Citations in and Ancient

The most common style in use in the field of Classical Studies is the author-date style, also known as Chicago 2, but MLA is also quite common and perfectly acceptable. Quick guides for each of MLA and Chicago 2 are readily available as PDF downloads. The Chicago Manual of Style Online offers a guide on their web-page: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html The Modern Language Association (MLA) does not, but many educational institutions post an MLA guide for free access.

While a specific citation style should be followed carefully, none take into account the specific practices of Classical Studies. They are all (Chicago, MLA and others) perfectly suitable for citing most resources, but should not be followed for citing and primary source material, including primary sources in translation.

Citing Primary Sources: Every ancient text has its own unique system for locating content by numbers. For example, ' is divided into 24 (what we might now call chapters) and the lines of each are numbered from line 1. ' is divided into nine Books and each of these Books is divided into Chapters and each chapter into line numbers. The purpose of such a system is that the Iliad, or any primary source, can be cited in any language and from any publication and always refer to the same passage. That is why we do not cite Herodotus page 66. Page 66 in what publication, in what edition? Very early in your textbook, Apodexis Historia, a passage from Herodotus is reproduced. This particular passage is taken from the G.C. Macaulay translation of 1890 and is identified as Herodotus i. 56 - 58 (1.56-58 is also acceptable). That is; Herodotus, ,1 Book I (1 is also acceptable), Chapters 56 to 58 (line numbers are not necessary unless specific attention is being drawn to those lines).

1 But we do not give the title of the work if an author has only one extant text. We can simply cite Herodotus because the Histories is the only work we have by that author. Citation in Classics and - 2

Using this passage in your is even easier than using secondary sources. For example:

Herodotus (1.56) says that the Athenians were part of the Ionian tribe of . "…the Lacedaemonians and the Athenians had the pre-eminence, the first of the Dorian and the others of the Ionian tribe" (Hdt. i.56). Herodotus (1.56) reminds us that "…the Lacedaemonians and the Athenians had the pre- eminence, the first of the Dorian and the others of the Ionian tribe."

It isn't necessary to include the publication from which you took the quote since your audience can refer to any publication and find the same passage. So, if you are citing a passage of from Apodexis Historia, you 't need to cite the collection itself, just the Thucydides passage. However, we sometimes compare various translations and, in that case, it is proper to include them in the Bibliography. The translator should be acknowledged in a footnote and the publications are listed as:

De Sélincourt, Aubrey, trans. 1972 (1954). Herodotus, The Histories. London, New York: . Fitzgerald, Robert, trans. 2004 (1974). The Iliad, Homer. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Lattimore, Richmond, tans. 1951. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Shankman, Steven, Ed. 1996. The Iliad of Homer Translated by .2 London, New York: Penguin Books. Strassler, Robert B. Ed. 2007. The Landmark Herodotus, the Histories. Andrea L. Purvis trans. New York: Anchor Books.3 Waterfield, Robin, trans. 1998. Herodotus, The Histories. .

2 A more complicated scenario: Homer is the author, Alexander Pope the translator, but both have been dead long enough that they have no claim to copyright. The editor of the current edition, Steven Shankman, holds copyright and so the work is listed under his . 3 Andrea Purvis may hold copyright to the translation, but in this particular publication the editor, Robert Strassler, holds copyright so the work is listed under his name. Citation in Classics and Ancient History - 3

Standard Abbreviations

A Source Abbrev. Works (English/ Latin) Abbrev. Aelian Ael. Historical Miscellany / Varia Historia VH On the Nature of Animals / De Natura Animalium NA Aeschin. Against Timarchus Aeschin. 1 On the Embassy Aeshcin. 2 Against Cetisiphon Aeshcin. 3 Aesch. Ag. Eumenides Eum. Libation Bearers / Choephoroe Lib. / Cho. / Persae Pers. Prometheus Bound / Prometheus Vinctus PB / PV Seven Against Thebes Seven / Sept. Suppliant Women / Supplices Supp. Andoc. On the Mysteries Andoc. 1 On His Return Andoc. 2 On the Andoc. 3 Against Andoc. 4 Antipon Antiph. Against the Stepmother Antiph. 1 First Tetralogy Antiph. 2 Second Tetralogy Antiph. 3 Third Tetralogy Antiph. 4 On the Murder of Herodes Antiph. 5 On the Choreutes Antiph. 6 Apollod. Library / Bibliotheca Bibl. Epitome Epit. Apollonius Ap. Rhod. Argon. Citation in Classics and Ancient History - 4

Aristides, Ael. Ar. The Art of / Ars Rhetorica Ars. Aelius Orations (numbered from 1 to 50) Orat. Ar. Acharnians / Acharnenses Ach. Birds / Aves Birds/ Av. Clouds / Nubes Cl. /Nub. Ecclesiazusae Eccl. Frogs / Ranae Frogs Knights / Kn. / Eq. Lysistrata Lys. Peace Peace Plutus Pl. Thes. Wasps / Vespae Wasps Arist. Athenian / Athenaion Politeia Ath. Pol. Economics / Oeconomica Econ. Eudamian Eud. Eth. Met. Meteorology Mete. Nicomachean Ethics Nic. Eth. On Generation and Corruption Gen. Corr. On the Generation of Animals Gen. An. On the Heavens / De Caelo Cael. On the History of Animals Hist. An. On the Parts of Animals Part. An. On the / De Anima De An. Ph. Poetics Poet. Pol. Pr. Rhetoric Rh. Topics Top. Citation in Classics and Ancient History - 5

Virtues and Vices Vir.. Arr. The / Alexandri Anab. Ind. Ath. The Diepnosophists

B Bacchyl. Epinicians Ep. Dith.

C Call. Aet. Epig. Hymn to H. 1 Hymn to Ap. Hymn to H. 3 Hymn to H. 4 Hymn to H. 5 Hymn to H. 6 Ctes. Photius' Epitome of the of Ctesius Quintus Curt. History of Alexander Curtius Rufus

D Demad. On the Twelve Years Dem. Letters L. Olynthiac 1 Dem. 1 Olynthiac 2 Dem. 2 Olynthiac 3 Dem. 3 Philippic 1 Dem. 4 Dem. 5 Citation in Classics and Ancient History - 6

Philipic 2 Dem. 6 On the Halonnesus Dem. 7 On the Chersonese Dem. 8 Philippic 3 Dem. 9 Philippic 4 Dem. 10 Reply to Philip Dem. 11 Philip Dem. 12 On Organization Dem. 13 On the Navy Dem. 14 On the Freedom of the Rhodians Dem. 15 For the Megalopolitans Dem. 16 On the Accession of Alexander Dem. 17 On the Crown Dem. 18 On the False Embassy Dem. 19 Dem. 20 Against Midias Dem. 21 Against Androtion Dem. 22 Against Arstocrates Dem. 23 Against Timocrates Dem. 24 Against Arstogiton 1 Dem. 25 Against Arstogiton 2 Dem. 26 Against Aphobus 1 Dem. 27 Against Aphobus 2 Dem. 28 Against Aphobus Dem. 29 Against Onetor 1 Dem. 30 Against Onetor 2 Dem. 31 Against Zenothemis Dem. 32 Against Apatourius Dem. 33 Against Phormio Dem. 34 Against Lacritus Dem. 35 For Phormio Dem. 36 Citation in Classics and Ancient History - 7

Against Pantaenetus Dem. 37 Against Nausimachus and Xenopeithes Dem. 38 Against Boeotus 1 Dem. 39 Against Boeotus 2 Dem. 40 Against Spudias Dem. 41 Against Phaenippus Dem. 42 Against Macartatus Dem. 43 Against Leochares Dem. 44 Against Stephanus 1 Dem. 45 Against Stephanus 2 Dem. 46 Against Evergus and Mnesibulus Dem. 47 Against Olympiodorus Dem. 48 Against Dem. 49 Against Polycles Dem. 50 On the Trierarchic Crown Dem. 51 Against Dem. 52 Against Dem. 53 Against Dem. 54 Against Dem. 55 Against Dem. 56 Against Eubulides Dem. 57 Against Theocrines Dem. 58 Dem. 59 Speech Dem. 60 Erotic Essay Dem. 61 Deinarchus Din. Against Demosthenes Din. 1 (Dinarchus) Against Din. 2 Against Din. 3 Diodorus Diod. Siculus Citation in Classics and Ancient History - 8

Diogenes DL Lives of the Eminent Laertius Diog. Laert. Dionysius of . Hal. Roman Antiquities Ant. Rom. The Ancient / De Antiquis Oratoribus Orat. On Lys. On Isoc. On Is. On Demosthenes Dem. To Ammaeus (Letters) 1 and 2 Amm. On Dinarchus Din. On Thucydides Thuc. On Literary Composition Comp. To Pompeius Pomp.

E Epicurus Ep. Eur. Alcestis Alc. Andr. Bacchae Bacch. Cyclops Cyc. El. Hecuba Hec. Hel. Heraclidae Heraclid. Her. Hipp. Ion in Aulus IA Iphigenia in IT Med. Or. Citation in Classics and Ancient History - 9

Phoenissae Phoen. Rhesus Rhes. Suppliants Sup. Trojan Women Tro.

H Herodotus Hdt. The Histories Hes. Shield of Heracles Sh. Theog. Works and Days WD Hippoc. Airs Waters Places Aer. Aphorisms Aph. Epidemics Epid. The Law / Lex Lex The Oath / Jusjurandum Jusj. On Ancient Medicine On Articulations Art. On Fistulae Fist. On Fractures Fract. On Haemorrhoids Haem. On Injuries to the Head VC On Regimen in Acute Diseases Acut. On the Sacred Disease / De Morbo Sacro Morb. Sacr. On Surgery On Ulcers Ulc. Prognostics Prog. Homer Hom. Iliad Il. Od. Homeric Hymns HH Hyperides Hyp. In Defence of Lycophron Hyp. 1 Citation in Classics and Ancient History - 10

Against Philippides Hyp. 2 Agaisnt Athenogenes Hyp. 3 Against Demosthenes Hyp. 4 Funeral Oration Hyp. 5

I/J Joseph. Jewish Antiquities AJ The Jewish Wars / Bellum Judaicum BJ Isaeus Isaeus Cleonymus Isaeus 1 Menecles Isaeus 2 Pyrrhus Isaeus 3 Nicostratus Isaeus 4 Dicaeogenes Isaeus 5 Philoctemon Isaeus 6 Apollodorus Isaeus 7 Ciron Isaeus 8 Astyphilus Isaeus 9 Aristarchus Isaeus 10 Hagnias Isaeus 11 Euphiletus Isaeus 12 Isocrates Isoc. To Demonicus Isoc. 1 To Isoc. 2 Nicocles or The Cyprians Isoc. 3 Panegyricus Isoc. 4 To Philip Isoc. 5 Archidamus Isoc. 6 Areopagiticus Isoc. 7 On the Peace Isoc. 8 Evagoras Isoc. 9 Helen Isoc. 10 Citation in Classics and Ancient History - 11

Busiris Isoc. 11 Panathenaicus Isoc. 12 Against the Isoc. 13 Plataicus Isoc. 14 Antidosis Isoc. 15 On the Team of Horses Isoc. 16 Trapeziticus Isoc. 17 Against Callimachus Isoc. 18 Aegineticus Isoc. 19 Against Lochites Isoc. 20 Against Euthynus Isoc. 21 Just. Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Epit. Trogus

L Lysias Lys. On the Murder of Lys. 1 Funeral Oration Lys. 2 Lys. 3 On a Wound by Premeditation Lys. 4 For Callias Lys. 5 Against Andocides Lys. 6 On the Stump Lys. 7 Accusation of Calumny Lys. 8 For the Soldier Lys. 9 Against Theomnestus 1 Lys. 10 Against Theomnestus 2 Lys. 11 Against Eratosthenes Lys. 12 Against Agoratus Lys. 13 Against Alcibiades 1 Lys. 14 Against Alcibiades 2 Lys. 15 Citation in Classics and Ancient History - 12

For Mantitheus Lys. 16 On the Property of Eraton Lys. 17 On the Confiscation of the Property of the Brother of Lys. 18 On the Property of Aristophanes Lys. 19 For Polystratus Lys. 20 Defence on the Charge of Bribery Lys. 21 Against the Corn Dealers Lys. 22 Against Pancleon Lys. 23 On the Refusal of a Pension Lys. 24 Defence against the charge of Subverting the Lys. 25 On the Scrutiny of Evandros Lys. 26 Against Epicrates and the Envoys Lys. 27 Against Ergocles Lys. 28 Against Philocrates Lys. 29 Against Nichomachus Lys. 30 Against Lys. 31 Against Diogeiton Lys. 32 Olympic Oration Lys. 33 Against the Subversion of the Ancestral Constitution of Lys. 34

N Nep. Lives / Vitae Vit. Milt. Them. Ar. Paus. Cim. Citation in Classics and Ancient History - 13

Lysander Lys. Aclibiades Alc. Thr. Conon Con. Dion Di. Iph. Chabrias Cha. Timotheus Tim. Datames Dat. Ep. Pel. Ag. Eum. Phoc. Timol. Kings Reg. Hamilcar Ham. Han. Cato Ca. Att.

O Oxyrhynchus Papyri POxy

Old Oligarch Ps.Xen. Constitution of the Athenians Const. Ath. (Pseudo- )

P The Parian Marble / Parian Chronicle Pausanias Paus. Description of Citation in Classics and Ancient History - 14

Elaphantine Papyri PEleph. Phaed. 's Fables Philostr. Photius Phot. Bibliotheca Pind. Isthmian Odes Isthm. Nemean Odes Nem. Olympian Odes Ol. Pythian Odes Pyth. Pl. Alcibiades 1 Alc. 1 Alcibiades 2 Alc. 2 Ap. Ax. Chrm. Cleitophon Cleit. Cra. Crit. Crito Def. Dem. Epin. Letters / Epistles Epist. Eryxias Eryx. Euthyd. Euthyph. Grg. Hipparch. Minor Hp. Min. Hp. Mai/ Ion Ion Lach. / Leges Laws / Leg. Citation in Classics and Ancient History - 15

Lovers Lovers Lysis Menex. Meno Minos On On Parm. Phd. Phaedrus Phdr. Politics Plt. Prt. Rep. Stat. Symp. Soph. Tht. Ti. Plut. Mor. Amatorius Amat. The Fortune of Alexander Alex. Fort. De Exilio De Exil. On the Pythian De Pyth. / Vitae Parallelae Vit. Aemilius Paulus Aem. Agesilaus Ages. Alcibiades Alcib. Alexander Alex. Citation in Classics and Ancient History - 16

Antony Ant. Arat. Aristides Arist. Artaxerxes Art. Brut. Caes. Camillus Cam. Cato . Cic. Cimon Cim. Cleomenes Cleom. Cor. Crassus Crass. Demetrius Demetr. Demosthenes Dem. Dion Dion Eumenes Eum. Fabius Maximus Fab. Galb. Gracchus CG. Luc. Lycurgus Lyc. Lys. Marcellus Marc. Marius Mar. Nicias Nic. Numa Num. Oth. Pelopidas Pel. Per. Philopoemem Phil. Citation in Classics and Ancient History - 17

Phocion Phoc. Pomp. Publicola Publ. Pyrrhus Pyrrh. Rom. Sertorius Sert. Sol. Sull. Themistocles Them. Thes. Gracchus TG Timoleon Tim. Titus Flamininus Flam. Poly. Strategemata Strat. Polyb. Roman History

S Soph. Ajax Antigone Electra at Colonus Oedipus Tyrannus / Trachiniae Strab. Geography / Suidas Suda

T

Thucydides Thuc. History of the Citation in Classics and Ancient History - 18

X Xenophon Xen. Agesilaus Ages. Anabasis / March of the Anab. Apology of Apol. Art of Horsemanship Horse. Commander Cav. Cyn. Cyr. Hell. Hier. Hunting Hunt. Constitution of the Spartans Lac. Mem. Oec. Symposium Symp. Ways and Means Ways