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Pavlides2011.Pdf This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Hero-Cult in Archaic and Classical Sparta: a Study of Local Religion Nicolette A. Pavlides PhD Thesis The University of Edinburgh Classics 2011 For my father ii Signed Declaration This thesis has been composed by the candidate, the work is the candidate‘s own and the work has not been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification except as specified. Signed: iii Abstract Hero-Cult in Archaic and Classical Sparta: a Study of Local Religion This dissertation examines the hero-cults in Sparta in the Archaic and Classical periods on the basis of the archaeological and literary sources. The aim is to explore the local idiosyncrasies of a pan-Hellenic phenomenon, which itself can help us understand the place and function of heroes in Greek religion. Although it has long been noted that hero-cult was especially popular in Sparta, there is little known about the cults, both in terms of material evidence and the historical context for their popularity. The first, second and third chapters query the origin and development of hero- cults and challenge the traditional assumption that Helen, Menelaos and Hyakinthos were ‗faded gods‘. They also question the Dorian Spartan adaptation of Achaian heroes for political propaganda. Instead, the evidence at the Menelaion and the worship of Agamemnon and Alexandra/Kassandra, Orestes and others who remain anonymous to us, are viewed as a local phenomenon reflective of the developing communal and social consciousness in Archaic and Classical Sparta. The fourth chapter deals with the heroisation of the recently dead in the context of the possible posthumous heroisation of the Spartan kings and other important communal personalities. Thus, hero-cults are explained and interpreted as a changing phenomenon, which are influenced and shaped by societal dynamics at any given time. It is concluded that in Sparta the boundaries of the divine/heroic/mortal were fluid, which allowed a great variation in the expression of cults. The fifth and sixth chapters study the more intimate relationship of the individual to the hero through a survey of the votive deposits dedicated to heroes and an iconographical analysis of the votives, such as the stone and terracotta reliefs. The study of the archaeological record permits an analysis of the kinds of offerings to hero cults and an evaluation of the architecture that housed such cults. Because of the material and spatial distribution of the votive deposits, I conclude that Sparta had a large number of hero shrines scattered throughout the polis which attests to an enthusiastic and long-lasting local votive practice at a popular level. iv Acknowledgments The writing of this thesis has been a long journey of knowledge and inspiration that would not have been possible if it was not for a number of wonderful people. First of all I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Judith Barringer for her support, encouragement, advice and time spent reading, correcting and discussing the thesis with me. My thanks also go to Prof. Cavanagh, Prof. Hodkinson, Dr. Salapata and Richard Catling for taking the time to discuss with me various parts of my work, Dr. Flouris for sending me his PhD thesis, and Prof. Parker for giving me a copy of an unpublished article. I would like to thank the staff of the British School at Athens for an excellent space to work and creating a home away from home. The Baldwin Brown fellowship gave me the chance to study and research in Greece. I would also like to thank my sisters, Rebecca, Ariana, Sharon and Naomi for their support, love and friendship, so needed and received, my mother for the endless amount of chocolate sent through the years and wonderful diners shared together. I would like to thank Christina, Britt, Adam and Jenny, my friends at the Classics department in Edinburgh and my friends at the British School at Athens. I would also like to express my gratitude to Shane for taking the time to help me with my written English and for his encouragement, love, support and friendship. Maya taught me how to relax and smile and Loukoumas and Matilda always gave me their affection. Lastly, but most importantly, I would like thank my father and grandmother who through their endless devotion, love and encouragement have kept me strong. v Contents Dedication ii Declaration iii Abstract iv Acknowledgements v Contents vi Abbreviations ix Ancient Authors xi List of Figures xii Lakonian Chronology xvii Introduction 1 Chapter One: Early Heroes and Hero-Cult 13 1.1. Heroes and hero-cult in the literary sources 13 1.1.1. Definitions of „hero‟ 13 1.1.2. The term „hero‟ in Homer 15 1.1.3. Hero-cult in early literature? 17 1.2. Hero-cult in the archaeological record 19 1.2.1. Definition of terms 19 1.2.2. Early archaeological evidence of hero-cult 20 1.2.3. Evidence of cult over older (Geometric) tombs 24 1.2.4. Evidence of cult of epic figures 25 1.2.5. Oikistes 27 1.2.6. Hero-cult 27 1.3. Discussion 28 Chapter Two: Early Hero-Cult in Sparta 32 2.1. Religious Space in Sparta 32 2.2. The Menelaion 34 2.2.1. The literary evidence 34 2.2.2 The archaeological evidence 36 2.2.2.a. The votives 37 2.2.3. Interpretation 40 2.2.3.a. Ritual 46 2.2.4. Discussion: The position of Helen and Menelaos in Spartan Society. Heroes or Divinities? 47 2.2.5. Conclusion 48 2.3. The Amyklaion 59 2.3.1. The archaeological evidence 50 2.3.1.a. The votives 52 2.3.2. Discussion 54 2.4. Conclusion 59 Chapter Three: The Heroes of Sparta: Tradition and Invention 61 3.1. Herakles and the Herakleidai 62 3.1.1. The Herakleidai and the Dorians in Sparta 65 3.1.2. Herakles in Sparta 69 3.2. Agamemnon 73 vi 3.3. Orestes 76 3.3.1. Tisamenos 80 3.4. Conclusion 81 Chapter Four: Heroisation of the Recently Deceased Until the Fifth-Century B.C. 83 4.1. Communal identity in Archaic Sparta 83 4.2. Burial and the commemoration of the individual in Archaic and Classical Sparta 89 4.3. Heroisation of the recently dead 96 4.3.1. The Spartan kings 96 4.3.2. Chilon 101 4.3.3. Heroisation of the war-dead 104 4.3.3.a. Thermopylai 106 4.3.3.b. Plataia 109 4.3.3.c. Discussion 112 4.4. Conclusion 115 Chapter Five: Heroic Iconography 117 5.1. The stone and terracotta reliefs 117 5.1.1. The seated couple and the seated male 117 5.1.1.a The seated figure 122 5.1.2 Terracotta reliefs with subjects absent from the stone reliefs 128 5.1.2.a. Standing couples 129 5.1.2.b. The warrior 129 5.1.2.c. Standing triads 131 5.1.2.d. The rider 132 5.1.2.e. The banqueter 134 5.2. The iconography of heroes in Lakonia 136 5.2.1. The Lakonian ivories 136 5.2.2. Lakonian vase-painting 137 5.2.3. The Dioskouroi reliefs 138 5.2.4. Other iconography 139 5.3. The anonymous hero 140 5.4. Conclusion 143 Chapter Six: Heroic Sites in Sparta 144 6.1. A survey of the sites and deposits 144 6.1.1. Sites and deposits at Limnai 146 6.1.2. Sites and deposits at Kynosoura, Pitane and Mesoa 154 6.1.3. Other possible heroa 158 6.2. Discussion 161 6.3. Conclusion: the local shrine 166 Conclusion 170 Table I: Lead figurines from the Menelaion 173 Table II: Heroic sites and deposits 175 Appendix I: Other locations in Sparta were terracotta reliefs were found 178 Appendix II: The fluid boundaries between mortuary and cult practices in Sparta 180 vii Bibliography 184 Figures 221 viii Abbreviations Journal abbreviations are those of L'Année philologique. For internal references within the thesis I use the form: chapter 1, section 2=§1.2. AAA Αρχαιολογικά Ανάλεκτα εξ Αθηνών. ABV Beazley, J. D. 1978. Attic Black-Figure Vase-Painters. New York. Add2 Carpenter, Th. H., et al. 19892. Beazley Addenda. Additional references to ABV, ARV2 and Paralipomena Oxford. ArchDelt Αρχαιολογικὀν Δελτίον ARV2 Beazley, J. D. 19632. Attic Red-Figure Vase-Painters. Oxford. CVA Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum. Davies, PMGF Davies, M. (ed). 1991. Poetarum Melicorum Graecorum Fragmenta. Oxford. Dawkins, Orthia Dawkins, R. M. (ed.). 1929. The Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia at Sparta (The Society of the Promotion of Hellenic Studies London, suppl. 5). London. DK Diels, H. 1985. Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, revised by W. Kranz. Zürich. EGF Davies, M. (ed.). 1988. Epicorum Graecorum Fragmenta. Göttingen. FGrH Jacoby, F. (ed.). 1923-. Die Fragmente der Griechischen Historiker. Berlin; Leiden. Gerber Gerber, D.
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