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Conflict in the Peloponnese CONFLICT IN THE PELOPONNESE Social, Military and Intellectual Proceedings of the 2nd CSPS PG and Early Career Conference, University of Nottingham 22-24 March 2013 edited by Vasiliki BROUMA Kendell HEYDON CSPS Online Publications 4 2018 Published by the Centre for Spartan and Peloponnesian Studies (CSPS), School of Humanities, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. © Centre for Spartan and Peloponnesian Studies and individual authors ISBN 978-0-9576620-2-5 This work is ‘Open Access’, published under a creative commons license which means that you are free to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work as long as you clearly attribute the work to the authors, that you do not use this work for any commercial gain in any form and that you in no way alter, transform or build on the work outside of its use in normal academic scholarship without express permission of the authors and the publisher of this volume. Furthermore, for any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/csps TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD .................................................................................................................................. i THE FAMILY AS THE INTERNAL ENEMY OF THE SPARTAN STATE ........................................ 1-23 Maciej Daszuta COMMEMORATING THE WAR DEAD IN ANCIENT SPARTA THE GYMNOPAIDIAI AND THE BATTLE OF HYSIAI .............................................................. 24-39 Elena Franchi PHILOTIMIA AND PHILONIKIA AT SPARTA ......................................................................... 40-69 Michele Lucchesi SLAVERY AS A POLITICAL PROBLEM DURING THE PELOPONESSIAN WARS ..................... 70-85 Bernat Montoya Rubio TYRTAEUS: THE SPARTAN POET FROM ATHENS SHIFTING IDENTITIES AS RHETORICAL STRATEGY IN LYCURGUS’ AGAINST LEOCRATES ................................................................................ 86-102 Eveline van Hilten-Rutten THE INFLUENCE OF THE KARNEIA ON WARFARE ........................................................... 103-110 Rocco Selvaggi SPARTAN CHORUSES AND FOREIGN POETS THE PLACE OF SPARTA IN THE ANCIENT FESTIVAL NETWORK ...................................... 111-132 Edmund Stewart GO TELL THE…LACEDAEMONIANS? SPARTA’S RELIANCE ON THE PERIOIKOI DURING TIMES OF CONFILICT ........................ 133-149 Carlos Villafane ARGOS, THE HERAION AND THE OTHER TOWNS IN THE ARGOLID PLAIN .................... 150-165 Adele Zarlenga FOREWORD On 22-24 March 2013 the second CSPS Post Graduate and Early Career Work in Progress Conference, entitled ‘Conflict in the Peloponnese: Social, Military and Intellectual’ was held at the Centre for Spartan and Peloponnesian Studies at the University of Nottingham. Preceded by an equally successful postgraduate conference in 2011, 1 this conference brought together a number of prominent postgraduate students and young scholars from different disciplines such as ancient history, literature and archaeology. The publication of the proceedings was an idea which started articulating shortly after the conclusion of the conference and we are delighted to see it finally materialise. Regrettably, not every delegate was able to contribute due to copyright issues or other constraints. The main theme of the conference, which was preceded by the CSPS Annual Lecture by Dr Thomas Heine Nielsen entitled ‘Coalition Fighting in the Late Archaic and Classical Greek World’, was the notion of social, military and intellectual conflict in the Peloponnese from prehistory to modern times. Conflict is a key theme in the history of the Peloponnese diachronically and this conference made an original and significant contribution across disciplines. We would like this opportunity to thank the other two co-organisers of the conference, Mr Peter Davies and Ms Ioanna-Roumpini Charami, all the contributors of this volume for their articles and their participation in the conference, and the conference sponsors – CSPS, the J.F. Costopoulos Foundation, Tesco PLC and Sainsbury’s, for their generous funding. We also wish to express our sincere appreciation to the Managing Committee and the staff of the Centre of Spartan and Peloponessian Studies; especially Dr Chrysanthi Gallou, Professor Steven Hodkinson and Mr Sarantos Minopetros for their invaluable help throughout the conference as well as Dr James Roy and Professor William Cavanagh for their constructive feedback. Special thanks should be extended to the anonymous reviewers for their careful reading of the manuscripts and their many insightful comments and suggestions. Papers have been organised in an alphabetical order and since they are wide-ranging, we have opted for separate references instead of an amalgamated bibliography. Unless otherwise stated, abbreviations of Greek and Roman authors are after A Greek English Lexicon edited by Liddell, Scott and Jones, The Oxford Latin Dictionary edited by Peter Glare and The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3rd edition) edited by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth. The abbreviations of modern periodicals and series derive from the L'Année philologique and the American Journal of Archaeology list of abbreviations. Vasiliki Brouma Kendell Heydon 1 The 1st CSPS Postgraduate Conference on ‘Understanding the Peloponnese: Work-in-Progress’ was held at the University of Nottingham on April11th, 2011. i THE FAMILY AS THE INTERNAL ENEMY OF THE SPARTAN STATE 1 Maciej Daszuta The issue of the Spartan family is far from being a popular topic of research among classical scholars. 2 The reason for that seems to be, apart from a shortage of sources, a popular opinion that the role of the Spartan oikos within society was restricted to one basic function – that of providing new generations of citizens. 3 Other aspects of family life are often reckoned to be present in Sparta merely in a vestigial form, if at all, and as such they were not noteworthy. Such a view harmonizes with the entire image of Sparta as a ‘totalitarian’ polis in which there was not enough space for anything else except the state itself. The polis is often seen as being very demanding towards a citizen, jealous of his time and affection and a ‘mistress’ who brooks no argument. 4 This image of Sparta is based to a considerable extent on three principal and interconnected elements: the perception of Spartan society as extremely militaristic; strictly related to it, the obligatory education of future citizens; and – specifically – the limitation of the private sphere of the citizens’ life. This last element carries the simple inference that if a Spartiate was spending the majority of his life out of his household and was blindly obedient to the state, it seems obvious that such a life-style would of necessity have been at the expense of his family life. Ancient authors did occasionally make reference to various restrictions 1This article is a revised version of paper published in Polish: ‘Sparta contra rodzina’, Przegląd Historyczny 4 (2012), pp. 629-642. The author is indebted to J.K. Davies and R. Kulesza for their valuable notes and suggestions and to the Foundation for Polish Sciences (FNP) for its generous financial support. 2Among the rare but noticeable exceptions are: Lacey 1968; Pomeroy 1997. 3Oikos in ancient Greek has many different meanings, but in this paper it is used mainly as a synonym for ‘family’ (if it is not stated otherwise); Dynneson 2008, p.25; Pomeroy 1994 (1975), p.36; MacDowell 1986, p.156. 4Ehrenberg 1968 p. 35; Toynbee 1969, p.286; Powell 2001 (1988), pp.226-228; Humble 2006, pp.223-224. 1 that were imposed, directly or not, on the private sphere of the Spartans’ life. All this found its culmination in an assertion made by Sir Moses Finley in his important essay on the Spartan society, viz. that: ‘The family, in sum, was minimised as a unit of either affection or authority, and replaced by overlapping male groupings...’.5The opinion of this distinguished historian has undoubtedly merely reinforced a popular conviction that in the case of the Spartan oikos there is almost nothing to be said. 6 However, that view is not entirely justified. As with the two other basic elements of the stereotypical description of Sparta, which have been already convincingly challenged, the marginalization of the Spartan family is also a barely defensible interpretation, and should be revisited. 7 First of all, a strong contrast between the public and private spheres of life was by no means unique to Sparta. It has often been emphasised that the ancient Greek polis in general could be characterized not only by a separation, but even, in some sense, by a permanent tension between the domain of state and that of an individual family. 8 The values and features that marked each sphere might all too easily polarize. The family was hermetic, inward-looking,9 individual and hierarchically organized; the state was open, impersonal and egalitarian. Furthermore, family life was characterised by particular 5Finley 1982 (1968), p. 28. Although, it must be admitted that in the same text the author challenged many stereotypes and false interpretations and indicated new research directions. Cf. Oliva 1971, p.29; Blundell 1995, p.150; Ogden 1996, p. 212; Baltrusch 1998, p. 64. 6In many publications concerning the family in antiquity the Spartan oikos occupies astonishingly little space; cf. Humphreys 1983; Patterson 1998; Rawson 2011. In others, what one can find in chapters dedicated to it is often a loose description of many different aspects of Spartan
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