DOCSLIB.ORG

VALOUR, DUTY, SACRIFICE: SPARTA ‘In Sparta Are to Be Found Those Who Are Most Enslaved and Those Who Are the Most Free.’

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
VALOUR, DUTY, SACRIFICE: SPARTA ‘In Sparta Are to Be Found Those Who Are Most Enslaved and Those Who Are the Most Free.’ CHAPTER 2 VALOUR, DUTY, SACRIFICE: SPARTA ‘In Sparta are to be found those who are most enslaved and those who are the most free.’ CRITIAS OF ATHENS sample pages Spartan infantry in a formation called a phalanx. 38 39 CHAPTER 2 VALOUR, DUTY, SACRIFICE: SPARTA KEY POINTS KEY CONCEPTS OVERVIEW • At the end of the Dark Age, the Spartan polis emerged DEMOCRACY OLIGARCHY TYRANNY MONARCHY from the union of a few small villages in the Eurotas valley. Power vested in the hands Power vested in the hands A system under the control A system under the control • Owing to a shortage of land for its citizens, Sparta waged of all citizens of the polis of a few individuals of a non-hereditary ruler of a king war on its neighbour Messenia to expand its territory. unrestricted by any laws • The suppression of the Messenians led to a volatile slave or constitution population that threatened Sparta’s way of life, making the DEFINITION need for reform urgent. KEY EVENTS • A new constitution was put in place to ensure Sparta could protect itself from this new threat, as well as from tyranny. Citizens of the polis all A small, powerful and One individual exercises Hereditary rule passing 800 BCE • Sweeping reforms were made that transformed Sparta share equal rights in the wealthy aristocratic class complete authority over from father to son political sphere all aspects of everyday life Sparta emerges from the into a powerful military state that soon came to dominate Most citizens barred from Family dynasties claim without constraint Greek Dark Age the Peloponnese. Economic or social inclusion in government power through association disadvantage is limited as While sometimes with a key mythological 743–724 BCE a factor in disqualifying perceived as exhibiting figure political rights violent behaviour, Spartan conquest of All citizens are equal tyrants in ancient Greece Messenia in the First were not always cruel. CHARACTERISTICS before the law (people can’t Messenian War LYCURGUS escape prosecution or They also marked an important departure from 706 BCE punishment based on birth) hereditary kingship Legendary reformer of Most magistrates are Taras in southern Italy ancient Sparta. According selected by lot founded as a Spartan colony to the legend, Lycurgus • Cleisthenes of Athens • ‘Oligarchy of 400’ • Dionysius I of Syracuse • Philip II of Macedonia went to receive 685–668 BCE • Pericles of Athens of Athens • Peisistratus of Athens • Alexander of Macedonia guidance from the pages • Leontiades of Thebes Second Messenian War Oracle at Delphi, and then instituted the • Pheidon of Argos • Leonidas of Sparta Great Rhetra (Spartan constitution) that 669 BCE turned Sparta into a militaristic society Sparta defeated by Argos at built around the hoplite class of citizen. INDIVIDUALS FAMOUS the battle of Hysiai Lycurgus was believed to have remodelled nearly every aspect of Spartan society— c. 650 BCE politics, social dynamics, the economy Reforms of Spartan society and trade—in an effort to create the begin perfect state. 550 BCE Sparta defeats Argos KING LEONIDAS I Peloponnesian League ORACLE AT DELPHI TYRTAEUS Arguably the most famous created King of Sparta. Leonidas A prophet of the ancient A Greek lyric poet 510 BCE commanded Spartan forces at world. The oracle was a whosample lived most of the Battle of Thermopylae in Sparta becomes a force for priestess known as the his life in Sparta, 480 BCE, leading a mission to expelling tyranny in Greece Pythia, who was based in and wrote in the delay the Persian assault. He mid 600s BCE. Hippias’ tyranny ended by Delphi, on Mt Parnassus. came to symbolise Spartan He wrote poems Spartan intervention The oracle provided divine ideals of valour, duty and promoting Spartan messages from Apollo sacrifice. Leonidas at Thermopylae by Jacques Louis David, 464 BCE to travellers seeking values, especially 1814. guidance. military discipline Earthquake in Sparta and dedication to devastates the city the state. 40 SECTION A: LIVING IN ANCIENT GREECE (800–454 BCE) ANCIENT GREECE 41 Rome LATIUM THRACE Byzantium CHAPTER 2 VALOUR, DUTY, SACRIFICE: SPARTA Cumae Epidamnus Amphipoliss Neapolis 422 Kerkyra appeals to Thasos FIRST MESSENIAN WAR (734–724 BCE) Tarentum INTRODUCTIONStagira Cyzicus Athens for help in 410 TYRTAEUS: ‘To conquer her they fought full nineteen years steadfastly ever, with 429 Aegospotami 405 dispute with Corinth, EXILED SPARTANSpartalo KINGs DEMARATUS TO XERXES I OF PERSIA: ‘So is it with the endurance in their hearts, those spearman of our fathers’ fathers’ time, and in the Potidaea Abydos in 432 BCE Lacedaemonians, fightingLemnos singly they are as brave as any man living, and together twentieth the foe took flight, and left their fertile farms among Ithome’s heights.’ 411 Cynossema they are the best warriors on earth. They are free, yet not wholly free: the law is their By the mid-eighth century Sparta required more land to satisfy the needs of its SOURCE 2.01 master,Potidaea whom rev theyolts fear againts much more than your men fear you. They doPERSIAN whatever it bids; and Athensits bidding in 432 is always BCE the same, that they must never flee from theEMPIRE battle before growing population. With the exception of Taras in southern Italy, settled in Kerkyra LOCATION OF any multitude of men, but must abide at their post and there conquer or die.’1 706 BCE, Sparta did not seek overseas colonial expansion for its population. SPARTA AEGEAN SEA Rather, it turned its attention westward over Mt Taygetus, to Messenia and its According to the ancient myths, Sparta was founded LOCATION OF SPARTA thriving open countryside. in pre-history by Lacedaemon, the son of Zeus and In 743 BCE the Spartans waged war against the Messenian people. The conflict Lipara Taygete. Lacedaemon named the region Lacedaemonia Delphi Sardis dragged on until the Messenian fortress at Ithome was captured by the Spartan Locri after himself—although we know it as Laconia, and its army nearly two decades later. The Messenians were reduced to helots under Thebes people as Laconians. Historically,IONIA the polis of Sparta was Spartan dominion. They lost all their rights, as well as their freedom of movement, Athens founded in 950 BCE during the Greek Dark Age, after Messana Rhegium Corinth and were forced to pledge half their annual harvest to the Spartan state. Sparta Segesta Himena PELOPONNESE ATTICA the migration of the Dorians into southern Greece. Catania had won what it needed most—farmland for its people. SICILY Argos The Sparta that emerged in 800 BCE would have been Selinus IONIAN very different from the military camp the city became in Gela SEA 413 Syracuse MESSENIA Sparta the sixth and fifth centuries. Surrounded by mountains, SECOND MESSENIAN WAR (685–668 BCE) N LACONIA the Spartan polis was formed from five villages in the HELENA SCHRADER: ‘Arguably, nothing was more important to the evolution of Sparta Syracuse Camarina Eurotas Valley in central Laconia. Sparta’s population into a city-state with a highly unusual and unique constitution than the Spartan was restricted by its limited farmland—it never had conquest of Messenia.’ more than 9000 full citizens in the eighth and seventh The peace between Sparta and its helot population did not last. Forty years later, KEY centuries BCE, and was down to barely 1000 citizens by km 0 50 100 the fourth century BCE. in 685 BCE, the helots of Sparta rose up in rebellion, aided by the people of Argos Athens and members of Athenian campaigns in the north-eastern Peloponnese, who were long-time enemies of the Spartans. In The Eurotas Valley suppliedSEA OF the CRETE Spartans with all the farmland they needed to pages The Delian League an attempt to overthrow their masters, the helot population invaded Laconia and Spartan campaigns develop and thrive. Open farmland produced wheat, barley, olives and grapes— Allies of Athens MEDITERRANEAN managed to hold back the Spartans for over thirteen years. But in 668 BCE the Major battles however, the foundation of Spartan society rested on the backs of its slave Spartan confederacy SEA CRETE Messenians were once again defeated and forced into servitude. Apart from some 425 population. At every point in its history, Sparta possessed a population of slaves coastal communities and a few interior regions, all of Messenia was under Spartan Allies of Sparta (in Sicily) Athenian victory (dates in BCE) (or helots) that outnumbered the Spartans. As the Spartan population shrank in dominion for the next three hundred years. Neutral states 429 Spartan victory (dates in BCE) the fifth and fourth centuries BCE, this ratio would increase. HISTORIAN HODKINSON ON FINDING EVIDENCE sample SOURCE 2.03 An artist’s impression of Aristomenes of Messenia fighting Spartan SOURCE 2.02 warriors in the Second Ruins of Ancient Sparta. Messenian War. 42 SECTION A: LIVING IN ANCIENT GREECE (800–454 BCE) ANCIENT GREECE 43 CHAPTER 2 VALOUR, DUTY, SACRIFICE: SPARTA THE GREAT RHETRA AND SPARTAN GOVERNMENT THE LEGEND OF LYCURGUS THE ORACLE AT DELPHI: ‘Beloved of the Gods, and rather God than man.’6 TYRTAEUS: ‘Having listened to Phoebus they brought home from Delphi, prophecies of 2 the god and words that will come true’ Modern historians generally believe that reforms that transformed Spartan society into a military state were introduced over a number of centuries. Around 650 BCE a fundamental reorganisation of Spartan life took place in the However, the ancient Greeks attributed the changes to the legendary figure of form of the Great Rhetra. The rhetra, meaning ‘oracle’ or ‘proclamation’ was Lycurgus. Many stories were associated with Lycurgus in antiquity. Plutarch the first and greatest in a series of laws designed to ‘create order by means of noted that: reform’ and transform Sparta into a new kind of political community.3 This new THE SPARTAN constitution completely reorganised the state to become something completely ‘nothing can be said [about him] which is not disputed, CONSTITUTION new in the ancient world.4 It combined all the elements of governance existing in since indeed there are different accounts of his Greece at the time and sought to produce the perfect political system free from birth, his travels, his death, and, above all, of his tyranny.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • PDF Hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen
    PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/79382 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-09-30 and may be subject to change. The Use of exempla in Roman Declamation Author(s): Marc van der Poel Reviewed work(s): Source: Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric, Vol. 27, No. 3, Special issue: An International Project on the Pseudo-Quintilianic Declamationes maioresSpecial issue: An International Project on the Pseudo-Quintilianic Declamationes maiores (Summer 2009), pp. 332-353 Published by: University of California Press on behalf of the International Society for the History of Rhetoric Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/RH.2009.27.3.332 . Accessed: 26/09/2012 10:21 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. University of California Press and International Society for the History of Rhetoric are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric. http://www.jstor.org Marc van der Poel The Use of exempla in Roman Declamation Abstract: In this paper I present a list of the exempla used in the four surviving ancient collections of declamations (see Appendix: checklist of exempla), with a brief survey of the theory of the exem- plum in rhetorical handbooks and discussion of a few samples from the Controversiae and the Declamationes maiores.Myobservations suggest that Seneca’s criticism of the use of exempla in declamations (Contr.
    [Show full text]
  • Female Property Ownership and Status in Classical and Hellenistic Sparta
    Female Property Ownership and Status in Classical and Hellenistic Sparta Stephen Hodkinson University of Manchester 1. Introduction The image of the liberated Spartiate woman, exempt from (at least some of) the social and behavioral controls which circumscribed the lives of her counterparts in other Greek poleis, has excited or horrified the imagination of commentators both ancient and modern.1 This image of liberation has sometimes carried with it the idea that women in Sparta exercised an unaccustomed influence over both domestic and political affairs.2 The source of that influence is ascribed by certain ancient writers, such as Euripides (Andromache 147-53, 211) and Aristotle (Politics 1269b12-1270a34), to female control over significant amounts of property. The male-centered perspectives of ancient writers, along with the well-known phenomenon of the “Spartan mirage” (the compound of distorted reality and sheer imaginative fiction regarding the character of Spartan society which is reflected in our overwhelmingly non-Spartan sources) mean that we must treat ancient images of women with caution. Nevertheless, ancient perceptions of their position as significant holders of property have been affirmed in recent modern studies.3 The issue at the heart of my paper is to what extent female property-holding really did translate into enhanced status and influence. In Sections 2-4 of this paper I shall approach this question from three main angles. What was the status of female possession of property, and what power did women have directly to manage and make use of their property? What impact did actual or potential ownership of property by Spartiate women have upon their status and influence? And what role did female property-ownership and status, as a collective phenomenon, play within the crisis of Spartiate society? First, however, in view of the inter-disciplinary audience of this volume, it is necessary to a give a brief outline of the historical context of my discussion.
    [Show full text]
  • Corinth, 1984: East of the Theater
    CORINTH, 1984: EAST OF THE THEATER (PLATES 6-18) RTZHE EXCAVATIONS conductedin 1984 by the American School of Classical Studies at Ancient Corinth have been an expansion of the work executed by the School east of the Theater in 1983.1 Investigations were continued along the west side of East Theater Street around the vomitorium of the Theater and on the east side of the same street where three different Roman buildings now have been distinguished (P1. 6). The buildings are numbered southward starting at the gateway from the theatrical court, with the odd num- bers assigned to the east side of East Theater Street. In this report those structures are designated as Building 1, Building 3, and Building 5 of that street; the last of these is the structure that in the previous Hesperia report was called the Terraced Building.2 During the 1984 excavation season much new architecturalmaterial was uncovered;many newly excavatedfills now can be associatedwith constructionoperations after 44 B.C.and destruc- tions of-the various buildings terminating ca. A.D. 400. All this indicates that the area along East Theater Street has a much more complex history than that published in the previous Hesperia report. BUILDING 1, EAST THEATER STREET (Fig. 7, P1. 7:a, b) Building 1 has been only partially excavated; activity was continued this year within its I Once again this year excavating at Ancient Corinth was made possible by permission of the Greek Ar- chaeologicalService and by the cooperationof the ArchaeologicalEphoreia of the Argolid and the Corinthia. The Director of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Stephen G.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Sparta Was a Warrior Society in Ancient Greece That Reached
    Ancient Sparta was a warrior society in ancient Greece that reached the height of its power after defeating rival city-state Athens in the Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.). Spartan culture was centered on loyalty to the state and military service. At age 7, Spartan boys entered a rigorous state-sponsored education, military training and socialization program. Known as the Agoge, the system emphasized duty, discipline and endurance. Although Spartan women were not active in the military, they were educated and enjoyed more status and freedom than other Greek women. Because Spartan men were professional soldiers, all manual labor was done by a slave class, the Helots. Despite their military prowess, the Spartans’ dominance was short-lived: In 371 B.C., they were defeated by Thebes at the Battle of Leuctra, and their empire went into a long period of decline. SPARTAN SOCIETY Sparta was an ancient Greek city-state located primarily in the present-day region of southern Greece called Laconia. The population of Sparta consisted of three main groups: the Spartans who were full citizens; the Helots, or serfs/slaves; and the Perioeci, who were neither slaves nor citizens. The Perioeci, whose name means “dwellers-around,” worked as craftsmen and traders, and built weapons for the Spartans. 3 Layers of ‘Social Stratification’ ← Top Tier: Spartan Male Warriors and Spartan Women ← Middle Tier: Non Warriors, not full citizens, considered to be outside of true Spartan society. These were artisans and merchants who made weapons and did business with the Spartans. (Perioeci) ← Helots or slaves. These were people who were conquered by the Spartans.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient History Sourcebook: 11Th Brittanica: Sparta SPARTA an Ancient City in Greece, the Capital of Laconia and the Most Powerful State of the Peloponnese
    Ancient History Sourcebook: 11th Brittanica: Sparta SPARTA AN ancient city in Greece, the capital of Laconia and the most powerful state of the Peloponnese. The city lay at the northern end of the central Laconian plain, on the right bank of the river Eurotas, a little south of the point where it is joined by its largest tributary, the Oenus (mount Kelefina). The site is admirably fitted by nature to guard the only routes by which an army can penetrate Laconia from the land side, the Oenus and Eurotas valleys leading from Arcadia, its northern neighbour, and the Langada Pass over Mt Taygetus connecting Laconia and Messenia. At the same time its distance from the sea-Sparta is 27 m. from its seaport, Gythium, made it invulnerable to a maritime attack. I.-HISTORY Prehistoric Period.-Tradition relates that Sparta was founded by Lacedaemon, son of Zeus and Taygete, who called the city after the name of his wife, the daughter of Eurotas. But Amyclae and Therapne (Therapnae) seem to have been in early times of greater importance than Sparta, the former a Minyan foundation a few miles to the south of Sparta, the latter probably the Achaean capital of Laconia and the seat of Menelaus, Agamemnon's younger brother. Eighty years after the Trojan War, according to the traditional chronology, the Dorian migration took place. A band of Dorians united with a body of Aetolians to cross the Corinthian Gulf and invade the Peloponnese from the northwest. The Aetolians settled in Elis, the Dorians pushed up to the headwaters of the Alpheus, where they divided into two forces, one of which under Cresphontes invaded and later subdued Messenia, while the other, led by Aristodemus or, according to another version, by his twin sons Eurysthenes and Procles, made its way down the Eurotas were new settlements were formed and gained Sparta, which became the Dorian capital of Laconia.
    [Show full text]
  • Marathon 2,500 Years Edited by Christopher Carey & Michael Edwards
    MARATHON 2,500 YEARS EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER CAREY & MICHAEL EDWARDS INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON MARATHON – 2,500 YEARS BULLETIN OF THE INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SUPPLEMENT 124 DIRECTOR & GENERAL EDITOR: JOHN NORTH DIRECTOR OF PUBLICATIONS: RICHARD SIMPSON MARATHON – 2,500 YEARS PROCEEDINGS OF THE MARATHON CONFERENCE 2010 EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER CAREY & MICHAEL EDWARDS INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON 2013 The cover image shows Persian warriors at Ishtar Gate, from before the fourth century BC. Pergamon Museum/Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin. Photo Mohammed Shamma (2003). Used under CC‐BY terms. All rights reserved. This PDF edition published in 2019 First published in print in 2013 This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. More information regarding CC licenses is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Available to download free at http://www.humanities-digital-library.org ISBN: 978-1-905670-81-9 (2019 PDF edition) DOI: 10.14296/1019.9781905670819 ISBN: 978-1-905670-52-9 (2013 paperback edition) ©2013 Institute of Classical Studies, University of London The right of contributors to be identified as the authors of the work published here has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Designed and typeset at the Institute of Classical Studies TABLE OF CONTENTS Introductory note 1 P. J. Rhodes The battle of Marathon and modern scholarship 3 Christopher Pelling Herodotus’ Marathon 23 Peter Krentz Marathon and the development of the exclusive hoplite phalanx 35 Andrej Petrovic The battle of Marathon in pre-Herodotean sources: on Marathon verse-inscriptions (IG I3 503/504; Seg Lvi 430) 45 V.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 the Assyrian Empire, the Conquest of Israel, and the Colonization of Judah 37 I
    ISRAEL AND EMPIRE ii ISRAEL AND EMPIRE A Postcolonial History of Israel and Early Judaism Leo G. Perdue and Warren Carter Edited by Coleman A. Baker LONDON • NEW DELHI • NEW YORK • SYDNEY 1 Bloomsbury T&T Clark An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc Imprint previously known as T&T Clark 50 Bedford Square 1385 Broadway London New York WC1B 3DP NY 10018 UK USA www.bloomsbury.com Bloomsbury, T&T Clark and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published 2015 © Leo G. Perdue, Warren Carter and Coleman A. Baker, 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Leo G. Perdue, Warren Carter and Coleman A. Baker have asserted their rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Authors of this work. No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Bloomsbury or the authors. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: HB: 978-0-56705-409-8 PB: 978-0-56724-328-7 ePDF: 978-0-56728-051-0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Typeset by Forthcoming Publications (www.forthpub.com) 1 Contents Abbreviations vii Preface ix Introduction: Empires, Colonies, and Postcolonial Interpretation 1 I.
    [Show full text]
  • Ebook Download Greek Art 1St Edition
    GREEK ART 1ST EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Nigel Spivey | 9780714833682 | | | | | Greek Art 1st edition PDF Book No Date pp. Fresco of an ancient Macedonian soldier thorakitai wearing chainmail armor and bearing a thureos shield, 3rd century BC. This work is a splendid survey of all the significant artistic monuments of the Greek world that have come down to us. They sometimes had a second story, but very rarely basements. Inscription to ffep, else clean and bright, inside and out. The Erechtheum , next to the Parthenon, however, is Ionic. Well into the 19th century, the classical tradition derived from Greece dominated the art of the western world. The Moschophoros or calf-bearer, c. Red-figure vases slowly replaced the black-figure style. Some of the best surviving Hellenistic buildings, such as the Library of Celsus , can be seen in Turkey , at cities such as Ephesus and Pergamum. The Distaff Side: Representing…. Chryselephantine Statuary in the Ancient Mediterranean World. The Greeks were quick to challenge Publishers, New York He and other potters around his time began to introduce very stylised silhouette figures of humans and animals, especially horses. Add to Basket Used Hardcover Condition: g to vg. The paint was frequently limited to parts depicting clothing, hair, and so on, with the skin left in the natural color of the stone or bronze, but it could also cover sculptures in their totality; female skin in marble tended to be uncoloured, while male skin might be a light brown. After about BC, figures, such as these, both male and female, wore the so-called archaic smile.
    [Show full text]
  • (Eponymous) Heroes
    is is a version of an electronic document, part of the series, Dēmos: Clas- sical Athenian Democracy, a publicationpublication ofof e Stoa: a consortium for electronic publication in the humanities [www.stoa.org]. e electronic version of this article off ers contextual information intended to make the study of Athenian democracy more accessible to a wide audience. Please visit the site at http:// www.stoa.org/projects/demos/home. Athenian Political Art from the fi h and fourth centuries: Images of Tribal (Eponymous) Heroes S e Cleisthenic reforms of /, which fi rmly established democracy at Ath- ens, imposed a new division of Attica into ten tribes, each of which consti- tuted a new political and military unit, but included citizens from each of the three geographical regions of Attica – the city, the coast, and the inland. En- rollment in a tribe (according to heredity) was a manda- tory prerequisite for citizenship. As usual in ancient Athenian aff airs, politics and reli- gion came hand in hand and, a er due consultation with Apollo’s oracle at Delphi, each new tribe was assigned to a particular hero a er whom the tribe was named; the ten Amy C. Smith, “Athenian Political Art from the Fi h and Fourth Centuries : Images of Tribal (Eponymous) Heroes,” in C. Blackwell, ed., Dēmos: Classical Athenian Democracy (A.(A. MahoneyMahoney andand R.R. Scaife,Scaife, edd.,edd., e Stoa: a consortium for electronic publication in the humanities [www.stoa.org], . © , A.C. Smith. tribal heroes are thus known as the eponymous (or name giving) heroes. T : Aristotle indicates that each hero already received worship by the time of the Cleisthenic reforms, although little evi- dence as to the nature of the worship of each hero is now known (Aristot.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Greek Society by Mark Cartwright Published on 15 May 2018
    Ancient Greek Society by Mark Cartwright published on 15 May 2018 Although ancient Greek Society was dominated by the male citizen, with his full legal status, right to vote, hold public oce, and own property, the social groups which made up the population of a typical Greek city-state or polis were remarkably diverse. Women, children, immigrants (both Greek and foreign), labourers, and slaves all had dened roles, but there was interaction (oen illicit) between the classes and there was also some movement between social groups, particularly for second-generation ospring and during times of stress such as wars. The society of ancient Greece was largely composed of the following groups: male citizens - three groups: landed aristocrats (aristoi), poorer farmers (periokoi) and the middle class (artisans and traders). semi-free labourers (e.g the helots of Sparta). women - belonging to all of the above male groups but without citizen rights. children - categorised as below 18 years generally. slaves - the douloi who had civil or military duties. foreigners - non-residents (xenoi) or foreign residents (metoikoi) who were below male citizens in status. Classes Although the male citizen had by far the best position in Greek society, there were dierent classes within this group. Top of the social tree were the ‘best people’, the aristoi. Possessing more money than everyone else, this class could provide themselves with armour, weapons, and a horse when on military campaign. The aristocrats were oen split into powerful family factions or clans who controlled all of the important political positions in the polis. Their wealth came from having property and even more importantly, the best land, i.e.: the most fertile and the closest to the protection oered by the city walls.
    [Show full text]
  • Spartan Suspicions and the Massacre, Again1 Sospechas Espartanas Y La Masacre, De Nuevo
    Spartan Suspicions and the Massacre, Again1 Sospechas espartanas y la masacre, de nuevo Annalisa Paradiso2 Università della Basilicata (Italia) Recibido: 27-02-17 Aprobado: 28-03-17 Abstract While narrating Brasidas’ expedition to Thrace and the Spartans’ decision to send 700 helots to accompany him as hoplites, Thucydides refers to another episode of helots’ enfranchisement, followed however by their massacre. The association of the timing of the two policies is indeed suspect, whereas it is possible that in the second case the slaughter may have been carried out in different chasms in Laconia, rather than in the so-called Kaiadas, after dividing the helots into groups. Key-words: Thucydides, Sparta, Massacre, Kaiadas. Resumen Mientras narra la expedición de Brásidas a Tracia y la decisión de los espartanos de enviarle 700 ilotas que le acompañaran como hoplitas, Tucídides refiere otro episodio de manumisión de ilotas, seguido empero de su masacre. La coincidencia de ambas medidas políticas es en efecto sospechosa, si tenemos en cuenta que en el segundo caso la matanza puede haberse llevado a cabo en desfiladeros diferentes de Laconia, y no en el llamado Kaiadas, tras dividir a los ilotas en grupos. Palabras-clave: Tucídides, Esparta, masacre, Kaiadas. 1 This article has been improved through information and comments supplied by Yanis Pikoulas, Dimitris Roubis, and James Roy. I am grateful to them and to Maria Serena Patriziano, physical anthropologist, who provided the volumetric calculations. 2 ([email protected]) She is Lecturer of Greek History at the Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, Architecture, Environment and Cultural Heritage of the University of Basilicata (Matera, Italy).
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Mythos' on Plato's Educational Approach
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 55 ( 2012 ) 560 – 567 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NEW HORIZONS IN EDUCATION INTE2012 The Effects of Mythos’ on Plato's Educational Approach Derya Çığır Dikyola aIstanbul University Hasan Ali Yucel Education Faculty, Department of Social Science, Istanbul, Turkey. Abstract The purpose of this study, by examining the findings related to education in Greek mythos, is to reveal Plato's contributions to the educational approach. The similarities and differences between Plato’s educational approach and the education in Mythos are emphasized in this historical - comparison based study. The effect of mythos, which in fact give ideal education of the period, with the expressions they made about Gods’ and heroes’ education, on the educational approach of Plato, known to be intensely against the mythos, is rather surprising. ©© 20122012 Published Published by byElsevier Elsevier Ltd. SelectionLtd. Selection and/or peer-reviewand/or peer-review under responsibility under responsibility of The Association of The of Association Science, of EducationScience, Educationand Technology and TechnologyOpen access under CC BY-NC-ND license. Keywords: educational approach, educational history, mythology. 1. Introduction Plato is the first thinker of philosophy as well as of education. His ideas about education still have influence on schooling. Thus; Plato is a decent starting point in the studies over the meaning and the philosophy of education. Thinkers like Aristoteles, John Locke, J. J. Rousseau, and John Dewey, who produced education theories couldn’t help challenging Plato.
    [Show full text]