DOCSLIB.ORG

World History Chapter 3 Study Guide 3-1 600-500 B.C

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
World History Chapter 3 Study Guide 3-1 600-500 B.C Name:________________________________________ Date:____________________ Period:__________ World History Chapter 3 Study Guide 3-1 600-500 B.C. Political History 1. Which century corresponds with the years 600-500 B.C.? 2. What alliance of Greek city-states was created in the 6th century B.C. and was dominated by Sparta? 3. What name is given to the Greek city-state that was a center for the arts, learning, and philosophy, and was also the birthplace of many prominent philosophers, writers, and politicians from 508 to 322 B.C.? 4. Who was an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet who lived from 638 to 558 B.C., and is remembered for his efforts to legislate against political, economic, and moral decline in Athens? 5. Who was an ancient Athenian lawgiver, and was credited with reforming the constitution of ancient Athens and setting it on a democratic footing in 508 B.C., and is known as the “Father of Athenian Democracy”? 6. Who led the successful overthrow of the Roman monarchy in 510-509 B.C. and was the founder of a new political system in Rome, and was made one of the first consuls in 509 B.C.? 7. What form of government was established in Rome in 509 B.C. and lasted for over 450 years? 8. What empire existed from 575 to 146 B.C. and extended over much of the coast of Northwest Africa as well as encompassing substantial parts of coastal Iberia and the islands of the Western Mediterranean Sea? 9. Who reigned as the King of Persia from 559 to 530 B.C. and was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, the first Persian Empire? 10. What empire existed from 550 to 330 B.C. and extended over much of the Middle East, and was ruled by the Achaemenid dynasty? 11. Who reigned as the King of Persia from 522 to 486 B.C., and ruled the empire at its peak? 3-2 600-500 B.C. Innovative History 12. Who was a Greek philosopher who lived from 570 to 495 B.C. and founded a movement around his philosophical and religious teachings, and is known for the mathematical theorem that states the square of the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle equals the sum of squares of the lengths of the other two sides? 3-3 600-500 B.C. Cultural History 13. Who is the sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion and rules as king of the gods of Mount Olympus? 14. What were initiations held every year for the cult of Demeter and Persephone and were the most famous of the secret religious rites of ancient Greece? 15. Who is an ancient Greek goddess associated with wisdom, handicraft, and warfare, and is usually shown in art wearing a helmet and holding a spear? 16. What cult is strongly associated with satyrs, centaurs, and sileni, and its characteristic symbols are the bull, the serpent, tigers, leopards, the ivy, and the wine? 17. What term refers to a common Greek culture and spread throughout the Mediterranean world in the 6th century B.C.? 18. What book of tales from 570 B.C. is credited to a slave and storyteller believed to have lived in ancient Greece, and is a collection of stories designed to teach moral lessons? 19. What form of Greek classical architecture developed around 550 B.C. and is characterized by capitals with spiral, scroll-like ornament and fluted columns with a base? 20. What Greek temple was constructed in 550 B.C. in Ephesus and was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World? 21. What major theater was constructed in Athens in the 6th century B.C., and is dedicated to the god of plays and wine, and could seat as many as 17,000 people? 22. What period of Greek history took place from 510 to 323 B.C., and had a powerful influence on the foundations of Western Civilization, and was a period of artistic and scientific thought, theatre, literature, and philosophy? 23. What monotheistic faith was founded in 550 B.C. in Persia and is one of the world’s oldest religions that remains active today? 3-4 500-400 B.C. Political History 24. Which century corresponds with the years 500-400 B.C.? 25. What was an ancient highway reorganized and rebuilt by the Persian king Darius I in the 5th century B.C. to facilitate rapid communication throughout his very large empire? 26. What were military rebellions by several Greek regions of Asia Minor against Persian rule, lasting from 499 to 493 B.C.? 27. What were a series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire and Greek city-states from 499 to 479 B.C.? 28. What battle took place in 490 B.C., and was fought 26 miles away from Athens, and resulted in a decisive Greek victory, and was a major turning point of the war? 29. Who reigned as the King of Persia from 486 to 465 B.C. and launched a campaign to conquer Greece in 480 B.C.? 30. Who was an Athenian politician and general, and in 483 B.C. he convinced the polis to increase the naval power of Athens, and his policies would have a lasting impact on Athens since maritime power became the cornerstone of the Athenian Empire? 31. What battle was fought in 480 B.C. with King Leonidas, and his 300 Spartan soldiers & 6,000 Greek allies, taking a stand for 3 days before being defeated by an overwhelming enemy force? 32. What was a naval battle fought between an alliance of Greek city-states under Themistocles and the Persian Empire under King Xerxes in 480 B.C. which resulted in a decisive victory for the outnumbered Greeks? 33. Who was a Spartan regent, general, and war leader for the Greeks and led them in their victory over Mardonius and the Persians in 479 B.C.? 34. What was the final land battle during the second Persian invasion of Greece and was fought between an alliance of the Greek city-states and the Persian Empire of Xerxes I in 479 B.C.? 35. What name is given to the era in Athens from 480 to 404 B.C. and was a period of Athenian political dominance, economic growth, and cultural flourishing? 36. What was founded in 478 B.C. and was an association of Greek city-states under the leadership of Athens? 37. Who was an Athenian statesman, and was politically active from 461 to 429 B.C., and was given the title “First Citizen of Athens”? 38. What war took place from 460 to 445 B.C. and was fought between Sparta as the leader of the Peloponnesian League and Sparta’s other allies, most notably Thebes, and the Delian League led by Athens with support from Argos? 39. What empire dominated the Aegean Sea from 431 to 404 B.C. and posed a threat to the Peloponnesian League? 40. What was an ancient Greek war fought by the Delian League led by Athens against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta from 431 to 404 B.C.? 41. What epidemic devastated Athens in Ancient Greece in 430 B.C. and killed up to a third of the population? 42. What was an Athenian military expedition to Sicily, which took place from 415-413 B.C. during the Peloponnesian War between the Athenian Empire on one side and Sparta, Syracuse and Corinth on the other, and ended in a devastating defeat of the Athenian forces? 43. Who was a Roman statesman and military leader, and was made dictator in 458 B.C. and subsequently relinquished power, and became a legendary figure of Roman virtue? 44. What was Rome’s first written constitution, and was inscribed in stone, and placed in the Roman Forum in 450 B.C.? 3-5 500-400 B.C. Innovative History 45. What natural philosophy was developed by Leucippus and his pupil Democritus in 425 B.C. and proposed that all matter was composed of small indivisible particles? 3-6 500-400 B.C. Cultural History 46. What temple was constructed on the Athenian acropolis in 432 B.C. and was dedicated to the goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patron? 47. What is a life size ancient Greek sculpture from 465 B.C., and represents either Zeus or Poseidon, and would have held either a thunderbolt, if Zeus, or a trident if Poseidon? 48. What ancient Greek temple was constructed in Olympia, Greece in 457 B.C., and was the very model of the fully developed classical Greek temple of the Doric order, and later contained a statue that was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World? 49. What form of Greek classical architecture developed around 427 B.C. and is characterized by elaborate capitals and slender fluted columns with a base? 50. Who was an ancient Greek tragic playwright, and wrote The Oresteia in 458 B.C., and is known as the “Father of Tragedy”? 51. Who was an ancient Greek tragedian, and wrote 120 plays during the course of his life, but only 7 have survived in complete form, including Antigone written in 441 B.C. and Oedipus Rex in written in 429 B.C.? 52. Who was a comic playwright of ancient Athens, and wrote The Birds in 414 B.C. and Lysistrata in 411 B.C., and is known as “the Father of Comedy”? 53. Who was an ancient Greek historian, and wrote The Histories in 440 B.C., and is often referred to as “The Father of History”? 54.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • COPYRIGHT NOTICE: for COURSE PACK and Other PERMISSIONS
    COPYRIGHT NOTICE: Jean-Louis and Monique Tassoul: A Concise History of Solar and Stellar Physics is published by Princeton University Press and copyrighted, © 2004, by Princeton University Press. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher, except for reading and browsing via the World Wide Web. Users are not permitted to mount this file on any network servers. For COURSE PACK and other PERMISSIONS, refer to entry on previous page. For more information, send e-mail to [email protected] Chapter One The Age of Myths and Speculations And God said, Let there be light, and there was light. —Genesis 1:3 For thousands of years men have looked up into the star-filled night sky and have wondered about the nature of the “fixed” stars as opposed to that of the five planets wandering among the constellations of the zodiac. The daily course of the sun, its brilliance and heat, and the passing of the seasons are among the central problems that have concerned every human society. Undoubtedly, the appearance of a comet or a shooting star, the passing phenomena of clouds and rain and lightning, the Milky Way, the changing phases of the moon and the eclipses—all of these must have caused quite a sense of wonder and been the source of endless discussions. Faced with this confusing multiplicity of brute facts, beyond their physical power to control, our ancestors sought to master these unrelated phenomena symbolically by picturing the universe in terms of objects familiar to them so as to make clear the unfamiliar and the unexplained.
    [Show full text]
  • Creating the Past: Roman Villa Sculptures
    ��������������������������������� Creating the Past: Roman Villa Sculptures Hadrian’s pool reflects his wide travels, from Egypt to Greece and Rome. Roman architects recreated old scenes, but they blended various elements and styles to create new worlds with complex links to ideal worlds. Romans didn’t want to live in the past, but they wanted to live with it. Why “creating” rather than “recreating” the past? Most Roman sculpture was based on Greek originals 100 years or more in the past, but these Roman copies, in their use & setting, created a view of the past as the Romans saw it. In towns, such as Pompeii, houses were small, with little room for large gardens (the normal place for statues), so sculpture was under life-size and highlighted. The wall frescoes at Pompeii or Boscoreale (as in the reconstructed room at the Met) show us what the buildings and the associated sculptures looked like. Villas, on the other hand, were more expansive, generally sited by the water and had statues, life-size or larger, scattered around the gardens. Pliny’s villas, as he describes them in his letters, show multiple buildings, seemingly haphazardly distributed, connected by porticoes. Three specific villas give an idea of the types the Villa of the Papyri near Herculaneum (1st c. AD), Tiberius’ villa at Sperlonga from early 1st century (described also in CHSSJ April 1988 lecture by Henry Bender), and Hadrian’s villa at Tivoli (2nd cent AD). The Villa of Papyri, small and self-contained, is still underground, its main finds having been reached by tunneling; the not very scientific excavation left much dispute about find-spots and the villa had seen upheaval from the earthquake of 69 as well as the Vesuvius eruption of 79.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sweep of History
    STUDENT’S World History & Geography 1 1 1 Essentials of World History to 1500 Ver. 3.1.10 – Rev. 2/1/2011 WHG1 The following pages describe significant people, places, events, and concepts in the story of humankind. This information forms the core of our study; it will be fleshed-out by classroom discussions, audio-visual mat erials, readings, writings, and other act ivit ies. This knowledge will help you understand how the world works and how humans behave. It will help you understand many of the books, news reports, films, articles, and events you will encounter throughout the rest of your life. The Student’s Friend World History & Geography 1 Essentials of world history to 1500 History What is history? History is the story of human experience. Why study history? History shows us how the world works and how humans behave. History helps us make judgments about current and future events. History affects our lives every day. History is a fascinating story of human treachery and achievement. Geography What is geography? Geography is the study of interaction between humans and the environment. Why study geography? Geography is a major factor affecting human development. Humans are a major factor affecting our natural environment. Geography affects our lives every day. Geography helps us better understand the peoples of the world. CONTENTS: Overview of history Page 1 Some basic concepts Page 2 Unit 1 - Origins of the Earth and Humans Page 3 Unit 2 - Civilization Arises in Mesopotamia & Egypt Page 5 Unit 3 - Civilization Spreads East to India & China Page 9 Unit 4 - Civilization Spreads West to Greece & Rome Page 13 Unit 5 - Early Middle Ages: 500 to 1000 AD Page 17 Unit 6 - Late Middle Ages: 1000 to 1500 AD Page 21 Copyright © 1998-2011 Michael G.
    [Show full text]
  • The Satrap of Western Anatolia and the Greeks
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Eyal Meyer University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons Recommended Citation Meyer, Eyal, "The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2473. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Abstract This dissertation explores the extent to which Persian policies in the western satrapies originated from the provincial capitals in the Anatolian periphery rather than from the royal centers in the Persian heartland in the fifth ec ntury BC. I begin by establishing that the Persian administrative apparatus was a product of a grand reform initiated by Darius I, which was aimed at producing a more uniform and centralized administrative infrastructure. In the following chapter I show that the provincial administration was embedded with chancellors, scribes, secretaries and military personnel of royal status and that the satrapies were periodically inspected by the Persian King or his loyal agents, which allowed to central authorities to monitory the provinces. In chapter three I delineate the extent of satrapal authority, responsibility and resources, and conclude that the satraps were supplied with considerable resources which enabled to fulfill the duties of their office. After the power dynamic between the Great Persian King and his provincial governors and the nature of the office of satrap has been analyzed, I begin a diachronic scrutiny of Greco-Persian interactions in the fifth century BC.
    [Show full text]
  • CLIL Multikey Lesson Plan LESSON PLAN
    CLIL MultiKey lesson plan LESSON PLAN Subject: Art History Topic: The Athenian acropolis Students' age: 14-15 Language level: B1 Time: 2 hours Content aims: Art History (and a bit of History) on ancient Greece and the poleis. To describe an artistic element of an ancient city To understand the political role of Art and Religion in Ancient Greece Language aims: - Listening activity - Learn and use new vocabulary - Knowledge of technical art and history vocabulary Pre-requisites: - Geographical and cartographical skill - Knowledge of Greek history from the Persian wars to Pericles; - The role of the city in the world Materials: - Personal computer - handouts Procedure steps: Teacher starts explaining the geographical asset: where is Greece in Europe, where is Athens, arriving to the map that shows the metropolis in the details. Then after a short brainstorming activity about the poleis, (birth and main characters) arrives to the substantial continuity of the word polis in English. Which are the words deriving from polis? acropolis, necropolis, metropolis, metropolitan; megalopolis, cosmopolitan; Politics Policy Police T. shows map and asks: 1 CLIL MultiKey lesson plan Where are the acropolis and the necropolis of Athens? Then t. shows a video, inviting students to understanding the following items: - Which was the Athenian political role? - Which politicians are quoted? Why? When do they live? - Which are the most relevant urban changes for Athens? Finally teacher invites students to complete the handout 2 CLIL MultiKey lesson plan HANDOUT a) Sites references: Image coins: http://www.ancientresource.com/lots/greek/coins_athens.html http://blogs-images.forbes.com/stephenpope/files/2011/05/300px-1_euro_coin_Gr_serie_1.png Athena's birth: http://galeri7.uludagsozluk.com/282/zeus_454246.png b) vvideos's transcripts 1) https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/classical/v/parthenon Transcript Voiceover: We're looking at the Parthenon.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient History Sourcebook: 11Th Brittanica: Sparta SPARTA an Ancient City in Greece, the Capital of Laconia and the Most Powerful State of the Peloponnese
    Ancient History Sourcebook: 11th Brittanica: Sparta SPARTA AN ancient city in Greece, the capital of Laconia and the most powerful state of the Peloponnese. The city lay at the northern end of the central Laconian plain, on the right bank of the river Eurotas, a little south of the point where it is joined by its largest tributary, the Oenus (mount Kelefina). The site is admirably fitted by nature to guard the only routes by which an army can penetrate Laconia from the land side, the Oenus and Eurotas valleys leading from Arcadia, its northern neighbour, and the Langada Pass over Mt Taygetus connecting Laconia and Messenia. At the same time its distance from the sea-Sparta is 27 m. from its seaport, Gythium, made it invulnerable to a maritime attack. I.-HISTORY Prehistoric Period.-Tradition relates that Sparta was founded by Lacedaemon, son of Zeus and Taygete, who called the city after the name of his wife, the daughter of Eurotas. But Amyclae and Therapne (Therapnae) seem to have been in early times of greater importance than Sparta, the former a Minyan foundation a few miles to the south of Sparta, the latter probably the Achaean capital of Laconia and the seat of Menelaus, Agamemnon's younger brother. Eighty years after the Trojan War, according to the traditional chronology, the Dorian migration took place. A band of Dorians united with a body of Aetolians to cross the Corinthian Gulf and invade the Peloponnese from the northwest. The Aetolians settled in Elis, the Dorians pushed up to the headwaters of the Alpheus, where they divided into two forces, one of which under Cresphontes invaded and later subdued Messenia, while the other, led by Aristodemus or, according to another version, by his twin sons Eurysthenes and Procles, made its way down the Eurotas were new settlements were formed and gained Sparta, which became the Dorian capital of Laconia.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaic Eretria
    ARCHAIC ERETRIA This book presents for the first time a history of Eretria during the Archaic Era, the city’s most notable period of political importance. Keith Walker examines all the major elements of the city’s success. One of the key factors explored is Eretria’s role as a pioneer coloniser in both the Levant and the West— its early Aegean ‘island empire’ anticipates that of Athens by more than a century, and Eretrian shipping and trade was similarly widespread. We are shown how the strength of the navy conferred thalassocratic status on the city between 506 and 490 BC, and that the importance of its rowers (Eretria means ‘the rowing city’) probably explains the appearance of its democratic constitution. Walker dates this to the last decade of the sixth century; given the presence of Athenian political exiles there, this may well have provided a model for the later reforms of Kleisthenes in Athens. Eretria’s major, indeed dominant, role in the events of central Greece in the last half of the sixth century, and in the events of the Ionian Revolt to 490, is clearly demonstrated, and the tyranny of Diagoras (c. 538–509), perhaps the golden age of the city, is fully examined. Full documentation of literary, epigraphic and archaeological sources (most of which have previously been inaccessible to an English-speaking audience) is provided, creating a fascinating history and a valuable resource for the Greek historian. Keith Walker is a Research Associate in the Department of Classics, History and Religion at the University of New England, Armidale, Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Greece Around the Museum Gallery Trail
    Ancient Greece around the Museum Gallery Trail USE this trail to fi nd Ancient Greek objects around the museum when the main Greek galleries are booked by another group. This trail does NOT include Greece (16), Aegean World (20), Money (7) or the Cast Gallery (14). GO OUTSIDE THE BUILDING TO THE FORECOURT The Ashmolean was built in 1845 in the style of an Ancient Greek temple. LOOK closely at the building and fi nd these elements of Greek archtictecture. DRAW a line between the labels and the pictures below. Pediment Classical column Key pattern Capital Mythical beast Apollo Apollo fact In the Ancient Greek world, Apollo was the god of music, poetry and the arts. He was the son of Zeus, king of all the gods. RE-ENTER THE MUSEUM AND FIND OUT MORE Ancient Greece around the Museum Gallery Trail GO TO: Ground fl oor, Gallery 21: Greek and Roman Sculpture MEET Athena a famous Greek goddess. Goddess Fact This is Athena the patron goddess of Athens. She is also the goddess of wisdom and warfare. She always wears a helmet and the ‘mask of Medusa’ on her breast plate. LOOK closely at Athena’s breast plate. It shows the face of the gorgon Medusa with snakes for hair. Greek myths tell us that if you looked Medusa in the eye you would be turned to stone! DRAW Medusa’s face onto this picture of the breastplate. In this gallery HUNT for: A giant head of the God Apollo A throne with Griffi n wings on the side Griffi n Information The Greek hero Herakles fi ghting A griffi n is a mythical creature with the with a lion.
    [Show full text]
  • Aus: Zeitschrift Für Papyrologie Und Epigraphik 83 (1990) 194–214 © Dr
    IAN WORTHINGTON ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND THE DATE OF THE MYTILENE DECREE aus: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 83 (1990) 194–214 © Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn 194 ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND THE DATE OF THE MYTILENE DECREE The Mytilene decree1 is almost as controversial a document as the circumstances in which it was passed. Its contents, centring on the means by which returning exiles to Mytilene on the island of Lesbos could be reconciled with those resident there, point to a dating, presumably, of 324 BC, the year in which Alexander III of Macedon issued the famous Exiles Decree, applicable to the Greek cities.2 The text of the Exiles Decree is given at Diodorus 18.8.4, although it is quite likely that he did not quote it in its entirety since in this passage he states that all exiles except for those under a curse are to be restored to their native cities; elsewhere (17.109.1), he says those charged with sacrilege and murder are also excluded (cf. Curtius 10.2.4 and Justin 13.5.2), whilst Pseudo-Plutarch (Mor. 221a) indicates that the Thebans were also excluded.3 Although the Exiles Decree is inextricably linked to any assessment of the Mytilene decree, it is the latter which is the subject of this paper. 1 IG xii 2, 6, OGIS 2 = Tod, GHI ii no.201, SEG xiii 434. Especially significant is the new redaction (based on autopsy) and photograph (the first made available) of A.J. Heisserer, Alexander the Great and the Greeks: The Epigraphic Evidence (Norman: 1980) – hereafter Heisserer, Alexander – pp.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Groningen Hellenistic Rural Settlement and the City of Thurii, the Survey Evidence (Sibaritide, Southern Italy) A
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by University of Groningen University of Groningen Hellenistic Rural Settlement and the City of Thurii, the survey evidence (Sibaritide, southern Italy) Attema, Peter; Oome, Neeltje Published in: Palaeohistoria DOI: 10.21827/5beab05419ccd IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2018 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Attema, P., & Oome, N. (2018). Hellenistic Rural Settlement and the City of Thurii, the survey evidence (Sibaritide, southern Italy). Palaeohistoria, 59/60, 135-166. https://doi.org/10.21827/5beab05419ccd Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 13-11-2019 PALAEOHISTORIA ACTA ET COMMUNICATIONES INSTITUTI ARCHAEOLOGICI UNIVERSITATIS GRONINGANAE 59/60 (2017/2018) University of Groningen / Groningen Institute of Archaeology & Barkhuis Groningen 2018 Editorial staff P.A.J.
    [Show full text]
  • Parthenon 1 Parthenon
    Parthenon 1 Parthenon Parthenon Παρθενών (Greek) The Parthenon Location within Greece Athens central General information Type Greek Temple Architectural style Classical Location Athens, Greece Coordinates 37°58′12.9″N 23°43′20.89″E Current tenants Museum [1] [2] Construction started 447 BC [1] [2] Completed 432 BC Height 13.72 m (45.0 ft) Technical details Size 69.5 by 30.9 m (228 by 101 ft) Other dimensions Cella: 29.8 by 19.2 m (98 by 63 ft) Design and construction Owner Greek government Architect Iktinos, Kallikrates Other designers Phidias (sculptor) The Parthenon (Ancient Greek: Παρθενών) is a temple on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patron. Its construction began in 447 BC and was completed in 438 BC, although decorations of the Parthenon continued until 432 BC. It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece, generally considered to be the culmination of the development of the Doric order. Its decorative sculptures are considered some of the high points of Greek art. The Parthenon is regarded as an Parthenon 2 enduring symbol of Ancient Greece and of Athenian democracy and one of the world's greatest cultural monuments. The Greek Ministry of Culture is currently carrying out a program of selective restoration and reconstruction to ensure the stability of the partially ruined structure.[3] The Parthenon itself replaced an older temple of Athena, which historians call the Pre-Parthenon or Older Parthenon, that was destroyed in the Persian invasion of 480 BC. Like most Greek temples, the Parthenon was used as a treasury.
    [Show full text]
  • Gerald Deslandes March 2018
    The Religious Art of Sicily: 600 BC – 1200 AD A study day comprising three lectures by Gerald Deslandes 7 March 2018: 10.30 - 15.30 Perseus Slaying Medusa c 550 B.C. from Temple C at Selinunte Winchester Art History Group www.wahg.org.uk 1 Phoenician Libation Bowl, 8�� Century BC The traditional way of describing the early religious art of Sicily is to present it as a product of distinct political and religious cultures and as part of a wider narrative of conflict between east and west. It is true that there is evidence of a struggle between Greek and Phoenician influences from about 750 BC, which is mirrored in the rivalry of the Carthaginians and the Romans from 264 BC. After the fall of Rome in 476 the island came under the sway of the Byzantines in 728 AD and of the Arabs in 840 AD. The conversion of Byzantine churches to Islamic mosques that took place was then reversed during the Norman era from 1038 to 1194 AD. The difference was that instead of reverting to Byzantine authority, they came under the aegis of the Lateran tradition of the pope in Rome. For these reasons it is tempting to compare Count Roger’s seizure of Palermo in 1071 to the reconquest of Cordoba in 1080 or the launching of the first Crusade in 1095. Yet the political and religious identity of Europe that these struggles helped to define was still largely undetermined at the 2 end of the Norman era. In the ancient world the links between all four corners of the Mediterranean are evoked by Plato’s description of the great cultures of antiquity as grouped around it ‘like frogs around a pond’.
    [Show full text]