History Timelines

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History Overview CC Banner B This handbook begins by giving students a historian’s perspective on the history of istorians study how people lived in the past. the world, along with some basic dating History and Prehistory HThey might examine their tools, weapons, jewelry, methods and periodization timelines. It You might think of history as everything and building sites, but they rely mainly on written also offers a continent-by-continent chro- that has ever happened. For historians, records. For this reason, we say that history began nology of major events, again in timeline however, history began around 5,000 form. The remaining pages explore years ago with the appearance of writing when writing began. conquest, conflict, and cooperation in two civilizations—Sumer and Egypt. History is a changing story. A historian living at the Everything before that is prehistory. through tables, lists, and a map. time of an event may write what seems like a valid Test Preparation description, but a historian writing 100 years later may describe the same event another way entirely. ■ Timeline Quiz Ask students to prepare This is because different generations have different a list of five multiple-choice questions that test the skill of reading timelines. perspectives on, or ways of looking at, history. In They should base their questions on the addition, as time passes, new evidence may appear to timelines in this handbook. Have pairs alter the interpretation of an event. of students take each other’s test. ■ Essay Point out the definitions of Major Eras in World History Prehistory3000 B.C. History imperialism, colonialism, nationalism, Historians attempt to make sense of vast stretches of history by and revolution in the student text. Have Writing systems appear in Sumer dividing them into periods. This periodization makes it easier to students consider how imperialism or (above) and in Egypt c. 3000 B.C.* discuss a group of events by relating them to a broader theme. colonialism might lead to nationalism * The c. before the date is Latin for circa, and revolution. Ask them to write an meaning “around” or “approximately.” essay exploring the cause-and-effect relationships among these concepts. Stone Age Iron Age Encourage students to use the tables 2 million B.C. – 3000 B.C. 1200 B.C. – A.D.1000 titled Selected Empires in World Technology Periodization 2 million B.C.10,000 B.C. 5000 B.C. B.C./A.D. History and Selected Conflicts in World This model of periodization History for examples that fit the points divides history according to Agricultural Age Bronze Age they are making in their essays. the technology that drove 9000 B.C. – A.D.1800 3300 B.C. – 700 B.C. economic progress.

Ancient World 4000 B.C. – 1000 B.C.

Western Periodization 2 million B.C.10,000 B.C. 5000 B.C. B.C./A.D. This model of periodization reflects a European perspective. Classical Period Classical generally refers to the 1000 B.C. – A.D. 400 Greek and Roman civilizations. Middle Ages refers to Europe between the fall of Rome and Classical Era Spread of Monotheism A.D. the Renaissance. 1000 B.C. – 400 B.C. 1 – 750

Global Periodization 2 million B.C.10,000 B.C. 5000 B.C. B.C./A.D. This model of periodization reflects a more global Ancient Civilizations Great Empires perspective. 4000 B.C. – 1000 B.C. 400 B.C. – A.D.400

Bibliography

For the Teacher For the Student Diamond, Jared. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates Brewer, Paul. Warfare in the Ancient World. Raintree of Human Societies. Norton, 1999. Steck-Vaughan, 1999. Kohn, George Childs. Dictionary of Historic Corrick, James A. The Industrial Revolution. Lucent, Documents, rev. ed. Facts On File, 2003. 1998. Roberts, J. M. Ancient History: From the First Williams, Brian. The Modern World: From the French Civilizations to the Renaissance. Duncan Baird, Revolution to the Computer Age. Bedrick, 1994. 2004.

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Analyzing the Visuals ■ Have students look at the visual that shows the split between history and Your textbook is divided this way, into units. Each unit deals prehistory. Ask Are events that with a period, or era, in world history. There are endless ways to occurred in 5000 B.C. considered categorize the past, depending on one’s point of view. The time- prehistory or history? (prehistory) lines below show three different examples of periodization. Why? (because the appearance of writing determines the point at which Decades, Centuries, and Millenniums history begins, and 5000 B.C. is 2,000 Most nations today use a standard calendar that dates events years before the first appearance of from the believed birth of Jesus. For dates preceding his birth, writing) this calendar uses the abbreviation B.C. (“before Christ”). For ■ Then point out the timeline on this page dates after his birth, it uses A.D. (anno Domini, Latin for “in the year of our Lord”). An alternative version of this calendar uses the that illustrates decades and centuries abbreviations B.C.E. and C.E., meaning “Before the Common Era” and the shift from B.C. to A.D. Ask What and “Common Era.” is one year that occurred during the seventeenth century? (any of the

History 1600s—technically, 1601–1700) Point B.C. 1 B.C./A.D. 1 A.D. 100 A.D. 200 A.D. 300 A.D. 400 out that there is no year zero, because the shift from B.C. to A.D. is set at the Decade = 10 Years Century = 100 Years estimated point of Jesus’ birth, not the 10 Centuries = 1000 years = 1 millennium entire year of his birth. The year What we call the “Third Century” preceding that point is 1 B.C. The year is the 200s, just as the “Twentieth Century” following that point is A.D. 1. is the 1900s. ■ Finally, discuss the timelines that represent three models of periodization. Industrial Age Ask What era are we living in today, 1760 – 1950 according to the technology model of periodization? (the Information A.D. 300 A.D. 600 A.D. 900 A.D. 1200 A.D. 1500 A.D. 1800 A.D. 2100 Age) Why do you think the Indus- Information Age trial Revolution is referenced in 1950 – present both the technological and global models of periodization? (because it had both technological and global Middle Ages consequences) A.D. 400 – A.D.1300

A.D. 300 A.D. 600 A.D. 900 A.D. 1200 A.D. 1500 A.D. 1800 A.D. 2100

Modern Era A.D.1300 – present

Muslim Reason, Industry, Expansion and Revolution Postwar World 1250 – 1500 1700 – 1880 1950 – present

A.D. 300 A.D. 600 A.D. 900 A.D. 1200 A.D. 1500 A.D. 1800 A.D. 2100

Shifting centers of power European Age of Arts, Imperialism 400 – 900 Conflict, and Conquest and World Wars 1350 – 1700 1880 – 1950

Solutions for All Learners

L4 Advanced Readers L4 Gifted and Talented

To extend students’ understanding of the far-reaching from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age. They should effects of technology, refer them to the Technology determine how the new tools changed the way people Periodization timeline. Point out that each new age did work and how these changes affected civilization. represented, at least in part, a shift in the quality of Have students present their findings to the class. tools and a related advance in civilization. Ask stu- dents to research one of these shifts, for example,

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History Analyzing the Visuals ■ Point out the timelines on these two World Regional Timelines pages. Be sure students know the meaning of the turning point symbol. Menes unites Bantu migrations begin Romans destroy Islam spreads to Ghana controls trans- Ask What events shown on these Egypt 2000 B.C. Carthage North Africa Saharan gold-salt trade timelines took place within 50 3100 B.C. 146 B.C. A.D. 600s A.D. 800s years of the date Columbus Africa 5000 B.C. 3000 B.C. B.C./A.D. A.D. 300 A.D. 600 A.D. 900 reached the Caribbean? (Height of Great Pyramid and Sphinx Ironworking flourishes at Axum converts to East Africa trading Aztec empire, Ottoman Turks conquer at Giza, in Egypt Meroë, on the Nile River Christianity cities prosper Constantinople, Gutenberg Bible 2550 B.C. 500 B.C. A.D. 350 A.D. 1000 printed, Sonni Ali founds Songhai, Atlantic slave trade grows) Which, if any, of these events can you Rise of Greek city-states connect to Columbus’s voyage? 700s B.C. (Columbus, who sailed for Spain, can be Europe 5000 B.C. 3000 B.C. B.C./A.D. A.D. 300 A.D. 600 A.D. 900 connected to the Aztecs, who reached Western Roman empire falls their height around the same time that A.D. 476 the Spanish conquered them. He can also be connected to the slave trade, which the Spanish initiated.)

■ Now have students look at the line Sumerian city-states thrive Persian empire created Buddhism introduced to Japan graph on this page. Ask What is the 3200 B.C. 539 B.C. 500s approximate population of the Asia 5000 B.C.3000 B.C. B.C./A.D. A.D. 300 A.D. 600 A.D. 900 world today? (between 6 and 7 billion) Indus Valley civilization Gupta Golden Age Muhammad’s Hijira from What is the trend you see in the develops begins in India Mecca to Medina graph up to the year A.D. 1000? (very 2500 B.C. A.D. 320 622 slow but steady growth of population) What is the trend since around A.D. 1700? (sharply faster growth of the Cultivation of maize and cotton Hopewell culture flourishes Mississippian civilization thrives population) What would need to 3200 B.C. A.D. 200s 800s happen to sharply change the The 5000 B.C. 3000 B.C. B.C./A.D. A.D. 300 A.D. 600 A.D. 900 modern trend? (much lower birth Americas rates or higher death rates) Rise of Olmec civilization Height of Maya civilization 1400 B.C. 500s

Turning point: a decisive moment in world history that triggers a major social, political, economic, or cultural transformation.

World Population Growth Graph Skills As the graph shows, the world’s 7 population gradually rose 6 over many centuries, until 5 it shot up suddenly, 4 starting in the 1700s. 3 Improvements in agri- 2 culture, greater control of 1 disease, and the shift from manual labor to Population (in billions) Population 0 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 A.D. 1 1000 2000 machines all helped to B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. increase the population. Year

History Background

Population Growth The population of the world twelve years later 6 billion (1999). Today, the did not reach 1 billion through all of human history two most populous countries are India, with until A.D. 1800. The population rose to 2 billion just 1.3 billion people, and China, with 1.1 billion 130 years later, in 1930. Thirty years after that, it people. The population of the United States is reached 3 billion (1960); fourteen years after that 4 a distant third, at 302 million. billion (1974); thirteen years later 5 billion (1987); and

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Analyzing the Visuals Point out the picture of the Parthenon. Tell students that this ancient Greek Height of Atlantic slave Berlin Conference Italy invades Apartheid becomes temple sat high on a hill overlooking Empire of Mali trade grows carves up Africa Ethiopia law in South Africa the marketplace of Athens. Ask What A.D. 1250 1500s 1884 1935 1948 architectural element strikes 1200 A.D. 1500 A.D. 1800 A.D. 2100 A.D. you first when you look at the Great Zimbabwe Sonni Ali Boers begin Mandela wins first multiracial Parthenon? (The columns are constructed founds Songhai Great Trek Suez Canal opens election in South Africa distinctive, as is the triangular roofline.) A.D. 1250 1460s 1830s 1869 1994 What can you guess about Athenian society based on this structure? English Magna Renaissance Gutenberg Industrial Revolution Italy World War I World War II Berlin Wall (Sample: They were wealthy and had Carta accepted begins in Italy Bible printed begins in Britain unified begins begins falls sophisticated artistic taste.) 1914 A.D. 1215 mid-1300s 1456 1760 1870 1939 1989 A.D. 1200 A.D. 1500 A.D. 1800 A.D. 2100 Ottoman Turks conquer French Revolution Germany Russian Breakup of Constantinople begins unified Revolution Soviet Union History A.D. 1453 1789 1871 1917 1991

Boxer Uprising Voyages of Zheng He Sepoy Rebellion People’s Republic of China established Revolution in China for China in India 1949 in Iran 1900 1405–1433 1857 1979 A.D. 1200 A.D. 1500 A.D. 1800 A.D. 2100 Tokugawas gain Cultural Revolution War in Meiji Restoration begins in Japan power in Japan Civil war in China in China Iraq 1868 1600 1911 1966 2003

Panama Bolívar Perón becomes Cuban Height of Mexican Canal Inca empire British found captures president of Missile Aztec empire Revolution begins opens founded Jamestown Bogotá Argentina Crisis 1500 1910 1914 1438 1607 1819 1946 1962 A.D. 1200 A.D. 1500 A.D. 1800 A.D. 2100

Columbus reaches Canada, Terrorists American Act of Union unites Canada the Caribbean Revolution begins United States, and attack U.S. 1840 Spanish-American War 1492 1775 Mexico sign NAFTA on 9/11 1898 1993 2001

The Parthenon, Athens, Greece

History Background

The Parthenon The Athenian leader Pericles of Athens, the Parthenon became a mosque, with a ordered the building of the Parthenon, dedicated to minaret built into one corner. During a battle between the goddess Athena Parthenos, in the mid-400s B.C. the Turks and an army from Venice, munitions stored Colorful sculptures adorned the white marble build- in the Parthenon exploded, damaging the central part ing, which is 101 feet wide and 228 feet long. The Par- of the structure. After 1800, many sculptures, includ- thenon stood largely as built for some 800 years until, ing the famed Elgin marbles, were removed to muse- in the mid-400s A.D., it was turned into a Christian ums and other locations in Britain, France, Denmark, church. In 1460, after the Ottoman Turks took control and elsewhere.

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History Analyzing the Visuals Flag of Giovine ■ Point out the picture of Columbus Italia, 1833 landing in the Americas. Ask students to draw on their existing knowledge and ask What are the occupations of the men pictured here? (military men Imperialism, Colonialism, Nationalism, Conquest and one religious figure) How can you and Revolution and Empire Imperialism Colonialism tell this? (The soldiers carry swords An empire is a group of states or territories controlled and a rifle; the priest is dressed in A policy of pursuing, often A policy of politically by one ruler. Empires often form in a haphazard way. religious clothing, carries a cross, and through conquest, the dominating a dependent economic and political territory or people. For example, a small state with a strong army success- has a cross on his belt.) What does the domination of fully defends itself against one neighboring state after combination of military and another state. another and incorporates their lands. Or at some religious figures suggest about point, an able ruler aggressively seeks more territory. these men? (They are prepared to Over time, the state expands into an empire. A strong Nationalism military and able leadership are two factors that go defend themselves or take military A strong feeling of pride in, or devotion to, one’s nation. action, and they have strong religious into creating an empire. However, successful empires convictions.) What does it suggest also must develop a government system that can about what their conquest will be Revolution maintain control of conquered peoples. like? (They will use force to subdue the The overthrow of a government from within. inhabitants of the Americas; they will try to convert the inhabitants to Christianity.) Tell students that this Selected Empires in World History painting depicts the start of an empire. Conquests Time Span Location Have them look at the table above the Roman 509 B.C.–A.D. 180 Mediterranean region, Western Europe, Britain picture to determine which empire Arab Muslim A.D. 624–750 Southwest Asia, North Africa, Spain started with Columbus. (the Spanish Mongol 1206–1294 China, Central Asia, Eastern Europe empire) Ottoman 1299–1566 Southwest Asia, North Africa, Balkans, Eastern Europe First Landing of Columbus by ■ Point out the definition of nationalism Frederick Kemmelmeyer Spanish 1492–1560 Mexico, Central America, South America, Cuba, Florida given in the chart at the top left of this page. Then direct students’ attention to the flag at the top right. Tell students that this is the flag of Giovine Italia, or Young Italy, a group founded by the Italian nationalist Giuseppe Mazzini with the goal of freeing their homeland from the Italian princes and Austrians who controlled Italy. Encourage students to try to translate the Italian slogan on the flag, based on similar English words. (“Union, Power, and Liberty!!”)

Solutions for All Learners

L1 Special Needs L2 Less Proficient Readers L2 English Language Learners

To help students distinguish the different types of board. Have students look up these terms in a dictio- states, begin by writing the word state on the board. nary to see that they are specific forms of the more Tell them that a state is a group of people living in a general term state. Then ask students what term would particular area of land under the same government. fit this meaning: “A powerful state that extends its Then write city-state and nation-state or nation on the political control over a group of other states.” (empire)

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Analyzing the Visuals Point out the French revolutionary on this page. Have students use the table on Major Conflicts in World History this same page to find information about This table shows selected major wars and conquests. Hundreds the French Revolution. Ask Did the of other conflicts, large and small, have occurred throughout his- French Revolution occur before or tory. The cause of a conflict may be as simple as “I want what after the American Revolution? you have.” For example, the basic need for food—and the land to (after) Would you say that France or grow it on—has been a prime cause of war. But most of the time, French fighters have participated in the reasons for wars are more complex. They can involve inter- a significant way or in a minor way twining economic, political, religious, and cultural forces. in the major conflicts of world history? (Students should consider that besides the conflicts located in France or in which France is a named combatant, the French also participated in the Crusades and in World War II, as well as A sans-culotte figure from the c in the precursor to the Vietnam War, Fren h Revolutionary period History known as the First Indochina War.)

Selected Conflicts in World History Conflict Time Span Location Combatants

Persian Wars 499–448 B.C. Greece Greeks vs. Persians Peloponnesian War 431–404 B.C. Greece Athens vs. Sparta Punic Wars 264–146 B.C. Mediterranean Rome vs. Carthage region Crusades A.D. 1096–1291 Southwest Asia Christians vs. Muslims Hundred Years’ War 1337–1443 France England vs. France Wars of King Philip II 1571–1588 Europe Spain vs. Dutch Netherlands; Spain vs. England Thirty Years’ War 1618–1648 Central Europe Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Poland, and others vs. Netherlands, (German states) Sweden, France, and others English Civil War 1642–1649 England Parliament (Roundheads) vs. Charles I and supporters (Cavaliers) Seven Years’ War (includes 1756–1763 Europe; North Austria, Russia, and France vs. Prussia and Britain; Britain and its French and Indian War) America; India American colonies vs. France and its Native American allies; Britain vs. France American Revolution 1775–1783 North America Britain vs. its American colonies French Revolution 1789–1799 France Reformers (mainly middle class and peasants) vs. Louis XVI and supporters (mainly nobles and clergy) Napoleonic Wars (end of 1799–1815 Europe France vs. combined European powers the French Revolution) Latin American Wars of 1802–1824 Latin America Colonies in Latin America vs. France and Spain Independence American Civil War 1860–1865 United States North (Unionists) vs. South (Secessionists) World War I 1914–1918 Europe (mainly Allied powers vs. Central powers France and Russia) World War II 1939–1945 North Africa, Allies vs. Axis powers Europe, East Asia, Pacific Islands Korean War 1950–1953 Korea North Korea and China vs. South Korea and United States Vietnam War 1959–1975 Vietnam North Vietnam vs. South Vietnam and the United States

History Background

Warfare Warfare is probably as old as humankind. ended with pairs of soldiers fighting each other face to The earliest wars involved hand-to-hand combat— face. In today’s world of high-flying bombers, helicopter grisly, painful, and horrifying for the combatants. gunships, and assault rifles, enemy forces rarely engage Weapons included clubs, axes, spears, and, later, in close combat. Nevertheless, warfare remains grisly, swords. The bow and arrow changed the tactics of war- painful, and horrifying—not only for the combatants fare somewhat by giving armies the ability to fight from but also for the innocent civilians who so often get a distance. Gunpowder, too, allowed troops to fire at caught in the crossfire. each other across an open space. Still, most battles

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History Analyzing the Visuals ■ Direct students’ attention to the map on these pages. Ask Which of these regional organizations encompass Regional Organizations nearly an entire continent? (the North American Free Trade Agreement, Through treaties, nations with common regional interests often work together to improve themselves politically, economically, the African Union, Southern Common and socially. Market, and the European Union) Point out the asterisks and the footnote. Then ask What is the main purpose of most of these organizations? (economic development through free

trade) Which of these organizations * European Union (EU) Promotes regional Arctic Ocean are you most familiar with, and prosperity, peace, and why? (Students should be familiar with security through economic and political cooperation NAFTA, because it includes the United States. Students should also recognize 60° N the European Union, a fairly new NORTH EUROPE organization that is growing and is the AMERICA * North American Free Trade subject of ongoing news reports. They Agreement (NAFTA) Calls for the elimination of might also be familiar with the tariffs and other barriers Commonwealth of Independent States, to trade among members * Caribbean Community and because it emerged from the fall of the 30° N Common Market (CARICOM) Promotes regional unity and Soviet Union—an event of great economic competitiveness significance in modern history.) AFRICA ■ ·Make clear to students that many other Pacific international organizations exist, Ocean including those listed in the box on the next page. Ask students what they know about the United Nations, beyond the information provided here. Briefly * Andean Community Encourages social and economic SOUTH Atlantic cooperation among members discuss the importance of using AMERICA Ocean cooperation to achieve world peace.

N

30° S W E

S Southern Common Market (Mercosur) Calls for the elimination of regional Robinson Projection trade barriers and establishes protective 01000 2000 mi tariffs on imports from nonmembers 01000 2000 km

60° W 60° S 150° W 120° W 90° W30° W 0° 30° E

ANTARCTICA

History Background

European Union The European Union (EU) is but Community (EEC) to establish a free trade zone the latest form taken by an organization that was among its member states. In 1967, the ECSC, the EEC, launched by six nations in 1952 as the European Coal and Euratom combined to form the European Com- and Steel Community (ECSC). The six nations— munities (EC), which several other European nations France, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, joined. Further European integration came about in Luxembourg, and Italy—aimed to eliminate tariffs 1991, when a treaty created the EU, with 12 member and quotas on coal and steel within the ECSC. In states, a number that had swelled to 27 by 2007. 1957, these nations formed the European Economic

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International Organizations These organizations promote cooper- ation across regions: • Arab League • International Monetary Fund (IMF) • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) • Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) • Organization of American States (OAS) • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Encourages regional economic cooperation and the • United Nations (UN) coordination of foreign and immigration policies

• World Trade Organization (WTO) History

ASIA The United Nations Of all the organizations in the world, the UN stands out as the main coordinator * South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) of international activities. With the sup- Provides a platform for working together to accelerate economic port of its 191 member nations, the UN and social development plays a vital, ongoing role in keeping the peace, fighting disease, promoting eco- nomic development, and providing humanitarian aid. Pacific Ocean

Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Promotes regional International aid poured into Indonesia unity through coordination of following the December 2004 tsunami. economic and Here an American navy pilot delivers defense policies supplies from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Indian an independent federal agency. Ocean AUSTRALIA

* Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) African Union (formerly Seeks to advance economic Organization of African Unity) cooperation, trade, and joint Promotes unity, democracy, research and to promote peace and economic development and security in the region among member states

90° E 120° E 150° E

*Free trade zone

History Background

United Nations The United Nations celebrated its unwillingness in the 1930s to stand up against Ger- sixtieth anniversary on October 24, 2005. Since its man, Italian, and Japanese aggression, which led to founding at the close of World War II, the UN has World War II. Countries lost faith in the value of the expanded greatly but has maintained one goal above League, but not in its principles. Franklin Roosevelt all others: to promote peace in the world. The prede- and Winston Churchill reaffirmed those principles in cessor to the UN was the League of Nations, formed the Atlantic Charter. In 1941, this document paved the after World War I with the intention of preventing way for a new organization, known as the UN, that another major war. The League’s fatal flaw was its would promote peace and cooperation.

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