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Pushing the Boundaries of Myth: Transformations of Ancient Border THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PUSHING THE BOUNDARIES OF MYTH: TRANSFORMATIONS OF ANCIENT BORDER WARS IN ARCHAIC AND CLASSICAL GREECE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF CLASSICS: ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN WORLD BY NATASHA BERSHADSKY CHICAGO, ILLINOIS MARCH 2013 UMI Number: 3557392 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI 3557392 Published by ProQuest LLC (2013). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346 Acknowledgements I would like to express my deep gratitude to the members of my dissertation committee, Jonathan Hall, Christopher Faraone, Gloria Ferrari Pinney and Laura Slatkin, whose ideas and advice guided me throughout this research. Jonathan Hall’s energy and support were crucial in spurring the project toward completion. My identity as a classicist was formed under the influence of Gregory Nagy. I would like to thank him for the inspiration and encouragement he has given me throughout the years. Daniela Helbig’s assistance was invaluable at the finishing stage of the dissertation. I also thank my dear colleague-friends Anna Bonifazi, David Elmer, Valeria Segueenkova, Olga Levaniouk and Alexander Nikolaev for illuminating discussions, and Mira Bernstein, Jonah Friedman and Rita Lenane for their help. It is a joy to thank my parents at this stage. I am grateful to Dennis Gaitsgory more than I can say. Arnaud’s company is a gift. ii Contents Introduction: Old Wars between Neighbors………………………………………………….….…1 1. Fighting over an Egyptian bean……..………………………………………………………………….…...1 2. Performing identity in the borderlands………………………………………………………………….5 3. The shared values of “Mursiness:” confrontation as cooperation………………………..15 4. Agôn and carnage……………………………………………………………………………………………………22 5. Bottom-up and top-down: synchrony, diachrony, history……………………………………33 6. The outline of the argument………………………………………………………………………………….38 PART I: The Lelantine War Chapter 1: The Bronze Generation and the Generation of Bronze…………….44 1. A war in search of an identity………………………………………………………………………………..44 2. Thucydides’ logic……………………………………………………………………………………………………47 3. The poetry of the Lelantine Plain………………………………………………………………………….51 4. Amphidamas of Chalcis and the Bronze Generation……………………………………………..60 5. Metals and war……………………………………………………………………………………………………….73 iii 6. Leaving the Golden Age at Pithecusae…………………………………………………………………..85 7. The lost Euboea………………………………………………………………………………………………………88 Chapter 2. Tresses, Pastures and Vineyards……………………………………………………..94 1. Archilochus or Strabo?.....................................................................................................94 2. The lords of Euboea and the future battle…………………………………………………………..100 3. The reenactment………………………………………………………………………………………………….108 4. Allies and pillars…………………………………………………………………………………………………..115 5. Warriors with bangs…………………………………………………………………………………………….127 6. Riders on the earth………………………………………………………………………………………………137 7. Theognis’ stanza…………………………………………………………………………………………………..142 8. Earwax and the end of the Lelantine war……………………………………………………………150 PART II: The Confrontation between Argos and Sparta over the Thyreatis Chapter 3: Three Hundred Men from Each Side…………………………………………….162 1. The Argive proposal……………………………………………………………………………………………..162 2. Was there a war?.............................................................................................................167 iv 3. To flee or not to flee…………………………..………………………………………………………………..176 4. What Herodotus has joined together…………………………..………………………………………185 5. Beautiful death in the Thyreatis……………………..…………………………………………………..191 6. The ritual battle………………………..………………………………………………………………………….197 7. Fighting at the Gymnopaediae…………………..………………………………………………………..203 8. Border games………………..……………………………………………………………………………………..212 9. Apollo Pythaeus…………..………………………………………………………………………………………216 10. The transformation of the hippeis…………………………..………………………………………….224 Chapter 4: City of Women: Democratic Argos and the Battle of Sepeia…237 1. Harnessing the energy of the myth………………..……………………………………………………237 2. Cleomenes’ ruses…………………….……………………………………………………………………………239 3. Women and slaves disentangled: varieties of inversion….………………………………….245 4. Liberating the Pamphyliacum………….………………………………………………………………….251 5. The bearded bride………………….…………………………………………………………………………….259 6. Women in arms: the glory, the farce and the permanent changes……………….……266 7. The Hybristica and the democratic dissolution………………………………..…………………278 8. The Sepeia oracle: an immodest proposal………..………………………………………………….284 v Chapter 5. Cobwebs on Shields: Scenes from the Argive Synoecism……….296 1. The demise of the seventh……………………..……………………………………………………………296 2. The curious incident of the missing conquest……………………………………..……………..301 3. The Hyrnathioi and other migrants……………………………………..……………………………….309 4. Slaves and other villains…………………………………………………………..………………………….316 5. The shields of Archinus………………………………………………………………………………………..325 6. A farewell to arms and the moveable Apollo Pythaeus……………………………………….333 7. Writing on the shield……………………………………………………………………………………………341 Chapter 6: As They Did in the Past: The Dispute over the Thyreatis in Argive Politics of 421–417 BC……………………………………………………………………………….356 1. The ritual battle as an oligarchic motion……………..……………………………………………..356 2. The versatile Thousand………………………………………………………………………………………..359 3. Apollo Pythaeus: a democratic move……………………………………………..……………………366 4. Heroic and unscathed at Mantinea………………………………………………………………………369 5. Apollo Pythaeus: a countermove………………..……………………………………………………….374 6. Waiting for the Gymnopaediae………………………………………..………………………………….380 7. Bryas, hubris, and memories of the past………………………………………………..…………….386 vi Conclusion: Border Between Myth and Ritual.......................................................389 1. Old frontiers………..……………………………………………………………………………………………….389 2. The rest of the Greeks……………………………………..…………………………………………………..394 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………………………………………400 vii Introduction Old Wars between Neighbors I realized that the history of culture is a chain of equations in images, sequentially pairing an unknown with the known, so that the known, the constant for the whole series, is the myth set in the foundation of the tradition, while the unknown, every time new, is the pressing moment of the current culture. Boris Pasternak, Safe Conduct1 1. Fighting over an Egyptian bean The boundaries are arbitrary. The planet is real. Spaceflight, therefore, is subversive. If they are fortunate enough to find themselves in Earth orbit, most people, after a little meditation, have similar thoughts. The nations that had instituted spaceflight had done so largely for nationalistic reasons; it was a small irony that almost everyone who entered space received a startling glimpse of a transnational perspective, of the Earth as one world.2 Eighteen centuries before Carl Sagan wrote these words, another flight, no less subversive — a flight of fancy — resulted in a similar insight about the preposterousness of boundary-lines. 1 Я понял, что история культуры есть цепь уравнений в образах, попарно связывающих очередное неизвестное с известным, причем этим известным, постоянным для всего ряда, является легенда, заложенная в основание традиции, неизвестным же, каждый раз новым – актуальный момент текущей культуры. 2 Sagan 1986, 278–279. 1 Thus speaks Menippus, Lucian’s character, who flew to the Moon and gazed at the Earth from there: Μάλιστα δὲ ἐπ' ἐκείνοις ἐπῄει μοι γελᾶν τοῖς περὶ γῆς ὅρων ἐρίζουσι […]. ἀποβλέψας δὲ δὴ καὶ ἐς τὴν Πελοπόννησον, εἶτα τὴν Κυνουρίαν γῆν ἰδὼν ἀνεμνήσθην περὶ ὅσου χωρίου, κατ' οὐδὲν Αἰγυπτίου φακοῦ πλατυτέρου, τοσοῦτοι ἔπεσον Ἀργείων καὶ Λακεδαιμονίων μιᾶς ἡμέρας. I was especially inclined to laugh at the people who quarreled about boundary-lines… And when I looked toward the Peloponnese and caught sight of Cynuria, I noted what a tiny region, no bigger in any way than an Egyptian bean, had caused so many Argives and Spartans to fall in a single day.3 A boundary, somehow, invites a look from above. It also apparently invites to be fought over. This dissertation explores the subject of ancient border wars in Greece. I argue that while these border wars were perceived as archetypal occasions for bloodshed, as early as in the Archaic period stories of these wars served to motivate unity and peace between the opposing cities. Paradoxically, Argives and Spartans may have received “a startling glimpse of a transnational perspective” while locked in fight over the region of Cynuria. * 3 Lucian, Icaromenippus 18.1–2, 11–16. Trans. A. M. Harmon. 2 Border conflicts constituted the main type of Archaic warfare.4 Modern scholars are increasingly in agreement with Thucydides’ perception of a stark contrast between the Peloponnesian wars and the earlier Greek wars (Thucydides 1.15.2): κατὰ γῆν δὲ πόλεμος, ὅθεν τις καὶ δύναμις παρεγένετο, οὐδεὶς ξυνέστη· πάντες δὲ ἦσαν, ὅσοι καὶ ἐγένοντο, πρὸς ὁμόρους τοὺς
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