gases and liquids move HP Damage 30,000 aside before he solidifies. Normal Tonnage carrying capacity 12,000 safeguards prevent the hero from consciously Teleporting into a solid Strength Class 600 mass. Certain conditions can prevent the HP Damage 40,000 hero from Teleporting such as not Tonnage carrying capacity 25,000 knowing where he is or psychological blockage. Extremely dense materials like Strength Class 700 Neutronium or black holes do not affect HP Damage 50,000 him. Tonnage carrying capacity 50,000

Undying Strength Class 800 This character stops aging at whatever HP Damage 60,000 age he stipulates and if killed can Tonnage carrying capacity 100,000 regenerate completely so long as a single drop of blood remains. He cannot die Strength Class 900 except by total disintegration. Immune to HP Damage 70,000 all Poisons, Gases, Drugs, and Diseases. Tonnage carrying capacity 250,000 Recover 1 HP per WIS every minute and heal any broken bones almost instantly. Strength Class 1000 Can regenerate 1 limb every hour and 1 HP Damage 80,000 organ every 2 hours. Finally he is Tonnage carrying capacity 500,000 impervious to the transformative bite of vampires and certain Werebeasts. Strength Class 2500 HP Damage 200,000 Unearthly Strength Tonnage carrying capacity 5,000,000 This form of strength is both psionically and cosmically enhanced. It is divided Strength Class 5000 into 3 columns; Strength Class showing HP Damage 500,000

33 Tonnage carrying capacity 50,000,000 Founded in 1942 in England it was one of several local committees formed in Wormhole support of the National Famine Relief The ability to open up a wormhole to Committee. Their mission was to any location in the universe he has persuade the British government to visited or has been visually or allow food relief through the Allied telepathically shown. The character can blockade for the starving citizens of Axis create a wormhole of up to 10 metres occupation of Greece. The first overseas x10 metres per WIS, anywhere within Delphi Foundation was founded in sight. The hero forms two parallel space Canada in 1961. warps at the desired point of detachment, then shifts the location of the outer warp. In 2001, The Delphi Foundation adopted the rights-based approach as the framework for all the work of the Organizations Confederation and its partners. The Delphi Foundation recognizes the universality and indivisibility of human rights and has adopted these overarching aims to express these rights in practical terms: the right to a sustainable livelihood the right to basic social services the right to life and security the right to be heard the right to an identity.

The Delphi Foundation believes that Publicly the Delphi Foundation is an poverty and powerlessness are avoidable international confederation of 17 and can be eliminated by human action organizations working in approximately and political will. The right to a 90 countries worldwide to find solutions sustainable livelihood, and the right and to poverty and what it considers as capacity to participate in societies and injustice around the world. Their stated make positive changes to people's lives ultimate goal is to enable people to are basic human needs and rights which exercise their rights and manage their can be met. The Delphi Foundation own lives. believes that peace and substantial arms reduction are essential conditions for The Delphi Foundation works directly development and that inequalities can be with communities and seeks to influence significantly reduced both between rich the powerful, to ensure that poor people and poor nations and within nations. can improve their lives and livelihoods and have a say in decisions that affect Though The Delphi Foundation's initial them. Each organization (affiliate) works concern was the provision of food to together internationally to achieve a relieve famine, over the years the greater impact through collective efforts. organization has developed strategies to combat the causes of famine. In addition

33 to food and medicine, The Delphi Shops: there are shops throughout most Foundation also provides tools to enable of the countries around the world selling people to become self-supporting and goods donated by the public as well as opens markets of international trade crafts and food products. where crafts and produce from poorer Donors: many governments and regions of the world can be sold at a fair corporations donate regularly via direct price to benefit the producer. debit or to special appeals.

The Delphi Foundation's programme has In reality the organization was founded three main points of focus: development by the more evil members of the Greek work, which tries to lift communities out Pantheon. Its original purpose is of poverty with long-term, sustainable unknown, but since Hera took control it solutions based on their needs; has formed the base of the Greek Gods' humanitarian work, assisting those power on Earth. immediately affected by conflict and natural disasters (which often leads in to Its true ultimate goal is to replace the longer-term development work), Earth with a new, better version, leaving especially in the field of water and behind all the baggage the world had sanitation; and lobbyist, advocacy and created and ending the "Iron Age" of popular campaigning, trying to affect classical Greek mythology. The Greek policy decisions on the causes of conflict Gods want only their worshippers to at local, national, and international inhabit the earth. There are also plans to levels. expand the Foundation to other planets.

The Delphi Foundation works on trade justice, fair trade, education, debt and aid, livelihoods, health, HIV/AIDS, gender equality, conflict (campaigning for an international arms trade treaty) and natural disasters, democracy and human rights, and climate change.

Additionally, the Delphi Foundation has provided relief services during various global crises, including the Israeli– Palestinian conflict, North Korean famine, 2011 East Africa drought and 2012 Sahel drought. In 2011, The Delphi Foundation became one of the Ares humanitarian groups that comprise the Name used on earth Aaron Olympia UK's Rapid Response Facility to ensure Alignment Chaotic Evil clean water in the wake of humanitarian INT 25 disasters. STR 150 WIS 25 Funds are raised via different sources: CON 50 CHA 20

33 DEX 25 whose Ares represents the darker, MR 50 bloodier aspects of war. He lives for AC 0 combat and revels in the blood lust and HPs 850 destruction of battle. Apparent age 35 Sphere God of war, He is a powerful, courageous and deadly bloodlust, violence, manly courage, and combatant, has a superior sense of civil order. tactics and fights with a cold logic. He Category Cosmic Divine has little regard for life, including the Powers Bestow, lives of his troops who may be Biological Augmentation, Cosmic Bolt, slaughtered as a result of his Divinity, Enhanced Regeneration, Force recklessness or ego. Consequently, the Barrier, Immunity to radiation and warriors under his command follow him vacuum, Sorcery Mastery Rank 1. more out of fear than respect. Sorcery Mastery Combatic, Diabolical, Divine, Dragon, Elemental He will often visit war-torn areas to Fire, Elemental Void, Illusion, Psionic, observe the situation. Frequently, he will Summon, and Translocative Magic. join in the fray with little regard as to who is right, wrong or more deserving Ares, literal meaning of "battle" is one of — he cares only about the fight and the , and the son of winning. Zeus and Hera. He often represents the physical or violent and untamed aspect Ares is obstinate, hateful, quarrelsome, of war, in contrast to his sister the wicked, untrustworthy, jealous of his armoured Athena, whose functions as a fellow gods, and easily offended. goddess of intelligence include military Everything is a confrontation. strategy and generalship. The Greeks were ambivalent toward Ares: although Ares loves to argue, brawl, fight, and he embodied the physical valour kill, as long as he thinks he has the upper necessary for success in war, he was a hand. He always uses deadly force and dangerous force, overwhelming, enjoys using torture to interrogate insatiable in battle, destructive, and man- prisoners. He doesn't like to lose and slaughtering. may break down and run if faced with superior odds. When his team/army His sons Fear (Phobos) and Terror loses, he will blame defeat on those (Deimos) and his lover, or sister, around him. Discord (Enyo) often accompany him. He may also sometims be accompanied If called upon in battle, there is a 5% per by Kydoimos, the demon of the din of level chance that he will send his avatar battle; the Makhai ("Battles"); the to aid the beseecher. His help does not "Hysminai" ("Acts of manslaughter"); come without a price, however. After the Polemos, a minor spirit of war, or only battle, the individual that asked for help an epithet of Ares, since it has no must become a worshiper of Ares — or specific dominion; and Polemos's face Ares himself. Transgressions daughter, Alala, the goddess or against Ares are generally punished by personification of the Greek war-cry, swift death.

34 In Greek mythology, Circe was the Ares has acquired some modern daughter of Helios, the god of the sun, worshippers in various armies around and Perse, an Oceanid. Her brothers the world and is now in a position to put were Aeetes, the keeper of the Golden Project Mars into effect. A project which Fleece, and Perses. Her sister was will lead to global war. Pasiphaë, the wife of King Minos and mother of the Minotaur. Circe is renowned for her vast knowledge of and herbs.

Through the use of magical potions and a wand or a staff, she transforms her enemies, or those who offend her, into animals. Some say she was exiled to the solitary island of Aeaea by her subjects and her father for ending the life of her husband, the prince of Colchis. Later traditions tell of her leaving or even destroying the island and moving to Italy, where she was identified with Cape Circeo.

All of these versions of Circe have retained a set of key features: Circe immortality, stunning physical beauty, a Name used on earth Olympia powerful command over sorcery, a Alignment Chaotic Evil penchant for turning human beings into INT 25 animals (like her mythological STR 40 antecedent), and a delight in humiliation. WIS 25 Circe has been a devoted follower of the CON 50 goddess Hecate for thousands of years. CHA 25 DEX 25 She has lived on the island of Aeaea MR 50 where she became a powerful being in AC 0 both magic and in influence over HPs 600 portions of man's world. Circe wants Apparent age 29 everyone in the universe to bow to her, Sphere Goddess of Magic including her fellow gods. For the Category Cosmic Divine moment she is following Hera's plans. Powers Bestow, But only until she can see a way to get Biological Augmentation, Divinity, the upper hand. Enhanced Regeneration, Force Barrier, Immunity to radiation and vacuum, Sorcery Mastery Rank 3. Sorcery Mastery All

34 Deimos meaning dread, is the personification of terror. He is the son of Ares and Aphrodite. He is the twin brother of Phobos and nephew of the goddess Enyo who accompanied her brother Ares into battle, as well as his father's attendants, Trembling, Fear, Dread and Panic. Deimos is a personification of the sheer terror that is brought by war. He has little imagination or ambitions of his own and is content to follow Ares' schemes.

Deimos Name used on earth Damon Olympia Alignment Chaotic Evil INT 25 STR 50 WIS 25 CON 50 CHA 15 Dionysus DEX 25 Name used on earth Dennis Olympia MR 50 Alignment Chaotic Evil AC 0 INT 25 HPs 750 STR 50 Apparent age 22 WIS 25 Sphere God of terror and CON 50 dread CHA 25 Category Cosmic Divine DEX 25 Powers Bestow, MR 50 Biological Augmentation, Divinity, AC 0 Energy Bonds, Enhanced Regeneration, HPs 600 Force Barrier, Immunity to radiation and Apparent age 42 vacuum, Sorcery Mastery Rank 1 and Sphere God of wine, Telepathic Mastery. parties and festivals, madness, Sorcery Mastery Combatic, civilization, drunkenness and pleasure. Diabolical, Divine, Dragon, Elemental Category Cosmic Divine Void, Faerie, Illusion, Psionic, Tantric, Powers Bestow, and Translocative Magic. Biological Augmentation, Cosmic Bolt, Divinity, Energy Bonds, Enhanced Regeneration, Force Barrier, Immunity

34 to radiation and vacuum, Sorcery minor annoyance. But if someone tries Mastery Rank 1. to inhibit his worshipers fun, or to drive Sorcery Mastery Diabolical, them away, Dionysus is quick to kill. He Divine, Dragon, Elemental Water, also gets a lot of pleasure from watching Faerie, Illusion, Psionic, Summon, drunk people injure and kill themselves. Tantric, and Translocative Magic. The more stupider the way the more funny it is for him. Dionysus has no Dionysus was a demigod that Zeus plans of his own except to get everyone raised to full divine status. Since the new drunk. god's mother had been a mortal Zeus had seduced, Hera was determined to destroy the demigod, but she failed in her attempts and eventually the two were reconciled. He is renowned for travelling around the world and giving people the secrets of wine-making. Besides being the god of wine and festivals, Dionysus is the symbol of fertility and plants in general (after all, hops and grains are used to make alcohol and fermented grapes to make wine).

He also represented the two sides of alcoholic consumption, silly fun induced by the elimination of inhibitions on one hand, and alcohol induced melancholy, Eris recklessness and violence on the other. Name used on earth Erin Olympia Dionysus is typically an easy going deity Alignment Chaotic Evil when sober, which is almost never. INT 18 When drunk he can be as ruthless and STR 50 cruel as the other Olympians, which is WIS 17 most of the time. Once, when a city CON 50 refused to accept him as a god, he drove CHA 25 all its women insane. On another DEX 25 occasion, he was captured by pirates and MR 50 he turned the crew into dolphins. He is AC 0 well liked by most because his love for a HPs 600 good time is contagious and he can cheer Apparent age 18 up even the taciturn Hephaestus or the Sphere Goddess of chaos, violent Ares. On one hand, he is the strife and discord. embodiment of joy, pleasure, and Category Cosmic Divine camaraderie. On the other, he embodies Powers Bestow, brutality, idiocy, and madness. Biological Augmentation, Cosmic Bolt, Divinity, Energy Bonds, Enhanced If left alone, he and his boisterous Regeneration, Force Barrier, Immunity worshipers are usually no more than a

34 to radiation and vacuum, Sorcery CON 50 Mastery Rank 1. CHA 18 Sorcery Mastery Chaotic, DEX 25 Diabolical, Divine, Dragon, Elemental MR 50 Void, Faerie, Illusion, Psionic, Tantric, AC 0 and Translocative Magic. HPs 850 Apparent age 35 Eris is the daimon of the strife of war, Sphere King of the who haunts the battlefield and delights in Underworld and god of death, the dead, human bloodshed. Because of Eris' and the hidden wealth of the Earth. disagreeable nature she was the only Category Cosmic Divine goddess not to be invited to the wedding Powers Bestow, of Peleus and Thetis. When she turned Biological Augmentation, Cosmic Bolt, up anyway, she was refused admittance Divinity, Energy Bonds, Enhanced and, in a rage, threw a golden apple Regeneration, Force Barrier, Immunity amongst the goddesses inscribed "To the to radiation and vacuum, Sorcery fairest." Three goddesses laid claim it, Mastery Rank 1. and in their rivalry brought about the Sorcery Mastery Combatic, events which led to the Trojan War. Eris Diabolical, Divine, Dragon, Elemental has an insatiable desire for bloodshed. Void, Illusion, Psionic, Summon, Even after all the other gods have Necromantic, and Translocative Magic. withdrawn from battle, she remains, rejoicing over the slaughter. Like Hades is Zeus' brother. After the defeat Deimos she is happy to follow Ares' lead of the Titans, Zeus divided the world so long as it involves mayhem. into three areas of influence, with Hades taking the underground realms and the abodes of the dead. He rules his transdimensional realm where many enemies of the gods are imprisoned and punished for eons. Hades has devised a number of terrible tortures for beings the gods wanted punished.

Most punishments were eternally repetitive, happening to the victim over and over again. In this realm is also the Inter-dimensional Prison of Tartarus, where the Titans are imprisoned for all eternity.

Hades Hades' realm has borders with many Name used on earth Harold Olympia demonic kingdoms. As a result, he has to Alignment Chaotic Evil be constantly on guard against raids and INT 18 attacks. The realm of Hades is also full STR 50 of treasure, both in material wealth and WIS 18 magical items. However, Hades' power

34 is so incredible in his realm that few demons and godlings dare to challenge him openly.

Instead, the most foolhardy and brave try to sneak in and steal items of value or retrieve prisoners, but most of these endeavours have ended disastrously. Hades rarely leaves his kingdom though sometimes he will personally go out to capture somebody Zeus wishes punished, especially if the target is very powerful (ie a god or dragon), but most of the time he sends his minions.

Cold-hearted and grim, Hades is immune to most pleas for mercy. He considers his duty as jailor and torturer to be sacred, and is proud of the fact that those who enter his realm never leave (with only a few exceptions). Hephaestus The right to restore life to the dead Name used on earth Herod Olympia belongs to him alone, and he guards it Alignment Chaotic Evil jealously. He wears a helmet which can INT 25 render him invisible at will. In his true STR 50 form, he is a large, dark-skinned man WIS 25 with fiery eyes. Hades welcomes Hera's CON 50 plan to kill most of the life on earth. This CHA 13 means more souls for his realm. DEX 25 MR 50 AC 0 HPs 850 Apparent age 48 Sphere Crippled god of fire, metalworking, stonemasonry, sculpture and volcanism. He is the smith of the gods. Category Cosmic Divine Powers Bestow, Biological Augmentation, Divinity, Enhanced Regeneration, Immunity to radiation and vacuum, Molecular Manipulation and Sorcery Mastery Rank 3. Sorcery Mastery All

34 This talented god was the god of fire as well as the blacksmith of the gods. He was incredibly talented, but he had the disgrace of being born ugly and crippled. Hera, his mother, was so disgusted she cast him out of Olympia and crashing to Earth from a great height. His godlike constitution saved his life. The infant grew up under the care of two Titans who had been spared by the Olympians.

From them he learned the arts of metalcraft superior to those of the fabled Cyclops. One day, Hera received a mysterious gift, a wonderful golden throne. When the goddess sat on it, however, physical manacles and mystical spells of binding appeared out of nowhere and trapped her. No spell or Hera attempted teleport could release her. She Name used on earth June Olympia was at the mercy of the son she had so Alignment Chaotic Evil callously discarded. INT 25 STR 50 Only Dionysus was able to convince WIS 25 Hephaestus to come to Olympia and CON 50 release his mother (this convincing was CHA 25 made easier after the god of wine got DEX 25 Hephaestus drunk). This event ended MR 50 with an extraordinary climax, Hera AC 0 actually apologized for her cruelty. HPs 850 Hephaestus continues to broaden his Apparent age 40 knowledge of the crafts, and is up to date Sphere Queen of the with cutting edge modern technology. Greek Gods. Goddess of Marriage, He enjoys making machines of war for Women, Childbirth, Family and Ares and his followers and then Vengeance watching them in use. Category Cosmic Divine Powers Bestow, Biological Augmentation, Cosmic Bolt, Divinity, Energy Bonds, Enhanced Regeneration, Force Barrier, Immunity to radiation and vacuum, Sorcery Mastery Rank 1. Sorcery Mastery Combatic, Diabolical, Divine, Dragon, Elemental Void, Illusion, Psionic, Summon, Tantric, and Translocative Magic.

34 Hera is the wife and one of three sisters of Zeus in the Olympian pantheon of Greek mythology and religion. Her chief function is as the goddess of women and marriage. The cow, lion and the peacock were considered sacred to her. Hera's mother is Rhea and her father Cronus. Portrayed as majestic and solemn, often enthroned, and crowned with the polos (a high cylindrical crown worn by several of the Great Goddesses), Hera may bear a pomegranate in her hand, emblem of fertile blood and death and a substitute for the narcotic capsule of the opium poppy.

Hera was known for her jealous and vengeful nature against Zeus's lovers and offspring, but also against mortals who crossed her, such as Pelias. Paris also Phobeton earned Hera's hatred by choosing Name used on earth Peter Olympia Aphrodite as the most beautiful goddess. Alignment Chaotic Evil Hera is vain, shallow, inhumanly self- INT 25 centred, mean spirited, vengeful, STR 50 conniving and manipulative. WIS 25 CON 50 She has little interest in anybody's CHA 13 problems but her own. The infidelities of DEX 25 Zeus caused her to commit many crimes MR 50 against mortals and demigods. Unable or AC 0 unwilling to confront Zeus, she took out HPs 800 her frustrations on his lovers and their Apparent age 45 children. Despite her title of "Defender Sphere God of panic fear, of Women," this goddess cares little flight and battlefield rout about mortals and is more concerned Category Cosmic Divine with avenging any insults to her name, Powers Bestow, real or imagined. She believes Biological Augmentation, Divinity, incorrectly that the proliferation of Energy Bonds, Enhanced Regeneration, metahumans on earth is due to Zeus' Force Barrier, Immunity to radiation and fornications and has decided to eliminate vacuum, Sorcery Mastery Rank 1 and all of them. Telepathic Mastery. Sorcery Mastery Combatic, Diabolical, Divine, Dragon, Elemental Void, Illusion, Psionic, Summon, Translocative and Urbana Magic.

34 Phobos is the personification of fear to radiation and vacuum, Sorcery brought by war in Greek mythology. He Mastery Rank 1. is the offspring of Aphrodite and Ares. Sorcery Mastery Combatic, He was known for accompanying Ares Diabolical, Divine, Dragon, Elemental into battle along with the ancient war Air, Elemental Earth, Elemental Water, goddess Enyo, the goddess of discord Psionic, and Translocative Magic. Eris (both sisters of Ares), and Phobos' twin brother Deimos (terror). The word Poseidon is Zeus' brother and is "phobia" derives from phobos. He has worshipped by seafaring people and no ambitions of his own and is content to traders. From his point of view, he is his follow Ares' schemes. brother's equal partner and co-ruler of Olympia. Without question, he is one of the most powerful deities of the Olympia pantheon, with great control over air, water and earth. He resents the fact that Zeus rules supreme over all the gods, including him, and has joined with Hera solely to gain her aid in overthrowing him. So long as no sea life is harmed he cares nothing for what Hera does to the land inhabitants.

Poseidon Name used on earth Proctor Olympia Alignment Chaotic Evil INT 18 STR 50 WIS 17 CON 50 CHA 15 DEX 25 MR 50 AC 0 HPs 850 Apparent age 55 Sphere God of the sea, rivers, floods, droughts, earthquakes and horses; known as the "Earth Shaker" or "Storm Bringer". Category Cosmic Divine Powers Bestow, Biological Augmentation, Cosmic Bolt, Divinity, Energy Bonds, Enhanced Regeneration, Force Barrier, Immunity

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