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2019 Meskanen Eeva Leena Helena 0740810 Ethesis This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Questioning militarism in Spartan religion analysis of dedications from four Spartan sanctuaries Meskanen, Helena Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). 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Oct. 2021 Questioning Militarism in Spartan Religion: Analysis of Dedications from Four Spartan Sanctuaries Eeva Leena Helena Meskanen For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy King’s College London 2019 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................................. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................................. 5 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1. THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND AIMS .............................................................................................................................. 6 1.2. CHOICE OF SANCTUARIES AND LIMITATIONS OF DATA .......................................................................................................... 7 1.3. PREVIOUS RESEARCH .................................................................................................................................................. 14 1.3.1. Spartan religion ............................................................................................................................................ 14 1.3.2. Spartan society ............................................................................................................................................. 21 1.4. DATA AND METHODS OF INTERPRETATION: DEDICATIONS AS EVIDENCE FOR RELIGIOUS IDEAS AND PRACTICE ................................ 28 1.4.1. Dedications as ritual practice ....................................................................................................................... 28 1.4.2. Nature of gods and their functions ............................................................................................................... 38 1.4.3. Objects and meaning: challenges of interpretation ..................................................................................... 44 2. THE SANCTUARY OF ORTHIA ............................................................................................................................... 49 2.1. TOPOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................................................... 50 2.2. THE SITE AND HISTORY OF EXCAVATIONS ......................................................................................................................... 50 2.3. THE NAME OF THE GODDESS AND DEITIES WORSHIPPED ..................................................................................................... 54 2.4. CULT IMAGE ............................................................................................................................................................. 57 2.5. RITUALS: LITERARY EVIDENCE ....................................................................................................................................... 59 2.5.1. Whipping at the altar ................................................................................................................................... 59 2.5.2. Choral songs ................................................................................................................................................. 64 2.5.3. Epigraphic evidence ...................................................................................................................................... 67 2.5.4. Military cult? ................................................................................................................................................. 68 2.6. ORTHIA: MATERIAL EVIDENCE ...................................................................................................................................... 70 2.6.1. The pottery ................................................................................................................................................... 70 2.6.2. Masks ........................................................................................................................................................... 74 2.6.3. Lead figurines ............................................................................................................................................... 78 2.6.4. Ivories and bone ........................................................................................................................................... 91 Chronology ............................................................................................................................................................................. 92 Functions ................................................................................................................................................................................ 94 Military themes on relief plaques .......................................................................................................................................... 95 Non-military themes on relief plaques .................................................................................................................................. 96 Orthia and enthroned figurines ............................................................................................................................................. 98 Personal items ....................................................................................................................................................................... 99 Miscellaneous ........................................................................................................................................................................ 99 Analysis ................................................................................................................................................................................ 101 2.6.5. Terracotta ................................................................................................................................................... 102 Terracotta reliefs .................................................................................................................................................................. 102 Figurines ............................................................................................................................................................................... 103 Side-saddle female riders ..................................................................................................................................................... 104 Females with animals ........................................................................................................................................................... 105 Female nude figurines .......................................................................................................................................................... 105 Other female figurines ......................................................................................................................................................... 107 Female giving birth .............................................................................................................................................................. 107 Ithyphallic males .................................................................................................................................................................. 108 Other male figurines ............................................................................................................................................................ 108 Animals ................................................................................................................................................................................ 109
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