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A Soaring Spirit : Timeframe, 600-400 BC

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A Soaring Spirit : Timeframe, 600-400 BC TimeFram e 600-400 BC A SOARING 3 P I The Fearsome Celts Persia at the Crest Buddha's Message The Hellenic Unfolding Dawn of the Romans The Way of Confucius A SOARING SPIRIT TimeFrame 600-400 BC EUROPE: ROMANS AND CELTS GREECE TimeFravne 600 400 BC THE PERSIAN EMPIRE ~-J^- _r Other Publications: AMERICAN COUNTRY VOYAGE THROUGH THE UNIVERSE THE THIRD REICH THE TIME-LIFE GARDENER'S GUIDE MYSTERIES OF THE UNKNOWN FIX IT YOURSELF FITNESS, HEALTH & NUTRITION SUCCESSFUL PARENTING HEALTHY HOME COOKING UNDERSTANDING COMPUTERS LIBRARY OF NATIONS THE ENCHANTED WORLD THE KODAK LIBRARY OF CREATIVE PHOTOGRAPHY GREAT MEALS IN MINUTES THE CIVIL WAR PLANET EARTH COLLECTOR'S LIBRARY OF THE CIVIL WAR THE EPIC OF FLIGHT THE GOOD COOK WORLD WAR II HOME REPAIR AND IMPROVEMENT THE OLD WEST For information on and a lull description of any of the Time-Life Books series listed above, please call 1-800-621-7026 or write: Reader Information Time-Life Customer Service P.O. Box C-32068 Richmond, Virginia 23261-2068 This volume is one in a series that tells the story of humankind. Other books in the series include: The Age of God-Kings Barbarian Tides A SOARING SPIRIT TimeFrame 600-400 BC BY THE EDITORS OF TIME-LIFE BOOKS TIME-LIFE BOOKS, ALEXANDRIA. VIRGINIA Time-Lite Books Inc. TIME FRAME Cataloging i is a wholly owned subsidiary of SERIES DIRECTOR: Henry Woodhead TIME INCORPORATED Series Administrator: A Soaring spirit. Philip Brandt George FOUNDER: Henry R Luce 1898-1 967 Bibliography p Includes index. Editorial Staff tor A Soaring Spirit 1 . History, Ancient. I, T.me-Liie Books. Edilor-in-Chief: Henry Anatole Crunwald Designer: Dale Pollekoff D57.S69 1987 930 87-18018 Chairman and Chief Executive Officer: Associate Editors: Jim Hicks (text), Robin ISBN 0-8094-6408-X J. Richard Munro Richman (pictures) ISBN 0-8094 -6409-8 [lib. bdg.l President and Chief Operating Officer: Writers; Stephen G. Hyslop, Ray Jones, c 1987 Time-Lite N.J. Nicholas Jr. Brian C Pohanka, David S. Thomson Books Inc All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any Chairman of the Executive Committee: Researchers: Patti Cass, Barbara Sause, form or by any electronic or mechanical means, Ralph P Davidson Trudy Pearson, Connie Strawbridge including information storage and retrieval de- Corporate Editor: Ray Cave (pictures) vices or systems, without prior written permission Executive Vice President, Books: Assistant Designer: Alan Pitts from Ihe publisher, except thai brief passages Kelso F. Sutton Copy Coordinator: Vivian Noble may be quoted lor reviews. Vice President, Books: George Artandi Picture Coordinator: Renee DeSandies Second printing. Printed in U.S.A. Editorial Assistant. Patricia D. Whiteford Published simultaneously in Canada. TIME-LIFE BOOKS INC. School and library distribution by Silver Burdett Company, Mornslown, New )ersey 07960. EDITOR; George Constable Special Contributors: Ronald H. Bailey, Brian McGinn, Charles Phillips, Bryce Executive Editor : Ellen Phillips TIME-LIFE is a trademark of Time Incorporated Walker (text), Director of Design; Louis Klein Cathy Sharpe Cooke, Ann- Louise Director of Editorial Resources G Gates, Oobie Gleysteen Time-Lite Books Inc. offers wide range fir Phyllis K.Wise a of recordings, including a Rock n' Roll Era sene Editorial Board: Russell B. Adams Jr., Dale CONSULTANTS For subscription information, call 1-800-621- M. Brown, Roberta Conlan, Thomas 7026 or write Time-Life Music, P.O. Box H Flaherty, Lee Hassig, Donia Ann Steele, China: C-32068, Richmond, Virginia 23261-2068. Rosalind Stubenberg, Kit van Tulleken, YAN WEN MING, Vice Chairman, De- Henry Woodhead partment of Archaeology, Beijing Univer Director of Photography and Research: sity, Beijing John Conrad Weiser Europe: PRESIDENT; Christopher T. Linen LAWRENCE OKAMURA, Assistant Pro- Chief Operating Officer. John M. Fahey Jr fessor of Ancient History, University of Senior Vice President: James L. Mercer Missouri, Columbia, Missouri Wee Presidents: Stephen L. Bair, Ralph | Cuomo, Neal Goff, Stephen Greece: L. Goldstein, (uanita T James, Hallett JOSIAH OBER, Professor of History, Uni lohnson III, Carol Kaplan, Susan versity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michiga I. Maruyama, Robert H Smith, Paul R.Stewart, Joseph J Ward JOHN CAMP, Andrew W. Mellon Pro- Director of Production Services. fessor of Classical Studies, American Robert |. Passantino School of Classical Studies, Athens Editorial Operations Copy Chief. Diane Ullius Production: Celia Beattie JOHN M. MANSFIELD, Department of Quality Control: James). Cox (director) Classics, Goldwin Smith Hall, Cornell Library. Louise D. Forstall University, Ithaca, New York Correspondents: Elisabeth Kraemer-Singh India: (Bonn); Maria Vincenza Alois! (Paris); Ann GREGORY POSSEHL, University Natanson (Rome!. Valuable assistance of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia was also provided by: Mirka Gondicas (Athens); Philip Cunningham, Jaime Persia: A. Florcruz, Jane Zhang (Beijing); DAVID F. GRAF, Assistant Caroline Alcock, Caroline Lucas, Professor of History, University of Christine Hinze, Linda Proud (London); Miami, Coral Ga- bles, Florida Josephine du Brusle iParis); Elizabeth Brown, Christina Lieberman (New York); STEVEN W. H1RSCH, Associate Professor Ann Wise (Rome); Traudl Lessing of Classics and History, Tufts University, (Vienna). Medford, Massachusetts KATHRYN GLEASON, Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia FRIEDR1CH KREFTER, former assistant director of the first scientific expedition excavating Persepolis, Bad Honnef, Fed- eral Republic of Germany CONTENTS Persia at the Crest 9 Essay: The Embattled Greeks 39 The Hellenic Unfolding 51 Essay: The Flowering Voice of Poetry 85 Dawn of the Romans 97 Essay: Creating an Ideal Beauty 119 Enlightenment in the East 143 Essay: Dwellings for the Dead 161 Chronology 168 Acknowledgments 17.5 Picture Credits 174 Bibliography 172 Index 170 PERSIA AT THE CREST Every year, as the days grew longer and spring quickened the land, the caravans set out from the far reaches of the known world — pack horses from Anatolia and Thrace, camel trains from Bactria and Arabia, armies of porters from the thousand-mile-long oasis of the Nile, chariots from Assyria, bullock carts from the gold-rich tributaries of ransom the Indus River. They all headed for the same destination, carrying an imperial groups brought in gems, precious metals, ebony, ivory, rare furs, and textiles. Some animals: antelopes from Libya, prize stallions from Armenia. The caravan from Bab- ylon transported a particularly exotic shipment — 500 young eunuchs. From every corner of the empire, the processions moved along a network of imperial highways to converge, shortly before the spring equinox, at Persepolis — a dazzling, monumental complex of palaces, cavernous pillared halls, and thick-walled treasury buildings that stood in isolated splendor on the high, dusty Iranian plateau. There present officers from all the subject states and satrapies of the Persian empire would tributes their New Year's "gifts" — actually the exact quantity and nature of the annual had been specified by the imperial government — to their supreme overlord, the King of Persia, the Great King, King of Kings, the mightiest ruler in the world. No one had ever controlled such an enormous sweep of territory or so much wealth as the man who sat on the Persian throne. The nobles of Egypt, the satraps of Mesopota- mia and Asia Minor, the nomad chieftains of the eastern deserts, and the rajas of India of the fifth all paid tribute to the Persian emperor. At its zenith, around the beginning century BC, Persia ruled nearly two million square miles of mountain and steppe, sand of annual waste and fertile river plain, and about ten million subjects. The total value imperial revenues was the equivalent of almost a million pounds of silver. — The Persians' achievement represented a significant step forward for civilization and not simply because of their dumbfounding wealth or the sheer size of their empire. To run their vast domain, they developed new, enlightened techniques for governing h\ large areas and disparate populations. Brutal power and terror like that employed togeth- say, the Assyrians in their heyday probably could not have successfully welded building, it er a realm as large as the Persians'; although fear had its uses in empire usually soon led to resentment and rebellion. Persian rule interfered little with the their normal administration or daily life of a subject nation. Persian kings demanded taxes, of course, but they also promoted increased economic activity that left many countries and people in the empire better off than they were before the Persians char- arrived. The entirely new dimension in prosperity and governmental grace that improve the acterized their rule was not a happenstance. It resulted from an effort to only for the way human society was organized, to make it work better — and not supported the rule of law "so powerful. Persia's King Darius I said that he staunchly that the stronger does not smite nor destroy the weak." The desire for improvement during this period — roughly 600 to 400 BC — was not exclusive to the Persians, nor was it confined to the field of government. In fact, new ideas, attitudes, and beliefs aimed at securing a better life, or a better understanding of life, bubbled up in many parts of the world. It was as if humanity was being moved by a universal spirit to aspire to greater things, to lift itself onto a higher plane of existence. Although the spirit was universal, it nonetheless inspired a multiplicity of varying notions. The Greeks, for instance, were in this same era developing a political philos- ophy far different from that of the autocratic Persian kings: democracy. The Greek emphasis on the rights and potential of the individual led to a political life marked by debate and dissension, and contributed to constant squabbling and even warring among Greece's jealously independent city-states. But it also encouraged exquisite accomplishments in art and other intellectual pursuits, and it fed a pride and sense of righteousness that proved telling weapons when the Greeks were threatened, as the Persians would one day learn.
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